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European Economic and Social Committee

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How the European Union works

• Contents of factsheets

The European Union has its own legislature and executive, as well as an independent judiciary and a central bank. These are supported and complemented by a set of institutions and bodies, the powers conferred on which derive from the founding Treaties. The Union’s powers have evolved considerably over the years through the successive Treaties, as have its decision-making procedures, which Parliament and the Council now follow when legislating on most EU policies. The Union also has its own budget with which to achieve its objectives. The Lisbon Treaty gave Parliament an equal say with the Council to decide on the entire EU budget and the multiannual financial framework.

• 1.1. Historical development of European integration
• 1.2. The European Union’s legal system and decision-making procedures
• 1.3. European Union institutions and bodies
• 1.4. Financing

Search Results

Annual Report

The Annual Report describes the tasks and activities of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and reports on the Eurosystem’s monetary policy. It is usually published in the spring of the following year and is presented by one of the ECB’s Executive Board members to the European Parliament at a public hearing.

Economic growth weakened

The euro area economy continued its recovery from the pandemic in the first half of the year but weakened substantially in the second half. Overall, GDP grew by 3.5%.

The ECB started to raise its key policy rates

In July the Governing Council raised the key ECB interest rates for the first time in more than a decade, putting an end to an era of negative policy rates. Rates rose by 250 basis points over the second half of the year to bring inflation back towards the 2% medium-term target.

This year marked the 20th anniversary of euro cash

The introduction of euro banknotes and coins in 2002 was a milestone in European history and put a tangible sign of European integration in our pockets.

Presentation to the European Parliament

Read Luis de Guindos' speech to the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs of the European Parliament when he presented the Annual Report.

Full report

Look back at what the ECB has done, as well as at our assessment of the economy for the last year.

Feedback statement

Published on the occasion of the presentation of the ECB’s Annual Report 2022 to the European Parliament, this feedback statement provides responses to the issues raised and requests made by the European Parliament in its resolution on the previous year’s Annual Report.

Annual Accounts

The Annual Accounts show our financial position and the results of our operations. They are part of our Annual Report but are published earlier, in February. Have a look at the latest and previous releases.

WANT TO LEARN MORE?

CHECK OUT OUR PREVIOUS RELEASES

25 May 2023

Annual Report 2022

28 April 2022

Annual Report 2021

14 April 2021

Annual Report 2020

Annual Report 2019

1 April 2019

Annual Report 2018

Find out more about related content

Reporting obligations.

The ECB is an independent institution which has discretion to use its intruments as necessary to carry out its tasks and fulfil its mandate. Accountability is the necessary counterpart to that independence.

The ECB President and other Executive Board members appear regularly before the European Parliament.

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The EU in a nutshell

What is the European project? What does the EU do for us and how does it work ? This slide presentation will help you explain the basics of the EU, prepare the ground for discussions, and give you tips on how to stay in touch with the EU. It is made up of four sections, which can be used separately or as a whole. You can use it along with our EU quiz for testing the knowledge of your class/audience. Finally, do not forget to have a look at the note pages, they contain further information and links.

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Foreign and Security Policy

European foreign and security policy.

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EU foreign and security policy seeks to:

• preserve peace
• strengthen international security
• promote international cooperation
• develop and consolidate democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights & fundamental freedoms
• Summaries of EU legislation on foreign and security policy

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• Foreign policy partnerships and action

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• EU delegations and offices in the world

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The European Union

Aug 10, 2014

360 likes | 974 Views

The European Union. “United in Diversity”. There are 27 countries in the EU with Romania and Bulgaria as the last to officially join in 2007 Note some of the candidate countries. The Timeline. 1945-1959: Beginnings of Cooperation

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• cold war conflicts
• shatterbelt theory
• main source
• european countries
• high sales tax
• youth culture

Presentation Transcript

The European Union “United in Diversity”

There are 27 countries in the EU with Romania and Bulgaria as the last to officially join in 2007 • Note some of the candidate countries

The Timeline • 1945-1959: Beginnings of Cooperation • European Coal and Steel Community unite European countries economically and politically to keep peace • Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands • 1960-1969:“The Swinging Sixties” a Period of Economic Growth • “Youth Culture” emerges during this time and the generation gap widens • Strong period for the economy

1970-1979: A Growing Community- the First Expansion • Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom join the European Union on 1 January 1973, raising the number of member states to nine. • The European Parliament increases its influence in EU affairs and in 1979 all citizens can, for the first time, elect their members directly.

The Timeline • 1990-1999: The Changing Face of Europe • In 1993 the Single Market is completed with the Four Freedoms: • Freedom of movement of goods • Freedom of services • Freedom of people • Freedom of money • In 1995 the EU gains three more new members, Austria, Finland and Sweden

The Timeline • 2000- Today: A Decade of further Expansion • The euro is the new currency for many Europeans • The political divisions between eastern and western Europe are finally declared healed when no fewer than 10 new countries join the EU in 2004. • Many people think that it is time for Europe to have a constitution but what sort of constitution is by no means easy to agree, so the debate on the future of Europe rages on.

Perspective of EU Citizens • Tax • The EU government’s main source of revenue is a high sales tax. • Many complain that the cost of EU governance has significantly increase the cost of many items in Europe.

Perspective of EU Citizens • Justice • European courts have threatened the sovereignty of national and local courts and laws.

Perspective of EU Citizens • Crime • Open borders have made it difficult to control crime and terrorism. • Once someone gets inside the EU’s borders, they can move around freely regardless of citizenship, making it difficult to stop and apprehend criminals.

Perspective of EU Citizens • The Fortress of Europe? • The EU has had to strengthen its borders against immigration against illegal immigration and flow of contraband • The term “Fortress of Europe” has been used to describe the concept of sealing EU borders.

Your Perspective • Putting it together • We have examined many areas within the EU. What do you think of it? It the organization beneficial? Has it lost sight of its original focus?

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory and Spykman’s Rimland Theory. Mackinder wanted to define the geopolitical landscape and predict the future areas of conflict. • Even upon revisions, Mackinder predicted that areas of future conflict would be on the boundaries between the Heartland and the Rimland. • Battle Lines of Eastern Front during WWI • Invasion of Manchuria in 1931

Shatterbelt Theory. Mackinder died in 1947 but his legacy lived on in geopolitical theory. In 1950 American geography Saul Cohen proposed the Shatterbelt Theory and predicted that most Cold War Conflicts would take place in the “Inner Crescent” .

Wallenstein Core-Periphery Model

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THE EUROPEAN UNION

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Results published in March 2024

Moving block enhancement proposals.

DOWNLOAD HERE

Description: This deliverable aims to finalise the exploration and integration of key technologies, including Moving Block signaling systems. The deliverable extends the Moving Block specifications of the project by evaluating the various enhancement proposals for the current conception of the highest specification level of the European Train Control System (formerly ETCS Level 3) and assessing their potential technical scope. The six identified enhancement topics are first described regarding their technical background before relevant assumptions are made for their implementation. An assessment of the influence of each topic on the Moving Block Specifications and on the ETCS is then provided, whereby a distinction is made between minor (editorial), medium (small changes), and large (significant changes) influences. Various technical specifications are discussed, from a Mobile Object Locator and Standstill Reporting to a proposal for Automatic Driving.

Target audience: Rail Infrastructure Managers, Railway Operators, Railway Signalling Suppliers

How it brings us closer to achieving better rail for Europe: The deliverable contributes to an even faster and broader application of new technologies in the field of control, command, and communication systems. It initiates the further development of Moving Block signaling systems. These are considered a key technology for increasing line capacity and thus facilitating the flexibility of passengers or freight train operations. In addition, they can reduce costs through technological building blocks and thus lower the overall life cycle costs of the rail sector. For this reason, the deliverable, as part of the project X2RAIL-5, contributes directly to the objectives and climate goals of the EU.

More information on this topic: X2RAIL-5

Validation Report on Zero On-Site Testing

Description: In X2RAIL-5  a testing architecture with standardised and proprietary interfaces was advanced to bring tests from on-site to the lab. This deliverable, concluding the work of the Technology Demonstrator, describes the activities and results of tasks performed on ‘Demonstrator and Prototype Enhancement’. The existing test architecture was first analysed for its flexibility and fulfillment of conditions before subsystems to be added to the test architecture were identified and open calls were carried out with all representatives of the technical demonstrators. The deliverable describes this development and testing of additional demonstrators and prototype improvements from seven areas. These technologies are considered to be game changers in the industry, such as moving block signaling systems or automatic train operation. It finalises the previously developed general architecture, the communication model and validates the test environment with its interface specifications.

Target audience: All Rail Stakeholders

How it brings us closer to achieving better rail for Europe: System and Integration Tests (SIT) are considered a fundamental method of system verification in many industrial sectors. However, train signaling systems are complex, and sites can vary widely, so many tests may be required. Experience has shown that their cost and time can add up to half of the total project effort. Similar laboratory tests would only require a fifth to a tenth of this effort, making on-site testing an important approach for reducing overall testing costs. The deliverable presents the activities to create such a test environment in the X2Rail-5 project to further support automated laboratory testing. It shows that the defined test architecture has the capacity and functionality to support a wide range of new test scenarios and thus contributes to drastically reducing the need for tests in operational train operations. Long-term deployment across Europe and in all railway market segments offers significant time and cost savings without compromising safety.

Presentation of the Talgo Carbody

Description: PIVOT2 addresses carbody shells as a key technology and evaluates innovative composite technologies in this area with the help of test campaigns. This includes the continuation of the design, manufacture, and testing of three demonstrators. This deliverable concludes the full-scale demonstrator of a high-speed rail. It first specifies the technical characteristics of the composite carbody of an intermediate coach of Talgo 350 with a technical readiness level of 6, before mapping the composition process with the help of pictures. The deliverable then describes the configuration and results of the bench static test of the specimen, which is based on the typical homologation criteria of the European standard EN 12663-1. Overall, it demonstrates that the use of carbon fibre composites for primary structural components is possible. This results in a significant weight reduction of the overall carbody by up to 20 %, representing a great success for the project.

Target audience: Rail Infrastructure Stakeholders

How it brings us closer to achieving better rail for Europe: To be attractive to passengers, rolling stock must be comfortable, reliable, affordable, and accessible. At the same time, it must fulfill the requirements of railway undertakings, urban operators, and sustainability efforts. Current vehicle solutions are reaching their enhancement limits, which is why a new generation of passenger trains is needed today making them not only reliable, attractive, and safe, but also of high quality, durable, and cost-efficient. The deliverable presents the materialisation of such an innovation and shows its considerable improvement potential. Thanks to a significant weight reduction, trains can become more energy efficient and more comfortable for passengers in the future. The deliverable thus makes a direct contribution to the fulfillment of the cost, capacity, and performance targets of Shift2Rail.

More information on this topic: PIVOT2