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AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN > ✅Place Study - Detroit > Flashcards

✅Place Study - Detroit Flashcards

Where is Detroit located?

In Michigan, North East US on the Canadian border

What is heavy industry?

Industry that involves one or more characteristics of large and heavy equipment or facilities, or complex and numerous processes

What was the ‘Steel Belt’?

A belt of the North East US where established waterways, roads and railroads connected coalfields and rich iron ores to produce much of America’s steel products

Why did Detroit’s location make it key to the Steel Belt?

The Appalachian coalfields were to the south and Michigan’s upper peninsula has rich iron ore, so resources were easily available

What were the ‘3 giants’ in Detroit?

Ford, General Motors and Chrysler

What did Detroit become famous for within the steel belt?

How did Henry Ford change industrial processes?

He invented the production line in 1913

What happened after the Great Depression?

People moved North to find work

How many people did Ford employ when it first opened?

Why were Ford jobs so attractive?

They paid well and allowed workers to afford the cars they were building

How did Detroit’s population change between 1820 and 1920?

It grew form 1000 to 1,000,000 and the % White stayed roughly constant

How did Detroit’s population change between 1930 and 2010?

It shrank from 1,800,000 to 700,000, and from predominantly White (92%) to predominantly Black (83%)

When did the population peak?

Around 1950

When were the Great Migrations?

Between 1910 and 1980

Why did many Black residents move to Detroit from the South?

To escape racial segregation laws and find jobs

How much of Detroit is suburbs?

Why is so much of Detroit made up of suburbs?

What were some of the forces of change in Detroit?

Globalisation, TNCs, International Institutions

How did oil prices cause decline in the city?

As the oil crisis hit (1956), prices quadrupled and people were put off buying and running cars, so the automotive industry suffered

How did TNCs cause decline in Detroit?

They provided competition as other manufacturers produced similar products at cheaper prices, forcing companies in Detroit to look elsewhere for cheaper labour costs

How did the number of automotive firms in Detroit change in the years of the oil crisis?

Fell from 3400 to 2300

When did Detroit declare bankruptcy?

How do wages in Detroit today compare to the US as a whole?

They are $2.12 an hour lower for skilled workers

How does overall educational attainment compare to other states today?

What tax laws were passed in 2012?

To lower income tax rates to lowest in Midwest, tries to attract people

How much of the city is currently empty?

What are the top employers in Detroit today?

Trade, transportation and utilities Professional and business services Manufacturing

What is an enclave?

Areas within a city where people of a certain culture come together, characteristic of migration

Which cities did African-Americans move to in the migration?

Detroit, Chicago, New York

How many people had resettled in manufacturing areas by 1929?

1.5 million

When was the second wave of migration?

The 1940s, when more people were required to work for the war effort

How many people had resettled by the end of the second migration?

5.9 million

How many Black residents moved away from Detroit 2000-2010?

Why did some Black residents move away from Detroit in the 2000s?

Mostly skilled people, moved up to more ‘middle class’

How does Detroit’s White percentage population compare to the rest of Michigan?

10% versus 77%

What is Motown?

A record label signing mostly Black artists in Detroit, changed sound of America

What was Detroit known as?

‘Motor City’

Who founded Motown?

Berry Gordy

How did Gordy’s experience on production lines impact the running of the record label?

He introduced ‘Quality Control’ to ensure only the best music was released

How did Motown break down racial segregation?

It provided music that was enjoyed by all people, broke down ‘Black music’ stereotype

Why did the averaqe income in Detroit fall?

Because white people left, who had most of the wealth, while black people generally worked low paid service jobs

Where were black people allowed to live?

The Brewster housing developments

Who were the migrants who moved to Detroit in the 40s?

Poor white southerners and black people

What happened at the Packard Motor Car Company in June 1943?

Three black people were promoted to work alongside the whites and in response, 25,000 white workers went on strike

What started the 1943 race riot?

Fights between black and white youths in the Belle Isle

When was the 1967 race riot?

23-27th June 1967

Who was the riot primarily enacted by?

Black residents

What were the primary root causes of the riot?

Police abuse, economic inequality, changing demographics and lack of affordable housing

What triggered the start of the 1967 race riot?

A police raid on an unlicensed drinking bar in a black neighbourhood

How many were arrested at the bar raid?

What was the 1967 race riot known as?

The 12th street riot

How did the governor and president react to the rioting?

By sending in thousands of National Guard troops and paratroopers

What event occurred during the 12th street riot?

The Algiers Motel Incident

What sparked the Algiers Motel Incident?

A Black resident shot a toy gun from the window towards the army and police, and a raid was carried out

What did interrogation of the black residents involve?

Mocking killings of the others

Who were the suspects after the Motel incident?

Black males, no white police officers

How many people were employed in the automotive sector at its height?

What is Eight Mile Road?

A road spanning more than 20 miles across Detroit with 8 lanes of traffic, separates Wayne & Washtenaw counties

What does Eight Mile Road act as?

A physical dividing line between predominantly African American and White areas

What is depicted in the film 8 Mile?

Eminem plays a fictionalised version of himself growing up in Detroit around the area and segregation of 8 mile road

What was the film ‘Detroit’ based on?

Where did Detroit’s poorest residents live?

In central, downtown Detroit

AQA A Level Geography - HUMAN (38 decks)

• ✅3.2.1.1 - Globalisation
• ✅Case Study - Trade Blocs
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• ✅Case Study - Antarctica as a Global Common
• ✅3.2.2.1 - The Nature and Importance of Places
• ✅Case Study - Stratford upon Avon
• ✅3.2.2.2 - Changing Places – Relationships, Connections, Meaning and Representation
• ✅CASE STUDY - The New Era Estate
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• ✅Place Study - Detroit
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• Case studies
• Created by: helentaylor
• Created on: 07-06-18 16:08
• Detroit- lost its industrial nature due to offshoring and outsourcing and is an example of developed countries struggling with the negative impacts of globalisation
• When Ford moved out of the city lost 1/4 of its population soon after
• The city declared itself bankrupt in 2013 due to the lack of prosperity and development in the area
• 1/3 of families in Detroit fall below the poverty line
• High murder rates, 2/3 of murders are drug related
• Other examples of areas affected by the loss of industry= Huntington, West Virginia- Opiod crisis - 1/10 babies born addiced to drugs (usually heroin)
• BRAIN DRAIN
• Average house price =$33,400 vs US average of $188,900
• Shows the lack of properity in Detroit
• The regeneration of Book Tower shows ex-residents coming back and investing in the state - however, some feel as though it shows exclusivity due to it being a gated community 
• There is a possibility that the increasing prices of LA and California may mean start-ups begin in Detroit 
• Trump and his policies of protectionism may also reinvigorate however Trump has only just introduced the tariffs in early June 2018 and therefore it is impossible to tell if the tariffs have worked 
• BUT USA imports more from China than the other way around so it could mean the plan is slightly flawed?
• Over 2x the national avergage unemployment rate - (4.1% vs 8.7%)
• 'Gas station' meals - so the health is decreased due to diet 
• Only 7% of 13-14 year olds are proficient in reading - could link to Raines Elementary in Jackson vs Madison Elementary- the differences between state and education- gov polices?
• 36.4% of people live below the poverty line 
• Murder rate =10x NYC 

Regneration Article

https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/mar/02/detroit-michigan-first-steps-urban-renewal 

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AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L5 Representations (Lesson + Resources)

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

9 November 2023

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Lesson 5 of a Distant Place study on Detroit- using the Oxford textbook. There are 8 lessons in this Scheme (including assessment).

This lesson looks at how Detroit is represented in both Qualitative and Quantitative sources.

**Key Idea ** How are places constructed - how does this change? What factors have influenced the Detroit’s history and place making process? How do a range of data sources represent a place (qualitative and quantitative)?

• Great Migration discussions
• Various Qualitative and Quantitative sources to analyse (considering provenance).
• HWK - “Growtown to Motown” video with notes (completed notes)

PowerPoint - Lesson - Worksheets - Exam Q - MODELLED WORK

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AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - All Theory and Place Study (Detroit)

WHOLE UNIT AQA Changing Places - all lessons, resources, Key readings, PowerPoints etc. *** ALL LESSONS, RESOURCES AND MODELLED WORK *** All lessons and resources to teach prior to place studies - includes a local study which can be adapted. Planned for 100 minute lessons - easy adapted. **A-Level AQA Changing Places Unit - Theory ** L1 - What is place? L2 - Categories of Place L3 - Key concepts of Place L4 - Why are places different? (Exogenous and Endogenous Factors) L5 - Local Place Factors L6 - Sources of Place (Qualitative) L7 - Sources of Place (Quantitative) L8 - Placelessness L9 - Clone Towns L10 - Rebranding and Reimaging place L11 - Assesment, Revision and Feedback (L12) **PLACE STUDY - Detroit** AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L1 Introduction + Background (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L2 Economic Changes (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L3 Demographic Changes (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L4 Changing Character (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L5 Representations (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L6 Rebranding (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L7 Review (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L8 ASSESSMENT (Lesson + Resources)

AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places SOW - Detroit Distant Place Study

***ALL MODELLED WORK AND ANSWERS INCLUDED - INCLUDING ESSAY PLANS AND EXAM PRACTICE*** AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L1 Introduction + Background (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L2 Economic Changes (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L3 Demographic Changes (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L4 Changing Character (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L5 Representations (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L6 Rebranding (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L7 Review (Lesson + Resources) AQA A-LEVEL Changing Places - Detroit Place Study L8 ASSESSMENT (Lesson + Resources)

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The Rise and Fall of Detroit

Table of Contents

Last Updated on June 23, 2023 by Karl Thompson

The history of Detroit, USA from 1900 to the present day present offers an interesting case study in the benefits of industrial modernity in the early 20th century, and the problems caused by modernity’s decline from the 1960s.

Detroit underwent a rapid process of industrialisation in the early part of the 20th century, which led to enormous prosperity and wealth being generated which was, by and large, shared by the majority of the city’s population. Detroit is synonymous with Henry Ford, and the particular model of industrial-capitalism which he basically invented – mechanised production and decent wages and benefits for his workers.

However, the second half the century saw Detroit spiral into a decline of de-industrialisation, state-bankruptcy, inequality, and social unrest.

The Rise of Detroit: Industrialisation from the 1900s to the 1950s

In its hey day, Detroit represents one of the most successful case studies in Industrialization in world history. The case of Detroit helps us to understand why Modernization Theorists in the 1940s and 50s were so keen on exporting Capitalist-Industrialization as a model of development for other countries: basically industrialization brought about many positive developments and so it seemed logical to export it. 

By the late 19th century Detroit’s industry included leading shipbuilding, pharmaceutical and railway businesses. Detroit was successful because it was strategically located near to natural resources and markets via railroads and steamboats, and from the mid 19th century there was no place that better represented American progress and power.

Detroit was the Motor city that helped drive the United States forward,  and the most well-known company which was based there was the Ford Motor Company – in 1932, its Rouge River industrial complex was the largest integrated factory in the world, with its own docks, railway lines, power station and plant, and over 100 000 workers, and 120 miles of conveyor belt.

Raw materials including iron ore and coal arrived by barge and rail and completed for Model Bs rolled off the end of the vertically integrated production lines.

In 1932 Henry Ford’s son commissioned the famous Mexican artist Diego Rivera to paint scenes of the nearby Ford factories, which can today be viewed in the Detroit Institute of Art. Rivera’s murals captured the heat, energy and dynamism of the factories, but also the political and social tensions of time. Rivera was a communist, while Ford was a staunch opponent of labour organisations, and Rivera’s murals show workers working in harmony with machines, but also hint at the struggles between management and employees, which would become much more marked in the following decades.

Ford not only transformed the economic organisation of society, he also helped transformed its social organisation – he invested much of his profit into social welfare – by establishing an art institute and the Henry Ford Hospital, for example, while the relatively high wages he paid to his workers helped them to increase their consumption and enjoy new leisure opportunities, helping to forge a new consumer culture. This compromise between capital and labour is known as Fordism.

The Great depression of the 1930s struck a devastating blow as automobile sales fell rapidly, but the city was revitalized by the Second World War as car factories were rebooted to produce tanks and planes for the US military and its allies. Detroit became the ‘arsenal of democracy’.

The Decline of Detroit  

Beneath the gloss of mass consumption Detroit always hid inequalities.

A downward spiral continued into the 1970s as American manufacturers faced increasing competition from abroad and moved production to cheaper locations to cut cost, leaving further unemployment in their wake.

Detroit city, on the other hand, did not fare so well during the financial crisis and in 2013 underwent the largest municipal bankruptcy in US history.

Lessons from Detroit 

Detroit is important because it is a signal case for what is happening in many industrialized countries around the world – across the rust belt in America and mirrored in Southern European countries and northern England as well.

Signposting and Relevant to A-level Sociology

Detroit is very much a casualty in shift to postmodernisation.

Modified from Andrew Brooks (2017) The End of Development (I’d classify this as a left wing take on development!)

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