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How to write a cover letter.

A cover letter introduces you to an employer and asks them to think about your application. 

It’s a short letter, usually 3 to 5 paragraphs long.

When to include a cover letter

You should always include a cover letter when you apply for a job using a CV. 

You can write it as an email if you’re applying online or print a copy to go with a paper application.

When writing a cover letter, let the employer know you’re keen by showing that you’ve researched the company. Learn more about what they do through:

  • their website
  • recent news articles
  • talking to people you know who work there

Send it to the right person

It's important to try to address your cover letter to someone by name. Check you have the details of the person you need to send it to. 

You'll need their name and preferred title. For example, ‘Dr’, ‘Mr’, ‘Mrs’, ‘Ms’, and their job title. You should also make sure you have the right company name and address, including postcode.

If you do not know their name

If the job advert does not include a name you can check the company website. Try to find details of the head of the department, head of human resources or a recruitment manager.

If you still cannot find a name, you can start your letter with ‘Dear Sir or Madam’.

Introduction

Introduce yourself and explain how you found the advertised job. You can mention the job title, and reference number if there is one. 

If you’re asking about any job openings and not applying to a vacancy, tell them what sort of job you’re looking for. Let the employer see how keen you are to work for them.

Show you're right for the job

Highlight the skills and experience you have that match what the employer is looking for. 

Convince them that you're enthusiastic about working for them. Let them know you share their work values, culture and style.

Give extra information

If you have gaps in your employment history, you could talk about the skills you gained while you were out of work.

If you’ve mentioned on your CV that you have a disability, you might want to talk more about this in your cover letter. Organisations like Disability UK can give you advice on how to do this. You do not have to mention your disability at this stage if you prefer not to.

You can get more help with specialist advice on finding work if you have a disability.

Ending your cover letter

Thank the employer for considering your application. Let them know that they can get more details from your CV, and tell them you're looking forward to hearing from them.

Let them know how they can best contact you. Make sure your contact details are correct on both your cover letter and CV.

Yours sincerely or yours faithfully

If you know the name of the person you’re writing to, you should end the letter with ‘Yours sincerely’.

If you’ve addressed the letter ‘Dear Sir or Madam’, you should end the letter with ‘Yours faithfully’.

Tips for writing a cover letter

When writing your cover letter, remember to:

  • write a new one for every job you apply for and make sure it’s tailored to the company and the specific role
  • use the same font and size as you do for your CV, so it looks consistent
  • make sure the company name and recruiter’s details are correct
  • use the right language and tone: keep it professional and match the keywords used by the employer in their job advert
  • show you’ve done your research into the job and the company
  • highlight your most relevant skills and experience to stand out from other applicants
  • back up any statements you make with facts and use the STAR method
  • double check spelling and grammar before you send it
  • keep a copy of your cover letter as they may ask you about it in an interview

Related content

How to write a CV

Completing application forms

Interview tips

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Three excellent cover letter examples

Cover letters are the first chance you have to impress an employer – they’re not just a protective jacket for your CV. Here’s our guide on what to include and how to format them

  • More CV and cover letter templates
  • Looking for a job? Explore the range of vacancies on Guardian Jobs and find the perfect role for you

The first thing a potential employer sees in your job application is the cover letter. This doesn’t just support your CV – it’s an opportunity for you to stand out from the crowd and persuade the recruiter to put you through to the next round.

Be wary of spending hours on perfecting your CV at the expense of your cover letter. If you need some inspiration on what to include and what format to use, here are our helpful guides – just remember not to copy them as exact templates.

1. Standard, conservative style

This is ideal for sectors such as business, law, accountancy and retail. For more creative sectors, a letter like this might be less appealing, and could work against you.

Dear Mr Black, Please find enclosed my CV in application for the post advertised in the Guardian on 30 November. The nature of my degree course has prepared me for this position. It involved a great deal of independent research, requiring initiative, self-motivation and a wide range of skills. For one course, [insert course], an understanding of the [insert sector] industry was essential. I found this subject very stimulating. I am a fast and accurate writer, with a keen eye for detail and I should be very grateful for the opportunity to progress to market reporting. I am able to take on the responsibility of this position immediately, and have the enthusiasm and determination to ensure that I make a success of it. Thank you for taking the time to consider this application and I look forward to hearing from you in the near future. Yours sincerely

2. Standard speculative letter

This may vary according to the nature of the organisation and the industry you’re applying to.

Dear Mr Brown, I am writing to enquire if you have any vacancies in your company. I enclose my CV for your information. As you can see, I have had extensive vacation work experience in office environments, the retail sector and service industries, giving me varied skills and the ability to work with many different types of people. I believe I could fit easily into your team. I am a conscientious person who works hard and pays attention to detail. I’m flexible, quick to pick up new skills and eager to learn from others. I also have lots of ideas and enthusiasm. I’m keen to work for a company with a great reputation and high profile like [insert company name]. I have excellent references and would be delighted to discuss any possible vacancy with you at your convenience. In case you do not have any suitable openings at the moment, I would be grateful if you would keep my CV on file for any future possibilities. Yours sincerely

3. Letter for creative jobs

We’ve used the example of a copywriter but you can adapt it for your profession. The aim of a creative letter is to be original and show you have imagination, but understand what the job entails. Balance is essential: don’t be too wacky, or it will turn off the reader.

Dear Ms Green, · Confused by commas? · Puzzled by parenthesis? · Stumped by spelling? · Perturbed by punctuation? · Annoyed at the apostrophe? (And alliteration?) Well, you’re not alone. It seems that fewer and fewer people can write. Unfortunately, there are still a lot of people who can read. So they’ll spot a gaffe from a mile off. And that means it’s a false economy, unless you’re 100% sure of yourself, to write your own materials. (Or to let clients do it for themselves.) To have materials properly copywritten is, when one considers the whole process of publishing materials and the impact that the client wishes to make, a minor expense. Sloppiness loses clients, loses customers. There is an answer. Me. Firm quotes are free. You can see some of what I do on my multilingual website at [insert web address]. If you’d like, I can get some samples out to you within 24 hours. And, if you use me, you’ll have some sort of guarantee that you can sleep soundly as those tens of thousands of copies are rolling off the presses. Luck shouldn’t come into it! With kindest regards

Other helpful resources

How to write a perfect CV and cover letter

Applying for jobs without experience? How to build and sell your skills

Five steps to the perfect graduate CV

School-leavers and graduates: how to write your first CV

How to write a personal statement for your CV

CV templates to fit every stage of your career

Looking for a job? Browse Guardian Jobs for your next career step.

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Sample cover letter

Cover letters add context to your CV and when used correctly are a great way to convince employers that you're right for the job. This sample cover letter should help you get started

A cover letter demonstrates to recruiters how well you express yourself, so you need to make sure that you don't just repeat your CV or give rambling explanations. Instead, use this opportunity to focus on your skills and experience, saving your qualifications for your CV.

The basic cover letter structure covers:

  • why you're writing the letter
  • why you think you're suitable for the job (with examples)
  • relevant skills and experience
  • summary of your interest in the role.

Double check what you've written as spelling mistakes or lack of attention to detail will put your cover letter straight on the no pile.

Please be aware that this is an example. Use this cover letter template to help generate ideas and structure your own document but avoid copying and pasting. Your cover letter needs to be original and tailored to the job you're applying for.

Avril Lee 115 My Street Mytown WX55 1CQ [email protected] 07777999888

Harry Smith Graduate HR director Big Company Ltd Woodcotes Business Park The Midlands MX9 6PQ

5th May 2023

Dear Mr Smith

Re: Logistics graduate scheme

I would like to apply for the logistics track of your graduate training scheme, advertised on the Prospects.ac.uk website. As requested, I am enclosing my CV.

I am in the final year of my geography degree, expecting a 2:1. Always intending to have a career in business, I have taken modules on the geography of business and GIS modelling. My final-year dissertation is on changing patterns in retail. During my degree, I have developed my analytical skills and ability to read, manage and present data. I have also become familiar with a range of business intelligence sources.

As you can see from my CV I have experience in:

  • Retail - moving from shelf stacker to checkout operator to team leader in my two years with Fresh Foods. I contributed to the store consistently being in the top five for the region by providing excellent customer service.
  • Warehouse operations - picking and packing to meet targets over the busy Christmas period.

I have also:

  • Worked in and led teams at Fresh Foods, on course projects and in sports.
  • Communicated with colleagues at all levels in retail and warehousing.
  • Solved problems as a team leader, ensuring staff cover and dealing with customer complaints.
  • Worked flexibly doing both early and late shifts and covering for absence, sometimes at short notice.
  • Managed my time when combining study with work and sport.

My semester in Germany exposed me to a different culture and improved my language skills. In addition, my voluntary work with young people has increased my resilience and ability to mix with people from all walks of life.

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

(Sign your name here)

Find out more

  • Get more information on cover letters .
  • If you're applying for a job that's not advertised take a look at an example speculative cover letter .
  • Learn more about the 5 things to avoid when writing a cover letter .

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Home » Cover letter » Examples

Examples of UK Cover Letters

Browse our rich selection of cover letter examples for every job title, get inspired to write yours, or use our builder to get a professional cover letter tailored to your needs in minutes.

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  • Cover Letter Examples: Why It’s Important

Accompanying your CV, your cover letter can shape the way recruiters see your application. But if you’ve not written one in a while, or ever, it can be difficult knowing where to start. That’s where great cover letter examples can help.

Writing a cover letter with an example makes things a whole lot easier. It allows you to see how things are presented, structured, and worded. A good cover letter example will also provide inspiration for your own application in terms of what to include. Above all else, it provides a starting point, so you’re not left overwhelmed and frustrated.

At myPerfectCV, we have a selection of cover letter examples for job applications in a wide range of sectors. Marketing, customer service, engineering, finance – you name it, you’ll find an excellent cover letter example to guide your own letter, along with template cover letters to give you a starting point.

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Table of contents

Cover Letter Examples for Top Jobs

Examples of cover letters for an experienced job application, best cover letter examples for career change, uk cover letter examples: benefits, how to use cover letter examples to write your own cover letter, top faqs about cover letter examples, start writing a cover letter using our examples, cover letter example for customer service.

Customer service cover letter examples need to set candidates apart in a competitive sector. The candidate does so by highlighting a successful track record with references to boot.

Cover letter example for retail assistant

One of our cover letter examples for retail, this letter highlights key qualities like communication and results orientation alongside relevant skills such as stocking and sales.

Cover letter example for graduate

Graduate cover letter examples don’t come better than this clear, concise description of a candidate’s university background and how it has prepared them for the role of a trainee pharmacist.

Cover letter example for engineer

This engineering cover letter example uses a smart, simple layout to explain how the candidate fits the job requirements, including leadership skills, project management, and quality assurance.

Cover letter example for finance

A great example of a finance cover letter, which specific abilities in tax preparation, financial analysis, and payroll configuring for a role as an accountant.

Cover letter example for a teacher

The introduction to our teacher cover letter example is followed by a clear, concise summary of what they can offer to the school, from OFSTED success to SEN experience, backed by specific responsibilities.

Cover letter example for an admin assistant

Administrative cover letter examples aren’t always from those with job-specific experience. In this case, payment processing and customer service are emphasised from a previous role as a cashier.

Cover letter example for a recruitment consultant

Moving from HR to consulting, this cover letter example works to underline the key skills which are transferable between the two sectors, including employment law, recruitment processes, and organisational skills.

Cover letter example for marketing

Reflecting one of the most common career changes – student to intern – this cover letter example outlines how the candidate’s educational successes make them a good fit for a marketing role.

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Make the right first impression

As the first thing recruiters see, your cover letter needs to look the part. Using our perfect cover letter examples, you can get a good idea of layout, structure, and design before starting your own CV. Base your own letter on our simple cover letter examples, or go for something bolder for a creative job application.

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Customise your cover letter

Using our cover letter examples for job applications makes it easier to personalise your own letter. Cherry-pick your favourite features, let the example skills and experience inspire ideas about your own career, or even use an excellent cover letter example as a template .

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A variety of roles and sectors

From architecture, accounting, and admin to law, sales, and fashion, our cover letter examples span a long list of UK sectors, roles, and experience levels. That provides better guidance for your own cover letter, with an example that’s more aligned with your own experience and skills.

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Create a cohesive job application

If you’re looking for a letter template, cover letter examples are a great fit. But what about your CV? Our online builder allows you to match your CV to cover letter examples to impress UK recruiters with a cohesive job application.

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Writing a good cover letter is a crucial task. How you present yourself can shape your potential employer’s opinion of you. To make sure your cover letter meets all the requirements, do yourself a favour and look at cover letter examples – those from your industry and beyond. This will help you understand the standards for writing covering letters and make it easier to write your own letter. Here’s how to get started:

Review multiple cover letter examples

This will help you become familiar with the style, vocabulary and structure of cover letters. Professional cover letter examples will serve as a great source of guidance and inspiration. Check out sample cover letters from your industry to learn their common points.

Learn about the company and reflect their values

Going beyond your skills and experience, your cover letter can demonstrate an alignment with the company you’re applying for. Research their ethos and values, then reflect what you’ve found in your cover letter. If they’re on a mission to go green, for example, mention your own interest in environmental matters.

Get a second opinion from a friend or relative

Writing a cover letter isn’t something you have to go alone. As well as using our excellent cover letter examples as a guide, you can call upon a trusted friend or relative for help. Get them to read through your cover letter and, quite simply, tell you what they think. Is there anything missing? How does it come across? And, of course, are there any errors or typos?

Take a break, re-read and add to your cover letter

Even with the best examples of UK cover letters at your disposal, cover letter writing isn’t something you have to rush. It’s always a good idea to take a break before coming back to proofread and improve your cover letter. When you come back with a fresh pair of eyes, you’ll be better placed to spot any errors or inconsistencies. You might also have some new ideas about the best qualities to highlight to impress the recipient of your cover letter.

Compare with a professional cover letter example

Once you’re happy with the cover letter you’ve created, it’s a smart idea to cross-reference it with a good cover letter example for a similar job application. That way, you can check whether you’ve included all the must-haves, got the tone right, and mastered the intro and sign-off.

How to write a cover letter example

Writing a cover letter like our examples isn’t as hard as it looks. For starters, you can use the same structure and layout, and even cover the same talking points. Your cover letter should outline what role you’re applying for, why you’re applying, and what makes you suitable for the job. You should draw upon past experience, qualifications, and personal qualities or interests to demonstrate what you can offer in the given role.

How to start a cover letter

Our examples demonstrate several different ways to open your cover letter and address the recruiter. Firstly, you should include the job title and reference (if provided) above the first line of your letter. If you have a name for the recruiter or hiring manager, you should use this to open the letter. ‘Dear Sarah Green’ or ‘Dear Mrs Green’ are perfectly acceptable, for example. If no name is given, you can choose from addresses like ‘To Whom it May Concern’, ‘Dear Hiring Manager’, or ‘To the Directors at [Company Name]’.

How to end a cover letter

Examples of cover letters (UK) can also assist with the way you end your cover letter. There are two main parts to consider. Firstly, you’ll need a closing statement, which thanks the recruiter for their time and encourages a response, such as ‘Thank you for taking time to consider my application. I look forward to hearing from you.’ Next, there’s the sign off. If you have addressed the person by name, ‘Yours sincerely’ is the conventional way to end a cover letter. Alternatively, use ‘Yours faithfully’ if you don’t have a name for the recruiter or hiring manager.

What is a cover letter for a job?

Our UK cover letter examples have one thing in common – they are written to accompany a CV. That’s exactly what a cover letter is intended for. It was traditionally a physical cover on top of your CV. However, with CVs sent digitally, it still remains an important step – and a great way to link the skills , experience, and qualities in your CV to the specific job role you’re applying for.

How many words should a cover letter be?

Using our short cover letter examples as a guide, cover letters should always be concise and to-the-point. In terms of pages, it’s definitely best to stay comfortably within one page with three to four paragraphs covering all the main points. While there’s no hard-and-fast rule for the word count of your cover letter, the guidelines above will usually come to between 300 to 400 words.

How can I explain career gaps in my cover letter?

A good cover letter is a perfect way to explain any gaps on your CV that could otherwise put recruiters off. Be honest and positive, explain that you were taking time to reconsider your career or focus on what you learnt in your time away from work.

How can I sell my limited experience?

Everybody starts somewhere. Sell yourself by showcasing transferable skills gained during your education or through your hobbies, and emphasise a willingness to learn and adapt.

Should I write a cover letter for each role?

Yes! Writing a cover letter for each job application allows you to tailor your experience to fit each role. It will enable you to focus on specific requirements of the job and how your knowledge and skills are the perfect fit.

Build my Cover Letter

Ready to get started on your own cover letter? Whether you’re a recent graduate or experienced professional, myPerfectCV can make the process a breeze. Take a look at our employment cover letter examples, then use our tried-and-tested cover letter builder to create your own.

Simply enter a few details about your career and skills, the job you’re applying for, and the kind of letter you want to create, then our builder will generate a great cover letter just for you. You can customise it further or download it ready to send to recruiters.

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  • Cover Letter

How to Format a UK Cover Letter in 2024 (+ Example)

LiveCareer Editorial Team

Our customers were hired by:

The cover letter functions as your initial handshake with potential employers. If you want to make a good impression, you must first set up the proper cover letter format. If you don't, it can potentially hinder your application.

There is a tried-and-tested formula for formatting your cover letter. Soon, you’ll learn all about it, including the order of sections, advice on fonts, margins, spacing, and length.

In this guide, you'll find the answer on how to format a cover letter the right way, a cover letter format example to copy and use for your own, plus, a business letter layout for the UK.

Use the LiveCareer cover letter builder and your cover letter will write itself. Choose a professional template, answer a few easy questions and the creator will generate a professional cover letter for you with just one click.

Create your cover letter now

cover letter format example

Want to read more cover letter guides? Or maybe you need to write a different kind of letter? See:

  • Acceptance Letter Writing Guide
  • How to Write a Motivation Letter
  • How to Write a Resignation Letter
  • How to Write the Perfect Cover Letter
  • Recommendation Letter in the UK
  • Reference Letter for a Job Guide
  • Simple Cover Letter Guide
  • What is a Cover Letter
  • What to Include in a Cover Letter

How to format a cover letter: example

Michael Martin

3 Cambridge Road

North Coker

[email protected]

Greta Smith

Headteacher

Violet Primary School

12 Paramount Road

May 19, 2021

Dear Greta,

I am writing to express my interest in the Primary School Teacher position at Violet Primary School. I have over 4 years of experience working with children aged 5–11 and am confident in my ability to contribute positively, just as I did at Tulip Grove Primary. There, I led a mathematics enrichment initiative, resulting in a 15% improvement in Year 5 student math scores on standardized assessments.

I earned my degree in Primary Education from Keele University in 2015, complemented by a brief internship at the Department of Education. During my tenure at Tulip Grove, I taught 95 KS1 and KS2 pupils in dynamic groups of 12 to 24. Embracing a modern approach, we minimized textbook reliance and incorporated engaging solutions using available technology. Notably, I successfully secured a £15,000 grant from the government to acquire tablets and teaching aids, resulting in a 20% improvement in student scores compared to other classes. By integrating multimedia tools, we fostered increased student engagement, transforming learning into an enjoyable experience akin to play, thereby reducing disruptions by 35%.

My experience, coupled with my ability to cultivate positive relationships with students, aligns seamlessly with Violet Primary School's ethos of embracing innovative teaching methods. I am eager to contribute my knowledge to your team while remaining open to continuous learning and hard work.

I am enthusiastic about the opportunity to discuss how interactive methods effectively reduced disruptions at Tulip Grove and to explore possibilities for implementing similar strategies at Violet Primary. Could we schedule a convenient time to delve further into this conversation?

Now, let’s discuss all the ins and outs of cover letter formatting.

What's the proper cover letter format in the UK?

proper UK cover letter formatting

The proper cover letter format in the UK includes the following key elements:

  • The header with your name, address, phone number, email, current date, and the recipient's name, job title, company name, and address.
  • Greeting and introductory paragraph featuring a brief introduction.
  • Body paragraphs highlighting your relevant skills, experiences, and achievements.
  • Closing paragraph with a CTA used to summarize your key points, express your enthusiasm for the position, and indicate your desire for an interview.

Here is how to set it up:

How to format a cover letter?

Formatting a cover letter means following a certain proven structure. First, let’s discuss the general cover letter layout rules :

  • Limit the length of your cover letter to no more than one A4 page. A short cover letter of about half a page is enough to make an effective and impactful introduction.
  • Set the margins to one inch on all sides.
  • Right-align your contact info, but left-align everything else.
  • Use a font that matches the font on your CV .
  • Adjust the spacing to 1–1,5. Separate the paragraphs with a double space.
  • Save your cover letter as a PDF unless noted otherwise. PDF file types protect your cover letter format.

Here are the steps to structure each part of your cover letter the right way:

1. Start your business letter with a professional header

The cover letter header carries your personal information. In it, include a physical address, phone number, email, and any LinkedIn/website/portfolio links that you think will help your application. This is the only part that should be right-aligned.

Next, address the cover letter to the recipient. Write down their name, job title, and company address. Then, drop a space, write the current date, add another blank line, and add a greeting.

Cover letter format example: header

2. use the proper salutation in your cover letter.

Addressing the recruiter by name is a simple yet effective personalization technique. Marketing research shows that 80% of customers are more likely to make a purchase from a brand that provides personalized experiences . This trick also works for job searching since the recruiter will see that you took your time to write a custom-made letter of application instead of copy-pasting a generic cover letter .

Use a simple “Dear [Hiring Person's name or surname]” for best effect. Avoid “Dear Sir/Madam,” and definitely do not write “To Whom It May Concern.”

You can adjust every cover letter created in the builder to meet the job requirements. Choose the name of your profession and the company to which you’re applying, and the builder will automatically adapt the content for you. Create a cover letter faster than you ever thought possible and apply for the job in record time.

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3. Introduce yourself in the first paragraph of your cover letter

The first paragraph should span about 40–80 words. Start the cover letter by outlining your years of experience and the field of expertise. Back that up with your most impressive achievement that is relevant to the employer's needs or requirements. Use a tone of voice that expresses genuine excitement for the position.

Cover letter format example: opening

I am writing to express my interest in the Primary School Teacher position at Violet Primary School. I have over 4 years of experience working with children aged 5-11 and am confident in my ability to contribute positively, just as I did at Tulip Grove Primary. There, I led a mathematics enrichment initiative, resulting in a 15% improvement in Year 5 student math scores on standardized assessments.

4. Show achievements in the main body of your UK letter

This will be the longest part of your cover letter. In it, you should outline 2–3 most relevant work achievements you have that refer to what the employer requested in the ad. Make sure you quantify them if possible. Remember that it’s a vital part of creating accomplishment statements . If you want, you can show your achievements in a bullet point format, or incorporate them naturally into your second paragraph.

The best length for the main body of a cover letter is about 100–200 words.

Cover letter format example: main paragraph

5. add sign off and add a call to action to your cover letter.

To end your cover letter on a high note, reiterate your enthusiasm for the position and express your eagerness to discuss further how your skills, experiences, and values align with the needs, mission, and vision of the company. This is known as a “culture fit.”

Finally, invite the employer to contact you for an interview, reinforcing your readiness to discuss how your unique qualifications make you a valuable asset to their organization. Finish with a “Sincerely, [your name].

Cover letter format example: closing paragraph

You don’t have to create any content yourself. The LiveCareer cover letter maker will automatically suggest the best content for your cover letter with ready-made examples and expert tips.

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Create your cover letter

How to format an e-mail cover letter

Many cover letters these days will be sent and received by email. This requires you to make a few adjustments before sending it off. First, you have to make a choice: whether to attach your cover letter as a PDF or whether you want to paste it into the email body.

If you choose the attachment—you risk them never opening it. If something distracts them when they open your email, they may never return to it. But if you paste your cover letter in the body, they are "forced” to read your cover letter upon opening the email. However, here’s the thing: people skim emails. You'll have to work a little harder to capture and hold their attention.

Here are some more email cover letter format tips for both situations:

  • If you choose the email body, do not paste the header, date, etc. Start from "Dear…" 
  • If you send an attachment, save it as a *.PDF unless specified otherwise. This is best for protecting your cover letter format. 
  • Name the attachment with your surname, something like: "Smith_coverletter." That will allow them to pull it up in the future easily.
  • If you attach, drop a line like "Please find my CV and cover letter attached." Remember, people skim.
  • The subject of your email should be "[Position Title] Application". If there’s a job number in the ad, include it in brackets.

How to format a cover letter with no experience

Formatting a cover letter when you have no experience follows similar principles to a standard cover letter, focusing on highlighting transferable skills , education, and enthusiasm. Since you’re unlikely to have many (if any) quantifiable achievements, put emphasis on education, relevant coursework, and any extracurricular activities or projects. On top of that, intersperse key skills throughout your cover letter.

Other than that, all the standard cover letter tips still apply. Aim for one page at most, use a clean font, make a targeted cover letter, and properly structure each part.

A cover letter alone simply won’t be enough—you need an impactful CV, too. Create your CV in minutes. Choose a professional CV template and quickly fill in every CV section using ready-made content and expert advice.

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And that’s the answer to how to format a cover letter. Do you have any more questions on the UK cover letter format? Any tips for making a successful cover letter format for a job application? Let us know in the comments below!

How we review the content at LiveCareer

Our editorial team has reviewed this article for compliance with Livecareer’s editorial guidelines . It’s to ensure that our expert advice and recommendations are consistent across all our career guides and align with current CV and cover letter writing standards and trends. We’re trusted by over 10 million job seekers, supporting them on their way to finding their dream job. Each article is preceded by research and scrutiny to ensure our content responds to current market trends and demand.

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Since 2005, the LiveCareer Team has been helping job seekers advance their careers. In our in-depth guides, we share insider tips and the most effective CV and cover letter writing techniques so that you can beat recruiters in the hiring game and land your next job fast. Also, make sure to check out our state-of-the-art CV and cover letter builder—professional, intuitive, and fully in line with modern HR standards. Trusted by 10 million users worldwide.

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Cover Letter Templates for 2024

Click on a cover letter template, fill it online and download in seconds. Build a professional cover letter in a few clicks . Just pick one of 18+ cover letter templates below, add ready-made content and get the job.

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Best cover letter templates for any situation

A cover letter for a CV or application is a brief presentation of your experience and skills in narrative form. The purpose of a cover letter is to highlight the most important information from your CV and add extra reasons why you should be hired. It’s about looks and contents. And Zety will help with both—

Best cover letter templates for any situation

Professional design

These CV cover letter templates match Zety’s CV templates and give your documents a polished look. Highlight key achievements in bullet points, use colour and style to draw attention to what matters to employers. Writing a cover letter feels like doing homework assignments, but not with Zety—

Professional design

Ease of use

Fill in any of these professional cover letter format templates with help from our app. Simply tell the wizard a few things about yourself, and get a ready cover letter sample in a few clicks. Stop worrying about every single word you use and focus on what matters: your future job.

Ease of use

These user-friendly cover letter templates will save you hours of painful work. Remember the last sample you downloaded and got stuck filling out? This won’t happen again. Pick a cover letter layout, click a few buttons and you’re done. Download your cover letter template in pdf or Word format.

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Confidence boost

Don’t ignore your cover letter. About 20-50% recruiters expect you to write one even if they don’t read it . Writing a cover letter from scratch feels like a chore, but it doesn’t have to. You can create a cover letter for a job of your dreams in minutes. Employers will recognise you for who you are: the ideal candidate.

Confidence boost

Proven effectiveness

A Zety CV and a cover letter is your one-two punch that will help you beat the competition. Only 20% of all applications contain cover letters and with Zety you’ll stand out as the best candidate. Creating a cover letter can be simple, fast and is proven to get jobs. It’s surprising how little effort you need.

Proven effectiveness

Why users choose our cover letter templates:

Frequently asked questions about cover letter templates, where can i find a free cover letter template.

Zety offers 18 professional cover letter templates , which you can edit quickly and easily using our cover letter builder . All you have to do is pick a cover letter template you like and fill in the blanks… or, to make things even easier, upload your CV and have our generator write your cover letter for you. Each cover letter design comes with a matching professional CV template , so you can apply for your dream job with a high-end set of documents in a matter of minutes.

What is the recommended UK cover letter format?

Here’s how to format a cover letter in the UK:

  • Address your cover letter using a business letter-style heading: your name and contact details, followed by the date of writing and, finally, the name and contact information of the addressee (i.e. the hiring manager or recruiter).
  • Left-align everything and use a good, readable font—ideally, the same as your CV font . Use one-inch margins and 1–1.15 line spacing.
  • Keep it short: the best length for a cover letter is under one page.

If that sounds like a lot of messing around, keep in mind that the Zety CV builder can take care of the formatting for you , both on your CV and cover letter, with no software or computer skills needed. Visit our blog for more cover letter tips and, if you’re writing your cover letter in the body of an email, check out this guide on the proper email cover letter format .

What should I include in my cover letter?

Writing a cover letter can be tricky, even if you’ve done it before. Here’s what to include in a cover letter to boost your chances of getting hired:

  • Your contact details and the recruiter’s details (in a business-style header).
  • A professional greeting, ideally using the recruiter’s surname, e.g. Dear Mr Smith . Dear Hiring Manager is a good alternative if you don’t know who’ll read your cover letter.
  • A selection of your best professional achievements, made more impactful with numbers and action verbs, e.g. Achieved a 15% boost in productivity .
  • A few of your key professional skills relevant to the job ad.
  • Your motivation for wanting to join the company, including your shared values or something you like about their profile/methods/product/operations/etc.
  • A strong cover letter ending , such as a promise to achieve a specific goal for the company.

And that’s pretty much a complete cover letter. To make sure your CV is up to scratch, too, read this guide on what to include in a CV .

How do you start a cover letter?

We recommend starting strong, with a powerful accomplishment that shows your professional value straight away. For maximum impact, your cover letter opening paragraph could include:

  • The position you’re applying for,
  • A major professional achievement of yours to catch the reader’s attention,
  • A promise to achieve the same and more for the company to which you’re applying.

Make sure to use the new company’s name in the opening paragraph—it shows you care, and that your job application is not just a copy-paste job.

Can I see some cover letter examples?

Sure—you’ll find dozens of cover letter examples for specific professions on our website , entirely for free. You can read a sample letter for your role, copy it, change the details, and use as yours if you want—or simply load it into a Zety cover letter template to take care of formatting and content in one fell swoop. We also offer lots of professional CV examples for various industries and jobs, and short cover letter examples if you’re in a rush. All of our examples are written by Certified Professional Resume Writers, so they’re as high-quality as they come!

Is a simple cover letter template better than a creative one?

For roles where creativity is key, you may want to go with a more colourful, bold, creative job application cover letter template. Still, a basic, simple cover letter template will likely be a better, “safer” choice for most jobs . Remember that no matter what template you choose, your cover letter format (i.e. the order and formatting of paragraphs) should stay the same, and that it’s always best to use matching cover letter and CV templates .

Do I need a different cover letter for every job application?

Ideally, yes. While your cover letter structure shouldn’t change, you should adapt the contents to each job, taking into account the specifics of the role and the company , alongside the requirements outlined in the job ad. Although you’re probably applying for similar positions, each company is likely to have a slightly different approach, values, and skill/experience requirements. Arguably, the point of a cover letter nowadays is to show your motivation to join this particular company and prove you’re the best candidate for them, so it’s unavoidable that to boost your chances, you’ll need to tailor your cover letter each time. To make this easier, the Zety builder offers unlimited cloud storage—so you can copy, edit, and save as many cover letters as you want.

How do I write a cover letter with no work experience?

In the absence of work experience, there are a few cover letter strategies you can use to boost your chances of getting an interview invite:

  • Highlight your transferable skills, i.e. skills you’ve picked up elsewhere (during internships, at school, or while practising your hobbies). For example, taking IT at secondary school probably taught you to use MS Office, which is a valuable hard skill in many jobs.
  • Focus on your motivation and enthusiasm, proving you’re eager to learn and determined to succeed in this particular role.
  • Swap professional achievements for relevant academic ones.

For more details, read our guide on writing a cover letter for an internship and take a look at this graduate cover letter example .

Are Zety cover letter templates free?

The Zety cover letter builder is free to use— you can edit your cover letter and CV as much as you like at no cost . Once you’re happy with the results, it costs £1.79 to download your documents (PDF, Word, and TXT formats are available). This fee gives you two-week access and during this time, you can edit and download your documents as many times as you want.

Try Zety's professional cover letter builder now

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Cover Letters

A cover letter introduces and markets you effectively by complementing your CV.

A cover letter tells your story by highlighting your relevant strengths and motivation for the person and organisation you are writing to, rather than listing all the things that can already be seen on your CV.

Always take the opportunity to submit a cover letter if you are given the chance.

The cover letter gives you scope to showcase what interests and drives you, and your enthusiasm for an organisation and the role. You can use it to align yourself with the organisation’s strengths, values and culture, and highlight in a targeted way your knowledge and strongest, most relevant skills for the position.

The content and style are up to you, but a logical and engaging structure is key. Below are some guidelines.

How to Write Cover Letters

Aim for a professional tone that conveys your message to the reader succinctly - remember it's not an essay or dissertation! Write in clear, concise English – take care not to drown the reader with your detail and avoid jargon they may not understand.  The Plain English Campaign  has some good guidance on improving your writing style.

Structure it like a business letter, brevity adds power and aim for no longer than 1 side of A4 in length. However, if the organisation gives you very specific instructions about the structure. length and content, follow their guidance. 

Introduction

Introduce yourself and explain why you are writing. If you are responding to an advertisement, state where you saw it. This tells the recruiter why they are reading the letter, and it gives them feedback on which of their advertising sources are working. You need to think about how you would like to introduce yourself; it could be that you mention the course you are studying and when you plan to finish it along with your place of study.

Why this job?

Explain why you are interested in the job and the organisation. Tailor the letter to the organisation and job description to make it clear that you haven't sent out multiple copies of the same letter to different employers. 

Draw on your research, especially what you have learnt from speaking with their staff (e.g. while meeting them at a fair or event, or during work shadowing/experience) as this will demonstrate an awareness and understanding of them that goes beyond the corporate website. Be specific about why the position is particularly attractive for you, and back this up with evidence from your past, or by linking this to your overall career plans, and what you find exciting about this sector, don’t just repeat the text from their publicity material.

Explain why you are well-suited to the position. Refer to the most relevant skills (c.3-5), experience and knowledge you have and match what you say to the requirements outlined in the job description. Tell your story and highlight key evidence so that you are building on your CV, but not using exactly the same phrases. Make sure you read our guidance on  demonstrating you fit the job criteria  for more advice.

As your aim is to convince the recruiter that you are a suitable candidate for the job,  focus on your accomplishments and the transferable skills that are relevant to the role. State explicitly how you match the job criteria – don’t expect the person reading your letter to infer your skills or experiences for themselves. 

Support your claims by referring to examples that are already detailed in your CV. You can make a stronger, more credible case by linking different experiences that highlight similar skills or competences. For example:

  • You first demonstrated your organisational skills by creating (an event) at school, and you  have developed them further by raising (£xx) at last year’s fundraiser and, most recently, by leading (another event) for your society attended by (number) of people.
  • The role (applied for) would allow you to further explore your interest in mental health well-being  which has driven your success as college welfare officer and the personal sense of achievement gained from working as a peer counsellor.

Reiterate your desire to join the organisation and end on a ‘look forward to hearing from you’ statement, followed by ‘Yours sincerely’ if writing to a named individual and ‘Yours faithfully’ if you have not been able to find a named contact. 

  • Write to a named person if you can
  • If you have not been able to find a named contact, you could use ‘Dear Recruitment Manager’ or ‘Dear Recruiter’. 
  • Check your spelling and get someone else to read it over.
  • Check that it says clearly what you want it to say.  Are there any sections that are hard to read, overly long sentences? If yes, try to simplify the language, avoid jargon, use shorter sentences or take out that section completely.
  • Make the letter different each time. If you insert another company name, does the letter still read the same? If so, tailor it more specifically to the firm - you may need to do further research
  • Don’t start every sentence with “I”.
  • Give evidence for all your claims.
  • Be enthusiastic and interested.
  • Don’t repeat your whole CV.
  • It’s normal to find cover letters tricky to write. Give yourself plenty of time before the application deadline to redraft.
  • A careers adviser at the Careers Service can give you feedback on the content and structure of your cover letter and CV, and advise you on how best to target particular sectors – write one first, book an appointment on CareerConnect  and ask a careers adviser for feedback.

Academic Cover Letters and Statements

Academic cover letters.

Academic cover letters vary in length, purpose, content and tone. Each job application requires a new, distinct letter.

For applications that require additional research or teaching statements, there is no point repeating these points in a cover letter – here, one page is enough (brief personal introduction, delighted to apply, please find enclosed X, Y, Z documents).

Other applications ask for a CV and a cover letter only, in which case the letter will need to be longer and require more detail. Others ask explicitly for this detail in the form of a supporting statement that sets out how you fulfil the job criteria. Aim for a maximum length of two pages, though for roles at associate professor level and above it may extend to 3-5 pages. In all cases it is important to use the space effectively and show that you can prioritise according to what they are looking for.

In all cases:

  • Your letter is a piece of academic writing – you need a strong argument and empirical evidence
  • Write for the non-expert to prove that you can communicate well
  • Make sure you sound confident by using a tone that is collegial (rather than like a junior talking to a senior)
  • Demonstrate your insight into what the recruiting department is doing in areas of research and teaching, and say what you would bring to these areas from your work so far.
  • Give quantifiable evidence of teaching, research and funding success where possible.

Teaching Statements

What is a teaching statement and why do you need one.

When making an academic job application, you may be asked for a teaching statement (sometimes referred to as a ‘philosophy of teaching statement’). These statements may also be requested of candidates for grant applications or teaching awards.

A teaching statement is a narrative that describes:

  • How you teach
  • Why you teach the way you do
  • How you know if you are an effective teacher, and how you know that your students are learning.

The rationale behind a teaching statement is to:

  • Demonstrate that you have been reflective and purposeful about your teaching. This means showing an understanding of the teaching process and your experience of this
  • Communicate your goals as an instructor, and your corresponding actions in the laboratory, classroom, or other teaching setting.

Format and style of a Teaching Statement

There is no required content or format for a teaching statement because they are personal in nature, but they are generally 1-2 pages, and written in the first person. The statement will include teaching strategies and methods to help readers ‘see’ you in a lab, lecture hall, or other teaching setting. The teaching statement is, in essence, a writing sample, and should be written with the audience in mind (i.e. the search committee for the institution(s) to which you are applying). This means that, like a cover letter, your teaching statement should be tailored for presentation to different audiences.

Articulating your teaching philosophy

Consider your experiences as both teacher and learner, and always keep your subject at the forefront. Consider all opportunities that you have previously had to teach, mentor, or guide, and determine instances that were both successful and perhaps not so successful. Understanding why and how learning happens is an important part of your teaching philosophy.

Here are some general areas to focus on in your teaching statement:

Goals : Convey your teaching goals. What would you like students to get out of your courses? What matters most to you in teaching and why?

Strategies : List effective teaching strategies. How will you realise your goals? What obstacles exist to student learning and how do you help students overcome them?

Evidence : Specific examples of your teaching experience are powerful in a teaching statement. Provide evidence that your students have learned (or not) in the past.

Research Statements

Some applications ask for a short research statement. This is your opportunity to showcase your vision for your research, propose a research plan and show how this builds on your current expertise and achievements. It forms the basis for discussions and your presentation if you are invited for interview.

Remember to:

  • Provide a big picture overview of your research vision
  • Make sure there are clear links between your proposal and the work of the recruiting institution.  Each statement must be tailored to the particular role you are applying for
  • Write about your research experience stating the aims, achievements, relevant techniques and your responsibilities for each project
  • Write as much (within the word limit) about your planned research and its contribution to the department, and to society more broadly
  • Invest time and ask for feedback from your supervisor/principal investigator or colleagues.

Tips for Junior Research Fellowship or JRF Applications

Read the job description carefully to understand what is prioritised by the recruiting College or institution(s) beyond furthering your research.  If there are additional responsibilities such as outreach, mentoring, expanding or fostering academic networks, you will need to provide evidence of your interest and experience in these areas, as well as statements about how you would fulfil these roles when in post.

Try to meet current junior research fellowship (JRF) holders to gain further insight into what the role entails on a daily basis and what is expected by senior colleagues.

Show how your research contributes to, extends and/or maximises the impact of other work going on in the university. Then state why the JRF would enable you to further these in specific ways.

Think about how to demonstrate your experience in the following areas:

  • Your research vision.  Can you outline a big picture view of the research you want to do and its impact, for the department, the field and the wider society
  • Publications, think broadly here and include journal articles, book chapters, policy papers, expert reviews, public commentaries and any other type of media coverage
  • Funding, give prominence to any funding awards and to your grant-writing experience
  • Participation in professional activities such as establishing collaborations with people or organisations outside the university, reviewing journal articles and membership of relevant societies
  • Outline how you intend to participate in knowledge exchange and public engagement within your fellowship. These activities are now recognised as significant components of academic life

Look at  Vitae’s Research Developer Framework  to identify any other academic-related competencies that you could demonstrate in your application (particularly project-management, leadership, developing innovative partnerships/strategic thinking).

Have your application reviewed by a careers adviser by booking a short discussion appointment on CareerConnect . 

Our Resources

Example cover letters.

  • Sample cover letter
  • Sample cover letter for management consultancy
  • Sample cover letter for voluntary organisation
  • Sample speculative cover letter   (see speculative applications)
  • Sample cover letter for first lectureship, Arts and Humanities
  • Vitae  for examples and advice relating to academic cover letters

Related pages

  • Demonstrate You Fit the Job Criteria
  • Application Forms

External Resources

External websites with guidance and examples.

  • TARGETjobs: Cover letter essentials
  • Prospects: Cover Letters

Artificial Intelligence (AI) generators and other paid-for services

A growing number of websites offer AI-generated cover letters, either for free or for a fee. There are also numerous organisations offering to write your cover letters for a fee. We believe that if you follow the advice above and come for a (free) cover letter review at the Careers Service as part of a 20-minute 1:1 appointment, you will get the best service for you. 

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Create your Europass Cover Letter

Europass helps you to develop a structured, consistent and professional cover letter guiding you through each step. You can create new cover letters or edit existing ones using the Europass tool to create and edit cover letters.

How does Europass help?

Europass will guide you step by step through the process to help you create a good cover letter with all the essential information. You can create, store and share cover letters in 31 languages , choose from different templates to customise your application and share them easily from your Europass Library . 

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How to write a good cover letter

A cover letter should highlight your motivation to apply for a specific job or opportunity, and demonstrate why you consider yourself to be the best candidate. Your cover letter should refer to particular examples in your CV and describe why these are relevant for the job vacancy you are applying for.

Read carefully

Read the vacancy notice carefully and highlight the skills that relate to the requirements of the position in your cover letter.

Use keywords

Use the keywords when you list your soft skills as mentioned on the vacancy notice (punctual, organised, team-player and so on).

Have short and clear paragraphs that show different aspects clearly.

Get to know the employer

Take time to research the employer to gain valuable insights into the culture of their organisation and make references in your cover letter to one or two key points.

Keep it short

You cover letter should not be longer than one page.

  • First paragraph - why you are motivated to apply for the position,
  • Second paragraph - how you are the most suitable candidate for the position, and
  • Third Paragraph - why the company is a good match for you.

Use formal tone

Use a formal, polite tone and make sure there are no spelling mistakes.

Use simple fonts

Use simple non-decorative font styles, normal font-sizes (11-12) and optimal spacing (1 or 1.5).

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More From Forbes

Writing Cover Letters For A Career Change: Tips And Examples

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Embarking on a career change is a pivotal moment, fraught with uncertainty but brimming with potential. And especially in cases where your resume might not directly align with the job at hand, your cover letter becomes the narrative that connects the dots. A well-crafted cover can illuminate your strengths, align your past experiences with your future aspirations, and persuade potential employers to see the value you bring.

The Importance Of A Cover Letter In Career Changes

In career transitions, your cover letter is your storyteller. It explains the why and the how of your career change, showcasing your enthusiasm and demonstrating how your background equips you with unique perspectives and transferable skills. It addresses potential concerns about your career shift head-on, presenting your transition as an asset rather than a liability.

Tips For Writing A Career Change Cover Letter

1. Personalize Your Approach : Address the letter to a specific person whenever possible. Doing so demonstrates attention to detail and a genuine interest in the position. You want to show that you’re not conducting a generic job search, but that you’ve done your research. You’ve perused (not skimmed) the company website and you read that 20-page yearly report from the CEO. You’ve even read their blog and can quote freely from it. You’ve educated yourself.

2. Emphasize Transferable Skills : Highlight the skills and experiences from your previous roles that are relevant to the new position. Be specific and quantify achievements where possible.

3. Show Enthusiasm and Commitment : Employers want to know that you are genuinely interested in the new field. Express your passion for the career change and your eagerness to contribute.

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4. Tailor Your Narrative : Connect your past experiences to the job you're applying for, demonstrating how your unique background can bring a fresh perspective to the role.

5. Address Potential Concerns : Be upfront about your career change, framing it as a positive decision guided by clear motivation and a strong understanding of the new field.

6. End with a Strong Call to Action : Conclude by expressing your desire to discuss your application further in an interview, showing proactivity and determination.

7. Use Strategic Language : Avoid clichéd adjectives. Opt for vivid, specific language that paints a clear picture of your capabilities and achievements.

Example: General Career Change Cover Letter

Dear [Hiring Manager's Name],

I am excited to apply for the [Position] at [Company], transitioning from a career in [Current Industry] to [New Industry]. My experience in [Current Industry] has equipped me with valuable skills that I am eager to apply in [New Industry]. For instance, while working as [Previous Position], I developed a keen ability to [transferable skill], resulting in [specific achievement].

In [Current Industry], I honed my skills in [relevant skill] and demonstrated my ability to [relevant achievement], directly benefiting my team by [specific outcome]. I am particularly drawn to [New Industry] because [reason for interest], and I am enthusiastic about the opportunity to bring my [specific skill] and [another skill] to the [Position] at [Company].

[Your Name]

Tweaks For Various Career Stages

Whether you are making a change early in your career or transitioning later, your cover letter should reflect your rationale and excitement for this new path.

Example: Early Career Cover Letter

As someone at the early stages of my career, I am eager to leverage the foundational skills I gained in [Initial Field], such as [specific skill], in [New Field]. My recent role as [Previous Position] allowed me to develop [relevant skills or experiences], which align closely with the requirements of the [Position] at [Company].

Example: Late Career Cover Letter

Transitioning into [New Field] at this point in my career is a deliberate and enthusiastic choice, driven by my deep-seated interest in [aspect of New Field]. With extensive experience in [Previous Field], I bring a wealth of knowledge and a unique perspective that can contribute to innovative solutions and strategies at [Company].

Tweaks For White And Blue-Collar Roles

Transitioning between white and blue-collar roles offers a unique opportunity to highlight diverse skills and experiences.

Example: White To Blue Collar Cover Letter

I am eager to apply the strategic and managerial skills honed in my white-collar career to the hands-on, dynamic environment of [Blue Collar Field]. My experience in [White Collar Role], where I developed [specific skills], aligns well with the challenges and responsibilities of the [Blue Collar Position] at [Company].

Example: Blue To White Collar Cover Letter

Transitioning from [Blue Collar Field] to [White Collar Field], I bring practical, on-the-ground experience that can inform and enhance the strategic decisions in [White Collar Role]. My background in [Blue Collar Role], where I mastered [specific skills], equips me with a unique perspective beneficial for the [White Collar Position] at [Company].

Including A Career Change Statement On Your Resume/CV

While your cover letter is the ideal place to elaborate on your career change, your resume/CV should also reflect this transition. A brief career change statement, positioned at the beginning of your resume, can effectively set the context for your career narrative. This statement should succinctly convey your transition, emphasizing your commitment to the new field and highlighting any transferable skills or relevant experiences.

How To Craft A Career Change Statement For Your Resume

1. Objective Statement : Begin with a clear, concise objective that outlines your career goals and demonstrates your enthusiasm for your new field.

2. Summary of Qualifications : Follow your objective with a brief summary of your most relevant qualifications, focusing on skills and experiences that transition well into your new career.

3. Highlight Transferable Skills : Clearly identify and emphasize any skills from your previous career that are pertinent to your new path. This not only demonstrates your capability but also shows your proactive approach in aligning your skill set with the new role's requirements.

4. Tailor Your Experience : Adjust the descriptions of your past positions to highlight the responsibilities and achievements most relevant to your desired career path. Use quantifiable achievements to underscore your adaptability and impact.

5. Education and Training : If you have pursued any education or training relevant to your new field, highlight this prominently on your resume to illustrate your dedication and commitment to your career change.

Make Your Language Unique

To avoid sounding like everyone else, remember to use distinctive and precise adjectives in your cover letter and resume. For instance:

  • Instead of "experienced," try "seasoned" or "accomplished," providing specific examples that demonstrate this experience, like spearheading a successful project or leading a team to exceed its targets.
  • Replace "passionate" with "enthused" or "committed," detailing a project or initiative you pursued with zeal, which can resonate more authentically with hiring managers.
  • Substitute "results-driven" with "outcome-focused," illustrating this with a particular scenario where your focus on results led to tangible success for your organization.

Your cover letter and resume are your advocates, narrating your professional journey and articulating why you are not just seeking a new job, but embarking on a new career with purpose and passion. By carefully crafting these documents to reflect your individual story, you position yourself as a memorable and compelling candidate, someone who stands out from the crowd.

Mark Murphy

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