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3D passwords-Advanced Authentication Systems

The increase in the usage of computer systems has given rise to many security concerns. One of the major security concern is authentication , which is the process of validating who you are to whom you claimed to be.

Current authentication systems suffer from various weaknesses. People usually use textual passwords; however they do not follow their requirements.The issue is that users intend to use meaningful words from the dictionary, which eventually are easier to break and vulnerable to attack.

A major drawback of the textual password is its conflicting requirements- the selection of a password that is easy to remember(for the user), and at the same time, hard to guess(to prevent unauthorized access to private data).

As a solution, many biometric authentications have been proposed. These include:

However, users usually tend to resist biometrics because:

• because of their effect on privacy and their intrusiveness.
• moreover, biometrics cannot be revoked.

3D password is a multi factor authentication scheme, that is, it is a security approach that requires the user to provide more than 1 identity factor before accessing their data.

Some factors include:

• what a user KNOWS: that is their password.
• what a user HAS: that is a smart card/hard token.
• what a user IS: that is a retinal scan/ finger print.

To be authenticated into a secure system, we present a 3-D virtual environment where the user navigates and interacts with various objects. The sequence of actions and interactions towards the objects inside the environment.Then the user’s password is constructed. The password can combine most existing authentication schemes, i.e., graphical and textual passwords and various biometrics into a virtual 3D environment.

The design of the 3D virtual environment and the type of objects selected determine the 3D password key space.

Advantages:

• easy to remember and is highly secure.
• easy to customise.
• difficult to share.
• 3D graphical password has no limit.

Disadvantages:

• difficult to use for the blind people.
• requires complex computer technology.

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3D Password

Apr 11, 2018

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password can combine most existing authentication schemes such as textual passwords, graphical passwords, and various types of biometrics into a 3D virtual environment. The choice of what authentication schemes will be part of the user's 3D password reflects the user's preferences and requirements.

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Presentation Transcript

3D PASSWORD FOR SECURE AUTHENTICATION ASHA KUMARI MONA THAKUR NEHA THAKUR POOJA KUMARI SHALINI KUMARI

CONTENTS • Password • Advantages and disadvantages • Introduction • 3d password • Functionalities Required • Mathematical concept • Working • Attacks and counter measure • Applications • 4d password differentiator • Future work

PASSWORD:- • A password is a secret word used for user authentication to prove identity or access approval to gain access to a resource. • In modern times, username and passwords are commonly used by people during a login process that controls access to protected computer operating systems, mobiles phones, cable TV decoders, automated teller machines (ATMs), etc.

TYPES OF PASSWORD:- • Random password • Common password

RANDOM PASSWORD • Random password:-An easy to remember password, which is based on a pass-phrase that is important to you, the user. • This phrase can be a set of words taken from a book, a song, a quotation, a statement, or anything else that you always easily remember. • No one else should ever think about attributing it to you. • E.G: pass-phrase: “four score and seven years ago our fathers” • Password: “Fs&7yA0F”.

COMMON PASSWORD • Easy to remember password, which is based on a combination of two unrelated words with a mixed case of letters, numbers and symbols. • E.G: pass-words: “funny bone” • Password: “phnyb0ne”.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES • Can only be accessed by the owner of the site. • A password protected website. • Password may protect files, folders and documents. • Disadvantages:- • If you don’t have strong server security, someone can break into the database and read the password.

INTRODUCTION • Commonly used authentication schemes are textual passwords, graphical passwords and biometrics. • 3D password is a multifactor authentication scheme. • To be authenticated, were 3D virtual environment. • Combines recognition, recall, token, and biometrics-based systems. • Users choice to select the type of authentication technique.

3D PASSWORD • It is a multi factor authentication scheme. • It is not only based on recall and recognition. • It is the combination of recall, recognition, biometrics as well as token-based authentication schemes. • It is also known as 3 dimensional virtual environment. • It contain any virtual object.

VIRTUAL OBJECTS ARE: • A computer with which user can type. • A fingerprint reader that requires the user’s fingerprint. • An ATM machine that requires a smart card and PIN. • A light that can be switched ON/OFF. • A television or radio where channels can be selected. • A car that can be driven. • A paper or a whiteboard that a user can write, sign, or draw on.

AUTHENTICATION SCHEMES • KNOWLEDGE BASED • Recall based • Recognition based • TOKEN BASED e.g. : smart card

BIOMETRIC BASED • Fingerprint ,palm prints ,hand geometry ,face recognition • GRAPHICAL PASSWORDS • Picture based.

FUNCTIONALITIES REQUIRED • New scheme should combine the existing authentication schemes • Freedom to select the type of authentication technique. • Should provide secrets that are easy to remember ,difficult to guess.

MATHEMATICAL CONCEPT • Time complexity • Space complexity

WORKING OF 3D PASSWORD • Representation of user actions in the 3D virtual environment (10,24,91) Action=Open the office door; (10,24,91) Action=Close the office door; (4,34,18) Action= Typing, “A”; (4,34,18) Action= Typing, “N”; (4,34,18) Action= Typing, “G”; (4,34,18) Action= Typing, “E”; (4,34,18) Action= Typing, “L”; (10,24,80) Action= Pick up the pen; (1,18,80) Action= Drawing, point=(330,130).

Virtual Computer where user typing a textual password as a part of user’s 3D Password

State diagram of a 3D Password application

ATTACKS AND COUNTER MEASURE • Time attacks. • Brute force attacks. • Well studied attacks. • Key logger. • Shoulder suffering attacks.

APPLICATION • Nuclear and military areas. • Air plans and jetfighters. • Critical server. • Other areas.

4D PASSWORD DIFFERENTIATOR • Flexibility: allow multifactor authentication. • Biometrics and textual passwords can be embedded in 4d password. • Strength: provides unlimited password possibilities. • Easy to remember: can be remembered in the form of short story. • Privacy: organizer can select authentication schemes that respect the user’s privacy.

FUTURE WORK • Use different password for different accounts. • Use 3d password. • The 3d password will protect against many brute force attacks. • A brute password cracker will simply attempt to guess your password. • Use longer password, harder to crack. • Brute force attack known as a dictionary attack.

CONCLUSION • Commonly used authentication schemes are vulnerable to attacks. • 3D Password is a multifactor authentication scheme. • User’s choice and decision to construct the desired and preferred 3D password.

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Microsoft 365 Life Hacks > Presentations > How to create an educational presentation

How to create an educational presentation

Using presentations can be an effective way to teach lessons and ensure that your audience can retain new facts. With visual aids, video and animated clips, and even interactive quizzes, you can use presentation software like Microsoft PowerPoint to dazzle your students.

The advantages of PowerPoint presentations in education

Students have different learning styles : some are visual learners, who retain images and videos more effectively than speech. Some take to audio and sound more easily. Others prefer to interact with their lessons—which usually refers to holding physical objects but can also be directly related to guessing answers and responding to questions.

Fortunately, PowerPoint’s versatility means that it can appeal to all of these diverse learning styles. You can embed multimedia elements such as videos, audio clips, and interactive graphics, creating a multi-sensory experience. PowerPoint can also be helpful when considering any visual impairments that your audience members may have so that you can present with different forms of media to cater to all learning styles.

Tell your story with captivating presentations

Powerpoint empowers you to develop well-designed content across all your devices

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• Define lesson objectives: Set a goal for what kind of lesson you want to impart to your audience. What do you want students to learn? You can answer this question by outlining your lesson objectives and clearly defining your goals, which will also guide the structure and content of your presentation.
• Organize your content: Divide your lesson into key points and organize them into a logical sequence that builds in complexity. Start with basic points or even a review of previous concepts before diving into more intricate or complicated aspects of your lesson. Each point should be presented on a separate slide to maintain clarity and focus.
• Use visuals effectively: Enhance your presentation with relevant visuals such as images, videos, audio clips, or interactive simulations to cater to different learning preferences and keep the presentation engaging. These can convey complex information more efficiently than text alone. At the same time, it can be easy to be carried away by inundating your audience with too many visual elements, so ensuring smooth flow and transitions is key.
• Encourage interaction: Foster active participation by including interactive elements like quizzes, polls, or discussion prompts to prompt student engagement. After you introduce a new concept in your lesson, these interactive elements can reinforce them and make them stick.
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Staid lessons can be livened up thanks to the power of presentation! No matter what you’re teaching—the ABCs to a kindergarten class, or nuclear physics to a graduate department—you can check out more tips for effective presenting such as how to create compelling presentation designs , using the 10-20-30 rule for presenting, or discovering the history of PowerPoint .

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Q&A: Tips for viewing the 2024 solar eclipse

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On Monday, April 8, the United States will experience a total solar eclipse — a rare astronomical event where the moon passes directly between the sun and the Earth, blocking out the sun’s light almost completely. The last total solar eclipse in the contiguous U.S. was in 2017, and the next one won’t be until 2044.

If the weather cooperates, people across the United States — from northeastern Maine to southwestern Texas — will be able to observe the eclipse using protective eyewear. Those in the path of totality , where the moon entirely covers the sun, will have the best view, but 99% of people in the continental U.S. will be able to see a partial eclipse. Weather permitting, those on the MIT campus and the surrounding area will see 93 percent of the sun covered, with the partial eclipse starting at 2:15 p.m. and reaching its peak around 3:29 p.m. Gatherings are planned at the Kresge Oval and the MIT Museum , and a live NASA stream will be shown in the Building 55 atrium .

Brian Mernoff , manager of the CommLab in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, is an accomplished astrophotographer and science educator. Mernoff is headed to Vermont with his family to experience the totality from the best possible angle — but has offered a few thoughts on how to enjoy the eclipse safely, wherever you are.

Q: What should viewers expect to see and experience with this solar eclipse?

A: When you’re watching TV (the sun) and your toddler, dog, or other large mammal (the moon) blocks your view, you no doubt move over a bit to try to get a partial or full view of the TV. This is exactly how the path of totality works for an eclipse. If you are exactly in line with the moon and sun, it will be completely blocked, but if you start moving away from this path, your view of the sun will start to increase until the moon is not in the way at all.

The closer you are to the path of totality, the more of the sun will be blocked. At MIT, about 93 percent of the sun will be blocked. Those in the area will notice that things around you will get slightly darker, just like when it starts to become overcast. Even so, the sun will remain very bright in the sky and solar glasses will be required to view the entirety of the eclipse. It really goes to show how incredibly bright the sun is!

Within the narrow path of totality, the moon will continue to move across the sun, reaching 100 percent coverage. For this short period of time, you can remove your glasses and see a black disk where the sun should be. Around the disk will be wispy white lines. This is the corona, the outermost part of the sun, which is normally outshone by the sun’s photosphere (surface). Around the edges of the black disk of the moon, right as totality begins and ends, you can also see bright spots around the edges, known as Bailey’s Beads, caused by sunlight shining between mountains and craters on the moon.

But that’s not all! Although you will be tempted to stare up at the sun throughout totality, do not forget to observe the world around you. During totality, it feels like twilight. There is a 360-degree sunset, the temperature changes rapidly, winds change, animals start making different sounds, and shadows start getting weird (look into “shadow bands” if you have a chance).

As soon as totality ends, and you start to see Baily’s Beads again, put your solar glasses back on as it will get very bright again very fast as the moon moves out of the way.

Q: What are the best options for viewing the eclipse safely and to greatest effect?

A: No matter where you are during the eclipse, make sure you have solar glasses. These glasses should be ISO-approved for solar viewing. Do not use glasses with scratches, holes, or other damage.

If you are unable to obtain solar glasses in time, you can safely view the eclipse using a home-made projection method , such as a pinhole camera or even projecting the image of the sun through a colander.

The best view of the eclipse will be from within the path of totality, but even if you are not within it, you should still go outside to experience the partial eclipse. Use the NASA Eclipse Explorer to find the start, maximum, and end times, and then find a nice spot outside — preferably with some shade — put on your glasses, and enjoy the show.

For a closer view of the sun, find a friend that has a telescope with the correct ISO-certified solar filter. This will let you see the photosphere (or chromosphere if it is an H-alpha scope) in a lot more detail. If you do not have access to a telescope, NASA plans to livestream a telescope view throughout the eclipse. [The livestream will be displayed publicly on a large screen in Building 55 at MIT, rain or shine.]

The only time you can look at or image the sun without a filter is during 100 percent totality. As soon as this period is done, glasses and filters must be put back on.

After the eclipse, keep your glasses and filters. You can use them to look at the sun on any day (it took me an embarrassing amount of time to realize that I could use the glasses at any time instead of lugging out a telescope). On a really clear day, you can sometimes see sunspots!

Q: How does eclipse photography work?

A: This year I plan to photograph the eclipse in two ways. The first is using a hydrogen-alpha telescope. This telescope filters out all light except for one wavelength that is given off by hydrogen. Because it blocks out most of the light from the sun’s surface, it allows you to see the turbulent upper atmosphere of the sun, including solar prominences that follow magnetic field lines.

Because this telescope does not allow for imaging during totality as too much light is blocked, I also plan to set up a regular camera with a wide-angle lens to capture the total eclipse with the surrounding environment as context. During the 2017 eclipse, I only captured close-ups of the sun using a regular solar filter and missed the opportunity to capture what was going on around me.

Will it work? That depends on if we get clear skies, and how many pictures of my 1.5-year-old need to be taken (as well as how much chasing needs to be done).

If you would like to take pictures of the eclipse, make sure you protect your camera sensor. The sun can easily damage lenses, sensors, and other components. Here are some examples of solar damaged cameras . The solution is simple, though. If using a camera phone, you can take pictures through an extra pair of solar glasses, or even tape them to the phone. For cameras with larger lenses, you can buy cardboard filters that slide over the front of your camera or even buy ISO-approved solar film and make your own.

Q: Any fun, unique, cool, or interesting science facts about this eclipse to share?

A: If you want to get even more involved with the eclipse, there are many citizen science projects that plan to collect as much data as possible throughout the eclipse.

NASA is planning to run several experiments during the eclipse , and researchers with MIT Haystack Observatory will also be using four different technologies to monitor changes in the upper atmosphere , both locally and across the continent.

If you are interested in learning more about the eclipse, here are two of my favorite videos, one on “ unexpected science from a 0.000001 megapixel home-made telescope ” and one on solar eclipse preparation .

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