research paper about criminology students

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Academic Engagement of Criminology Students in Northwestern University The Philippines

Applied Quantitative Analysis

Student engagement is one of the most critical methods of understanding students' behavior towards the teaching-learning process. Instructors and academic supervisors use a valuable instrument when developing successful pedagogical strategies to increase learning opportunities. This study identified the factors that influence the academic engagement of criminology students at Northwestern University. It specifically looks into the level of academic engagement as to literary identification (intellectual development and academic performance) and educational participation (number of hours spent in school activities, the extent of participation in school activities, and quality of relationship with peers, faculty, and staff), reasons for leaving the institution and the best aspects of Northwestern University to engage criminology students in learning. The study used a descriptive method using a survey questionnaire. Findings disclosed that factors under academic identification unde...

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International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research

Ruben Gambulao Jr

College enrollment is an important decision for all aspiring students of higher education. This study investigates the factors affecting the enrollment of freshmen college students at King’s College of the Philippines-College of Criminal Justice Education (KCP-CCJE). Data has been collected through questionnaire. Mean and percentage were used to determine the main reasons of the respondents. Selected factors were ranked by the respondents from their most reasons and least reason from 1-10. The sample size was 191, consisting of freshman students who have enrolled during the first semester of Academic year 2020-2021. Results showed that academic program, college reputation, and influence from others are the most reason of the respondents in enrolling in the college.

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

ANIZA AHMAD

Journal of Criminal Justice Education

Shelly Wagers

Alli Washburn

angelo layson

Mehmet Alper SÖZER

Özet merika Birleşik Devletleri'nde, son yıllarda, üniversite öğrencilerinin eğitim görmekte oldukları programda devam etmeleri konusu ciddi bir problem haline gelmiştir. Öğrencilerin eğitim gördükleri programda kalmaları ve programlarını tamamlama oranları son yirmi yıldır azalmaktadır. Bu problemin anlaşılabilmesi için New England bölgesinde bulunan bir Amerikan üniversitesinde bilimsel bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Veri toplamak için nitel bir çalışma tekniği olan yüz yüze mülakatlar kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları; arkadaş, öğretim görevlileri, geleceğe ait hedefler ve kampüs içersindeki tesislerin öğrencilerin eğitim gördüğü kriminoloji programına devam etmelerine etki eden önemli faktörlerden olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Çalışmanın sınırlılıkları ve programda devam sorunun çözümüne dair öneriler tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Öğrencilerin Okula Devamı, Nitel Çalışma, Not Ortalaması. Abstract n recent years, student retention has become an important concern for universities in the United States (U.S.). Student retention has consistently decreased over the past two decades. To explore student retention in an American college located in New England, a qualitative study was designed. Face to face interviews were utilized as a data collection method. The results show that friends, faculty members, future goals, and campus facilities are important factors that influence student retention in the criminology program. Limitations of the study along with a recommendation are discussed.

Michael S Milliken

This mixed-methods study examined the traits and engagement of five students. The students were high school boys at an independent (non-public) school. The participants’ Big Five personality traits and trait emotional intelligence were examined in depth. In addition, observation and interviews were employed to gain a deep understanding of the students’ behavioral and affective academic engagement. Many themes and subtopics were explored. The themes (and subtopics) were traits (conscientiousness, impulse control, extraversion, stress management, happiness, optimism, and self-esteem), engagement (participation, attention, effort, and perseverance), course content (general academics, English, math, history, and science), and academic tasks (in-class: passive vs. active, out-of-class: homework, reading, academic writing, and creative writing). For many of the participants, the traits of conscientiousness and impulse control were related to low engagement. Participants with these traits ...

Revista Internacional de Educação Superior

PGB Machado

Engagement is a construct considered a positive cognitive state, persistent over time, of a motivational and social nature, not focused on a single objective or situation. Engagement, in the academic context, suggests an experimentation, on the part of students, of actions that indicate a high degree of involvement in their student activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate student engagement in academic activities. This is a quantitative, cross-sectional research, carried out with descriptive, correlation, comparison of means and standardized regressions. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used to characterize the sample and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Students. This instrument presented high factor regressions (β> 0.40), positive and significant internal correlations (p <0.01) and Cronbach's Alpha of the three dimensions greater than 0.80, indicating adequate psychometric quality. The sample consisted of 368 students from a Higher Education Institution in the state of Paraná. In general, average levels of academic engagement are observed. Significant average differences were also identified between the dimensions of the UWES-S and sociodemographic variables such as gender, children, course and semester. Finally, the results show that students show higher engagement at the beginning of the studies and that this must be carefully managed so as not to deteriorate over the years they have lived in academia.

European Journal of Education Studies

souksakhone sengsouliya

This study investigated: 1) senior high school students’ academic engagement; 2) factors predicting their academic engagement. The sample for this study included senior high school students from two different contexts: Vientiane capital and Luangprabang. A purposive sampling technique was used. The study employed a convergent parallel design. Both quantitative and qualitative were collected simultaneously through questionnaires, interviews, and observations. This study analyzed for percentage, mean, and standard deviation, and conducted a content analysis. The results showed that most of the students hold a high level of engagement in all three dimensions (emotional, behavioral, and cognitive). The behavioral and emotional dimensions had the highest engagement scores ( = 3.45; = 3.42 ) , showing that the students in the sample are likely to be engaged in learning behaviorally and emotionally. Furthermore, the study found that teacher and peer interaction are the most powerful factor...

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Criminology Research Paper Topics

Criminology research paper topics cover a broad range of issues related to crime and criminal behavior. As a student of criminology, it can be challenging to select a research paper topic that is both interesting and relevant to your field of study. This page from iResearchNet offers a comprehensive list of criminology research paper topics, organized into 10 categories, with expert advice on how to choose the best topic and write a successful research paper. In addition, the page highlights the writing services offered by iResearchNet, providing students with the opportunity to order a custom criminology research paper on any topic of their choice.

Criminology Research Topics Guide

Criminology is a complex and interdisciplinary field that encompasses the study of crime, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system. Students pursuing a degree in criminology are often tasked with writing research papers on a variety of topics within this field. However, with the multitude of topics available, choosing the right one can be a daunting task.

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Choosing the right topic is crucial to the success of any research paper. By selecting a topic that is both interesting and relevant, students can engage in a more meaningful and productive research process. In this page, we will discuss various strategies for choosing a topic, such as considering personal interests, consulting with instructors or librarians, and conducting preliminary research. We will also provide tips on how to develop a strong thesis statement and organize one’s research notes effectively. Ultimately, our goal is to equip students with the tools and resources needed to produce high-quality research papers that demonstrate a deep understanding of the field of criminology.

100 Criminology Research Paper Topics

Theoretical Perspectives in Criminology

Classical criminology
Biological theories of crime
Psychological theories of crime
Social disorganization theory
Strain theory
Labeling theory
Social learning theory
Critical criminology
Feminist criminology
Cultural criminology

Crime Types and Patterns

Sexual offenses
Drug offenses
Organized crime
White-collar crime
Hate crimes

Criminological Research Methods

Survey research
Experimentation
Case studies
Content analysis
Ethnography
Longitudinal studies
Meta-analysis
Secondary data analysis
Network analysis
Comparative research

Correlates of Crime

Poverty and economic factors
Race and ethnicity
Gender and crime
Family structure and dynamics
Education and crime
Employment and crime
Social capital and crime
Neighborhood factors
Peer influence and deviance
Substance abuse and addiction

Criminal Justice System

Police organization and management
Policing strategies and tactics
Courts and the criminal justice process
Sentencing and punishment
Corrections and rehabilitation
Community-based corrections
Probation and parole
Juvenile justice system
Mental health and the criminal justice system
Victimology and victim services

Crime Prevention and Control

Community policing
Crime prevention through environmental design
Crime prevention programs and policies
Situational crime prevention
Early intervention and prevention for youth
Restorative justice programs
Technology and crime prevention
Gun control policies
Terrorism and counterterrorism strategies
Human trafficking and exploitation

Criminal Justice Ethics and Professionalism

Police use of force and accountability
Police discretion and decision-making
Ethical dilemmas in the courtroom
Confidentiality and privacy in the criminal justice system
Bias and discrimination in the criminal justice system
Professionalism and integrity in corrections
Ethics in forensic science
The role of media in criminal justice ethics
Corruption in law enforcement
The ethics of punishment

Historical and Comparative Criminology

The history of criminal justice systems
Cross-cultural comparisons of crime and justice
Historical perspectives on punishment
The evolution of policing and law enforcement
The history of prisons and corrections
Colonialism and its impact on crime and justice
Comparative analyses of legal systems
Transnational crime and criminal justice cooperation
International criminal law
Globalization and crime

Special Topics in Criminology

Mental illness and crime
Immigration and crime
Race, crime, and social justice
Climate change and environmental crime
LGBTQ+ issues in criminology
Disruptive technology and crime
School violence and prevention
The impact of COVID-19 on crime and justice
Animal cruelty and animal rights in criminology
The role of religion in crime and justice

Choosing a Criminology Research Paper Topic

Choosing a research paper topic in criminology can be a daunting task, as the field encompasses a wide range of topics and perspectives. However, with careful consideration and planning, selecting a topic can become a manageable and even enjoyable process. Here are some expert tips on how to choose a criminology research paper topic:

Understand the assignment requirements and guidelines : Before selecting a topic, make sure you understand the specific requirements and guidelines provided by your instructor. This can include the length of the paper, the research methods required, and the formatting and citation style to be used.
Consider your personal interests and passions : Choosing a topic that you are personally interested in can make the research and writing process much more enjoyable and engaging. Think about your personal experiences, hobbies, or areas of expertise that could inspire a relevant and interesting topic.
Look for current and relevant topics in the field : Stay up-to-date with current events and trends in the field of criminology by following relevant news outlets and academic journals. This can help you identify relevant and timely topics that are of interest to both you and your audience.
Focus on a specific aspect or issue within a broader topic : Narrowing down a broad topic can help you focus your research and analysis, making it more manageable and effective. For example, instead of researching “crime prevention,” you could focus on a specific method or strategy, such as community policing.
Conduct preliminary research to ensure there is enough information available : Before committing to a topic, conduct some preliminary research to ensure there is enough information available to support your thesis statement and arguments. This can include reviewing academic journals, news articles, and other relevant sources.
Consult with your instructor or a librarian for topic suggestions and resources : If you’re struggling to identify a relevant and engaging topic, don’t hesitate to consult with your instructor or a librarian for suggestions and resources. They may be able to provide valuable insight and guidance that can help you find the perfect topic for your research paper.
Stay organized and keep track of sources and notes : As you conduct research and develop your ideas, make sure to stay organized and keep track of sources and notes. This can help you avoid plagiarism and ensure that you have all the necessary information to support your arguments and analysis.
Narrow down your topic and develop a thesis statement : Once you’ve identified a broad topic of interest, narrow it down and develop a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the focus and purpose of your research paper.
Brainstorm and outline your paper before writing : Before diving into writing your research paper, take some time to brainstorm and outline your ideas. This can help you organize your thoughts and ensure that you’re addressing all the necessary points and arguments.
Revise and edit your paper multiple times before submitting : After completing your first draft, make sure to revise and edit your research paper multiple times to ensure that it’s clear, concise, and error-free. This can help you improve the quality of your work and ensure that you’re presenting your ideas in the best possible light.

Choosing a topic for your criminology research paper requires careful consideration of your personal interests, the assignment guidelines, and the available resources. Take the time to conduct thorough research, organize your notes, and develop a strong thesis statement. Remember to use clear and concise language throughout your paper and support your arguments with evidence from credible sources. If you need additional assistance, iResearchNet offers expert writing services with experienced writers who can provide customized solutions to fit your specific needs and requirements. With proper research, organization, and writing skills, you can successfully tackle any criminology research paper topic and produce high-quality work that meets your academic goals.

How to Write a Criminology Research Paper

Writing a criminology research paper can be a challenging task, but with proper preparation and attention to detail, it can be a rewarding experience. The following tips can help guide you through the process of writing a successful criminology research paper.

Choose a topic and develop a thesis statement : Start by selecting a topic that is of interest to you and aligns with the requirements of the assignment. Once you have a topic, develop a thesis statement that outlines the main argument or point you will be making in your paper.
Conduct thorough research and gather reliable sources : Use a variety of sources, including academic journals, books, and reputable online sources, to gather information about your topic. Make sure to evaluate the credibility of your sources and take detailed notes as you conduct your research.
Organize your notes and create an outline : Once you have gathered your research, organize your notes and create an outline that will guide your writing. This will help you stay focused and ensure that you cover all the necessary points in your paper.
Write an introduction that provides background information and introduces the thesis : The introduction should provide context for your paper and introduce the main argument or point you will be making.
Use clear and concise language throughout the paper : Make sure to write in a clear and concise manner, avoiding overly technical language and jargon.
Support your arguments with evidence and examples from your research : Use evidence from your research to support your arguments and provide examples that help illustrate your points.
Write a strong conclusion that summarizes your findings and reinforces your thesis : The conclusion should summarize the main points of your paper and reinforce the thesis statement.
Edit and revise your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors : Make sure to thoroughly edit and revise your paper for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
Properly cite your sources using the appropriate citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) : Make sure to properly cite all of your sources using the appropriate citation style to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the authors of the works you have used in your research.

By following these tips, you can write a successful criminology research paper that effectively communicates your research and arguments.

iResearchNet Writing Services for Criminology Research Papers

iResearchNet is a leading provider of custom writing services for students in need of assistance with their criminology research papers. Our team of expert writers holds degrees in criminology and related fields, and are experienced in producing high-quality, original research papers tailored to your specific needs and requirements. With our writing services, you can rest assured that your paper will be written to the highest academic standards and delivered on time.

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Criminology offers a diverse and complex range of research paper topics that require careful consideration and planning to produce a successful paper. Students must choose a topic that is relevant, interesting, and manageable within the given assignment guidelines. Proper research, organization, and writing skills are necessary for crafting a high-quality criminology research paper that effectively addresses the chosen topic.

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research paper about criminology students

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Department of Sociology and Criminology

Criminology student research.

The program draws its students from a variety of academic backgrounds, including sociology, psychology, political science, and criminal justice. In addition, some students enter with professional experience, although not necessarily in the area in which they plan to concentrate. Others enter the graduate program directly upon completing their undergraduate work. This diversity contributes to a stimulating learning environment and a wide range of research topics.

Students augment their research competence and professional credentials by collaborating with faculty on research projects, conference presentations, and scholarly publications. Below are some recent publications by current and former students in our program.

Current Students

Gladfelter, Andrew , Brendan Lantz, and R. Barry Ruback. Forthcoming. “The Complexity of Hate Crime and Bias Activity: Variation across Contexts and Types of Bias.” Justice Quarterly .
Howard-Tripp, Alyssa, Corina Graif, and Sarah Fry . Forthcoming. “Public Housing”. Invited chapter in The American Middle Class: An Economic Encyclopedia of Progress and Poverty , edited by Robert Rycroft. Greenwood: Santa Barbara, CA.
Jacobsen, Wade C. and Cecily R. Hardaway. Forthcoming. “Heterogeneity in Research on African American Boys and Men: Focusing on Resilience, Social Networks, and Community Violence.” In Boys and Men in African American Families , edited by L Burton, D Burton, S M McHale, V King, and J Van Hook. New York: Springer.
Knoth, Lauren and R. Barry Ruback. Forthcoming. “Reporting Crimes to the Police Depends on Relationship Networks: Effects of Ties among Victims, Advisors, and Offenders.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence .
Lantz, Brendan and R. Barry Ruback. Forthcoming. “A Networked Boost: Burglary Co-offending and Repeat Victimization.” Crime and Delinquency .
Lantz, Brendan and R. Barry Ruback. Forthcoming. “The Relationship between Co-offending, Age and Experience using a Sample of Adult Burglary Offenders.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology .
Ruback, R. Barry, Cynthia Kempinen, Leigh Tinik, and Lauren Knoth . Forthcoming. “Communicating Risk Information at Criminal Sentencing in Pennsylvania: An Experimental Analysis.” Federal Probation .
Staff, Jeremy, Nayan Ramirez , and Kelsey Cundiff . “The Vanishing Teenage Worker in the United States.” Forthcoming in Young People’s Development and the Great Recession: Uncertain Transitions and Precarious Futures, edited by Ingrid Schoon and John Bynner. Cambridge University Press.
Staff, Jeremy, Jennifer L. Maggs, Kelsey Cundiff , and Rebecca Evans-Polce. 2016. “Childhood Cigarette and Alcohol Use: Negative Links with Adjustment.” Addictive Behaviors 62:122-128.
Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Julia Laskorunsky . 2016. “The Role of Juvenile Adjudications in the Disproportional Incarceration of African American and Hispanic Defendants.” Journal of Crime and Justice 39(1):9-27.
Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Julia Laskorunsky . 2016. “Sentencing, Policy, and Race, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities.” Pp. 170-186 in Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy edited by T. Blomberg, J. Mestre Brancale, K. Beaver, and W. Bales. New York: Routledge. Whichard, Corey and Richard B. Felson. 2016. “Are Suspects Who Resist Arrest Defiant, Desperate, or Disoriented?” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 53:564-591.
Felson, Richard and Brendan Lantz . 2015. “When Are Victims Unlikely to Cooperate with the Police?” Aggressive Behavior 42: 97-108.
Lantz, Brendan and Robert Hutchison . 2015. “Co-offender Ties and the Criminal Career: The Relationship between Co-offender Group Structure and the Individual Offender.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 52:658-690.
McLanahan, Sara and Wade C. Jacobsen . 2015. “Diverging Destinies Revisited.” Pp. 3-23 in Families in an Era of Increasing Inequality: Diverging Destinies , edited by PR Amato, A Booth, SM McHale, and J Van Hook. New York: Springer.
Staff, Jeremy, Corey Whichard , Sonja E. Siennick, and Jennifer L. Maggs. 2015. “Early Life Risks, Antisocial Tendencies, and Preteen Delinquency.” Criminology 53:677-701.
Staff, Jeremy, Nayan Ramirez , and Mike Vuolo. 2015. “The Transition to Adulthood Matters.” Pp. 137-146 in Diverging Destinies: Families in an Era of Increasing Inequality , edited by Paul Amato, Alan Booth, Susan McHale, and Jennifer Van Hook. New York: Springer.
Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Julia Laskorunsky . 2015. “Sentencing Policy and Practices in Pennsylvania.” Oxford Handbooks in Criminology and Criminal Justice , edited by M. Tonry. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ruback, R. Barry, Andrew Gladfelter , and Brendan Lantz . 2014. Paying Restitution: An Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Information and Rationale. Criminology & Public Policy , 13 , 405-436. (Included in the National Institute of Justice’s CrimeSolutions.gov repository of evidence-based justice programs)
Forste, Renata and Wade C. Jacobsen . 2013. “Divorced Mothers and Higher Education in Utah.” Marriage & Family Review 49(4): 330-348.

Former Students (2013-2016)

Frisco, Michelle L., Marin R. Wenger , and Derek A. Kreager. Forthcoming. “Extradyadic Sex and Union Dissolution among Married and Cohabiting Young Adults.” Social Science Research.
Gladfelter, Andrew , R. Barry Ruback. Forthcoming. “Victims’ Needs and Restorative Justice. Forthcoming in C. Robertson (Ed.) Handbook on Victims Issues in Criminal Justice . New York: Taylor & Francis/Routledge.
Becker, Jacob . 2016. “The Dynamics of Neighborhood Structural Conditions: The Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Homicide over Time and Space.” City & Community 15:64-82.
Light, Michael T . and Jeffery T. Ulmer. 2016. “Explaining the Gaps in White, Black and Hispanic Violence Since 1990: Accounting for Immigration, Incarceration, and Inequality.” American Sociological Review 81(2):290-315.
Light, Michael T . 2016. “The Punishment Consequences of Lacking National Membership in Germany, 1998-2010.” Social Forces 94: 1385-1408.
Kreager, Derek A., Daniel Ragan , Holly Nguyen, and Jeremy Staff. 2016. “When Onset Meets Desistance: Cognitive Transformation and Adolescent Delinquency Experimentation.” Journal of Developmental and Life Course Criminology 2:135-161 .
Light, Michael and John Iceland. 2016. “The Social Context of Racial Boundary Negotiations: Segregation, Hate Crime, and Hispanic Racial Identification in Metropolitan America.” Sociological Science 3:61-84.
Painter-Davis, Noah . 2016. “Immigration Effects on Violence Contextualized The Role of Immigrant Destination Type and Race/Ethnicity.” Sociological Perspectives 59: 130-152
Silver, Eric and Leslie Abell . 2016. “Beyond Harm and Fairness: A Study of Deviance and Morality.” Deviant Behavior 37:496-508 .
Ulmer, Jeffery T., Noah Painter-Davis , and Leigh Tinik. 2016. “Disproportional Imprisonment of Black and Hispanic Males: Sentencing Discretion, Processing Outcomes, and Policy Structures.” Justice Quarterly 33(4):642-681.
Cundiff, Patrick , and Duane F. Alwin. 2015. “Changing Beliefs about Crime and Punishment in American Society.” Journal of Law and Criminal Justice 3: 49-66.
Harris, Casey T ., Jeff Gruenewald, and Noah Painter ‐ Davis . 2015. “Hispanic Immigration and Black Violence at the Macro‐Level: Examining the Conditioning Effect of Victim Race/Ethnicity.” Sociological Forum 30:62-82.
Warner, Cody . 2015. “On the Move: Incarceration, Race, and Residential Mobility.” Social Science Research 52:451-64.
Steffensmeier, Darrell, Casey T. Harris , and Noah Painter-Davis . 2015. “Gender and Arrests for Larceny, Fraud, Forgery, and Embezzlement: Conventional or Occupational Property Crime Offenders?” Journal of Criminal Justice 43: 205-217.
Felson, Richard B. and Patrick Cundiff . 2014. “Sexual Assault as a Crime Against Young People.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43: 273 -284.
Graif, Corina, Andrew S. Gladfelter , and Stephen A. Matthews. 2014. “Urban Poverty and Neighborhood Effects on Crime: Incorporating Spatial and Network Perspectives”. Sociology Compass 8: 1140–1155.
Light, Michael T ., Michael Massoglia, and Ryan D. King. 2014. “Citizenship and Punishment: The Salience of National Membership in U.S. Criminal Courts.” American Sociological Review 79: 825-847.
Light, Michael T . 2014. “The New Face of Legal Inequality: Noncitizens and the Long-Term Trends in Sentencing Disparities across U.S. District Courts, 1992-2009.” Law & Society Review 48: 447-478.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Mark E. Feinberg, Lacey N. Wallace , & James Moody. 2014. “Group position and substance use.” Addictive Behaviors 39: 923-933.
Ragan, Daniel. 2014. Revisiting “what they think”: Adolescent drinking and the importance of peer beliefs. Criminology 52 :488-513.
Ragan, Daniel , D. Wayne Osgood, and Mark Feinberg. 2014. Friends as a bridge to parental influence: Implications for adolescent alcohol use. Social Forces 92: 1061-1085.
Remster, Brianna . 2014. “Self-Control and the Depression-Delinquency Link.” Deviant Behavior 35:66-84.
Ruback, R. Barry, Valerie Clark , and Cody Warner . 2014. “Why are Crime Victims at Risk of Being Victimized Again? Substance Use, Depression, and Offending as Mediators of the Victimization-revictimization Link.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29:157-185. Siennick, Sonja , Jeremy Staff, D. Wayne Osgood, John E. Schulenberg, Jerald G. Bachman, and Matthew VanEseltine . 2014. “Partnership Transitions and Antisocial Behavior in Young Adulthood: A Within-Person, Multi-Cohort Analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51:735-758.
Siennick, Sonja , Eric A. Stewart, and Jeremy Staff. 2014. “Explaining the Association between Incarceration and Divorce.” Criminology 52:371-398.
Warner, Cody . and John D. McCarthy. 2014. “Whatever Can Go Wrong Will: Situational Complexity and Public Order Policing”. Policing and Society 24:566-587.
Burchfield, Keri and Eric Silver. 2013. “Collective Efficacy and Crime in Los Angeles Neighborhoods: Implications for the Latino Paradox.” Sociological Inquiry 83:154-176.
Cundiff, Patrick . 2013. “Ordered Delinquency? The “Effects” of Birth Order on Delinquency.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39:1017-1029.
Felson, Richard B. and Luke Bonkiewicz . 2013 “Guns and Trafficking in Crack Cocaine and Other Drug Markets.” Crime & Delinquency 59: 319-343.
Firebaugh, Glenn, Cody Warner , and Michael Massoglia. 2013. “Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Hybrid Models for Causal Analysis.” Pp. 113-132 in Handbook of Causal Analysis for Social Research (Stephen Morgan, Editor). New York: Springer.
Harris, Casey and Ben Feldmeyer . 2013. “Latino Immigration and White, Black, and Latino Violent Crime: A Comparison of Traditional and Non-Traditional Immigrant Destinations.” Social Science Research 42:202-16.
Kreager, Derek A., Richard Felson, Cody Warner , and Marin R. Wenger . 2013. “Women’s Education, Marital Violence, and Divorce: A Social Exchange Perspective.” Journal of Marriage and Family 75:565-581.
Massoglia, Michael, Glenn Firebaugh, and Cody Warner . 2013. “Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment.” American Sociological Review 78:142-165.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Mark E. Feinberg, Scott D. Gest, James Moody, Daniel T. Ragan , Richard Spoth, Mark Greenberg, and Cleve Redmond. 2013. “Network Effects of PROSPER on the Influence Potential of Prosocial versus Antisocial Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health 53: 174-179.
Osgood, D. Wayne, Daniel T. Ragan , Lacey Wallace , Scott D. Gest, Mark E. Feinberg, and James Moody. 2013. “Peers and the Emergence of Alcohol Use: Influence and Selection Processes in Adolescent Friendship Networks.” Journal of Research on Adolescence 23(3): 500-512. Parks, Michael , D. Wayne Osgood, Richard B. Felson, Samantha Wells, and Kathryn Graham. 2013. “Third Party Involvement in Barroom Conflicts.” Aggressive Behavior 257–268.
Staff, Jeremy, John Schulenberg, Jerald Bachman, Michael Parks , and Matthew VanEseltine . 2013. “Identifying Good and Bad Jobs in Adolescence.” Pp. 26-45 in Health and Safety of Young Workers: Proceedings of a U.S. and Canadian Series of Symposia . National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Publication No. 2013-144.
Ulmer, Jeffery T. and Casey Harris . 2013. “Race and the Religious Contexts of Violence: Linking Religion and White, Black, and Latino Violent Crime.” The Sociological Quarterly 54(4):610-646.

428 Criminology Research Topics & Questions for Students

As you might already know, criminology is the study of crime. To be more precise, criminology studies crime as a social trend, including its origin, various manifestations, and its impact on society.

Criminology research influences how the police work, how society treats criminals, and how the community maintains law and order. In this article, you’ll find top criminology research topics for your inspiration. We’ll also look into the main criminology theories and research methods and explain the difference between criminology and criminal justice.

🔝 Top-10 Criminology Research Topics

🔤 what is criminology.

🔎 Criminology Research Methods
📝 Research Topics for Assignments

🦹‍♂️ Crime Research Topics

🚔 Topics in Law Enforcement
🕵️ Criminal Investigation Topics

⚖️ Criminal Law Research Topics

🔒 Topics to Research in Crime Prevention

🧑‍⚖️ Criminal Justice Research Topics

🆚 Criminology Vs Criminal Justice

❓ Criminology Topics: FAQ

🔗 references.

Criminology as a science: criminology theories.
The importance of eyewitness evidence.
The issue of racial bias in the investigation.
Crime propaganda on social media.
The leading causes of college violence.
The benefits of private prisons.
The debate around gun control.
The analysis of power abuse among police officers.
Drunk driving and how to prevent it.
The importance of forensic psychology in the investigation.

Criminology is the study of crime and criminal behavior, supported by the principles of sociology and other sciences, including economics, statistics, and psychology.

Criminologists study a variety of related areas, including:

Characteristics of people who commit crimes.
Reasons behind committing different crimes.
Impact of crime on individuals and communities.
Measures for preventing crimes.

Criminology Theories

Criminology theories have appeared as an attempt to answer the question, “What is criminal behavior, and what causes it?” The answer to this question affects how society responds to and prevents crime. Proposing new theories and testing existing ones is essential for criminologists to continue working toward understanding the causes of criminal behavior.

Let’s consider the most relevant criminology theories.

🔎 Research Methods Used in Criminology

There are many research methods used within criminology. Usually, they are divided into two groups: primary and secondary research methods.

Primary Research Methods in Criminology

Primary research in criminology is any type of research that you collect yourself rather than based on secondary sources, such as articles or books. Examples of primary research methods in criminology include the following:

Surveys and questionnaires. Survey research collects information from individuals through their responses to questions. It is considered one of the most widely used research tools in criminology.
Experiments. For experiments , researchers take large samples of people who might become or have already been involved in crimes as victims or offenders. Then, they divide these samples into two groups, each receiving a different treatment.
Interviews. An interview requires participants to answer a set of open-ended questions, often on sensitive topics, such as victimization or criminal behaviors. This method allows criminologists to gain more valuable insights into the research topic.
Focus groups. A focus group is a small number of demographically similar people gathered to discuss a particular crime-related topic. This method allows criminologists to analyze people’s views, attitudes, and perceptions concerning crime.
Observations. Observations involve a researcher studying groups or individuals in their natural setting without interfering. It is a common research method within the social learning theory.

This image shows primary research methods in criminology.

Secondary Criminology Research Methods

Secondary research methods use information that was collected by someone else so that you can analyze it and identify the trends. Here are the two leading types of secondary research in criminology:

Secondary analysis of data. A secondary analysis occurs when a researcher uses data collected by other researchers. You can obtain secondary data from surveys, official crime statistics, or official records.
Literature review. A literature review involves reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing literature about a specific criminology topic. It helps scholars identify research gaps and problems that need to be addressed.

📝 Criminology Research Topics for Assignments

To write an outstanding research paper on criminology, choose a topic that will spark your interest. Below you’ll find excellent criminology topic ideas for college students.

Criminology Research Paper Topics

Criminology theory and its main elements.
Criminology discipline and theories .
American crime trends and criminological theories.
The significance of criminological studies in the US.
Criminology: legal rights afforded to the accused .
The impact of violence and crime on the tourism industry.
How did US crime rates change over the last 20 years?
Classical and positivist schools of criminology .
Should abortion be treated as a crime?
Official and unofficial instruments within the criminal investigation.
Criminology: femininity and the upsurge of ladettes .
Criminal rehabilitation programs and their significance.
Shoplifting and how to prevent it.
Emerging technologies in criminology .
The effects of illegal immigrants on crime rates.
Drug trafficking by organized crime groups.
Criminology and victimology: victim stereotypes in criminal justice .
Can genetics lead to crime?
The procedures of crime scene investigation.
Labeling theory and critical criminology: sociological research .
Hate crimes in modern society.
The phenomenon of white-collar crime and its causes.
How to prevent crimes in the workplace?
Criminology: the social control theory .
Stereotypes that surround serial killers and their crimes.
The comparison of organized crime in New York and Chicago.
Prevention strategies for small business crimes.
Criminology: four types of evidence .
Relations between crime, justice, and the media.

Criminology Research Proposal Topics

How to prevent intellectual property crimes in cyberspace?
Identity theft and cybercrime in modern society.
Contemporary theories in criminology .
The problem of racial profiling in the US.
How has criminology contributed to the study of terrorism ?
Possible solutions to the issue of street harassment .
Postmodern criminology: the violence of the language .
Gender bias in the investigation: pink-collar criminals.
The phenomenon of digital terrorism and how to prevent it.
How do immigration services help fight against terrorism?
Green criminology: environmental harm in the Niger Delta .
How has marijuana legalization influenced crime rates?
Tools for collecting and analyzing crime evidence.
How does international law manage war crimes ?
The due process: criminology .
What are victimless crimes ?
The relation between crime rates and poverty.
National system for missing and unidentified persons.
Three case briefs in criminology .
The impact of mental illness on criminal behavior.
The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing crime rates.
The use of AI technology in crime prevention and investigation.
Sexual assault: criminology .
The role of media coverage in public perception of crime.
The impact of community policing on reducing crime rates.
The impact of mass shootings on gun control laws.
The impact of automation technology on criminology .

Criminology Thesis Topics

The role of juvenile justice in preventing future criminal behavior.
Feminism and criminology in the modern justice system .
The effectiveness of mandatory minimum sentencing in the US.
Drug laws : fighting crime or fueling it?
Police brutality : a systemic problem in criminal justice.
Criminology: USA Patriot Act overview .
The impact of hate crimes on marginalized communities.
How does organized crime affect the global economy?
The significance of DNA evidence for criminal investigations.
Use of statistics in criminal justice and criminology .
The ethics of plea bargaining in criminal cases.
Mental illness and criminal behavior: breaking the stigma.
The impact of social media on cyberbullying and harassment.
Robert Merton’s strain theory in criminology .
Causes and consequences of police corruption .
The role of restorative justice in repairing harm caused by crime.
The effectiveness of treatment programs in reducing drug-related crimes.
Hernando Washington case: criminology .
The negative effects of human trafficking on global communities.
The role of forensic science in crimes investigation.
The effectiveness of community-based alternatives to imprisonment.
Integrity as a key value: criminology and war .
The relationship between poverty, education, and crime rates.
Cybercrime : the dark side of the digital age.
Hate crimes: motivations and impact on modern society.
Feminist perspectives’ contribution to criminology .
The impact of incarceration on families and communities.

Criminology Research Questions for Dissertation

Can criminal profiling accurately predict offender behavior?
How do hate crimes affect individuals and communities?
How were the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights influenced by the classical school of criminology ?
What are the psychological effects of cyberbullying on victims?
What factors contribute to domestic violence , and how can it be prevented?
How have organized crime groups evolved over time?
How is statistics used in criminology and criminal justice ?
Is the death penalty an effective crime deterrent?
What motivates individuals to engage in white-collar crime?
What are the consequences of police corruption for society?
What is variance analysis in criminal justice and criminology ?
How does drug addiction contribute to criminal behavior?
How does gender influence criminal behavior and justice outcomes?
What drives individuals to commit mass shootings?
What is the broken window theory in criminology ?
What are the biggest challenges facing criminal justice reform efforts?
How do urban gangs perpetuate violence and criminal activity?
How do criminal law and procedures protect individual rights and liberties?
What is the impact of corporate fraud ?
What challenges do individuals with mental health issues face in the criminal justice system?
How can society combat human trafficking and exploitation?
What measures can be taken to enhance cybersecurity and protect against cybercrime?
What is the aboriginal crisis from a criminology perspective ?
How can victimology help us better understand the experience of crime victims?
What are effective crime prevention strategies for different types of crime?
What is legal insanity in criminology ?
How does environmental crime impact communities and the environment?
How is the peace-making model applied in criminology ?

A significant part of criminology research is dedicated to various types of crimes and their reasons. Consider our crime topic ideas that will spark instant interest in your readers:

The psychological impact of kidnapping on victims and their families.
The racialization of crime and cultural panic .
The ethical considerations surrounding ransom payments in kidnapping cases.
The effect of burglary on small businesses and their ability to recover.
The impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on homicide rates and patterns.
Shoplifting: a crime of convenience .
The effectiveness of different types of anti-theft devices in preventing motor vehicle theft.
The role of forensic science in investigating arson cases, including the use of accelerant detection dogs.
The concept of natural legal crime .
The psychological profiles of white-collar criminals and their motivations.
The psychological effects of burglary on victims and their sense of security.
The concept of juvenile crime .
The role of social media in facilitating and preventing kidnappings.
The use of forensic evidence in homicide investigations and the challenges of prosecuting homicide cases.
Sex crime recidivism rates.
Illegal immigrantion and its effects on crime .
The effectiveness of international efforts to combat money laundering .
The efficacy of community watch programs in reducing burglary rates.
The role of corporate culture in facilitating or preventing white-collar crime.
Crimes in America: the 9/11/01 terrorist attacks .
Technology in motor vehicle theft: GPS tracking and remote disabling systems.
Human trafficking and the exploitation of vulnerable populations.
Crime and criminals: general characteristics .
The ethical and moral implications of capital punishment as a response to homicide.
The effectiveness of fire prevention and education programs in reducing instances of arson.
US gun control measures and crime rates reduction .
The use of cryptocurrency in money laundering and illegal activities.
White-collar crime and the abuse of power in corporate and financial settings.
Cargo crimes and threats: government accountability office .
The rise of cyberstalking and its impact on victims’ mental health.
The effects of pollution on communities and the legal response to environmental crimes.
Cyber-bullying and cyber-stalking as crimes .
The effects of society’s reaction to crime.
The use of technology in financial fraud schemes .
Crimes against property and their characteristics .
The intersection of racism and hate crimes against Asian Americans.
The impact of deforestation on indigenous communities and wildlife.
Crime types and their harm to society .
The prevalence of domestic violence and the legal response to it.
The exploitation of child labor in the fashion industry .
Race and crime among minorities in the US .
The ethical implications of using artificial intelligence in law enforcement.
The psychological effects of hate crimes on victims and their communities.
How does local television news viewing relate to fear of crime ?
The evolution of cybercrime and its most common types.
Parental responsibility for children’s crimes.
The sex crime: influence of childhood experiences .
Prostitution : a victimless crime.
Sociology and media representation of crime.
The profile of a crime victim .
A theory of gendered criminology: women’s crime.

🚔 Research Topics in Law Enforcement

Another exciting area within criminology to investigate is law enforcement and police jobs. Have a look at the list of burning and controversial topics we came up with:

The impact of community policing on crime rates and public trust.
Law enforcement: online crimes and social media .
Do body-worn cameras reduce police misconduct?
The effects of implicit bias on the police use of force.
Law enforcement cameras as an invasion of privacy .
The impact of police militarization on community relations.
Why is mental health training essential for police officers in crisis situations?
Law enforcement officers’ attitudes regarding body-worn cameras .
The role of police in addressing hate crimes and bias incidents.
The effectiveness of community-based alternatives to traditional policing.
Organizational changes in law enforcement agencies .
The efficacy of police-community partnership in addressing gang violence.
The impact of police officer diversity on community relations and trust.
Local, state, and federal law enforcement in the US .
The role of police in addressing cybercrime and online harassment.
The effects of police body language and nonverbal cues on public perceptions.
Cumulative career traumatic stress in law enforcement .
Social media and its role in shaping public perceptions of police behavior.
The role of police discretion in enforcing drug laws and addressing addiction.
Mindfulness practice in law enforcement .
The effectiveness of hot spot policing in reducing crime rates.
Organizational culture in the police department.
Stress in law enforcement officers and available programs .
The role of police leadership in promoting ethical behavior and accountability.
The effectiveness of community-based justice programs for juvenile offenders.
Law enforcement in colonial America .
Police-community partnerships for addressing domestic violence.
The role of police in addressing human trafficking and exploitation.
Misrepresentation of law enforcement by media .
School safety and the police.
How does stress affect the performance of law enforcement officers?
The law enforcement: verbal communication as the best form of interaction .
The significance of federal and state law enforcement mechanisms.
The adverse effects of toxic leadership in quality law enforcement.
Balance between effective law enforcement and personal liberty .
The importance of discipline in public services.
The connection between police salary and rates of police brutality.
Role of police agencies in law enforcement .
Police investigative questioning and techniques.
The issue of corruption in law enforcement.
Significance of computer forensics to law enforcement .
Case study: police response to the Ningbo protest.
Police actions to stop school bullying .
Law enforcement position in society .
New technological advances within the police department.
Do law enforcement cameras violate privacy right?
Different types of evaluation designs in law enforcement .
Recognition of women’s right to work as police officers.
The effectiveness of foot and bike patrols of the streets.
Firearms types and usage in law enforcement .
The competencies of international law enforcement authorities.
Comparison of police brutality statistics for different genders.
Ethical theories in law enforcement practice .

🕵️ Criminal Investigation Research Topics

The criminal investigation process is another criminology area worth discussing in your research paper. Below you’ll find the most intriguing criminal investigation topics:

The history and evolution of criminal investigation techniques.
Crime scene investigation in media and real life .
The role of forensic science in criminal investigations.
How does technology impact modern criminal investigations?
The importance of preserving crime scenes and evidence.
Crime scene investigation effect in the justice system .
The ethics of interrogation techniques used in criminal investigations.
Eyewitness testimony in criminal investigations.
The role of criminal profiling in solving crimes.
Organized business crime prosecution and investigation .
How does media coverage affect criminal investigations?
The use of informants in criminal investigations.
The main challenges of investigating white-collar crimes.
Undercover police investigations in drug-related crimes .
The role of private investigators in criminal investigations.
The impact of false confessions on criminal investigations.
How is DNA evidence collected in criminal investigations?
Importance of toxicology in crime investigation .
The role of the FBI in national criminal investigations.
The use of undercover operations in criminal investigations.
The main challenges of investigating organized crime.
Crime level investigation in the United States .
Witness protection programs in criminal investigations.
The impact of plea bargaining on criminal investigations.
Surveillance techniques in criminal investigations.
Investigating crime with age and mental illnesses factors .
How are cybercrimes investigated?
The role of international cooperation in criminal investigations.
How do racial biases influence criminal investigations?
Drug trafficking: investigation on Frank Lucas .
Polygraph tests in criminal investigations.
The main challenges of investigating terrorism-related crimes.
Homicide investigations and forensic evidence .
The role of victim advocacy in criminal investigations.
Lie detector tests in criminal investigations.
The role of forensic psychology in the investigation .
The effects of community involvement on criminal investigations.
The problem of false accusations in criminal investigations.
Approaches in criminal investigation .
The use of forensic accounting in financial crime investigations.
How does the media shape public perception of criminal investigations?
Key rulings on the conduct of investigators at the scene of a fire .
The impact of political pressure on criminal investigations.
The main challenges of investigating human trafficking.
The Breonna Taylor case and criminal investigation .
The role of victim compensation in criminal investigations.
Behavioral analysis in criminal investigations.
Procedures within crime scene investigation .
Crime scene reconstruction in criminal investigations.

Criminology goes hand-in-hand with legal studies. If you’re interested in both areas, you should definitely write a research paper on one of the criminal law research topics:

The evolution of criminal law in the US .
Criminal law: stolen valor .
The difference between criminal and civil law.
Human trafficking and criminal law.
Types of criminal offenses and the elements of crime.
International criminal law and measures .
The role of the burden of proof in criminal cases.
Criminal defenses and their validity.
The insanity defense in criminal law.
Actus reus in English criminal law .
The controversies around the death penalty.
Juvenile delinquency and criminal law.
Cybercrime and its legal implications.
Criminal law – is graffiti a crime or not ?
Domestic violence and criminal law.
Hate crimes and their legal consequences.
Restitution for victims in criminal law.
Civil vs. criminal law and differences between them .
Forensic evidence and its admissibility in court.
Sexual assault and criminal law.
The rights of the accused in criminal cases.
Regulatory criminal laws in the criminal justice system .
Receiving immunity for testimony in a criminal law case.
The legal classification of criminal offenses.
Self-defense in criminal law cases.
How Canadian criminal law regulates deviant conduct .
Sentencing guidelines and their impact on society.
The use of DNA evidence in criminal cases.
Eyewitness testimony and its reliability in court.
Fundamental aspects of Canadian criminal law .
The role of the media in criminal trials.
The impact of social inequality on criminal justice outcomes.
The future of criminal law and its impact on society.
Criminal law in India and access to justice .
International criminal law and its enforcement.
Extradition and its legal implications.
The impact of globalization on criminal law.
Juvenile vs. adult criminal law .
The importance of victim rights in criminal cases.
Restorative justice and its benefits for society.
Alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenders.
Automatism as a defence in criminal law .
The role of defense attorneys in criminal trials.
The role of prosecutors in criminal trials.
The right to a public trial in a criminal law case.
Civil and criminal law penalties and differences .
Car searches in criminal investigations by law enforcement.

🔒 Criminology Topics for Research in Crime Prevention

Researching crime prevention allows you to learn more about the strategies for reducing criminal behavior. Have a look at our outstanding crime prevention topic ideas:

Understanding and explaining crime prevention.
Theories that explain criminal activities and criminology .
The effectiveness of community policing in preventing crime.
The benefits and drawbacks of crime prevention in the US.
How can education reduce crime rates?
Crime prevention programs and criminal rehabilitation .
Technological innovations and their impact on crime prevention.
The importance of early childhood interventions in preventing criminal behavior.
The relationship between poverty and crime prevention strategies.
Youth crime prevention and needs assessment .
The use of restorative justice in reducing recidivism.
The effectiveness of gun control laws in preventing gun-related crimes.
The impact of social media on crime prevention and awareness.
Crime prevention program in Australia .
The use of CCTV cameras in preventing crime.
Evidence for crime prevention programs in developing countries.
The role of mental health services in preventing criminal behavior.
Crime prevention practices: overview .
The effectiveness of community-based programs in reducing juvenile delinquency.
The use of environmental design in preventing crime by shaping space and behavior.
Victim support programs for lowering crime rates.
Situational and social crime prevention approaches .
The effectiveness of after-school programs in preventing juvenile offenses.
Techniques for preventing situational and social crime.
The impact of citizen participation in crime prevention.
Computer crime prevention measures .
The efficacy of community watch programs in preventing neighborhood crimes.
The use of community centers for preventing gang-related crimes.
The impact of sentencing policies on crime prevention.
Biometrics recognition and crime prevention .
The relationship between video game violence and youth crime .
Social media and cybercrime prevention.
The role of social workers in crime prevention.
Three-strikes law for preventing violent crimes .
Decreasing crime rates through education and medicine.
The use of animal-assisted therapy for reducing criminal behavior.
The effectiveness of aftercare programs in reducing recidivism.
Capital punishment as ineffective crime deterrence .
The main strategies for proactive crime prevention.
The impact of domestic violence prevention programs on crime rates.
The use of probation and parole in preventing criminal behavior.
Juvenile weapon crimes and strategies to address .
The role of faith-based organizations in crime prevention.
The use of diversion programs in juvenile crime prevention.
The distinctions between crime prevention and community safety.
Preventing crime victimization in international students .
The impact of agriculture and rural development on crime prevention.

Criminal justice might be a challenging research topic, but it is worth the time and effort. Consider our unique topic ideas for your successful research:

The effectiveness of community policing.
The use of statistics in criminal justice and criminology .
Rehabilitation programs offered in prisons and their efficacy.
The importance of defense attorneys in the criminal justice system.
The code of ethics in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice .
The significance of restorative justice programs.
The impact of mandatory minimum sentencing laws.
Criminal justice process: felony criminal charge .
The role of judges in the criminal justice system.
Probation and parole in the criminal justice system.
Veterans in the criminal justice system .
The comparison of prison privatization in the US and UK.
The main issues women experience in the prison system.
US terrorism and criminal justice decision-making model .
The prison system in a democratic society.
The role of psychologists in the criminal justice system.
Transgender offenders in the criminal justice system .
The impact of private prisons on crime rates.
The effectiveness of victim compensation programs.
The successes and failures to reform punishment in the criminal justice system .
Community involvement in the criminal justice system.
The main challenges of long-term prisoner rehabilitation.
Technology application in criminal justice .
The role of victim-offender mediation in the criminal justice system.
Gender disparity in the criminal justice system.
Recidivism in criminal justice: the American prison system .
How does solitary confinement impact people in prisons?
Legal and ethical issues in international intervention.
Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system .
Do mandatory minimum sentences help or hurt?
The effects of prison on children of incarcerated individuals.
Psychopathy in the criminal justice system .
The importance of mental health professionals in the criminal justice system.
Techniques for influencing criminal justice system change.
Non-inclusiveness of the criminal justice system .
The impact of racial profiling on the criminal justice system.
The effectiveness of diversion programs for veterans.
False confessions in the US criminal justice system .
Racism in the criminal justice system of the US.
People with disabilities and criminal justice.
Ethical dilemmas in the criminal justice system .
Forensic psychology guidelines for criminal justice.
The impact of technology on jury selection .
Effective writing and criminal justice .
The effectiveness of mandatory drug testing for probationers and parolees.
The effect of wrongful executions on the criminal justice system.
Discontinuity of care in the criminal justice system .
The influence of media on criminal justice and community.
The impact of cybercrime on the global criminal justice system.
Criminal justice: coerced confessions .
The role of private prisons in the criminal justice system.
The effectiveness of diversion programs for people without housing.
Criminal justice system and the problem of racism .
What can be learned from the history of criminal courts?
Comparison between American and British legislative frameworks.
Criminal justice case: types of sentences, probation, and final decision .
The overview of the modern justice system.
The ethical issue of unwarranted arrests.
Civil liability in criminal justice .
The risk groups of juvenile recidivism .

🆚 Difference between Criminology and Criminal Justice

Students often confuse criminology with criminal justice because both areas study crime and criminal behavior. Understanding their main differences is essential before conducting research in any of these areas.

Is Criminology a Science?

Criminology can be considered as a science because it uses the scientific method. The scientific method involves five steps: stating the problem, forming the hypothesis, collecting the data, interpreting these data, and drawing conclusions. Within criminology, scientists use standard research methods, such as surveys, experiments, interviews, etc.

What Does Criminology Study?

Criminology studies crime, including its causes, methods of prevention, and responses from law enforcement. It relies on other non-legal studies, such as sociology, psychology, and statistics, to examine the characteristics of people who commit crimes and the effects of criminality on individuals and society.

What Are the Principal Areas of Criminology Research?

Four significant criminology areas include:

The history of criminology . This area focuses on criminology founders and theories of crime and punishment development.
Theory of crime causation . This aspect explores if a criminal’s behavior is determined by their social environment.
Typologies of crime . This field describes different types of crimes and the reasons for committing them.
Crime prevention efforts . This area studies crime measures that can curb crimes before they occur.

What Are the Principal Types of Research Methods in Criminology?

Criminology uses quantitative (analyzing measurements and statistics) and qualitative (analyzing non-numerical data) research methods to gain valuable insights. The most common scientific methods in criminology are surveys, experiments, secondary data analysis, interviews, historical/comparative research, and ethnography.

Criminology and Criminal Justice: Pick a Topic | Marquette University
Criminology Questions & Topics | David H. Kessel
Topics | Ghent University
Emergent Issues in Crime & Justice | University of Maryland
Qualitative Research in Criminal Justice | University of North Texas
Criminology, Law & Society | UCI Libraries
What the Data Says (and Doesn’t Say) about Crime in the United States | Pew Research Center
Types of Criminal Offenses | Justia
Criminal Justice and Criminology Theses | East Tennessee State University
Research Overview | The University of Alabama
Criminology Research | University of Portsmouth
Research | Arizona State University
Research Themes | University of Surrey, Centre for Criminology
Advanced Criminology & Criminal Justice Research Guide | Mardigian Library
Criminology – Research Guide: Getting Started | PennLibraries
Law and Criminology | University of Plymouth
Topics for a Criminology Research Paper | Classroom
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Associate degree: is it worth it types, jobs, & tips for students, 392 proposal essay topics for arguments, projects, and more, 1045 dissertation topics & thesis ideas to research in 2024.

256 Research Topics on Criminal Justice & Criminology

Are you a law school student studying criminal behavior or forensic science? Or maybe just looking for good criminal justice topics, questions, and hypotheses? Look no further! Custom-writing.org experts offer a load of criminology research topics and titles for every occasion. Criminological theories, types of crime, the role of media in criminology, and more. Our topics will help you prepare for a college-level assignment, debate, or essay writing.

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⚖️ Criminology vs. Criminal Justice
🔬 120 Criminology Research Topics
💂 116 Criminal Justice Research Topics

🔥 Hot Criminology Research Topics

The role of media in criminology.
Cultural explanation of crime.
Benefits of convict criminology.
Main issues of postmodern criminology.
Is criminal behavior affected by the politics?
How does DAWN collect data?
The limitations of crime mapping.
Personality traits that trigger criminal behavior.
Community deterioration and crime rates.
Does experimental criminology affect social policy?

🔬 120 Criminology Research Topics & Ideas

Here are 100 criminology research topics ideas organized by themes.

Just in 1 hour! We will write you a plagiarism-free paper in hardly more than 1 hour

General Criminology Research Paper Topics

Criminology as a social science.
Criminology and its public policies.
History of criminology.
Crime commission: legal and social perspectives .

Criminal Psychology Research Topics

What is the nature of criminal behavior ?
How does the lack of education affect the incarceration rates?
Childhood aggression and the impact of divorce
The effect of the upbringing on antisocial adult behavior
How do gender and cultural background affect one’s attitude towards drug abuse ?
Forensic psychology and its impact on the legal system
What is the role of criminal psychologists?
Different types of forensic psychological evaluations
What’s the difference between therapeutic and forensic evaluation?
Does socioeconomic status impact one’s criminal behavior ?

Criminology Research Topics: Theories

What crimes are typical for what ages?
How does the type of crime correspond with the level of exerted aggression ?
What is the connection between citizenship (or lack thereof) and law violation?
How does education (or lack thereof) correspond with crime level?
Does employment (or lack thereof) correspond with law violation?
What is the connection between family status and law violation?
Does gender affect on the type of law violation?
How does ownership of firearms correspond with law violation?
Does immigrant status correlate with law violation?

Is there a connection between mental health and law violation?
What are the causes of violence in the society?
Does the crime rate depend on the neighborhood ?
How does race correspond with the type of crime?
Do religious beliefs correspond with law violation?
How does social class correlate with crime rate?
What are the reasons for the homeless’ improsonment?
How does weather correspond with law violation?

Criminology Topics on Victimization

Biological theories of crime: how do biological factors correspond with law violation?
Classical criminology: the contemporary take on crime, economics, deterrence, and the rational choice perspective.
Convict criminology: what do ex-convicts have to say on the subject?
Criminal justice theories: punishment as a deterrent to crime.
Critical criminology : debunking false ideas about crime and criminal justice.
Cultural criminology: criminality as the product of culture.
Cultural transmission theory: how criminal norms are transmitted in social interaction.
Deterrence theory: how people don’t commit crimes out of fear of punishment.
Rational choice theory : how crime doing is aligned with personal objectives of the perpetrator.
Feminist Criminology: how the dominant crime theories exclude women.
Labeling and symbolic interaction theories: how minorities and those deviating from social norms tend to be negatively labeled.
Life course criminology : how life events affect the actions that humans perform.
Psychological theories of crime: criminal behavior through the lense of an individual’s personality.
Routine activities theory : how normal everyday activities affect the tendency to commit a crime.
The concept of natural legal crime.
Self-control theory : how the lack of individual self-control results in criminal behavior.
Social construction of crime: crime doing as social response.
Social control theory : how positive socialization corresponds with reduction of criminal violation.
Social disorganization theory : how neighborhood ecological characteristics correspond with crime rates.
Social learning theory : how (non)criminal behavior can be acquired by observing and imitating others.
Strain theories : how social structures within society pressure citizens to commit crime.
Theoretical integration: how two theories are better than one.

Criminology Research and Measurement Topics

Citation content analysis (CCA): a framework for gaining knowledge from a variety of media.
Crime classification systems: classification of crime according to the severity of punishment.
Crime mapping as a way to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns.
Reports and statistics of crime: the estimated rate of crime over time. Public surveys.
Drug abuse warning network (DAWN): predicting trends in drug misuse.
Arrestee drug abuse monitoring (ADAM): drug use among arrestees.
Edge ethnography: collecting data undercover in typically closed research settings and groups through rapport development or covert undercover strategy.
Experimental criminology: experimental and quasi-experimental research in the advancement of criminological theory.
Fieldwork in criminology: street ethnographers and their dilemmas in the field concerning process and outcomes.
Program evaluation: collecting and analyzing information to assess the efficiency of projects, policies and programs.
Quantitative criminology: how exploratory research questions, inductive reasoning , and an orientation to social context help recognize human subjectivity.

Criminology Topics on Types of Crime

Campus crime: the most common crimes on college campuses and ways of preventing them.
Child abuse : types, prevalence, risk groups, ways of detection and prevention.
Cybercrime : cyber fraud, defamation, hacking, bullying, phishing.
Domestic violence : gender, ways of detection and prevention, activism.
Domestic violence with disabilities .
Elder abuse : types, prevalence, risk groups, ways of detection and prevention.
Environmental crime. Natural resource theft: illegal trade in wildlife and timber, poaching, illegal fishing.
Environmental crime. Illegal trade in ozone-depleting substances, hazardous waste; pollution of air, water, and soil.
Environmental crime: local, regional, national, and transnational level.
Environmental crime: climate change crime and corruption.
Environmental crime: wildlife harming and exploitation.
Hate crime : how prejudice motivates violence.

Homicide : what motivates one person to kill another.
Human trafficking : methods of deception, risk groups, ways of detection and prevention.
Identity theft : methods, risk groups, ways of detection and prevention.
Gambling in America .
Juvenile delinquency : risk groups, prevention policies, prosecution and punishment.
Juvenile Delinquency: Causes and Effects
Organizational crime: transnational, national, and local levels. Ways of disrupting the activity of a group.
Prostitution : risk groups, different takes on prevention policies, activism.
Robbery : risk groups, ways of prevention, prosecution and punishment.
Sex offenses: risk groups, types, prevalence, ways of detection and prevention.
Terrorism: definition, history, countermeasures .
Terrorism : individual and group activity, ways of detection and prevention.
Theft and shoplifting : risk groups, ways of detection, prevention policies, prosecution and punishment.
Counter-terrorism: constitutional and legislative issues .
White-collar crime : types, ways of detection, prevention policies, prosecution and punishment.

Criminology Topics on Racism and Discrimination

How systemic bias affects criminal justice?
How discriminatory portrayal of minority groups in the media affects criminal justice?
Racial profiling : targeting minority groups on the basis of race and ethnicity.
Racism and discrimination towards African-Americans .
Racial profiling : what are the cons? Are there any pros?
How discriminatory is the UK Court System?
How discriminatory is the US Court System?

🌶️ Hot Criminal Justice Topics

The history of modern police.
Different types of prison systems.
Is situational crime prevention effective?
How to prevent wrongful convictions.
Challenges faced by crime victims.
The advantages of community corrections.
How do ethics influence criminal justice?
Disadvantages of felony disenfranchisement.
Does correctional system in the USA really work?
Possible problems of prisoner reentry process.

💂 116 Criminal Justice Research Topics & Questions

Here are some of the most typical and interesting criminal justice issues to dazzle your professor.

Prison system : the main problems and the hidden pitfalls.
The question of gender: why are there more men who receive capital punishment than women?
Kidnapping and ransom: common features, motifs, behavior patterns.
Crime prevention : key principles.
Firing a gun: what helps professionals understand whether it was deliberate or happened by accident?
Cybercrime : the legal perspective.
Internet vigilantism: revenge leaks.
Hate crime on the Internet: revenge leaks, trolling, defamation.
Crime and justice in mass media .
Parental abduction laws.
Sex offender registry: pros and cons.
The deterrence theory and the theory of rational choice : are they relevant in the modern world?
Sexual assault in schools and workplaces.
Jury selection: how is it performed?
Experimental criminology: the latest innovations.

Wildlife crime: areas of prevalence, ways of prevention.
Felony disenfranchisement laws: when do they apply?
The relation between organized crime and corruption .
Victim services: what help can a victim of a crime get?
Prison rape and violence: the psychological aspect, ways of prevention.
Juvenile recidivism : what are the risk groups?
Forensic science : role and functions in modern criminal justice.
Shoplifting: how to prevent theft?
Witness Protection Program: who is eligible and how to protect them.
Date rape : what are the ways for the victims to seek legal assistance?
Substance abuse and crime: correlation or causation?
Identity theft: dangers and consequences in the modern world.
Online predators: what laws can be introduced to protect kids? Real-life examples.
Civil and criminal cases: how to differentiate?
Domestic abuse victims: what laws protect them?
Elder abuse : what can be done to prevent it?
The strain theory : the unachievable American dream.
Concepts of law enforcement: pursuing criminal justice .
Ethics and criminal justice: the unethical sides of law enforcement.
The top problems to be solved by law enforcement today.
Information sharing technology: how has it helped in the fight against terrorism ?
Terrorism in perspective: characteristics, causes, control .
Serial killers : types.
Drug use and youth arrests.
Aggressive behavior : how does it correlate with criminal tendencies?
Community corrections : are they effective?
Sentencing: how does it take place?
Punishment types and the established terms.
Unwarranted arrest: when is it acceptable?
Human trafficking in the modern world.
Human trafficking: current state and counteracts .
The role of technology in modern forensics .
Similarities and differences between homicide , murder, and manslaughter.
Types of offenders: classification.
Effects of gun control measures in the United States .
The role of crime mapping in modern criminal justice.
Male crimes vs female crimes: are they different?
Prisons : the problems of bad living conditions.
Victimization : causes and ways of prevention.
Victimology and traditional justice system alternatives .
Rape victims: what are their rights?
Problem-solving courts: what underlying problems do they address?
Mandatory sentencing and the three-strike rule.
Have “three-strikes” laws been effective and should they be continued?
Criminal courts : what can be learned from their history?
Hate crimes : what motivates people to commit them?
Youth gangs: what is their danger?
Fieldwork: how is it done in criminology?
Distributive justice : its place in criminal justice.
Capital punishment : what can be learned from history?
Humanities and justice in Britain during 18th century .
Abolition of capital punishment .
Criminals and prisoners’ rights .
Crime prevention programs and criminal rehabilitation .
Campus crime: what laws and precautions are there against it?
Criminal trial process: how does it go?
Crimes committed on a religious basis: how are they punished?
The code of ethics in the Texas department of criminal justice .
Comparison between Florida and Maryland’s legislative frameworks .
Fraud in the scientific field: how can copyright protect the discoveries of researchers?
Prosecution laws: how are they applied in practice?
The classification of crime systems.
Cyberbullying and cyberstalking: what can parents do to protect their children?
Forgery cases in educational institutions, offices, and governmental organizations.
Drug courts : how do they work?

Controversial Topics in Criminal Justice

Want your work to be unconventional? Consider choosing one of the controversial topics. You will need to present a number of opposite points of view. Of course, it’s acceptable to choose and promote an opinion that you think stands the best. Just make sure to provide a thorough analysis of all of the viewpoints.

You can also stay impartial and let the reader make up their own mind on the subject. If you decide to support one of the viewpoints, your decision should be objective. Back it up with plenty of evidence, too. Here are some examples of controversial topics that you can explore.

Reform vs. punishment: which one offers more benefits?
Restorative justice model : is it the best criminal justice tool?
The war on drugs : does it really solve the drug problem?
Criminal insanity: is it a reason enough for exemption from liability?
Juvenile justice system : should it be eliminated?
Drug testing on the school ground.
Police brutality in the United States .
How to better gun control ?
Why Gun Control Laws Should be Scrapped .
Pornography: is it a type of sexual violence?
Whether death penalty can be applied fairly?
Jack the Ripper: who was he?
The modern justice system: is it racist?
A false accusation: how can one protect themselves from it?
Concealed weapons: what are the criminal codes of various states?
Race and crime: is there a correlation?
Registering sex offenders: should this information be in public records?
Juvenile delinquency and bad parenting: is there a relation?
Assessing juveniles for psychopathy or conduct disorder .
Should all new employees be checked for a criminal background ?
Are delinquency cases higher among immigrant children?
Restrictive housing: can it help decongest prisons?
Homegrown crimes: is there an effective program against them?
Prostitution: the controversy around legalization .
Eyewitness testimony : is it really helpful in an investigation?
Youthful offenders in boot camps: is this strategy effective?
Predictive policing : is it effective?
Selective incapacitation: is it an effective policy for reducing crime?
Social class and crime: is there a relation?
Death penalty: is it effective in crime deterrence?
Extradition law: is it fair?
Devious interrogations: is deceit acceptable during investigations?
Supermax prisons: are they effective or just cruel?
Zero tolerance: is it the best policy for crime reduction?
Marijuana decriminalization: pros and cons.
Marijuana legalization in the US .

Now that you have looked through the full list of topics, choose wisely. Remember that sometimes it’s best to avoid sensitive topics. Other times, a clever choice of a topic will win you extra points. It doesn’t depend on just the tastes of your professor, of course. You should also take into account how much relevant information there is on the subject. Anyway, the choice of the topic of your research is up to you. Try to find the latest materials and conduct an in-depth analysis of them. Don’t forget to draw a satisfactory conclusion. Writing may take a lot of your time and energy, so plan ahead. Remember to stay hydrated and good luck!

Now, after we looked through the topic collections on criminology and criminal justice, it is time to turn to the specifics in each of the fields. First, let’s talk more extensively about criminology. If you are training to be a criminologist, you will study some things more deeply. They include the behavior patterns of criminals, their backgrounds, and the latest sociological trends in crime.

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In the field of criminology, the specialties are numerous. That’s why it’s difficult to pinpoint one career that represents a typical member of the profession. It all depends on the background of a criminologist, their education, and experience.

Careers possible with a criminology major.

A criminologist may have a number of responsibilities at their position. For example, they might be called forth to investigate a crime scene. Participation in autopsies is unpleasant yet necessary. Interrogation of suspects and subsequent criminal profiling is another essential duty.

Some professionals work solely in research. Others consult government agencies or private security companies. Courts and law firms also cooperate with criminologists. Their job is to provide expert opinion in criminal proceedings. Some of them work in the prison systems in order to oversee the rehabilitation of the convicted.

Regardless of the career specialty , most criminologists are working on profiling and data collection. A criminologist is another word for an analyst. They collect, study, and analyze data on crimes. After conducting the analysis, they provide recommendations and actionable information.

A criminologist seeks to find out the identity of the person who committed the crime. The time point of a crime is also important, as well as the reason for it. There are several areas covered by the analysis of a criminologist. The psychological behavior of the criminal or criminals is closely studied. The socio-economic indicators are taken into account. There are also, of course, the environmental factors that may have facilitated the crime.

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Some high-profile cases require a criminologist to correspond with media and PR managers extensively. Sometimes criminologists write articles and even books about their findings. However, it should be noted that the daily routine of a professional in the field is not so glamorous. Most criminologists do their work alone, without the attention of the public.

The research a criminologist accumulates during their work is extensive. It doesn’t just sit there in a folder on their desk, of course. The collected statistics are used for developing active criminal profiles that are shared with law enforcement agencies. It helps to understand criminal behavior better and to predict it. That’s why a criminologist’s work must be precise and accurate for it to be practical and useful. Also, criminology professionals must have a good grasp of math and statistics.

Thinking of a career in criminology? You will need to, at the very least, graduate from college. There, you’ll master mathematics, statistics, and, of course, criminology. An associate’s degree may get you an entry-level position. But the minimum entry-level requirement is usually the bachelor’s degree. The best positions, though, are left for the professionals with a master’s degree or a PhD.

Just having a degree is not enough. To succeed as a criminologist, you will require all your intelligence, commitment, and the skill of analyzing intricate situations. An aspiration to better the society will go a long way. You will need to exercise your creative, written, and verbal communication skills, too. An analytical mind will land you at an advantage.

Criminology: Research Areas

Times change and the world of crime never ceases to adapt. The nature of criminal transgression is evolving, and so do the ways of prosecution. Criminal detection, investigation, and prevention are constantly advancing. Criminology studies aim to improve the practices implemented in the field.

There are six unified, coordinated, and interrelated areas of expertise. Within each, the professionals are busy turning their mastery into knowledge and action.

The first research area is the newest worry of criminology – cybercrime. The impact of this type of crime is escalating with every passing day. That’s why it’s crucial for the law enforcement professionals to keep up to date with the evolving technology. Cybercrime research is exploring the growing threat of its subject at all levels of society. Cybercrime may impact people on both personal and governmental levels. Cybercrime research investigates the motivation and methodology behind the offenses and finds new ways to react.

The second research area is counter fraud. Crimes that fall under this category include fraud and corruption. The questions that counter fraud research deals with are many. How widely a crime is spread, what method is best to fight it, and the optimal courses of action to protect people and organizations.

The third research area is that of forensics. The contemporary face of justice has been changed by forensic science beyond recognition. Nowadays, it’s much harder for criminals to conceal their activity due to evolved technologies. The research in forensics is utilizing science in the identification of the crime and in its reconstruction. It employs such techniques as DNA recovery, fingerprinting, and forensic interviewing.

What is forensic interviewing? It helps find new ways to gather quality information from witnesses and crime scenes. It also works on developing protocols that ensure the protection of this human data and its correct interpretation by police.

The fourth research area is policing. Police service is facing a lot of pressing issues nowadays due to budget cuts. At the same time, police officers still need to learn, and there are also individual factors that may influence their work.

The fifth research area is penology. It’s tasked with exploring the role of punishment in the criminal justice system. Does punishment aid the rehabilitation of perpetrators, and to what extent? The answer will help link theory to practice and thus shape how criminal justice practitioners work.

The sixth research area is that of missing persons. Before a person goes missing, they may display a certain pattern of behavior. The study of missing persons helps to identify it. The results will determine the handling of such cases.

Now that we know what criminology is, it’s time to talk about criminal justice.

While criminology focuses on the analysis of crime, criminal justice concentrates on societal systems. Its primary concern is with the criminal behavior of the perpetrators. For example, in the USA, there are three branches of the criminal justice system. They are police (aka law enforcement), courts, and corrections. These branches all work together to punish and prevent unlawful behavior. If you take up a career in criminal justice, expect to work in one of these fields.

The most well-known branch of criminal justice is law enforcement. The police force is at the forefront of defense against crime and misdemeanor. They stand against the criminal element in many ways. For instance, they patrol the streets, investigate crimes, and detain suspects. It’s not just the police officers who take these responsibilities upon themselves. There are also US Marshals, ICE, FBI Agents, DEA, and border patrol. Only after the arrest has been made, the perpetrator enters the court system.

The court system is less visible to the public, but still crucial to the criminal justice system. Its main purpose is to determine the suspect’s innocence or guilt. You can work as an attorney, lawyer, bailiff, judge, or another professional of the field. In the court, if you are a suspect, you are innocent until proven guilty. You are also entitled to a fair trial. However, if they do find you guilty, you will receive a sentence. Your punishment will be the job of the corrections system.

The courts determine the nature of the punishment, and the corrections system enforces it. There are three elements of the corrections system: incarceration, probation, and parole. They either punish or rehabilitate the convicts. Want to uptake a career in corrections? You may work as, including, but not limited to: a parole officer, a prison warden, a probation officer, and a guard.

📈 Criminal Justice: Research Areas

The research areas in criminal justice are similar, if not identical, to those of criminology. After all, those are two very closely related fields. The one difference is that criminal justice research has more practical than theoretical applications. But it’s fair to say that theory is the building blocks that practice bases itself on. One is impossible without the other unless the result you want is complete chaos.

So, the question is – what topic to choose for the research paper? Remember that the world of criminal justice is constantly changing. Choosing a subject for research in criminal justice, consider a relevant topic. There are many pressing issues in the field. Exploring them will undoubtedly win you points from your professor. Just make sure to choose a direction that will give you the opportunity to show off both your knowledge and your analytical skills.

Not sure that your original research direction will be appreciated? Then choose one of the standard topics. Something that is widely discussed in the media. And, of course, make sure that you are truly interested in the subject. Otherwise, your disinterest will translate into your writing, which may negatively affect the overall impression. Also, it’s just more enjoyable to work on something that resonates with you.

What can you do with your research paper? Literally anything. Explore the background of the issue. Make predictions. Compare the different takes on the matter. Maybe there are some fresh new discoveries that have been made recently. What does science say about that?

Also, remember to backup all your arguments with quotes and examples from real life. The Internet is the best library and research ground a student could hope for. The main idea of the paper, aka the thesis, must be proven by enough factual material. Otherwise, it’s best to change your research direction.

And, of course, don’t put it all off till the last minute. Make a plan and stick to it. Consistency and clever distribution of effort will take you a long way. Good luck!

🤔 Criminal Justice Research FAQs

Criminological and criminal justice research are the scientific studies of the causes and consequences, extent and control, nature, management, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the social and individual levels.

Criminal justice and criminology are sciences that analyze the occurrence and explore the ways of prevention of illegal acts. Any conducted personal research and investigation should be supported by the implemented analytical methods from academic works that describe the given subject.

There are six interrelated areas of criminology research:

Cybercrime research makes law enforcement professionals keep up to date with the evolving technology.
Counter fraud research investigates cases of fraud and corruption.
Forensics research utilizes science: DNA recovery, fingerprinting, and forensic interviewing.
Research in policing investigates individual factors that may influence the work of police officers.
Penology explores the role of punishment in the criminal justice system.
The study of missing persons helps to identify patterns of victims’ behavior.

There are seven research methods in criminology:

Quantitative research methods measure criminological and criminal justice reality by assigning numerical values to concepts to find patterns of correlation, cause and effect.
Survey research collects information from a number of persons via their responses to questions.
Experimental research assesses cause and effect in two comparison groups.
Cross-sectional research studies one group at one point in time.
Longitudinal research studies the same group over a period of time.
Time-series designs study the same group at successive points in time.
Meta-analysis employs quantitative analysis of findings from multiple studies.

The basis of criminological theory is criminological research. It influences the development of social policies and defines criminal justice practice.

Criminological research doesn’t just enable law students to develop analytical and presentational skills. The works of criminal justice professionals, scholars, and government policymakers dictate the way law enforcement operates. The newest ideas born out of research identify corrections and crime prevention, too.

Here is a step-by-step instruction on how to write a criminal justice research paper:

Choose a topic
Read the materials and take notes
Come up with a thesis
Create an outline for your work
Draft the body
Start with a cover page, an abstract, and an intro
List the methods you used, and the results you got
Include a discussion
Sum it up with a conclusion
Don’t forget a literature review and appendices
Revise, proofread, and edit

The most common types of methodologies in criminal justice research include:

Observation of participants.
Surveys and interviews.
Observation of focus groups.
Conducting experiments.
Analysis of secondary data and archival study.
Mixed (a combination of the above methods).

Learn more on this topic:

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The Differences Between Criminal Justice and Criminology: Which Degree Is Right for You? (Concordia St. Paul)
Corporate Crime: Britannica
The Development of Delinquency: NAP
Databases for Research & Education: Gale
A CS Research Topic Generator: Purdue University
A Introduction To The Federal Court System: US Department of Justice
Criminal Justice Research Topics: Broward College
Research Topics in Criminology: Cambridge Institute of Criminology
CRIMINOLOGY: University of Portsmouth
Research: Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, University of Maryland
Criminal Justice: RAND
Research Methods in Criminal Justice: Penn State University Libraries
Research: School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
Criminology – Research Guide: Getting started (Penn Libraries)
Criminology Research Papers: Academia
The History & Development of the U.S. Criminal Justice System: Study.com
CRIMINAL JUSTICE & CRIMINOLOGY: Marshall University
Criminal Justice: Temple University
Criminal Justice: University of North Georgia
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The schools of criminology seems like such a fascinating field — it’s definitely not for the lighthearted though! Here in the Philippines, criminology as a course is highly underrated; hopefully that’ll change!

I understand. Thank you for sharing your thoughts!

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Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students

This study investigated the influence of cyberbullying on the academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students. It's objective is to provides additional data and understanding of the influence of cyberbullying on various variables affecting undergraduate students. The survey sample consisted of 638 Israeli undergraduate students. The data were collected using the Revised Cyber Bullying Survey, which evaluates the frequency and media used to perpetrate cyberbullying, and the College Adjustment Scales, which evaluate three aspects of development in college students. It was found that 57% of the students had experienced cyberbullying at least once or twice through different types of media. Three variables were found to have significant influences on the research variables: gender, religion and sexual preferences. Correlation analyses were conducted and confirmed significant relationships between cyberbullying, mainly through instant messaging, and the academic, social and emotional development of undergraduate students. Instant messaging (IM) was found to be the most common means of cyberbullying among the students.

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1. Introduction

Cyberbullying is defined as the electronic posting of mean-spirited messages about a person (such as a student) often done anonymously ( Merriam-Webster, 2017 ). Most of the investigations of cyberbullying have been conducted with students in elementary, middle and high school who were between 9 and 18 years old. Those studies focused on examining the prevalence and frequency of cyberbullying. Using “cyberbullying” and “higher-education” as key words in Google scholar (January, 2019) (all in title) yields only twenty one articles. In 2009, 2012 and 2013 one article appeared each year, since 2014 each year there were few publications. Of these articles only seven relates to effect of cyberbullying on the students, thus a gap in the literature exists in that it only minimally reports on studies involving undergraduate students. Given their relationship and access to technology, it is likely that cyberbullying occurs frequently among undergraduates. The purpose of this study is to examine the frequency and media used to perpetrate cyberbullying, as well as the relationship that it has with the academic, social and emotional development of undergraduate students.

Undergraduate students use the Internet for a wide variety of purposes. Those purposes include recreation, such as communicating in online groups or playing games; academics, such as doing assignments, researching scholarships or completing online applications; and practical, such as preparing for job interviews by researching companies. Students also use the Internet for social communication with increasing frequency.

The literature suggests that cyberbullied victims generally manifest psychological problems such as depression, loneliness, low self-esteem, school phobias and social anxiety ( Grene, 2003 ; Juvonen et al., 2003 ; Akcil, 2018 ). Moreover, research findings have shown that cyberbullying causes emotional and physiological damage to defenseless victims ( Akbulut and Eristi, 2011 ) as well as psychosocial difficulties including behavior problems ( Ybarra and Mitchell, 2007 ), drinking alcohol ( Selkie et al., 2015 ), smoking, depression, and low commitment to academics ( Ybarra and Mitchell, 2007 ).

Under great emotional stress, victims of cyberbullying are unable to concentrate on their studies, and thus their academic progress is adversely affected ( Akcil, 2018 ). Since the victims are often hurt psychologically, the depressive effect of cyberbullying prevents students from excelling in their studies ( Faryadi, 2011 ). The overall presence of cyberbullying victimization among undergraduate college students was found to be significantly related to the experience of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, low self-esteem, interpersonal problems, family tensions and academic underperformance ( Beebe, 2010 ).

1.1. Cyberbullying and internet

The Internet has been the most useful technology of modern times, which has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing. This has been possible thanks to its basic features such as widespread usability and access. However, it also causes undesirable behaviors that are offensive or threatening to others, such as cyberbullying. This is a relatively new phenomenon.

According to Belsey (2006, p.1) , “Cyberbullying involves the use of information and communication technologies such as e-mail, cell-phone and pager text messages, instant messaging, defamatory personal web sites, blogs, online games and defamatory online personal polling web sites, to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behavior by an individual or group that is intended to harm others.” Characteristics like anonymity, accessibility to electronic communication, and rapid audience spread, result in a limitless number of individuals that can be affected by cyberbullying.

Different studies suggest that undergraduate students' use of the Internet is more significant and frequent than any other demographic group. A 2014 survey of 1006 participants in the U.S. conducted by the Pew Research Center revealed that 97% of young adults aged from 18 to 29 years use the Internet, email, or access the Internet via a mobile device. Among them, 91% were college students.

1.2. Mediums to perpetrate cyberbullying

The most frequent and common media within which cyberbullying can occur are:

Electronic mail (email): a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.

Instant messaging: a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission between two parties.

Chat rooms: a real-time online interaction with strangers with a shared interest or other similar connection.

Text messaging (SMS): the act of composing and sending a brief electronic message between two or more mobile phones.

Social networking sites: a platform to build social networks or social relations among people who share interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.

Web sites : a platform that provides service for personal, commercial, or government purpose.

Studies indicate that undergraduate students are cyberbullied most frequently through email, and least often in chat rooms ( Beebe, 2010 ). Other studies suggest that instant messaging is the most common electronic medium used to perpetrate cyberbullying ( Kowalski et al., 2018 ).

1.3. Types of cyberbullying

Watts et al. (2017) Describe 7 types of cyberbullying: flaming, online harassment, cyberstalking, denigration, masquerading, trickery and outing, and exclusion. Flaming involves sending angry, rude, or vulgar messages via text or email about a person either to that person privately or to an online group.

Harassment involves repeatedly sending offensive messages, and cyberstalking moves harassment online, with the offender sending threatening messages to his or her victim. Denigration occurs when the cyberbully sends untrue or hurtful messages about a person to others. Masquerading takes elements of harassment and denigration where the cyberbully pretends to be someone else and sends or posts threatening or harmful information about one person to other people. Trickery and outing occur when the cyberbully tricks an individual into providing embarrassing, private, or sensitive information and posts or sends the information for others to view. Exclusion is deliberately leaving individuals out of an online group, thereby automatically stigmatizing the excluded individuals.

Additional types of cyberbullying are: Fraping - where a person accesses the victim's social media account and impersonates them in an attempt to be funny or to ruin their reputation. Dissing - share or post cruel information online to ruin one's reputation or friendships with others. Trolling - is insulting an individual online to provoke them enough to get a response. Catfishing - steals one's online identity to re-creates social networking profiles for deceptive purposes. Such as signing up for services in the victim's name so that the victim receives emails or other offers for potentially embarrassing things such as gay-rights newsletters or incontinence treatment. Phishing - a tactic that requires tricking, persuading or manipulating the target into revealing personal and/or financial information about themselves and/or their loved ones. Stalking – Online stalking when a person shares her personal information publicly through social networking websites. With this information, stalkers can send them personal messages, send mysterious gifts to someone's home address and more. Blackmail – Anonymous e-mails, phone-calls and private messages are often done to a person who bear secrets. Photographs & video - Threaten to share them publicly unless the victim complies with a particular demand; Distribute them via text or email, making it impossible for the victim to control who sees the picture; Publish the pictures on the Internet for anyone to view. Shunning - persistently avoid, ignore, or reject someone mainly from participating in social networks. Sexting - send sexually explicit photographs or messages via mobile phone.

1.4. Prevalence of cyberbullying

Previous studies have found that cyberbullying incidents among college students can range from 9% to 34% ( Baldasare et al., 2012 ).

Beebe (2010) conducted a study with 202 college students in United States. Results indicated that 50.7% of the undergraduate students represented in the sample reported experiencing cyberbullying victimization once or twice during their time in college. Additionally, 36.3% reported cyberbullying victimization on a monthly basis while in college. According to Dılmaç (2009) , 22.5% of 666 students at Selcuk University in Turkey reported cyberbullying another person at least once and 55.35% reported being a victim of cyberbullying at least once in their lifetimes. In a study of 131 students from seven undergraduate classes in United States, 11% of the respondents indicated having experienced cyberbullying at the university ( Walker et al., 2011 ). Of those, Facebook (64%), cell phones (43%) and instant messaging (43%) were the most frequent technologies used. Students indicated that 50% of the cyberbullies were classmates, 57% were individuals outside of the university, and 43% did not know who was cyberbullying them.

Data from the last two years (2017–18) is similar to the above. A research, of 187 undergraduate students matriculated at a large U.S. Northeastern metropolitan Roman Catholic university ( Webber and Ovedovitz, 2018 ), found that 4.3% indicated that they were victims of cyberbullying at the university level and a total of 7.5% students acknowledged having participated in bullying at that level while A survey (N = 338) at a large midwestern university conducted by Varghese and Pistole (2017) , showed that frequency counts indicated that 15.1% undergraduate students were cyberbully victims during college, and 8.0% were cyberbully offenders during college.

A study of 201 students from sixteen different colleges across the United States found a prevalence rate of 85.2% for college students who reported being victims of cyberbullying out of the total 201 responses recorded. This ranged from only occasional incidents to almost daily experiences with cyberbullying victimization ( Poole, 2017 ).

In A research of international students, 20.7% reported that they have been cyberbullied in the last 30 days once to many times ( Akcil, 2018 ).

1.5. Psychological impact of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying literature suggests that victims generally manifest psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem, social exclusion, school phobias and poor academic performance ( DeHue et al., 2008 ; Juvonen and Gross, 2008 ; Kowalski and Limber, 2007 ; Grene, 2003 ; Juvonen et al., 2003 ; Rivituso, 2012 ; Varghese and Pistole, 2017 ; Na, 2014 ; Akcil, 2018 ), low self-esteem, family problems, school violence and delinquent behavior ( Webber and Ovedovitz, 2018 ), which brings them to experience suicidal thoughts as a means of escaping the torture ( Ghadampour et al., 2017 ).

Moreover, research findings have shown that cyberbullying causes emotional and physiological damage to defenseless victims ( Faryadi, 2011 ) as well as psychosocial problems including inappropriate behaviors, drinking alcohol, smoking, depression and low commitment to academics ( Walker et al., 2011 ).

The victims of cyberbullying, under great emotional stress, are unable to concentrate on their studies, and thus their academic progress is adversely affected ( Faryadi, 2011 ). Since the victims are often hurt psychologically, the depressive effect of cyberbullying prevents students from excelling in their studies ( Faryadi, 2011 ).

In a Malaysian university study with 365 first year students, the majority of the participants (85%) interviewed indicated that cyberbullying affected their academic performance, specifically their grades ( Faryadi, 2011 ). Also, 85% of the respondents agreed that bullying caused a devastating impact on students' emotions and equally caused unimaginable psychological problems among the victims. Heiman and Olenik-Shemesh (2018) report that for students with learning disabilities, predictors of cybervictimization were low social support, low self-perception, and being female, whereas for students without learning disabilities, the predictors were low social support, low well-being, and low body perception.

1.6. Academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students

The transition to academic institutions is marked by complex challenges in emotional, social, and academic adjustment ( Gerdes and Mallinckrodt, 1994 ; Parker et al., 2004 ).

The adaptation to a new environment is an important factor in academic performance and future achievement. Undergraduate students are not only developing academically and intellectually, they are also establishing and maintaining personal relationships, developing an identity, deciding about a career and lifestyle, and maintaining personal health and wellness. Many students are interacting with people from diverse backgrounds who hold different values and making new friends. Some are also adapting to living away from home for the very first time ( Inkelas et al., 2007 ).

The concept of academic development involves not only academic abilities, but motivational factors, and institutional commitment. Motivation to learn, taking actions to meet academic demands, a clear sense of purpose, and general satisfaction with the academic environment are also important components of the academic field ( Lau, 2003 ).

A second dimension, the social field, may be as important as academic factors. Writers have emphasized integration into the social environment as a crucial element in commitment to a particular academic institution ( Tinto, 1975 ). Becoming integrated into the social life of college, forming a support network, and managing new social freedoms are some important elements of social development. Crises in the social field include conflict in a living situation, starting or maintaining relationships, interpersonal conflicts, family issues, and financial issues ( McGrath, 2005 ), which are manifested as feelings of loneliness ( Clark et al., 2015 ).

In the emotional field, students commonly question their relationships, direction in life, and self-worth ( Rey et al., 2011 ). A balanced personality is one which is emotionally adjusted. Emotional adjustment is essential for creating a sound personality. physical, intellectual mental and esthetical adjustments are possible when emotional adjustment is made ( Ziapour et al., 2018 ). Inner disorders may result from questions about identity and can sometimes lead to personal crises ( Gerdes and Mallinckrodt, 1994 ). Emotional problems may be manifested as global psychological distress, somatic distress, anxiety, low self-esteem, or depression. Impediments to success in emotional development include depression and anxiety, stress, substance abuse, and relationship problems ( Beebe, 2010 ).

The current study is designed to address two research questions: (1) does cyberbullying affect college students' emotional state, as measured by the nine factors of the College Adjustment Scales ( Anton and Reed, 1991 ); (2) which mode of cyberbullying most affects students' emotional state?

2.1. Research settings and participants

The present study is set in Israeli higher education colleges. These, function as: (1) institutions offering undergraduate programs in a limited number of disciplinary fields (mainly the social sciences), (2) centers for training studies (i.e.: teacher training curricula), as well as (3) as creators of access to higher education. The general student population is heterogeneous, coming from the Western Galilee. In this study, 638 Israeli undergraduate students participated. The sample is a representative of the population of the Western galilee in Israel. The sample was 76% female, 70% single, 51% Jewish, 27% Arabs, 7% Druze, and 15% other ethnicity. On the dimension of religiosity, 47% were secular, 37% traditional, 12% religious, 0.5% very religious, and 3.5% other. On the dimension of sexual orientation, 71% were straight women, 23.5% straight men, 4% bisexual, 1% lesbians, and 0.5% gay males (note: according to the Williams Institute, approximately 4% of the population in the US are LGBT, [ Gates, 2011 ], while 6% of the EU population are LGBT, [ Dalia, 2016 ]).

2.2. Instrumentation

Two instruments were used to collect data: The Revised Cyber Bullying Survey (RCBS), with a Cronbach's alpha ranging from .74 to .91 ( Kowalski and Limber, 2007 ), designed to measure incidence, frequency and medium used to perpetrate cyberbullying. The survey is a 32-item questionnaire. The frequency was investigated using a 5-item scale with anchors ranging from ‘it has never happened to me’ to ‘several times a week’. Five different media were explored: email, instant messaging, chat room, text messaging, and social networking sites. Each medium was examined with the same six questions related to cases of cyberbullying (see Table 1 ).

Description of the Revised Cyber Bullying Survey (RCBS) variables.

Note: the theoretical range is between zero to twenty-four.

Table 1 shows the five variables that composed the RCBS questionnaire (all of the variables are composed of 6 statements). The results indicate that the levels of all the variables is very low, which means that the respondents experienced cyberbullying once or twice. The internal consistency reliability estimate based on the current sample suggested that most of the variables have an adequate to high level of reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.68–0.87.

The College Adjustment Scales (CAS) ( Anton and Reed, 1991 ), evaluated the academic, social, and emotional development of college students. Values were standardized and validated for use with college students. The validity for each subscale ranged from .64 to .80, noting high correlations among scales. Reliability of the scales ranged from .80 to .92, with a mean of .86. The instrument included 128 items, divided into 10 scales: anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, self-esteem problems, interpersonal problems, family problems, academic problems, career problems, and regular activities (see Table 2 ). Students responded to each item using a four-point scale.

Description of CAS variables.

Anxiety: A measure of clinical anxiety, focusing on common affective, cognitive, and physiological symptoms.

Depression: A measure of clinical depression, focusing on common affective, cognitive, and physiological symptoms.

Suicidal Ideation: A measure of the extent of recent ideation reflecting suicide, including thoughts of suicide, hopelessness, and resignation.

Substance Abuse: A measure of the extent of disruption in interpersonal, social, academic, and vocational functioning as a result of substance use and abuse.

Self-esteem Problems: A measure of global self-esteem which taps negative self-evaluations and dissatisfaction with personal achievement.

Interpersonal Problems: A measure of the extent of problems in relating to others in the campus environment.

Family Problems: A measure of difficulties experienced in relationships with family members.

Academic Problems: A measure of the extent of problems related to academic performance.

Career Problems: A measure of the extent of problems related to career choice.

Participants also responded to a demographic questionnaire that included items on gender, birth year, marital status, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. As sexual orientation is a major cause for bullying ( Pollock, 2006 ; Cahill and Makadon, 2014 ), it was included in the background information.

Convenience sampling and purposive sampling were used for this study. Surveys with written instructions were administered in classrooms, libraries and online via Google Docs at the end of the semester.

The surveys were translated to Hebrew and back translated four times until sufficient translation was achieved. The research was approved by the Western Galilee College Research and Ethic Committee.

A sizeable percentage, 57.4% (366), of the respondents reported being cyber bullied at least once and 3.4% (22) reported being cyber bullied at least once a week. The types of bullies can be seen in Fig. 1 .

Types of bullies.

Three variables were found to have significant influences on the research variables: (1) gender (see Table 3 ); (2) religion (see Table 4 ); and (3) sexual preferences (see Table 5 ).

Results of independent t-tests for research variables by gender.

Note: n male = 127, n female = 510, *p < .05.

Results of independent t-tests for research variables by level of religion.

Note: n religious = 345, n secular = 293, ∗ p < .05, ∗∗ p < .01, ∗∗∗ p < .001.

Results of independent t-tests for research variables by sexual preference.

Note: n heterosexual = 596, n other = 42, ∗ p < .05, ∗∗ p < .01, ∗∗∗ p < .001.

Independent t-tests between the CAS variables and gender show significant differences between females and males (see Table 3 ).

Independent t-tests between the CAS variables and level of religiosity show significant differences between secular and religious persons, i.e., observant believers (see Table 4 ).

Independent t-tests between the CAS variables and sexual preference show significant differences between heterosexual individuals and others (see Table 5 ).

The research population was divided into three age groups having five year intervals. One respondent who was 14 years old was removed from the population.

For the variable “career problems” it was found that there was a significant difference between the 26–30 year age group [p < .05, F(2,5815) = 3.49, M = 56.55] and the 31–35 (M = 56.07) as well as the 20–25 (M = 54.58) age groups.

For the variable "depression" it was found that there was a significant difference between the 20–25 year age group [p < .05, F(2,5815) = 3.84, M = 54.56] and the 31–35 (M = 51.61) as well as the 26–30 (M = 52.83) age groups.

For the variable “interpersonal problems” it was found that there was a significant difference between the 20–25 year age group [p < .06, F(2,5815) = 3.84, M = 53.85] and the 31–35 (M = 51.29) as well as the 26–30 (M = 52.19) age groups.

For the variable “suicidal ideation” it was found that there was a significant difference between the 20–25 year age group [p < .06, F(2,5815) = 3.84, M = 55.45] and the 31–35 (M = 49.71) as well as the 26–30 (M = 50.13) age groups (see Table 6 ).

Results of one way Anova for research variables by age.

Note: n 20-25 = 216, n 26-30 = 287, n 31-35 = 82, ∗ p < .05, ∗∗ p < .01, ∗∗∗ p < .001.

To confirm that there was no effect among the independent variables, a Pearson correlation analysis of cyberbullying with CAS variables was run. As the correlations between the independent variables are weak, no multicollinearity between them was noted (see Table 7 ).

Pearson correlation of cyberbullying with CAS variables.

Note: n = 638, ∼ p < .06, ∗ p < .05, ∗∗ p < .01, ∗∗∗ p < .001.

Regression analyses on the effect of the cyberbullying variables on the CAS variables (see Fig. 2 ) show that an increase in cyberbullying by social networking and IM increases the academic problems variable. The model explained 6.1% of the variance (F (13,585) = 2.94, p < .001) and shows an increase in the suicidal ideation variable. There is also a marginal effect of cyberbullying by SMS on suicidal ideation, revealing that an increase in cyberbullying by SMS causes a decrease in suicidal ideation. The explained variance of the model is 24.8% (F (11,584) = 14.80, p < .001). Higher cyberbullying by social networking results in an increase in the anxiety variable. The explained variance of the model is 8.8% (F (13,584) = 4.32, p < .001). An increase in cyberbullying by chat and IM shows an increase in the substance abuse variable. The model explains 13% of the variance (F (13,584) = 6.71, p < .001). Increasing cyberbullying by social networking and IM increases the self-esteem problems variable. The explained variance of the model is 9% (F (13,584) = 4.43, p < .001). An increase of cyberbullying by email increases the problems students have with regular activities. The explained variance of the model is 5.2% (F (13,575) = 2.44, p < .01). Heightened cyberbullying by social networking and IM increases students' interpersonal problems. There is also an effect of cyberbullying by IM on suicidal ideation, such that an increase in cyberbullying by IM causes a decrease in interpersonal problems. The explained variance of the model is 8% (F (13,584) = 3.89, p < .001). An increase in cyberbullying by SMS decreases the family problems variable. The explained variance of the model is 11.4% (F (13,584) = 5.76, p < .001). And finally, heightened cyberbullying by IM and social networking decreases the depression variable. The variance explained by the model is 11.9% (F (13,584) = 6.04, p < .001).

The influence of academic cyberbullying variables on the CAS variables.

4. Discussion

The objective of this study was to fill an existing gap in the literature regarding the influence of cyberbullying on the academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students.

As has been presented, cyberbullying continues to be a disturbing trend not only among adolescents but also undergraduate students. Cyberbullying exists in colleges and universities, and it has an influence on the development of students. Fifty seven percent of the undergraduate students who participated in this study had experienced cyberbullying at least once during their time in college. As previous studies have found that cyberbullying incidents among college students can range from 9% to 50% ( Baldasare et al., 2012 ; Beebe, 2010 ) it seems that 57% is high. Considering the effect of smartphone abundance on one hand and on the other the increasing use of online services and activities by young-adults can explain that percentage.

Considering the effect of such an encounter on the academic, social and emotional development of undergraduate students, policy makers face a formidable task to address the relevant issues and to take corrective action as Myers and Cowie (2017) point out that due to the fact that universities are in the business of education, it is a fine balancing act between addressing the problem, in this case cyberbullying, and maintaining a duty of care to both the victim and the perpetrator to ensure they get their degrees. There is a clear tension for university authorities between acknowledging that university students are independent young adults, each responsible for his or her own actions, on one hand, and providing supervision and monitoring to ensure students' safety in educational and leisure contexts.

Although there are increasing reports on connections between cyberbullying and social-networks (see: Gahagan et al., 2016 ), sending SMS or MMS messages through Internet gateways ensures anonymity, thus indirectly supporting cyberbullying. A lot of websites require only login or a phone number that can also be made up ( Gálik et al., 2018 ) which can explain the fact that instant-messaging (IM) was found to be the most common means of cyberbullying among undergraduate students with a negative influence on academic, family, and emotional development (depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation). A possible interpretation of the higher frequency of cyberbullying through IM may be that young adults have a need to be connected.

This medium allows for being online in ‘real time’ with many peers or groups. With the possibility of remaining anonymous (by creating an avatar – a fake profile) and the possibility of exposing private information that remains recorded, students who use instant messaging become easy targets for cyberbullying. IM apps such as WhatsApp are extremely popular as they allow messages, photos, videos, and recordings to be shared and spread widely and in real time.

Students use the Internet as a medium and use it with great frequency in their everyday lives. As more aspects of students' lives and daily affairs are conducted online, coupled with the fact that excessive use may have consequences, it is important for researchers and academic policy makers to study the phenomenon of cyberbullying more deeply.

Sexual orientation is also a significant factor that increases the risk of victimization. Similarly, Rivers (2016) documented the rising incidence of homophobic and transphobic bullying at university and argues strongly for universities to be more active in promoting tolerance and inclusion on campus. It is worth noting that relationships and sexual orientation probably play a huge role in bullying among university students due to their age and the fact that the majority of students are away from home and experiencing different forms of relationships for the first time. Faucher et al. (2014) actually found that same sex cyberbullying was more common at university level than at school. Nonetheless, the research is just not there yet to make firm conclusions.

Finally, cyberbullying is not only an adolescent issue. Although its existence has been proven, studies of cyberbullying among undergraduate students have not been fully developed. This particular population needs special attention in future research.

The results of this study indicate that cyberbullying has an influence on the academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students.

In the academic field, findings revealed a statistically significant correlation between cyberbullying perpetrated by email and academic problems. Relationships between academic problems and cyberbullying perpetrated by other media were not found. This suggests that cyberbullying through instant messaging, chat room, text messaging, and social networking sites, have not influenced academic abilities, motivation to learn, and general satisfaction with the academic environment. However, cyberbullying perpetrated by email has an influence on academics, perhaps because of the high use of this medium among undergraduate students.

With regard to career problems, correlations with cyberbullying were not found. This indicates that cyberbullying has no influence on career problems, perhaps because these kinds of problems are related to future career inspirations, and not to the day-to-day aspects of a student's life.

In the social field, it was found that interpersonal problems such as integration into the social environment, forming a support network, and managing new social freedoms, were related to cyberbullying via social networking sites. This finding is consistent with the high use of social networking sites, the purpose of the medium, and the reported episodes of cyberbullying in that medium.

Family problems were also related to cyberbullying perpetrated by all kinds of media. This may indicate that as cyberbullying through the use of email, instant messaging, chat rooms, text messaging, and social networking sites increases, so do family problems. This could be due to the strong influence that cyberbullying generates in all the frameworks of students, including their families.

Finally, in the emotional field, correlations between cyberbullying perpetrated by all kinds of media and substance abuse were found. This may indicate that as cyberbullying through the use of email, instant messaging, chat rooms, text messaging, and social networking sites increases, so does substance abuse. This is important because cyberbullying may be another risk factor for increasing the probability of substance abuse.

Depression and suicidal ideation were significantly related to the same media – email instant messaging and chat cyberbullying – suggesting that depression may lead to a decision of suicide as a solution to the problem. Previous findings support the above that being an undergraduate student – a victim of cyberbullying emerges as an additional risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms ( Myers and Cowie, 2017 ). Also Selkie et al. (2015) reported among 265 female college students, being engaged in cyberbullying as bullies, victims, or both led to higher rates of depression and alcohol use.

Relationships between anxiety and cyberbullying, through all the media, were not found although Schenk and Fremouw (2012) found that college student victims of cyberbullying scored higher than matched controls on measures of depression, anxiety, phobic anxiety, and paranoia. This may be because it was demonstrated that anxiety is one of the most common reported mental health problems in all undergraduate students, cyberbullied or not.

Self-esteem problems were significantly related to cyberbullying via instant messaging, social networking sites, and text messaging. This may suggest that as cyberbullying through instant messaging, social networking sites, and text messaging increases, so do self-esteem problems. This is an important finding, given that these were the media with more reported episodes of cyberbullying.

5. Conclusions

This findings of this study revealed that cyberbullying exists in colleges and universities, and it has an influence on the academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students.

It was shown that cyberbullying is perpetrated through multiple electronic media such as email, instant messaging, chat rooms, text messaging, and social networking sites. Also, it was demonstrated that students exposed to cyberbullying experience academic problems, interpersonal problems, family problems, depression, substance abuse, suicidal ideation, and self-esteem problems.

Students have exhibited clear preferences towards using the Internet as a medium and utilize it with great frequency in their everyday lives. As more and more aspects of students' lives are conducted online, and with the knowledge that excessive use may have consequences for them, it is important to study the phenomenon of cyberbullying more deeply.

Because college students are preparing to enter the workforce, and several studies have indicated a trend of cyberbullying behavior and victimization throughout a person's lifetime ( Watts et al., 2017 ), the concern is these young adults are bringing these attitudes into the workplace.

Finally, cyberbullying is not only an adolescent issue. Given that studies of cyberbullying among undergraduate students are not fully developed, although existence of the phenomenon is proven, we conclude that the college and university population needs special attention in future areas of research. As it has been indicated by Peled et al. (2012) that firm policy in regard to academic cheating reduces its occurrence, colleges should draw clear guidelines to deal with the problem of cyberbullying, part of it should be a safe and if needed anonymous report system as well as clear punishing policy for perpetrators.

As there's very little research on the effect of cyberbullying on undergraduates students, especially in light of the availability of hand held devices (mainly smartphones) and the dependence on the internet for basically every and any activity, the additional data provided in this research adds to the understanding of the effect of cyberbullying on the welfare of undergraduate students.

Declarations

Author contribution statement.

Yehuda Peled: Conceived and designed the experiments; Performed the experiments; Analyzed and interpreted the data; Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data; Wrote the paper.

Funding statement

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Competing interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

No additional information is available for this paper.

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The Rational Choice Theory is one of the most common and widely accepted theories in criminology. This theory is useful to deter criminal activity by changing the environment that might invite the attention of criminal elements. This theory has a crime displacement application. Most of the initiatives for crime prevention use the Rational Choice Theory. This theory proves that criminals make a rational choice when selecting targets by weighing the pros and cons (Akers, 1990).

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Within the major profession of criminology, one recurring problem is the explanation of criminal behavior patterns and their relationship to crime, involving the subtopics of the sociological legal and psychiatric aspects of crime which contribute to defining and elaborating on criminal behavior.

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GOAL STATEMENT: To determine the profile of robbers arrested in the state of Massachusetts. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: a. Gender b. Ethnicity c. Age d. Employment e. Educational Background

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Introduction When considering the characteristics of the crime as relatively independent phenomena one can understand this phenomenon as socially dangerous one. At the same time, crime is only an element of the public events. Existing and functioning in society, it permeates all different areas and various public attitudes. From this perspective, crime is a social phenomenon, which could be discussed qualitatively. Consequently, this assignment is aimed at analysis of the teaching dataset of British Crime Survey 2007-2008.

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Social control theory obtained popularity across the 1960s which sociologists had different notions about crime. During the period, Travis Hirschi presented forth the innovative control theory rendering. This was a theory based on the existing social control concepts. The intent of this paper is to establish the links between school, family and other social aspects serve as ways of diminishing an individual’s propensity in deviant behavior.

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Students Are Likely Writing Millions of Papers With AI

Illustration of four hands holding pencils that are connected to a central brain

Students have submitted more than 22 million papers that may have used generative AI in the past year, new data released by plagiarism detection company Turnitin shows.

A year ago, Turnitin rolled out an AI writing detection tool that was trained on its trove of papers written by students as well as other AI-generated texts. Since then, more than 200 million papers have been reviewed by the detector, predominantly written by high school and college students. Turnitin found that 11 percent may contain AI-written language in 20 percent of its content, with 3 percent of the total papers reviewed getting flagged for having 80 percent or more AI writing. (Turnitin is owned by Advance, which also owns Condé Nast, publisher of WIRED.) Turnitin says its detector has a false positive rate of less than 1 percent when analyzing full documents.

ChatGPT’s launch was met with knee-jerk fears that the English class essay would die . The chatbot can synthesize information and distill it near-instantly—but that doesn’t mean it always gets it right. Generative AI has been known to hallucinate , creating its own facts and citing academic references that don’t actually exist. Generative AI chatbots have also been caught spitting out biased text on gender and race . Despite those flaws, students have used chatbots for research, organizing ideas, and as a ghostwriter . Traces of chatbots have even been found in peer-reviewed, published academic writing .

Teachers understandably want to hold students accountable for using generative AI without permission or disclosure. But that requires a reliable way to prove AI was used in a given assignment. Instructors have tried at times to find their own solutions to detecting AI in writing, using messy, untested methods to enforce rules , and distressing students. Further complicating the issue, some teachers are even using generative AI in their grading processes.

Detecting the use of gen AI is tricky. It’s not as easy as flagging plagiarism, because generated text is still original text. Plus, there’s nuance to how students use gen AI; some may ask chatbots to write their papers for them in large chunks or in full, while others may use the tools as an aid or a brainstorm partner.

Students also aren't tempted by only ChatGPT and similar large language models. So-called word spinners are another type of AI software that rewrites text, and may make it less obvious to a teacher that work was plagiarized or generated by AI. Turnitin’s AI detector has also been updated to detect word spinners, says Annie Chechitelli, the company’s chief product officer. It can also flag work that was rewritten by services like spell checker Grammarly, which now has its own generative AI tool . As familiar software increasingly adds generative AI components, what students can and can’t use becomes more muddled.

Detection tools themselves have a risk of bias. English language learners may be more likely to set them off; a 2023 study found a 61.3 percent false positive rate when evaluating Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) exams with seven different AI detectors. The study did not examine Turnitin’s version. The company says it has trained its detector on writing from English language learners as well as native English speakers. A study published in October found that Turnitin was among the most accurate of 16 AI language detectors in a test that had the tool examine undergraduate papers and AI-generated papers.

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Schools that use Turnitin had access to the AI detection software for a free pilot period, which ended at the start of this year. Chechitelli says a majority of the service’s clients have opted to purchase the AI detection. But the risks of false positives and bias against English learners have led some universities to ditch the tools for now. Montclair State University in New Jersey announced in November that it would pause use of Turnitin’s AI detector. Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University did the same last summer.

“This is hard. I understand why people want a tool,” says Emily Isaacs, executive director of the Office of Faculty Excellence at Montclair State. But Isaacs says the university is concerned about potentially biased results from AI detectors, as well as the fact that the tools can’t provide confirmation the way they can with plagiarism. Plus, Montclair State doesn’t want to put a blanket ban on AI, which will have some place in academia. With time and more trust in the tools, the policies could change. “It’s not a forever decision, it’s a now decision,” Isaacs says.

Chechitelli says the Turnitin tool shouldn’t be the only consideration in passing or failing a student. Instead, it’s a chance for teachers to start conversations with students that touch on all of the nuance in using generative AI. “People don’t really know where that line should be,” she says.

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Read our research on: Gun Policy | International Conflict | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

Americans’ use of chatgpt is ticking up, but few trust its election information.

It’s been more than a year since ChatGPT’s public debut set the tech world abuzz . And Americans’ use of the chatbot is ticking up: 23% of U.S. adults say they have ever used it, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in February, up from 18% in July 2023.

The February survey also asked Americans about several ways they might use ChatGPT, including for workplace tasks, for learning and for fun. While growing shares of Americans are using the chatbot for these purposes, the public is more wary than not of what the chatbot might tell them about the 2024 U.S. presidential election. About four-in-ten adults have not too much or no trust in the election information that comes from ChatGPT. By comparison, just 2% have a great deal or quite a bit of trust.

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand Americans’ use of ChatGPT and their attitudes about the chatbot. For this analysis, we surveyed 10,133 U.S. adults from Feb. 7 to Feb. 11, 2024.

Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way, nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

Below we’ll look more closely at:

Which U.S. adults have used ChatGPT
How Americans are using it
How much Americans trust ChatGPT’s election information

Who has used ChatGPT?

A line chart showing that chatGPT use has ticked up since July, particularly among younger adults.

Most Americans still haven’t used the chatbot, despite the uptick since our July 2023 survey on this topic . But some groups remain far more likely to have used it than others.

Differences by age

Adults under 30 stand out: 43% of these young adults have used ChatGPT, up 10 percentage points since last summer. Use of the chatbot is also up slightly among those ages 30 to 49 and 50 to 64. Still, these groups remain less likely than their younger peers to have used the technology. Just 6% of Americans 65 and up have used ChatGPT.

Differences by education

Highly educated adults are most likely to have used ChatGPT: 37% of those with a postgraduate or other advanced degree have done so, up 8 points since July 2023. This group is more likely to have used ChatGPT than those with a bachelor’s degree only (29%), some college experience (23%) or a high school diploma or less (12%).

How have Americans used ChatGPT?

Since March 2023, we’ve also tracked three potential reasons Americans might use ChatGPT: for work, to learn something new or for entertainment.

Line charts showing that the share of employed Americans who have used ChatGPT for work has risen by double digits in the past year.

The share of employed Americans who have used ChatGPT on the job increased from 8% in March 2023 to 20% in February 2024, including an 8-point increase since July.

Turning to U.S. adults overall, about one-in-five have used ChatGPT to learn something new (17%) or for entertainment (17%). These shares have increased from about one-in-ten in March 2023.

Line charts showing that about a third of employed Americans under 30 have now used ChatGPT for work.

Use of ChatGPT for work, learning or entertainment has largely risen across age groups over the past year. Still, there are striking differences between these groups (those 18 to 29, 30 to 49, and 50 and older).

For example, about three-in-ten employed adults under 30 (31%) say they have used it for tasks at work – up 19 points from a year ago, with much of that increase happening since July. These younger workers are more likely than their older peers to have used ChatGPT in this way.

Adults under 30 also stand out in using the chatbot for learning. And when it comes to entertainment, those under 50 are more likely than older adults to use ChatGPT for this purpose.

A third of employed Americans with a postgraduate degree have used ChatGPT for work, compared with smaller shares of workers who have a bachelor’s degree only (25%), some college (19%) or a high school diploma or less (8%).

Those shares have each roughly tripled since March 2023 for workers with a postgraduate degree, bachelor’s degree or some college. Among workers with a high school diploma or less, use is statistically unchanged from a year ago.

Using ChatGPT for other purposes also varies by education level, though the patterns are slightly different. For example, a quarter each of postgraduate and bachelor’s degree-holders have used ChatGPT for learning, compared with 16% of those with some college experience and 11% of those with a high school diploma or less education. Each of these shares is up from a year ago.

ChatGPT and the 2024 presidential election

With more people using ChatGPT, we also wanted to understand whether Americans trust the information they get from it, particularly in the context of U.S. politics.

A horizontal stacked bar chart showing that about 4 in 10 Americans don’t trust information about the election that comes from ChatGPT.

About four-in-ten Americans (38%) don’t trust the information that comes from ChatGPT about the 2024 U.S. presidential election – that is, they say they have not too much trust (18%) or no trust at all (20%).

A mere 2% have a great deal or quite a bit of trust, while 10% have some trust.

Another 15% aren’t sure, while 34% have not heard of ChatGPT.

Distrust far outweighs trust regardless of political party. About four-in-ten Republicans and Democrats alike (including those who lean toward each party) have not too much or no trust at all in ChatGPT’s election information.

Notably, however, very few Americans have actually used the chatbot to find information about the presidential election: Just 2% of adults say they have done so, including 2% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents and 1% of Republicans and GOP leaners.

These survey findings come amid growing national attention on chatbots and misinformation. Several tech companies have recently pledged to prevent the misuse of artificial intelligence – including chatbots – in this year’s election. But recent reports suggest chatbots themselves may provide misleading answers to election-related questions .

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and the survey methodology .

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Many Americans think generative AI programs should credit the sources they rely on

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About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry
A common reason given by students for studying criminology is because it is thought to be an 'interesting' subject (Walters and Kremser, 2016).While some speculate that students may be influenced by the 'CSI effect', 'just as many are propelled into the field as a result of more altruistic and personal motivations' (Belknap and Potter, 2007: 16) and because they want to 'help ...
Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry
Yet despite the rise in the number of criminology students in HEIs in the UK, little statistical research has been carried out on this cohort. This paper reports on survey data gathered from three ...
Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry
Using a narrative inquiry, three types of stories emerged through our analysis: stories about (1) building on existing interests, (2) understanding the 'self', and (3) securing 'justice' and 'helping' others. The stories students tell about their exposure to 'crime' help motivate their decision to study criminology, while their ...
Criminology Research Paper
Criminology Research Paper. This sample criminology research paper features: 6300 words (approx. 21 pages), an outline, and a bibliography with 49 sources. Browse other research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a thorough research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced ...
(PDF) STRESS AND COPING MECHANISM AMONG CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS
used by the criminology students. Wh ile the negative coping mechanism presented seven coping strategies with. a weighted mean of 2.00, the top three negative copings found, (1) criticize me ...
Full article: Exploring the Criminology Curriculum
Howes (Citation 2017) research suggests that many criminology students develop their critical thinking skills in relation to how crime and criminal justice is conceptualised, however, ... Papers from the British Criminology Conference, 19, 84-105. Google Scholar. Tewell, E. (2019). Reframing reference for marginalized students: A ...
Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry
The number of students studying criminology at university has significantly increased. Yet, criminology students have been all but ignored in research, despite being key stakeholders and ambassadors in the criminological enterprise. Drawing on the analysis of 12 in-depth interviews, we explore why students are motivated to study criminology and how these motivations are linked to their past ...
Student Criminality: the Influence of Strain, Family and Peers
in crime (Agnew, 2001). Agnew (2006) focuses on five different factors that may. condition the effect of strain on crime: (1) poor coping skills and resources, (2) low levels. of conventional social support, (3) low social control, (4) association with criminal others.
(PDF) Introduction: Qualitative Research in Criminology
Introduction: Qualitative Research in Criminology. Michael Meuser & Gabi Löschper. Abstract: This paper begins with a brief overview of research traditions that paved the way for qual-. itative ...
Research in Action: Student Perceptions of Active Learning in Criminal
These assignments were designed around the subjects of sampling, content analysis, and survey craftsmanship. The students completed the activities during class and then completed a brief survey immediately following the activity. A total of 72 students were part of the study (32 in a traditional course and 40 in a hybrid course).
(PDF) Academic Engagement of Criminology Students in Northwestern
Related Papers. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research ... (5%). This is because criminology students tend to be fond in sports, there are very interesting academic subjects such as │ 63 ISSN 2808-4640 Applied Quantitative Analysis (AQA), Vol. 2 (1), 49-68 Academic Engagement of Criminology ...
Using Student Samples in Criminological Research
In criminology and criminal justice, student samples are often used in behavioral studies, tests of criminological theories, pilot tests of methodologies, and in evaluating attitudes toward crime and justice issues. This article provides an overview of the types of studies that have used students as samples in criminological research.
Criminology Research Paper Topics
The purpose of this page is to provide students with a comprehensive list of criminology research paper topics, organized into 10 categories, each with 10 topics. These categories include criminology, types of crime, correlates of crime, theories of crime, measurement and research in criminology, criminal justice system, criminal justice ...
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428 Criminology Research Topics & Questions for Students
Criminology is the study of crime and criminal behavior, supported by the principles of sociology and other sciences, including economics, statistics, and psychology. Criminologists study a variety of related areas, including: Characteristics of people who commit crimes. Reasons behind committing different crimes.
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This research study draw pertinent data and information needed to determine the Perception of Criminology students of Bulacan State University towards ROTC program, this study utilized the descriptive method of research, which refers to the description, recording analysis and interpretation of the present condition of research.
256 Criminology Research Topics & Criminal Justice Topics for Papers
Other Criminology Research Topics. Corporate crime: the ruling class criminals. Genetics: illegal research and its dangers. Hate crime: the implications in criminal justice. Serial killers: risk groups, ways of detection and prevention. Serial killers: portrayal in media.
(PDF) Using Student Samples in Criminological Research
In criminology and criminal justice, student samples are. often used in behavioral studies, tests of criminological theories, pilot tests of ... author on a research paper or conference ...
Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional
A research, of 187 undergraduate students matriculated at a large U.S. Northeastern metropolitan Roman Catholic university (Webber and Ovedovitz, 2018), found that 4.3% indicated that they were victims of cyberbullying at the university level and a total of 7.5% students acknowledged having participated in bullying at that level while A survey ...
Criminology Research Papers Samples For Students
Research Paper On Hirschi's Social Bond Control Theory. "In 1969 Travis Hirschi had come up with the theory of social control and social bond theory" . His theories were implemented into criminology studies over the years. Some theorists have argued his theories, and debated on the positivity and worthiness of them.
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Setting of the study The study was conducted at the Agoncillo College Inc and is located at Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas. In this school, the population of students taking up Criminology course comprised of 8 students, 4 from Fourth Year and 4 from First year. Research Instrument. Poblacion, Agoncillo, Batangas COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY 16
PDF The Impact of Covid-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations
honors students, suggesting that, a priori, most engaged students strongly prefer in-person classes. As expected, the COVID-19 outbreak also had large negative e ects on students' current labor market participation and expectations about post-college labor outcomes. Working students su ered a 31% decrease
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Academic Engagement of Criminology Students in Northwestern University The Philippines

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Cyberbullying and its influence on academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students

1. Introduction

1.1. Cyberbullying and internet

1.2. Mediums to perpetrate cyberbullying

1.3. Types of cyberbullying

1.4. Prevalence of cyberbullying

1.5. Psychological impact of cyberbullying

1.6. Academic, social, and emotional development of undergraduate students

2.1. Research settings and participants

2.2. Instrumentation

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

Declarations

Funding statement

Competing interest statement

Additional information

Criminology Research Papers Samples For Students

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Origins of the theory

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Section 2: Body Sections

RESEARCH QUESTIONS