urdu grammar essay

A Concise Guide to Urdu Grammar

Edgar Allan Poe believed, “A man’s grammar, like Caesar’s wife, should not only be pure, but above suspicion of impurity.” 

If you want to sanctify your Urdu grammar, you’re in the right place.

The structure of every language hinges upon its grammar. Having a basic understanding of a language’s grammar allows learners to fine-tune their listening comprehension and use the language clearly and accurately. On this page, UrduPod101.com will inspire you to learn Urdu grammar in full by providing you with comprehensive overviews of the Urdu grammar basics and showing you how everything falls together.

• The Urdu Script and Transliteration System
• Urdu Syntax and Word Order
• Verbs and Tenses
• Interrogation

1. The Urdu Script and Transliteration System

Urdu is a complete language with a unique script. It borrows its script from two widely popular oriental languages: Persian and Arabic. خطِ نستعلیق ( khat-e-Nastaliq ) is the standard Urdu writing system, which emerged from a mixture of two different writing scripts called Naskh and Talique . As a rule, you’ll find it written from right to left (instead of left to right, like in English). This writing script includes thirty-eight letters and ten vowel marks (called airaabs ).

2. Urdu Syntax and Word Order

As an English speaker, you’re probably used to the SVO (Subject + Verb + Object) word order. Well, in Urdu grammar, sentences follow the SOV (Subject + Object + Verb) order , where the verb and object switch places.

Urdu is called a ‘verb final’ language because, syntactically, the verb comes at the end of the sentence.

To understand this properly, have a look at the following example:

میں چائے پیتا ہوں۔ mei chaye peeta hun . Subject + Object + Verb

In English, this sentence would be:

I take tea. Subject + Verb + Object

The word order will take some getting used to, but with enough practice and exposure, it will become second-nature to you.

I take tea.

3. Verbs and Tenses

In Urdu grammar, verbs are rather complex. That said, it’s generally best to start learning the Urdu verbs in their basic (infinitive) form.

Urdu Infinitives

Urdu infinitives always end with نا ( na ):

•  بولنا ( bolna ) – “to speak”
• ہنسنا ( hansna ) – “to laugh”
•  دوڑنا ( dodhna ) – “to run”

See our article on the 100+ Must-Know Urdu Verbs on UrduPod101.com to learn the most common verbs and how to use them.

The Conjugation of Urdu Verbs

Once you’ve learned a good number of Urdu infinitives, you’ll be better placed to start learning how to conjugate them. We’ll admit that Urdu verb conjugation is pretty complex, but there are several keys to it that will make the process simpler for you over time.

Urdu verbs conjugate according to the tense, person, number, gender, and mood. For the purposes of this overview, we’ll discuss the two most important factors: tense and gender.

In Urdu grammar, tenses affect conjugation in a consistent manner. To see what we mean, study the example given below.

سونا ( sona ) is the base for the Urdu verb that means “to sleep.” Now, let’s have a look at how it conjugates in the present, past, and future simple tenses.

وہ سوتا ہے۔ woh sota hai. “He sleeps.”

وہ سویا۔ woh soya. “He slept.”

وہ سوئے گا۔ woh soye ga. “He will sleep.”

Gender also plays a vital role in the conjugation of Urdu verbs. Let’s see how gender affects the conjugation of سونا ( sona ), or “to sleep.”

میں سوتا ہوں۔ mein sota hun. “I sleep.”

میں سوتی ہوں۔ mein soti hun. “I sleep.”

You can see that the English translation of the sentence remains the same, while the gender of the subject has conjugated the verb in Urdu. To learn everything about verb conjugation in Urdu, visit our Urdu Verb Conjugation article on UrduPod101.com .

Now that we’ve talked about verbs and their conjugation, let’s spend some time discussing the Urdu nouns.

Every Noun Has a Gender 

Remember: In Urdu, every noun has a gender. This means that it’s necessary for foreigners to learn the nouns with their proper gender. 

For example:

• کرسی ( kursi ) – “chair” [feminine]
• میز ( maze ) – “table” [masculine]

Once you acquire the skill of using Urdu nouns properly, it means that you’ve covered a long distance in your learning and aren’t very far away from total mastery!

Noun Types and Placement in Sentences

The two basic noun types in Urdu are: 

• اسمِ نکرہ ( isme nakirah ) – “common noun”
• اسمِ معرفہ ( isme marfa ) – “proper noun” 

They play the same roles in Urdu as their counterparts do in English. Normally, Urdu nouns are placed between the subject and verb of a sentence.

To know more on this topic, read our Urdu Nouns article on UrduPod101.com .

5. Pronouns

Just like English pronouns, Urdu pronouns play a significant role in the structure and function of sentences. They replace nouns that are mentioned more than once in order to avoid repetition.

Basic Types of Urdu Pronouns

Urdu uses many of the same pronoun types as English does. For example, you’ll find the following groups in Urdu:

• ضمیر متکلم ( zameer mutkallam ) – “first person”
• ضمیر حاضر ( zameer hazir ) – “second person”
• ضمیر غائب ( zameer ghayab ) – “third person”

The Special Case of تم ( tum ) and آپ ( aap )

In Pakistan, always be vigilant when using the second person pronoun “you,” which can be translated two ways: آپ ( aap ) and تم ( tum ). You must use the former with people you don’t know, the elderly, or those who are above you in status; it sounds the most respectful and formal. Use the latter only if you’ve developed a high level of intimacy with the other person. Otherwise, you may face some serious repercussions. To explore this topic further, read our Urdu Pronoun article on UrduPod101.com .

6. Adjectives

Like those in English, Urdu adjectives describe nouns and thus are a crucial element of Urdu grammar. Let’s have a cursory look at the nature and function of Urdu adjectives.

The first thing that you must learn is that the gender of an adjective is determined by the noun:  

• گہرا دریا ( gehra darya ) – “deep river”
• گہری نہر ( gehri nehar ) – “deep canal”

In the first example, the adjective گہرا ( gehra ) is used in masculine form because the noun دریا ( darya ) is masculine. In the second example, the adjective گہری ( gehri ) is used in feminine form because the noun نہر ( nehar ) is feminine. Thus, you can see how Urdu adjectives must agree in gender with the noun they describe.

Also remember that Urdu adjectives are normally placed before the nouns they describe. 

7. Negation

In the Urdu language, نہیں ( nahi ) and نہ ( nah ) are the most important words of negation. They are equivalent to “no” or “not” in English. Being able to use these words of negation in your own Urdu sentences is a huge milestone, as it will allow you to communicate more complex thoughts. 

Here are a couple of examples of how these words can be used:

یہ نہ کرو۔ yeh na karo. “Don’t do this.”

میں تم سے ناراض نہیں ہوں۔ mein tum se naraz nahi hun. “I am not angry with you.”

8. Interrogation

You can hardly imagine a conversation without questions, right? Let’s look at how to form questions in Urdu! 

Words of Interrogation

The first step is to memorize the question words in Urdu. These are:

• کیا ( kia ) – “what”
• کیوں ( kyun ) – “why”
• کب ( kab ) – “when”
• کہاں ( kahan ) – “where”
• کیسے ( kaise ) – “how”

Using These Words in Questions

Got it? Great! Then let’s see how to form interrogative sentences with them. 

You can form questions by placing the appropriate question word at the beginning of the sentence or after the subject. 

کیا تم خوش ہو؟ kia tum khush ho? “Are you happy?”

 تم کیسے ہو؟ tum kaise ho? “How are you?”

تم کیوں ناراض ہو؟ tum kyun naraz ho? “Why are you angry?”

تم کہاں ہو؟ tum kahan ho? “Where are you?”

تم کب آؤ گے؟ tum kab aaoge? “When will you come?”

9. Conclusion

We’ve now guided you on the basic Urdu grammar rules. You can always use this concise Urdu grammar guide as a quick reference point for your Urdu learning in the future. 

How do you feel so far? If you have any questions or concerns about something we covered here, don’t hesitate to let us know! We’ll be glad to help you out. And if you feel like you need to go over this information with fresh eyes, check out our lesson Painless Urdu Grammar . 

If you enjoyed this lesson and want to learn more with us, feel free to explore UrduPod101.com. We are a rich repository of Urdu language learning resources designed to enhance your Urdu vocabulary , pronunciation , and other relevant skills.

Very Happy Urdu Learning! 

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• , February 22, 2024

Urdu Grammar: Learn 6 Most Important Parts Of Speech

If you are learning the Urdu language, then knowing basic vocab won’t be enough. To make sentences and communicate like a native speaker, you must learn Urdu grammar. Hence, this blog post will walk you through Urdu grammar in the simplest way possible. So let’s get started!

When it comes to the grammar of the Urdu language , the first thing you should know is that the Urdu language is highly inflected. This means that almost every word has a different form depending on its function in the sentence (subject, object, etc.). Though it may sound tricky, we’ll do our best to explain this with the rest of the lessons in this blog.

What Is The Urdu Grammar?

Urdu is the lingua franca, also known as, the official language of Pakistan. It is widely spoken in Pakistan, along with some regions of India. Urdu is considered a mixture of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic; thus, many words in Urdu are from these languages. Urdu is exceptionally close to Hindi, as both have been derived from Sanskrit and are also often called Hindustani.

Adjectives In Urdu Grammar

Adjectives are called sifat ( صفت ) in Urdu grammar. These describe the qualities of a noun or pronoun.

For example:

• Urdu: Mujhe ek khoobsurat billi chahiye ( مجھے ایک خوبصورت بلی چاہیے۔)
• English: I want a beautiful cat.

The word khoobsurat ( خوبصورت) means beautiful .

Let’s look at more adjectives in Urdu .

What Are Urdu Nouns?

Nouns are called Ism ( اسم ) in Urdu grammar. These can be the names of a person, place, or thing.

• Urdu: Mera naam Liya hai ( میرا نام لیا ہے۔ )
• English: My name is Liya .

The word Liya ( لیا ) is a name that is a noun.

Let’s look at more nouns in Urdu .

What Are Urdu Pronouns?

The word for pronouns in Urdu is Ism-e-zameer ( اسم ضمیر )

• Urdu: Aap merey saath asaktey hain ( آپ میرے ساتھ آ سکتے ہیں۔ )
• English: You can come with me.

Aap ( آپ ) is a pronoun meaning you .

Let’s look at most pronouns in Urdu .

Adverbs In Urdu

The word for adverbs in Urdu is Mutaliq fail ( متعلق فعل) . Adverbs talk about the quality of verbs that we will talk about next.

• Urdu: jaldi karo hamain der ho rahi hai ( جلدی کرو ہمیں دیر ہو رہی ہے۔)
• English: Hurry up, we are getting late.

Jaldi kero ( جلدی کرو ) is an adverb meaning hurry up.

Check out the rest of these adverbs in Urdu to familiarize yourself with the Urdu adverbs vocabulary.

Example Of Urdu Verbs

The word for Verb in Urdu is Fael ( فعل ) . It describes the action done by a noun/pronoun.

• Urdu: wo bathroom chala gaya ( وہ باتھ روم چلا گیا۔ )
• English: He went to the bathroom.

Chala gaya ( چلا گیا) is a verb meaning went .

Here is a list of Urdu verbs for you.

Conjunctions In Urdu

Conjunctions are called haroof e ataf ( حروف عطف ) in Urdu grammar. These connect different phrases and words in the Urdu language.

• Urdu: mujhe aik bili aur aik kutta chahiye ( مجھے ایک بلی اور ایک کتا چاہیے۔ )
• English: I need a cat and a dog.

The word (aur) اور means and .

Let’s look at more conjunctions in Urdu .

Want To Know More Than Urdu Grammar? Learn With Ling!

If you only speak your mother tongue, you need to learn a new language, as knowing a second language makes your brain sharper, and you feel more connected to other cultures.

If you want to learn the Urdu language, practice on the Ling app for fifteen minutes daily. You can learn the official languages of ten-plus countries . Acquire more vocabulary in the Urdu language easily with Ling . Download the Ling app from the Google Play Store  or  App Store  and sign up to start learning Urdu! Happy learning!

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Essay Writing Tips in the Urdu Language

• Post author: Mr-Teacher
• Post last modified: February 21, 2023

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Are you learning Urdu and need to write your first essay in the Urdu language? It won’t be as easy as ABC because you must do much research to complete a high-quality paper. Urdu refers to rare languages and has distinctive features and peculiarities. More and more students decide to contact professional academic writers at essay writing services not to fail and submit a flawless essay in Urdu. Want to write an insightful essay that will be evaluated positively? You’ve come to the right place. Here is a collection of expert writing tips from SmartWritingService that will make the essay writing process easier and more effective. 

Choose the Topic You Know the Best

First, choose the topic you can reveal in the Urdu language. If you are a beginner, you shouldn’t pick complex topics. It will be hard to discuss them, and you won’t be able to give information on all the topic issues. Don’t choose too broad or too narrow topics. Brainstorm ideas on the topics you are interested in and feel passionate about discussing. Ensure you know all the necessary Urdu words and terms to discuss the chosen subject.

Conduct Research and Analysis

The second thing you need to do is to search for credible sources of information. You need to use only educational websites and electronic libraries with trusted sources. Don’t use any facts or data until you make sure all the information is true. You can use books, articles from newspapers, and web sources. The more sources you use, the better. Collect all the information on the topic you can find and analyze what pieces of information are valuable for your essay.

Write a Detailed Essay Outline

Now you have a topic and enough material to get started. Make an essay outline to have a clear picture of how to structure your essay paper. Using a good outline you won’t miss any important ideas on the subject. 

Divide Your Content into 3 Parts

Your essay should consist of 3 parts: an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. You should start with an engaging opening paragraph. The main key to success is to include interesting facts or a story about your topic. You should structure your essay, so the content is easy to perceive and understand. There is a wealth of literature in Urdu. This is the literature of Indian Muslims that dates back to the 13th century. Until the beginning of the 19th century, it was represented mainly by lyric poetry on religious-philosophical themes and was strongly influenced by Persian poetry. It’s a good idea to include poetry in your essay. Find several lines that reflect on your essay topic and use them at the beginning of your essay paper.

Write a short introduction to attract the reader’s attention and proceed to the main part of the essay. Here, you need to discuss all the key issues, give arguments for each of the discussion points, and start any new idea from the new paragraph. Finally, conclude your Urdu essay with several sentences that will make it clear to the reader why he/she has spent time learning the topic. Write about the possibility of further research on the topic. The conclusion should be brief, clear, and concise. 

Pay a Special Attention to Grammar in Urdu

The grammar of Urdu is generally similar to that of Hindi; however, due to the cultural separation of Muslims from Hindus, Urdu has incorporated some elements characteristic of the grammar of Arabic and Persian. 

• Nouns, pronouns, and verbs change in numbers (singular and plural) and cases (direct, indirect, vocative), verbs, some adjectives, and nouns also in gender (masculine and feminine). Some postpositions also vary in gender and number.
• Urdu pronouns are classified into several groups of meanings. Urdu has no negative pronouns; instead, negative constructions with indefinite pronouns are used. By the nature of the changes and functions in the sentence, pronouns are divided into pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, and pronouns-numerals. There are several types of participles in Urdu. The participles combine verbal and nominal signs. Foreign language (Arabic, Persian) participles in Urdu are used as ordinary adjectives.
• There are several types of verb tenses in Urdu. In terms of the present, there are two kinds, in terms of the past – three, and in terms of the future, the kind can both be expressed (in three forms) and remain unexpressed. Most tenses are formed by creating a nominal predicate from a participle and an auxiliary verb. The imperative mood has several forms, which differ in the degree of politeness. Also, in Urdu, there are “intensive verbs” – combinations of the stem of a verb with one of the 12 service verbs. As a result of this combination, the main verb receives a refined shade of its meaning. Intensive verbs are usually not recorded in dictionaries, they are not separate verbs, and in each particular case, they are formed directly in speech.

Proofread and edit the essay, if necessary. Make sure it doesn’t contain grammar errors, and that the whole essay sounds logical. If you lack essay writing skills or knowledge of the Urdu language, don’t hesitate to ask custom writers to check your paper and make it error-free. Experienced writers will provide a high-quality essay sample on the necessary topic to get inspired and learn how to express your thoughts in Urdu.

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9th Urdu Grammar Notes Chapter Wise Free Download in PDF

Latest update.

Updated February 2024 The most recent updates regarding 9th Class Urdu Grammar Notes 2024 are now accessible on the Ilmkidunya website, where PDF files have been uploaded for the convenience of students. These notes offer a convenient way for students to access and download material to enrich their learning journey effectively.

Urdu grammar is considered as the helping part of Urdu. Urdu grammar is very important subject. For understanding the Urdu, a student must have to understand Urdu grammar. Urdu grammar is a major portion of Urdu board exam.

Almost half exam consists of grammar portion. Mostly students find this portion difficult. Urdu grammar is taught as a compulsory subject to the students till intermediate.  The students can easily prepare Urdu grammar through notes. As the syllabus of Urdu and Urdu grammar is too much so most students want to get prepared notes. For the federal board students of 9th class, the best notes for Urdu grammar are available now on this page. Every student wants to get maximum marks in the Urdu board exam so they have to prepare both Urdu and Urdu grammar in the best way.

A student can get good marks in Urdu if he knows the techniques to solve the exam. The notes of complete book of 9th Urdu grammar for federal board are given on this page. We are providing Urdu grammar federal board 9th class notes on this page. 

9th Class Urdu Grammar PDF Notes

9th class notes, federal board.

9th Class Urdu Grammar Notes Federal Board

The best and important notes of Urdu grammar for 9th class are available here which are prepared by our experienced professors. The students can download these important notes free of cost in pdf file. In these notes, the rules of Urdu grammar are well explained and all the important things are highlighted. Download Urdu grammar federal board 9th class notes in pdf and start the best preparation for Urdu board exam. Students can easily save those notes.

9th Class Urdu Grammar Federal Board Notes 2024

Ilmkidunya is providing the best material in the form of notes to the students of 9th class federal board. Now they students don’t need to worry if they don’t have helping books or notes because they can prepare the best notes of Urdu grammar from here for free. You can download Urdu grammar federal board 9th class notes for the best preparation of Urdu grammar. Now, all students can study online from our website and can make the best preparation of their board exams. 

These notes shall be very helpful in the Urdu board exam and the students can get maximum marks in the exam by preparing these important notes. All portions of Urdu grammar are well elaborated in these notes. The online video lectures and online tests for Urdu grammar are also available for the students. The students can get help from online lectures and the important notes.  The important studies material is provided on ilmkidunya website for the students.

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Abdul Basit

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Shameer Hussain

Sir please share the class nine quran study notes

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to continue to ilmkidunya.com

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Grammar – Letters

aaj ik aur baras biit gayā us ke baġhair

jis ke hote hue hote the zamāne mere

urdu essays

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Editor : Syed Zaheeruddin Madni

Publisher : writers emporium, mumbai, origin : mumbai, india, year of publication : 1957, language : urdu, categories : essays & profiles, sub categories : essays, pages : 228, contributor : darul musannefin shibli academy, azamgarh.

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Navaye Adab Jild 2 Shumara 1

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Jashn-e-Rekhta | 8-9-10 December 2023 - Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, Near India Gate - New Delhi

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Guest Essay

José Andrés: Let People Eat

By José Andrés

Mr. Andrés is the founder of World Central Kitchen.

In the worst conditions you can imagine — after hurricanes, earthquakes, bombs and gunfire — the best of humanity shows up. Not once or twice but always.

The seven people killed on a World Central Kitchen mission in Gaza on Monday were the best of humanity. They are not faceless or nameless. They are not generic aid workers or collateral damage in war.

Saifeddin Issam Ayad Abutaha, John Chapman, Jacob Flickinger, Zomi Frankcom, James Henderson, James Kirby and Damian Sobol risked everything for the most fundamentally human activity: to share our food with others.

These are people I served alongside in Ukraine, Turkey, Morocco, the Bahamas, Indonesia, Mexico, Gaza and Israel. They were far more than heroes.

Their work was based on the simple belief that food is a universal human right. It is not conditional on being good or bad, rich or poor, left or right. We do not ask what religion you belong to. We just ask how many meals you need.

From Day 1, we have fed Israelis as well as Palestinians. Across Israel, we have served more than 1.75 million hot meals. We have fed families displaced by Hezbollah rockets in the north. We have fed grieving families from the south. We delivered meals to the hospitals where hostages were reunited with their families. We have called consistently, repeatedly and passionately for the release of all the hostages.

All the while, we have communicated extensively with Israeli military and civilian officials. At the same time, we have worked closely with community leaders in Gaza, as well as Arab nations in the region. There is no way to bring a ship full of food to Gaza without doing so.

That’s how we served more than 43 million meals in Gaza, preparing hot food in 68 community kitchens where Palestinians are feeding Palestinians.

We know Israelis. Israelis, in their heart of hearts, know that food is not a weapon of war.

Israel is better than the way this war is being waged. It is better than blocking food and medicine to civilians. It is better than killing aid workers who had coordinated their movements with the Israel Defense Forces.

The Israeli government needs to open more land routes for food and medicine today. It needs to stop killing civilians and aid workers today. It needs to start the long journey to peace today.

In the worst conditions, after the worst terrorist attack in its history, it’s time for the best of Israel to show up. You cannot save the hostages by bombing every building in Gaza. You cannot win this war by starving an entire population.

We welcome the government’s promise of an investigation into how and why members of our World Central Kitchen family were killed. That investigation needs to start at the top, not just the bottom.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has said of the Israeli killings of our team, “It happens in war.” It was a direct attack on clearly marked vehicles whose movements were known by the Israel Defense Forces.

It was also the direct result of a policy that squeezed humanitarian aid to desperate levels. Our team was en route from a delivery of almost 400 tons of aid by sea — our second shipment, funded by the United Arab Emirates, supported by Cyprus and with clearance from the Israel Defense Forces.

The team members put their lives at risk precisely because this food aid is so rare and desperately needed. According to the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification global initiative, half the population of Gaza — 1.1. million people — faces the imminent risk of famine. The team would not have made the journey if there were enough food, traveling by truck across land, to feed the people of Gaza.

The peoples of the Mediterranean and Middle East, regardless of ethnicity and religion, share a culture that values food as a powerful statement of humanity and hospitality — of our shared hope for a better tomorrow.

There’s a reason, at this special time of year, Christians make Easter eggs, Muslims eat an egg at iftar dinners and an egg sits on the Seder plate. This symbol of life and hope reborn in spring extends across religions and cultures.

I have been a stranger at Seder dinners. I have heard the ancient Passover stories about being a stranger in the land of Egypt, the commandment to remember — with a feast before you — that the children of Israel were once slaves.

It is not a sign of weakness to feed strangers; it is a sign of strength. The people of Israel need to remember, at this darkest hour, what strength truly looks like.

José Andrés is a chef and the founder of World Central Kitchen.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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Essay on Importance of Urdu Language in Urdu

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اردو زبان کی اہمیت پر مضمون

اردو زبان وہ پیاری زبان ہے جس سے محبت کی خوشبو آتی ہے۔ اردو زبان ہندوستان کا فخر ہے۔ اس ملک کو نعرۂ انقلاب دینے والی اردو زبان ہی ہے۔ اردو زبان کی اہمیت کا اندازہ اس بات سے لگایا جا سکتا ہے کہ یہ اردو زبان ہی ہے جو قوموں کے درمیان رابطے کا ذریعہ بنی ہے۔ یہ وہ اردو زبان ہے جس کی شیرینی اور پیرائے اظہار کی نزاکت ہی اس کی مقبولیت کا سب سے اہم راز ہے۔ اردو کا لہجہ جہاں پیار و محبت سے ڈھلا ہے وہیں یہ حسن و عشق کے سوز و گداز سے بھی مزین ہے۔

تقسیم ہند کے بعد اردو کو وہ مقام حاصل نہیں ہوسکا جس کی وہ مستحق تھی۔ اردو صرف زبان ہی کا نام نہیں بلکہ وہ ایک چلتی پھرتی تہذیب کا نام ہے۔ اردو زبان کی بدقسمتی ہے جو اسے ہندوستان میں قومی زبان کا درجہ نہیں دیا گیا لیکن اس کے باوجود گفتگو گفت و شنید اور بول چال میں اسے قومی زبان کا درجہ حاصل ہے۔

ہم سب کو اپنے ذہن سے یہ بات نکال دینی چاہیے کہ ہم یا پھر ہمارے بچے اردو زبان نہیں جانتے۔ حقیقت تو یہ ہے کہ ہم سب اردو جانتے ہیں۔ اردو زبان صرف مادری زبان ہی نہیں بلکہ ہندوستان کی ایک کثیر آبادی آج بھی اردو بولتی اور جانتی ہے۔ لیکن یہ بھی ہماری بدبختی ہی ہے جو ہم نے اردو زبان کو صرف فطری طور پر بولنے کی حد تک ہی محدود رکھا ہے۔

ملک کے سبھی علاقوں کی بول چال کی زبان بلا لحاظ مذہب رنگ و نسل اور ذات پات آج بھی ہندوستانی ہے۔ اس ہندوستانی زبان میں آج ملک کی تقریب ڈیڑھ کروڑ عوام جو الگ الگ زبانیں بولتے ہیں سب کو ایک ساتھ جوڑ کر رکھا ہے۔ تعصب اور تنگ نظری یا پھر کسی وجہ سے ہم جسے ہندوستانی کا نام دے رہے ہیں وہ ہندوستانی کیا ہے؟ ایسے متعصب ذہنوں کو معلوم ہونا چاہیے کہ اردو دراصل اسی ہندوستانی بول چال کی معیاری شکل کا نام ہے۔

زبان کو روزمرہ کے کام تک ہی محدود رکھنا ہی کافی نہیں ہوتا۔بول چال کے علاوہ اس کا لکھنا اور پڑھنا بھی زبان والوں کے لئے بے حد ضروری ہے۔ خاص طور پر ان کے لیے جن کی یہ مادری زبان ہوتی ہے۔

جب تک کہ ہم اپنے بچوں اور گھر والوں کو اردو پڑھنے اور لکھنے کے لائق نہیں بنائیں گے تب تک اردو کے روشن مستقبل کی سب تدبیریں دھری کی دھری رہ جائیں گی۔ ہمیں انفرادی طور پر اردو کے استعمال کو لازمی کرنا ہوگا۔ جب تک ہم انفرادی طور پر اردو کے استعمال کو لازمی نہیں کریں گے تب تک اردو کا تحفظ اور فروغ ممکن نہیں ہے۔

زبان کی اہمیت اس کے استعمال سے ہی قائل اور برقرار ہوتی ہے اور ہمیں اس حقیقت کو بھی تسلیم کرنا ہوگا کہ کوئی زبان کسی بھی زبان سے بہتر نہیں ہوتی۔ دینی مدارس میں اردو کا ہی بول بالا ہے۔ اور مدرسے کے مولانا علماء بھی اردو کے فروغ میں بڑھ چڑھ کر حصہ لیتے ہیں۔ ہم سب کو بھی اردو کے فروغ میں حصہ لینا چاہیے۔

اردو کے استعمال کو کسر شام تصور نہ کریں۔ اردو زبان کا استعمال کریں۔ دیگر سرکاری اسکول دفتروں میں اردو زبان کا ہی استعمال کریں۔ ہماری خواہش یہی ہونی چاہیے کہ آنے والی نسلوں میں اردو زبان سے لگاؤ محبت اور الفت کو فروغ دیا جائے۔

What Sandra Day O’Connor’s papers reveal about a landmark Supreme Court decision – and why it could be overturned soon

T he newly opened papers of the late Justice Sandra Day O’Connor reveal the internal deliberations of a groundbreaking Supreme Court case that gave US regulators significant latitude to protect the environment and public health – and show how the ruling almost never happened.

The 40-year-old milestone, Chevron USA v. Natural Resources Defense Council, has become a target of the current Supreme Court and appears likely to be rolled back in a pair of pending cases this term.

“Chevron deference,” as it is commonly called, generally requires judges to accept federal agencies’ interpretations of open-ended or vaguely worded statutes regarding their mandates. Conservative critics, including Justice Neil Gorsuch, believe it has led to excessive regulation of American business by executive branch agencies. Defenders of regulatory power, including the court’s three liberals, counter that agencies – with their focused expertise – are needed to safeguard public health and welfare.

More broadly, O’Connor’s contemporaneous notes now open at the Library of Congress offer a view into how nine justices communicate in private, revealing personal predilections and some exasperation as they negotiate against looming deadlines.

In the Chevron case, testing the protections of the Clean Air Act, the papers reveal an overall tentativeness among justices as they struggled with statutory intricacies and worked toward compromise while teetering on the loss of a quorum (only six of the nine justices were on the final tally).

Yet Chevron v. NRDC became a seminal opinion, cited in lower court opinions and law review articles more than just about any other case.

O’Connor’s archive reveals its tenuous beginnings.

“It shows the case came very, very close to not being heard by the court at all,” said Columbia University professor Thomas Merrill, an administrative law expert who has written extensively about the influence of the Chevron decision. “That compounds the ‘accidental landmark’ aspect of the case. It almost didn’t exist.”

Merrill has used that phrase as he’s referred to the little notice Chevron received when it was decided and how its importance grew over the years. The principle of agency deference was fortified by subsequent decisions at the DC Circuit US Court of Appeals, which specializes in regulatory disputes, and then reinforced by the high court itself.

Chevron’s impact on the so-called administrative state has particularly spurred critics. During January oral arguments in the pair of cases that could lead to reversal of Chevron this year, justices on the right-wing majority criticized the deference to agencies.

Gorsuch said the principle favors government over businesses as well as individuals challenging government policy. He referred to “the immigrant, the veteran seeking his benefits, the Social Security Disability applicant, who have no power to influence agencies” and contended in such instances, “Chevron is exploited against the individual and in favor of the government.”

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson, however, focused on the tension between judges and agencies to interpret statutory meaning, suggesting that the judiciary should not be in the position of effectively writing federal regulations.

“I see Chevron as doing the very important work of helping courts stay away from policymaking,” the liberal justice said. “I’m worried about the courts becoming uber-legislators.”

That sentiment echoed a concern of the late Justice John Paul Stevens, who wrote the Chevron opinion. “Judges are not experts in the field,” Stevens wrote in the 1984 case, adding, “The responsibilities for assessing the wisdom of such policy choices and resolving the struggle between competing views of the public interest are not judicial ones: Our Constitution vests such responsibilities in the political branches.”

The core Chevron principle now hanging in the balance holds that judges should defer to the agency’s construction of the statute if it is “reasonable,” and even if it differs from how judges might interpret the vague wording.

A case few wanted

The Chevron dispute began when the Reagan administration retrenched on standards for air quality and loosened state permitting requirements for new and expanded factories and power plants.

The legal question for the Supreme Court in 1984 was whether the permit process for a new “stationary source” – the phrase used in the amended Clean Air Act – required a plant-wide assessment or allowed each new pollution-emitting device to be treated separately. The Environmental Protection Agency, then run by Anne Gorsuch (the justice’s mother),  said states were allowed to define “source” as meaning the entire plant, so any increase in pollution from one part of a plant, or device, could be offset by a decrease elsewhere in the plant.

After the Natural Resources Defense Council and other environmental groups sued, the DC Circuit US Court of Appeals agreed with environmentalists that the regulation conflicted with the statute and set it aside.

When the justices first looked at the Chevron appeal in spring 1983, they hesitated to get involved, according to the O’Connor papers, which enhance prior accounts in the papers of late justices. It took a while to muster the requisite four votes to even hear the case, and the number of justices who would be part of the ultimate resolution – a bare six justices – was in flux from the start.

Justice Lewis Powell thought his interest in one electric power company might require him to recuse himself. But after troubleshooting the matter, Powell found no reason to sit the case out, and on May 17, 1983, he sent a note to the clerk of the court, with copies to then-Chief Justice Warren Burger and O’Connor saying he’d be in.

Powell’s own archive at Washington and Lee University holds a note he wrote memorializing his recusal consideration: “As these cases involve an environmental law issue of some importance, and the parties probably number well into the hundreds, I have been concerned about a possible need to disqualify … I find that we already have carefully checked out this litigation, and I do not have to disqualify.”

Once Powell decided he could participate, however, he separately noted in his Chevron file that he was inclined to reject the industries’ appeal. Most of his colleagues were also ready to reject it.

According to O’Connor’s note from the first vote in the justices’ private conference in mid-May, only Justices Byron White and William Rehnquist wanted to grant the case. O’Connor offered a “join 3,” meaning she would provide the requisite fourth vote if three others wanted to hear the case. But there was no third vote at that point.

Powell asked that they all wait at least another week so he could continue mulling the dispute, and when the nine again voted at the end of the month, he was ready to provide a third vote. So, with O’Connor’s “join three” the case was accepted.

On the day of oral arguments, February 29, 1984, two justices happened to be out ill (Rehnquist and Thurgood Marshall). They both declined to participate in further deliberations on the case.

Writing the opinion

A decision in any case begins with a private vote in a justices-only session held in a small room off the chambers of the chief justice. Then the drafting begins, as an individual justice is designated to author the opinion for the court, fielding requested changes from colleagues and working to ensure that a majority holds.

The conversation typically plays out by memos circulated among the nine but sometimes a justice writing the main opinion makes a more personal appeal with a phone call or visit to another justice’s chambers.

In the justices-only conference after the Chevron oral arguments, the vote among the seven participating justices was a close 4-3. O’Connor recorded most of the justices as being tentative or “very shaky.”

She also appeared mildly irritated with Rehnquist’s withdrawal. He had been one of the bare-minimum votes to grant the case. O’Connor wrote on her tally sheet next to Rehnquist’s name: “out of case tho was one of 4 to grant!”

Differences over how to resolve the case did not fall along ideological lines, a contrast to the current polarization. Burger, a conservative, and Justice William Brennan, a liberal, were among the initial three dissenters, along with O’Connor, who disapproved of the EPA’s interpretation of the Clean Air Act.

Burger believed, according to O’Connor’s notes, that EPA had exceeded its authority in its new interpretation of anti-pollution coverage. “EPA construc goes pretty far,” she wrote as she captured his sentiment, short-handing the word “construction.”

Brennan, meanwhile, was irritated by the inconsistencies in statutory interpretation from the Jimmy Carter administration to Ronald Reagan administrations.

“EPA has changed directions, so not entitled to deference,” he said in the private session, according to O’Connor’s record. Her notes also suggest he wanted the court to tell EPA to pick a direction and be consistent.

The four justices who wanted to reverse the DC Circuit were White, Powell, Stevens and Harry Blackmun.

White, as the most senior justice of the four, asked Stevens to write the court’s opinion. Burger asked Brennan to write for the three dissenters.

The correspondence reveals Brennan’s reluctance to pen the dissenting opinion – and the overall lukewarm views of that side of the case.

“Dear Chief,” Brennan wrote Burger, with a copy to O’Connor, “I am willing to take on the dissent in this case but, particularly because we were all somewhat tentative in our votes at Conference, I hold out some hope that John will write an opinion for the court that will bring us together. I am presently in the process of drafting a letter to him on the matter. I would prefer, therefore, to take the assignment on a tentative basis and await John’s response before going forward with a dissent.”

Stevens’ files, opened last year at the Library of Congress, show that he resisted Brennan’s effort to bring more scrutiny to the EPA’s interpretation. In response to a March 6 letter from Brennan, Stevens said he had yet to draft the opinion but that he had tentatively concluded the statutory definition was sufficiently flexible to allow the EPA to take the plant-wide approach.

A few weeks later, Stevens warned Brennan that he was sure where he was headed and said it was likely Brennan would have to write a dissent.

“At long last I have found the time to get back into these cases and to begin work on a draft opinion,” Stevens wrote on May 23. “Since you wrote to me on March 6, in the hope that you might be able to escape the chore of writing a dissenting opinion if I could see my way clear to accepting your approach to the case, I thought I should let you know that I am now quite firmly persuaded that the Government is correct in arguing that the EPA’s interpretation of the term ‘source’ is permissible.”

“… In all events, I thought I should let you know that you probably will have to be writing a dissent in this fascinating case unless what I put on paper is more persuasive than my threat to make you undergo the punishment of the hurdle.”

Justices White, Blackmun and Powell remained with Stevens in the majority.

Brennan eventually had a change of heart. He asked for a relatively modest addition to Stevens’ opinion then signed on to his full reasoning and bottom-line favoring the EPA. (Stevens, writing in a 2019 memoir published shortly before his death, attributed Brennan’s switch to a personal visit Stevens made to Brennan’s chambers.)

That shift, which Brennan revealed in a note to O’Connor and all other colleagues on June 14, left O’Connor and Burger as the only dissenters in the Chevron case.

A surprise recusal

That very same day, June 14, O’Connor revealed a potential conflict of interest.

The justices decide on their own whether to recuse themselves from a case. Some recusal choices have become controversial, such as Justice Antonin Scalia’s 2004 decision to sit on a case involving then-Vice President Dick Cheney after going duck hunting with him.

A continuing point of controversy is Justice Clarence Thomas’ participation in cases related to Donald Trump’s refusal to accept the 2020 presidential election results and his supporters’ January 6, 2021, attack on the US Capitol. Thomas’ wife, Virginia, an ardent backer of the false narrative that Trump won the 2020 election, attended his rally on January 6 but did not march to the Capitol with other protesters.

Back in 1984, O’Connor’s recusal reasoning was kept private, although at the end of the decision it noted that she, Marshall and Rehnquist took no part in the decision. According to her June 14 once-confidential note to colleagues, she appears to have erred on the cautious side.

“I have reviewed the petitions for certiorari in these cases and discovered that I should be recused. Since the arguments were heard, my father died,” she wrote of her father, Harry Day, who ran the family’s Lazy B ranch in Arizona.

“His estate is still unsettled, but I will have a remainder interest in a trust to be established. His estate holds stock in at least one of the parties to this action and until it is settled, I think it best that I not participate,” she added.

That would have left Burger to dissent alone. But on June 18 he wrote a note to Stevens, with copies to the group.

“Dear John,” the chief wrote, “With others, I am now persuaded you have the correct answer to this case.”

The final June 25 decision was decided by a bare six-justice quorum. And unanimously.

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