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Academic writing: Writing critically

Learn how to show critical analysis in academic writing and write critically.

Critical analysis

Writing a critique (or critical review).

What does the term “critical analysis” mean in the context of academic writing? Showing critical analysis in academic writing could mean:

  • Demonstrating your understanding of reading/evidence (“this appears to demonstrate that…”; “this implies…”; “this could result in…”).
  • Showing reasoning and conclusions from your reading/reflections (“therefore…”; “as such…”).
  • Considering questions such as “why”, “what if” and “so what”.
  • Showing you understand how different ideas/evidence/perspectives relate to each other (“this is linked to Smith's concept of X…”; Building on Jones (2012), Green (2016) suggests…”).
  • Demonstrating an understanding of how theories or research apply in your practice/context.
  • Identifying possible limitations of research/theory and how these relate to your own arguments or own context (“in the context of international development…”; “in terms of learning in the Science classroom…”).
  • Identifying how something could be interpreted or done differently (in relation to your reading and/or practice).

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Criticality?

If you have been told your writing is not critical enough, it probably means that your writing treats the knowledge claims as if they are true, well-supported, and applicable in the context you are writing about. This may not always be the case.

In these two examples, the extracts refer to the same section of text. In each example, the section that refers to a source has been highlighted in bold. The note below the example then explains how the writer has used the source material. 

Example a: " There is a strong positive effect on students, both educationally and emotionally, when the instructors try to learn to say students' names without making pronunciation errors (Kiang, 2004)". This is a simple paraphrase with no critical comment. It looks like the writer agrees with Kiang. This is not a good example of critical writing, as the writer has not made any critical comment.

Example b: "Kiang (2004) gives various examples to support his claim that 'the positive emotional and educational impact on students is clear' (p.210) when instructors try to pronounce students' names in the correct way. He quotes one student, Nguyet, as saying that he 'felt surprised and happy' (p.211) when the tutor said his name clearly . The emotional effect claimed by Kiang is illustrated in quotes such as these, although the educational impact is supported more indirectly through the chapter. Overall, he provides more examples of students being negatively affected by incorrect pronunciation, and it is difficult to find examples within the text of a positive educational impact as such". The writer describes Kiang's (2004) claim and the examples which he uses to try to support it. The writer then comments that the examples do not seem balanced and may not be enough to support the claims fully. This is a better example of writing which expresses criticality.

A critique (or critical review) is not to be mistaken for a literature review. A “critical review”, or “critique”, is a complete type of text (or genre), discussing one particular article or book in detail. In some instances, you may be asked to write a critique of two or three articles (e.g. a comparative critical review). In contrast, a “literature review”, which also needs to be “critical”, is a part of a larger type of text, such as a chapter of your dissertation. Most importantly: read your article/book as many times as possible, as this will make the critical review much easier.

Read and take notes

To improve your reading confidence and efficiency, visit our pages on reading. After you are familiar with the text, make notes on some of the following questions.

Choose the questions which seem suitable:

  • What kind of article is it (for example does it present data or does it present purely theoretical arguments)?
  • What is the main area under discussion?
  • What are the main findings?
  • What are the stated limitations?
  • Where does the author's data and evidence come from? Are they appropriate/sufficient?
  • What are the main issues raised by the author?
  • What questions are raised?
  • How well are these questions addressed?
  • What are the major points/interpretations made by the author in terms of the issues raised?
  • Is the text balanced? Is it fair/biased?
  • Does the author contradict herself?
  • How does all this relate to other literature on this topic?
  • How does all this relate to your own experience, ideas and views?
  • What else has this author written? Do these build/complement this text?
  • (Optional) Has anyone else reviewed this article? What did they say? Do I agree with them?

Organise your writing

You first need to summarise the text that you have read. One reason to summarise the text is that the reader may not have read the text. 

In your summary, you will:

  • Focus on points within the article that you think are interesting.
  • Summarise the author(s) main ideas or argument.
  • Explain how these ideas/argument have been constructed. For example, is the author basing her arguments on data that they have collected? Are the main ideas/argument purely theoretical?

In your summary you might answer the following questions:

  • Why is this topic important?
  • Where can this text be located? For example, does it address policy studies?
  • What other prominent authors also write about this?

Evaluation is the most important part in a critical review. Use the literature to support your views. You may also use your knowledge of conducting research, and your own experience. Evaluation can be explicit or implicit.

Explicit evaluation

Explicit evaluation involves stating directly (explicitly) how you intend to evaluate the text, e.g. "I will review this article by focusing on the following questions. First, I will examine the extent to which the authors contribute to current thought on Second Language Acquisition (SLA) pedagogy. After that, I will analyse whether the authors' propositions are feasible within overseas SLA classrooms."

Implicit evaluation

Implicit evaluation is less direct. The following section on Linguistic features of writing a critical review contains language that evaluates the text. A difficult part of the evaluation of a published text (and a professional author) is how to do this as a student. There is nothing wrong with making your position as a student explicit and incorporating it into your evaluation. Examples of how you might do this can be found in the section on Linguistic features of writing a critical review. You need to remember to locate and analyse the author's argument when you are writing your critical review. For example, you need to locate the authors' view of classroom pedagogy as presented in the book/article and not present a critique of views of classroom pedagogy in general.

Linguistic features of a critical review

The following examples come from published critical reviews. Some of them have been adapted for student use.

  • This article/book is divided into two/three parts. First...
  • While the title might suggest...
  • The tone appears to be...
  • [Title] is the first/second volume in the series [Title], edited by... The books/articles in this series address...
  • The second/third claim is based on...
  • The author challenges the notion that...
  • The author tries to find a more middle ground/make more modest claims...
  • The article/book begins with a short historical overview of...
  • Numerous authors have recently suggested that... (see [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]). [Author] would also be one such author. With his/her argument that...
  • To refer to [Title] as a... is not to say that it is...
  • This book/article is aimed at... This intended readership...
  • The author's book/article examines the... To do this, the author first...
  • The author develops/suggests a theoretical/pedagogical model to…
  • This book/article positions itself firmly within the field of...
  • The author in a series of subtle arguments, indicates that he/she...
  • The argument is therefore...
  • The author asks "..."
  • With a purely critical/postmodern take on...
  • [Topic], as the author points out, can be viewed as...
  • In this recent contribution to the field of... this British author...
  • As a leading author in the field of...
  • This book/article nicely contributes to the field of... and complements other work by this author...
  • The second/third part of... provides/questions/asks the reader...
  • [Title] is intended to encourage students/researchers to...
  • The approach taken by the author provides the opportunity to examine... in a qualitative/quantitative research framework that nicely complements...
  • The author notes/claims that state support/a focus on pedagogy/the adoption of...remains vital if...
  • According to [Author, Year] teaching towards examinations is not as effective as it is in other areas of the curriculum. This is because, as [Author, Year] claims that examinations have undue status within the curriculum.
  • According to [Author, Year]… is not as effective in some areas of the curriculum/syllabus as others. Therefore, the author believes that this is a reason for some schools…
  • This argument is not entirely convincing, as...furthermore it commodifies/rationalises the...
  • Over the last five/10 years the view of... has increasingly been viewed as “complicated” (see [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]).
  • However, through trying to integrate... with... the author...
  • There are difficulties with such a position.
  • Inevitably, several crucial questions are left unanswered/glossed over by this insightful/timely/interesting/stimulating book/article. Why should...
  • It might have been more relevant for the author to have written this book/article as...
  • This article/book is not without disappointment from those who would view... as...
  • This chosen framework enlightens/clouds...
  • This analysis intends to be... but falls a little short as...
  • The authors rightly conclude that if...
  • A detailed, well-written and rigorous account of...
  • As a Korean student I feel that this article/book very clearly illustrates...
  • The beginning of... provides an informative overview of...
  • The tables/figures do little to help/greatly help the reader...
  • The reaction by scholars who take a... approach might not be so favourable (e.g. Author, Year).
  • This explanation has a few weaknesses that other researchers have pointed out (see [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]). The first is...
  • On the other hand, the author wisely suggests/proposes that... By combining these two dimensions...
  • The author's brief introduction to... may leave the intended reader confused as it fails to properly...
  • Despite my inability to... I was greatly interested in...
  • Even where this reader/I disagree(s), the author's effort to...
  • The author thus combines... with... to argue... which seems quite improbable for a number of reasons. First...
  • Perhaps this aversion to... would explain the author's reluctance to...
  • As a second language student from ... I find it slightly ironic that such an Anglo-centric view is...
  • The reader is rewarded with...
  • Less convincing is the broad-sweeping generalisation that...
  • There is no denying the author's subject knowledge nor his/her...
  • The author's prose is dense and littered with unnecessary jargon...
  • The author's critique of...might seem harsh but is well supported within the literature (see [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]). Aligning herself with the author, [Author, Year] states that...
  • As it stands, the central focus of [Title] is well/poorly supported by its empirical findings...
  • Given the hesitation to generalise to... the limitation of... does not seem problematic...
  • For instance, the term... is never properly defined and the reader is left to guess as to whether...
  • Furthermore, to label... as... inadvertently misguides...
  • In addition, this research proves to be timely/especially significant to... as recent government policy/proposals has/have been enacted to...
  • On this well-researched/documented basis the author emphasises/proposes that...
  • Nonetheless, other research/scholarship/data tend to counter/contradict this possible trend/assumption... (see [Author, Year]; [Author, Year]).
  • Without entering into details of the..., it should be stated that [Title] should be read by... others will see little value in...
  • As experimental conditions were not used in the study the word “significant” misleads the reader.
  • The article/book becomes repetitious in its assertion that...
  • The thread of the author's argument becomes lost in an overuse of empirical data...
  • Almost every argument presented in the final section is largely derivative, providing little to say about...
  • She/he does not seem to take into consideration; however, that there are fundamental differences in the conditions of…
  • As [Author, Year] points out, however, it seems to be necessary to look at…
  • This suggests that having low… does not necessarily indicate that… is ineffective.
  • Therefore, the suggestion made by [Author, Year]… is difficult to support.
  • When considering all the data presented… it is not clear that the low scores of some students, indeed, reflect…
  • Overall, this article/book is an analytical look at... which within the field of... is often overlooked.
  • Despite its problems, [Title] offers valuable theoretical insights/interesting examples/a contribution to pedagogy and a starting point for students/researchers of... with an interest in...
  • This detailed and rigorously argued...
  • This first/second volume/book/article by... with an interest in... is highly informative...

An important note

We recommend that you do not search for other university guidelines on critical reviews. This is because the expectations may be different at other institutions. Ask your tutor for more guidance or examples if you have further questions.

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How to Critically Discuss in an Essay? Steps & Example

Table of contents.

  • What Does "Critically Discuss" Mean?

How to Write a Critically Discuss in an Essay?

How to critically discuss step-by-step guide.

How to Critically Discuss in an Essay?

Author : Vipul Jain

Key takeaways.

  • Critically discussing makes you write everything in proper detail, you don’t just have to mention the facts.
  • For writing a critical discussion essay, you need to follow a proper format that includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion.
  • For making your critical discussion perfect there is a set of strategies that you must follow for getting it perfect.

It entails analyzing the situation by challenging or reviewing the particular information, defining the scopes as well as the limitations, and then making a decision. In this article, you will learn more about the ways of critical discussion essay development, including analyzing a topic, evaluating proofs, and providing a balanced controversy. You must learn everything to make a perfect essay even knowing the proper time break is also essential. So, make sure you learn about that as well, for example, you must learn how long it takes to write a 2000-word essay .  

Critical Discussion Essay Structure

What Does "Critically Discuss" Mean?

In simple terms, "Critically discuss" does not just mention facts and conclude all the important points. When it's mentioned that you need to do a Critical discussion, it means that you need to do a complete analysis of the information that you are mentioning in your essay. You need to provide a backup for every argument or counterargument that you mention in your essay, you need to answer questions like, "Why this is important" and "What does the information provide"?

Consider this as you are explaining this to some children who don't have any information regarding your topic, so you need to explain everything in proper detail. You need to mention everything and discuss everything. You have to cover all the angles of the information that you are mentioning in your essay.  Learn the best tips for students to write a great essay as that will help you out in getting more points clear.

Analyze: This way to split the topic into parts.

Evaluate: Do pros and cons and other such comparisons.

Support: Support your conclusions with some facts.

This type of essay also has the structure of the most common academic assignment – it has the main body, the introduction, and the conclusion; however, this type of essay is more oriented toward the analysis. You can also seek help from the essay writing service for helping you or guiding you for the same. Here’s a simple breakdown:

Introduction

In using an introduction, you help your readers understand what to expect from your essay and what topic you are going to address. Understanding how to make an introduction for an essay is very important to make sure that you understand everything.  In this section, you’ll want to:

Introduce the topic : Briefly tell viewers what you are going to be talking about. State any complex terms or ideas on which your readers require background information before proceeding to the next point or section.

State your thesis: This is a key thing that you are standing up for. You should take a stand even if you will be shifting between stances during the oral participation of the discussion later on.

Example: This essay revolves around the effects of social media on mental health and how it can be critiqued. Some scholars have said positive things about social media and I disagree with them that social media has more destructive impacts than positive impacts.

Body Paragraphs

The body of the essay consists of paragraphs that contain materials for critical discussion by an author. You must go through how to write an essay plan for the university to get an understanding of the paragraph.  To defend a certain thesis, it often splits the idea into several points and each point is discussed in a separate paragraph. Here’s how to approach each paragraph:

For example:  “A strength in social media is that it helps people to maintain relationships with their friends and/or families. However, such studies reveal that such a level of connectivity experienced by the users may lead to anxiety and isolation when on social networks, especially among youthful users.

Your conclusion should sum up all the arguments which you presented. Remind important aspects of your discussions and restate the thesis after the evidence is presented. There are also pros and cons associated with the broader argument. Take help from an Essay helper , as they are professional and can help you with proper guidance. 

For example: Thus, though one has an advantage in using social media, the compilation of evidence depicts that social media has a deleterious impact on mental health. Therefore, one should be careful about spending time on social networks and focus on the health of the psyche rather than communication.

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There are two stages in the critical analysis process, and both sides are significant. The first activity is the reading process. If you get stuck somewhere do not hesitate to choose the best essay-writing service in the UK . Critical analysis assignment is all about showing how well you understand your topic of study. This means you read, watch, or otherwise study your material in another way to learn how to read it before continuing with your work. The second element is the writing process; Here are nine ways to improve your critical analysis essay writing, organized into two categories: organizational and writing.

1. Note, Mark, Highlight, Underline, Write Notes

You will have to make some reflections about the further activity, an author’s point of view, and techniques used. Of course, you should know them well before you start writing an essay or any other type of academic paper.

2. Choose a Thesis Statement

Your thesis needs to state an opinion about the author and his/her style of writing. It should be a point of view you have on the work such that you can support it with evidence from the text; when writing an essay what matters is to argue on someone else’s work. Select a thesis statement for which you can develop your entire analytical essay. Also for better understanding gain knowledge of how to write an essay outline .  

3. Let us write the first paragraph of the paper - Introduction

Your opening paragraph should capture your reader’s interest, so be very careful when composing this part of your writing. Some of the best introductions begin with a hook, which could be a question or a statement of some kind. Your first paragraph also needs to show or state the book or work of art you will analyze. Follow the author’s name, the title of the work, and publication data.

4. Structure the Body of Your Essay According to the Rules Fixed Above – Main body

After you have your first introductory paragraph, the rest of your essay should contain the body paragraphs that explore the given points. Each of them must be aimed at fulfilling the main objectives: to give the background, to go into the details, or to reveal the conflicting opinions that work to expand on the main statement. Learn how to write an essay structure for better understanding.

5. Craft Clear Topic Sentences.

The first sentence of each main body paragraph should summarize the idea of the progressing paragraph to the general statement and connect it with your thesis statement.

6. Provide Proper Evidence for Research

Look each time at what the contextual expert or scholar explained. Write your particular mode of style and fill your essay with proof. A simple description should be packed in the main body with some substance along with discussion. Just as it is impossible to persuade a person with mere claims which cannot be supported by any substantiated evidence.

7. Summarize Everything in the Conclusion

The overall aim of this concluding discussion for a good grade or simply making the audience have a good read will depend on the following last argument. The final line of a paragraph should not be the place for new proofs. No, it is the cherry on top of your entire essay or a summary of your principal arguments and ideas that make your reader think about what has been said. Go through the process of learning how to write a conclusion to an essay as well.

Here, therefore, I stand to reason that critically discussing a topic in an essay entails more than just stating facts, but also analyzing, evaluating as well as providing reasons that could be given. When you analyze a topic in terms of its subtopics, argue for different approaches, and ask what-if questions, it is possible to build a coherent line of reasoning. It is important for the kind of evidence one presents to support the positions he/she is presenting, secondly, the evidence has to be assessed for bias and shortcomings.

Lastly, a critical discussion essay engages in the formulation of an argument on a given subject matter but proceeds to make an informed conclusion. Go through expert tips on how to end your statement effectively . As you continue to practice this approach you will be able to get a good understanding of the area of study and end up presenting well-thought-out papers that are well supported by evidence.

Frequently asked questions

What does it mean to critically discuss.

Look beyond the basics when using the phrase: “critically discuss”. It entails a process of analyzing the various components of the subject, comparing the various viewpoints, and checking the analysis with the available facts. So there is not only the description of the issue but also the consideration of its advantages and disadvantages and their consequences.

What is the format of a critical discussion essay?

A critical discussion essay typically follows this structure: Introduction, body section, and conclusion section. It gives an idea about the topic and what the whole discussion or argument in the paper will entail. The body paragraphs review more than one approach and analyze and substantiate every argument. This part sums up the results of your discussion, brings out the key argument, and suggests a resolution on the given subject.

What do I need to do to engage in criticism rather than just simple recounting?

To critically discuss, ask questions such as: What are the key arguments? Are there any biases? How strong is the evidence? Indeed, what are the counterarguments? As opposed to replaying the findings, interact with the topic to consider and assess the information at hand.

Which type of evidence should I incorporate?

It’s also important for people to support what they say with evidence from research work, experts, or statistics. Remember that any evidence should be assessed for quality and for how good a fit it is for the argument being made as a whole.

Do I need to consider more than one point of view?

Of course, switching to discussion means considering the issue from various perspectives. Looking at the matter from several angles proves that you have covered the problem from all available angles.

What do I need to do to make a critical discussion essay conclusion?

To do this in brief in your conclusion, recapitulate all the things which you have said to support your thesis. The conclusion that you arrive at must be expressively in line with the level of work that you have done.

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Hi, I am Vipul Jain ( Founder of Workingment). I have contributed my writing expertise and collaborated with a team of experts to support UK students in achieving higher grades. My mission is to assist students who face various challenges in completing their academic writing projects.

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If you ever wondered about how to critique something, a book, a film, or maybe even a research hypothesis, then the answer for you is – to write a critical essay about it. This type of writing revolves around the deep evaluation of the material in front of you. So, in such papers, the goal isn’t to say whether you liked something or not, but rather to analyze it based on evidence and logic. Think of it as taking a step back and asking, “What is really going on here?” and “How did the creator make that happen?”

In a critical essay, you start with a central claim or thesis that makes an argument about the material you’re analyzing. From there, you’ll support your points using evidence, like specific quotes from a book or scenes from a movie. And unlike casual conversations, this type of writing avoids personal opinions or judgments like “I liked it” or “It was boring.” Instead, you’re focused on breaking down the details and exploring themes, techniques, or strategies used by the creator.

For example, rather than saying “Charlie was so lucky to find a Golden Ticket” after watching Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, a critical essay might explore how the film uses the contrast between wealth and morality to make a statement about society. 

Writing a Perfect Critical Essay: Here’s What to Do

Writing a critical essay doesn’t have to be overwhelming if you approach it with a solid plan. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of how you can structure your writing process to create a thoughtful, well-organized essay that impresses your readers (and earns you those high grades).

Choose and Fully Understand Your Topic

First things first—you need to select something to write about. This can be a movie, book, piece of music, or artwork. Just make sure it’s something you’re interested in and that you understand well. If your topic is assigned, spend time getting familiar with it. Watch the film or read the book a couple of times, and take notes on key themes, techniques, or elements that stand out. 

Gather Your Sources

You’ll need evidence to support your analysis, so gather relevant material. Use scholarly sources like journal articles, books, and credible websites to back up your claims. The trick here is not just collecting information but understanding it. As such, if you’re writing about a novel, find analyses that discuss the author’s themes or techniques, and use that to build your argument. And remember to always keep track of your sources for proper citations later!

Develop a Strong Thesis Statement

Once you’ve done your research, it’s time to craft your thesis statement. This is the central argument of your essay, and everything you write should connect back to it. For example, if you’re analyzing the use of imagery in Get Out , your thesis might argue how the recurring image of the teacup symbolizes the control and manipulation of Black bodies in the film, reinforcing themes of power and exploitation. Keep your thesis specific, focused, and arguable ad it will carry your entire essay.

Create an Outline

Before you start writing, create an outline to organize your ideas. A typical critical essay includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the body, each paragraph should focus on a different point that supports your thesis. For instance, one paragraph might discuss symbolism, another might analyze character development, and a third could cover narrative techniques. Outlining helps you see the flow of your writing and make sure that each point has enough evidence to back it up.

Write the Body Paragraphs First

With your outline in place, begin writing the body paragraphs. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that introduces the main point, followed by evidence (quotes, examples, or facts) to support it. After presenting the evidence, analyze it and explain how it ties into your thesis. If you’re analyzing a movie, for example, you might focus one paragraph on how the director uses camera angles to create tension in a scene. Stay focused and make sure everything ties back to your central argument.

Write the Conclusion

After finishing the body paragraphs, write the conclusion. This is where you sum up the key points of your essay and restate your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve presented. The conclusion should not introduce new information but instead reinforce your argument, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of your analysis. 

Write the Introduction Last

Now that you’ve got the bulk of the essay written, it’s time to finally build the introduction. Start with a hook to grab the reader’s attention—a bold statement, an intriguing question, or a surprising fact can work well. Then, provide some background information to set the context for your analysis, and finish with your thesis statement that you have already created. Writing the introduction last allows you to make sure it aligns perfectly with the rest of your essay and clearly presents your argument.

Revise, Edit, and Proofread

You’ve got your first draft—congrats! Now, it’s time to bring it to perfection. Read through your essay a few times to improve clarity and flow. Check if all your points are well-supported and if your argument makes sense from start to finish. Edit for grammar, spelling, and style errors, and make sure all citations are correctly formatted. Taking this step seriously can make a huge difference in the overall quality of your essay (and in your grade as well).

Critical Essay Example: Proper Structure & Outline

Now, if you still feel kind of lost in all this information, don’t worry too much. Below you will find an example of what a well-organized critical essay can look like. Check it out to gain some inspiration and you will definitely be able to jump right into the writing process in no time at all.

how to critically discuss an essay

How should I start a critical essay?

To start a critical essay, begin with an engaging introduction that grabs the reader’s attention. You can use a hook, such as an interesting fact, a bold statement, or even a thought-provoking question. After the hook, provide some background information on the topic you’re discussing to set the stage. Finally, end the introduction with a clear thesis statement outlining the main argument or point you’ll analyze. This thesis will guide your essay and tell readers what to expect from your analysis.

What is a critical essay and example?

A critical essay is a type of writing where you analyze and evaluate a piece of work, such as a book, film, painting, or even a theory. This type of writing is dedicated to exploring the deeper meanings, strengths, weaknesses, and overall impact of its subject. For example, if you’re writing a critical essay about The Great Gatsby, you wouldn’t just summarize the plot—you’d dive into how F. Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism and themes like the American Dream to convey larger messages.

What is the layout of a critical essay?

The layout of a critical essay usually follows a standard structure: an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In the introduction, you present the topic and your thesis. The body paragraphs are where you break down the main points of your analysis, using evidence to support your claims. The conclusion ties everything together, summarizing your key points and restating your thesis in light of the evidence you’ve discussed.

What are the parts of a critical essay?

A critical essay has three main parts: the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

  • Introduction : This is where you introduce the work you’re analyzing and present your thesis.
  • Body Paragraphs : These are the meat of your essay, where you break down your analysis into different points, using evidence and examples to support your arguments.
  • Conclusion : Here, you wrap up your analysis, summarizing the main points and reinforcing how they support your thesis.

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VIDEO

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