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Sci-Hub is the most controversial project in today science. The goal of Sci-Hub is to provide free and unrestricted access to all scientific knowledge ever published in journal or book form.

Today the circulation of knowledge in science is restricted by high prices. Many students and researchers cannot afford academic journals and books that are locked behind paywalls. Sci-Hub emerged in 2011 to tackle this problem. Since then, the website has revolutionized the way science is being done.

Sci-Hub is helping millions of students and researchers, medical professionals, journalists and curious people in all countries to unlock access to knowledge. The mission of Sci-Hub is to fight every obstacle that prevents open access to knowledge: be it legal, technical or otherwise.

To get more information visit the about Sci-Hub section.

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Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free: Beyond Sci-Hub

Navigating the vast ocean of academic research can be daunting, especially when you’re on a quest for specific research papers without the constraints of paywalls. Fortunately, the digital age has ushered in an era of accessible knowledge, with various platforms offering free downloads of scholarly articles.

In this article, we explore some of the best websites that provide researchers, students, and academicians with free access to a plethora of research papers across diverse fields, ensuring that knowledge remains within everyone’s reach.

Best Websites To Download Research Papers For Free

Google Scholar

As a researcher, you might find Google Scholar to be a repository brimming with academic papers covering a broad span of domains like social sciences, computer science, and humanity, including:

• Journal articles
• Conference papers, and

Unlike other websites to download research papers, Google Scholar provides free access to a vast collection of scholarly literature, making it one of the best websites to download research.

Not every article is available in full PDF format directly; however, Google Scholar often links to other open access resources like DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) and open-access repositories where you can directly download papers.

For instance, if you’re searching for a specific 2023 research paper in mathematics, you can use Google Scholar to locate the paper and check if it’s available for free download either on the platform itself or through links to various open access sources.

In many cases, Google Scholar integrates with tools like Unpaywall and Open Access Button, which are browser extensions that help you find free versions of paywalled articles.

These extensions often redirect you to open-access content, including those on platforms like Sci-Hub and Library Genesis, although it’s crucial to be aware of the legal and ethical implications of using such services.

ResearchGate

ResearchGate is a unique platform that blends social networking with academic research, making it an essential tool for researchers and scientists across various disciplines.

Here, you have access to a digital library of millions of research papers, spanning fields from computer science to social sciences and beyond.

When you’re on ResearchGate, downloading a research paper is relatively straightforward, especially if it’s open access. Many researchers upload the full PDF of their work, providing free access to their peer-reviewed articles.

If the research paper you’re interested in isn’t available for direct download, ResearchGate offers a unique feature: you can request a copy directly from the author.

This approach not only gets you the paper but also potentially opens a line of communication with leading experts in your field.

It’s important to note that ResearchGate isn’t just a repository; it’s a platform for discovery and connection. You can:

• Follow specific researchers
• Join discussions, and
• Receive notifications about new research in your domain.

While it doesn’t have the controversial direct download links like Sci-Hub or Library Genesis, ResearchGate offers a more ethical and legal route to accessing academic papers. 

ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen is a comprehensive repository that hosts a multitude of open-access research articles across various fields, from the social sciences to computer science. 

The process of downloading a research paper on ScienceOpen is remarkably straightforward. Since it’s an open-access platform, most of the papers are available to download as PDFs without any cost.

This means you can access high-quality, peer-reviewed academic research without encountering paywalls that are often a barrier in many other scientific platforms.

For instance, if you’re delving into the latest 2023 scientific papers in mathematics, ScienceOpen can be your go-to source. You can easily search for research papers using:

• Browsing through various open access journals featured on the site.

The direct download feature simplifies access to these papers, making it convenient for you to obtain the research you need.

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)

The Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) is a digital library is an extensive repository of open-access, peer-reviewed journals, covering a wide array of subjects from humanities to nuclear science.

When you’re navigating DOAJ, you’ll discover that it’s not just a platform to download research papers; it’s a gateway to a world of academic research.

Each journal article listed is freely accessible, meaning you can download these scholarly articles without any cost or subscription.

The process is simple: search for research papers using specific keywords, subjects, or even DOAJ’s advanced search functionality that includes filters like:

• Language, or
• The year of publication.

For example, if you’re delving into the latest developments in scientific research in 2023, DOAJ allows you to refine your search to the most recent publications.

Once you find a relevant research paper, you can easily access the full text in PDF format through a direct download link. This is particularly useful for accessing high-quality, open-access research papers that are not always readily available on other platforms like Sci-Hub or Library Genesis.

PubMed hosts millions of research articles, primarily in the fields of medicine and life sciences, but also encompassing a broad range of scientific research.

When you’re on PubMed, you can search for research papers using:

• Authors, or
• Specific journal names.

While PubMed lists both open-access and subscription-based journal articles, it offers a unique feature for accessing papers for free.

If you’re looking for a particular research paper, say in the domain of computer science or social sciences from 2023, you can directly access its abstract on PubMed. For open access articles, a free full-text link is often available, allowing you to download the research paper in PDF format.

PubMed integrates with tools like Unpaywall and the Open Access Button. These browser extensions help you find open-access versions of the articles you’re interested in, bypassing the paywalls that often restrict access to scholarly literature.

While PubMed itself doesn’t provide direct download links for all articles, its connection with these tools and various open access repositories ensures that you, as a researcher, have greater access to scientific papers.

Sci-Hub (with Caution)

Sci-Hub, often dubbed the ‘Pirate Bay of Science,’ has been a game-changer in the scientific community since its inception by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011.

It operates as a controversial, yet widely used platform providing free access to millions of research papers and academic articles that are typically locked behind paywalls.

As a researcher, you might find Sci-Hub an intriguing, albeit contentious, tool for accessing scholarly literature.

When you’re looking to download a research paper from Sci-Hub, the process is relatively straightforward. Say you need a journal article on computer science or a groundbreaking study in social sciences from 2023; you just need to have the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) of the paper.

By entering this DOI into Sci-Hub’s search bar, the website bypasses publisher paywalls, offering you direct download links to PDF versions of the articles.

It’s crucial to note that while Sci-Hub provides access to a vast repository of scientific research, its legality is under constant scrutiny. The platform operates via various proxy links and has been the subject of numerous legal battles with publishers and academic institutions.

Nevertheless, Sci-Hub remains a popular go-to for researchers and scientists globally, especially those without access to university libraries or digital archives.

While it opens doors to a wealth of knowledge, users should be aware of the ethical and legal implications of using such a service in their respective countries.

Wrapping Up: You Can Get Free Academic Papers 

The digital landscape offers a wealth of resources for accessing academic research without financial barriers. The platforms we share here provide an invaluable service to the scholarly community, democratising access to knowledge and fostering intellectual growth.

Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or a curious student, these websites bridge the gap between you and the vast world of academic literature, ensuring that the pursuit of knowledge remains an inclusive and equitable journey for all. Remember to consider the legal and ethical aspects when using these resources.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Get around this paywall in a flash: DOI: 10.1126/science.196.4287.293 URL: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/196/4287/293/tab-pdf PMC (Pubmed Central) ID: PMC4167664 Pubmed ID: 17756097 Title: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase: a two-layered, square-shaped molecule of symmetry 422 Citation: Baker, T. S., Eisenberg, D., & Eiserling, F. (1977). Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase: A Two-Layered, Square-Shaped Molecule of Symmetry 422. Science, 196(4287), 293-295. doi:10.1126/science.196.4287.293 or try your favourite citation format (Harvard, Bibtex, etc).

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Give us a scholarly paper and we’ll search thousands of sources with millions of articles to link you to free, legal, full text articles instantly.

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If we can’t get you access, we’ll start a request for you. We request articles from authors, and guide them on making the work available to you and everyone who needs it.

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… to remove all barriers in the way of science

Sci-hub mirror, the first pirate website in the world to provide mass and public access to tens of millions of research papers.

A research paper is a special publication written by scientists to be read by other researchers. Papers are primary sources necessary for research – for example, they contain detailed description of new results and experiments.

At this time the widest possible distribution of research papers, as well as of other scientific or educational sources, is artificially restricted by copyright laws. Such laws effectively slow down the development of science in human society. The Sci-Hub project, running from 5th September 2011, is challenging the status quo. At the moment, Sci-Hub provides access to hundreds of thousands research papers every day, effectively bypassing any paywalls and restrictions.

Sci-Hub Ideas

Knowledge to all.

We fight inequality in knowledge access across the world. The scientific knowledge should be available for every person regardless of their income, social status, geographical location and etc.

Our mission is to remove any barrier which impeding the widest possible distribution of knowledge in human society!

No Copyright

We advocate for cancellation of intellectual property , or copyright laws, for scientific and educational resources.

Copyright laws render the operation of most online libraries illegal. Hence many people are deprived from knowledge, while at the same time allowing rightholders to have a huge benefits from this. The copyright fosters increase of both informational and economical inequality.

Open Access

The Sci-Hub project supports Open Access movement in science. Research should be published in open access, i.e. be free to read.

The Open Access is a new and advanced form of scientific communication, which is going to replace outdated subscription models. We stand against unfair gain that publishers collect by creating limits to knowledge distribution.

Sci Hub Frequently Asked Questions

What is sci-hub.

Sci-Hub is the democratisation of knowledge – publicly financed research should be freely available to the public. Why are big businesses profiting from scientific research? Use this site to download papers and freely disseminate information. Open Access is supported by Sci-Hub.

How many papers are there in Sci-Hub?

Currently there are 933189871 papers and PDFs in the Sci Hub library.

What is Library Genesis?

Library Genesis , also known as http://gen.lib.rus.ec , is a pirate library.

What is SciHub?

Sci.Hub is a website where you may get free access to reference papers and journal articles. Simply paste the DOI of the journal article you wish to read into ScienceHub, and the PDF will be downloaded for free. Journal articles and academic papers are available for free on the site. These sci-hub mirrors are for you if you want to obtain knowledge. Sci Hub is the Internet's largest archive of stolen academic articles. Sci Hub and Library Genesis have made 48 million scholarly publications freely available to anybody with an Internet connection since its inception in October 2011.

Is Sci Hub blocked in India?

Unfortunately, yes. India has blocked Sci-Hub. But there are two ways to unblock Sci-Hub in India: 1. Use Google DNS as your DNS server. See the settings here: How to set Google Public DNS 2. Tor. Download it here. Open up Tor Browser and go to any of the scihub links above or this special Tor-only Sci-Hub link: https://scihub22266oqcxt.onion This should let you access scihub from India.

Is Science Hub down?

Right now, sci hub seems to be up and running. If you cannot access science hub try some of the alternative links above, like whereisscihub. It’s possible your internet provider is blocking sci-hub, in that case an alternative link might still work.

Is there a Sci Hub Extension?

Yes, there is a Chrome Extension

Is Sci-Hub illegal?

Experts tend to agree that strictly speaking Sci-Hub is illegal, yes. But the items in Sci-Hub are not contraband, they are academic articles. There is no known case of anyone getting a fine or penalty for using Sci-Hub.

How can I get free articles?

1. Go to Sci-Hub 2. Type in the article’s DOI in the search field 3. The article will be downloaded for free

Who runs SCI Hub?

Sci-Hub was founded by Alexandra Elbakyan in 2011 in response to the high cost of research papers behind paywalls.

access millions of research papers with Paper Panda

So easy to use, such a huge life saver in terms of research and assessments !! have not come across a article i can not, not read thanks to this :D so happy and has made life easier, thank you, thank you, thank you

One of the most useful web extensions I have ever used, Thank you to the girl on Tiktok that recommended it. I hope both sides of her pillow are cold everyday. Thank you to the developers as well. Huge thumbs up.

es muy bueno!!!! y muy útil!!! estoy literalmente llorando de la felicidad porque ahora puedo ver ensayos o artículos que antes necesitaba y no podía, y además es muy fácil de usar muy recomendado

It is soooooo amazing ,easy to use and it works like a charm. Helped me a great deal!! Thank you so much

Works great. Been using it only for a short while, but it didn’t fail yet. It’s also very quick. Downside is that it sometimes downloaded an early version of the paper, not the final published paper.

very helpful in searching scientific articles

way far out from my excecptation, seldom giving comment but i have to shout out for this one !! Super great!!!!!

Why didn't i know this existed years ago this is the best tool for a scholar ever thank you!!!!!!!!!!

Cela me change la vie. C'est juste incroyable de pouvoir accéder à la connaissance sans aucune barrière. L'outil est bluffant, rapide et sûr.

An amazing extension for a researcher.

Makes my research a whole ton easier

I wish I found this earlier. It works perfectly, easy to access any articles

Game Changer for my thesis, thanks so much!

Insanely useful, and it is probably one of the greatest things in 2021.

Muy recomendable. Útil y fácil de usar.

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Great app useful for my research

Thank you so much for making my life easier!!!!!!!!!

A melhor extensão!

“Paywall? What’s that?”

Paperpanda searches the web for pdf s so you don’t have to, i’m here to help, you’ve probably run into this problem – you want to read a paper, but it’s locked behind a paywall. maybe you have access to it through your library or university, maybe it’s available to download for free through an open access portal, maybe the author uploaded a pdf to a website somewhere – but how are you going to find it paperpanda is here to help just click the tiny panda in your toolbar and the panda will run off and find the paper for you., access research papers in one click, save time accessing full-text pdf s with the free paperpanda browser plugin, stop clicking and start reading, stop navigating paywalls, search engines, and logins. paperpanda helps you get that full-text pdf faster.

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• About Sci-Hub

How to use Sci-Hub

Sci-Hub is a website built for downloading PDFs of journal articles and papers for free.

You want to read a scientific article or research paper, but it’s not available online, and your university or school doesn’t have a (very expensive) subscription to that particular journal. What are you supposed to do? Just not read it? That seems a bit unfair. Yes, some papers are available for purchase online, but did you know that the actual author of the paper doesn’t get any of that money? Or the peer-reviewers? I don’t mean to diminish the work that journals do, but if I have to decide between letting people read papers, or some publisher making even more money, I will always root for the person who wants to further their knowledge and studies. Downloading a PDF hurts no-one.

Step 01: Find the DOI

First of all, you need to find the DOI of the paper you are searching for.

What is a DOI? It’s numbers and letters that identify the article you’re searching for. Think of it a bit like a phone number. The way that dialling your phone number will only make your phone ring, searching for a DOI will give you exactly the article you are looking for.

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Top 11 Websites for Free Research Paper Downloads

For PhD researchers, it’s critical to gather and read research publications that are pertinent to their areas of study. However, downloading a research paper is one of the most challenging chores for any research scholar. To gain access to high-quality research resources, one needs to pay a fee or subscribe to a journal or publication. In this post, We have shown you how to get a research paper for free.

Sci-Hub was originally launched by Alexandra Elbakyan, a Kazakhstani graduate student, in 2011. It is a website known for providing access to various academic articles and papers using educational institution access and its own collection of downloaded articles and papers. In fact, you can download almost 99% of all scientific papers and articles in existence on Sci-Hub.

Many internet service providers (especially in developed countries) have blocked it at present.  Sci-Hub’s own statistics show that the chances of a request for download being successful are 99%. It processes more than 200,000 requests every day.

How to use Sci-Hub?

• Visit https://sci-hub.se/ (Use a VPN to access it if blocked.) You can also checkout Visit: Working Sci-Hub Proxy Links – 2022 ( https://www.ilovephd.com/working-sci-hub-proxy-links-updated/ )
• Enter the full name of the DOI, URL, or URL in the paper that you would like to download.
• Select”Open” or click the “Open” click.

2. Library Genesis

Library Genesis (Libgen) is a file-sharing based shadow library website for scholarly journal articles, academic and general-interest books, images, comics, audiobooks, and magazines. The site enables free access to content that is otherwise paywalled or not digitized elsewhere. This website was threatened with legal action by Elsevier one of the largest publishing companies of technical, scientific medical and scientific research papers in the year 2015.

You can find a research paper or book on Library Genesis by following the steps given below:

• Visit Library Genesis’ official website (libgen.li).
• Type the name of whatever you’re looking for into the search field, and click the “search!” button.
• Click on the name of a book or research paper in the list of results, and choose one of the available mirrors.
• Proceed to download the book or research paper and save it to your device.

3. Z-Library

Z-Library is a clone of Library Genesis, a shadow library project that allows users to share scholarly journal articles, academic texts, and general-interest books via file sharing (some of which are pirated). The majority of its books come from Library Genesis, however, some are posted directly to the site by individuals.

Individuals can also donate to the website’s repository to make literature more widely available. Z-library claims to have more than 10,139,382 Books and 84,837,646 Articles articles as of April 25, 2022.

The steps to download Z-Library books for free are as follows:

Step 1: Go to the Z-Library website ( https://singlelogin.me/ )  and Sign In.

Step 2: Browse through the categories or use the search bar to find the book you want.

Step 3: Click on the book to open it.

Step 4: Click on the download button to download the book.

4. Unpaywall

This is a huge database that contains more than 21 million academic works from over fifty thousand content repositories as well as publishers. The content in the database is replicated from government resources so downloading them is legal. The authors claim they are able to access around 80-85 percent of all scientific papers accessible on their website. 

You can utilize Google’s Chrome extension to quickly get them at any time. 

In order to do this, you have to follow the instructions listed below:

• Visit https://unpaywall.org/products/extension
• Select on the “Add the Chrome” button. Chrome” option.
• Simply click “Add the store to Chrome” in the Chrome Web Store page in addition.
• Keep an eye on the extension until it is installed.
• After installing the extension, it will work automatically and will appear whenever you go to the site of a paywalled research paper in the database of Unpaywall’s open databases. All you have just click on the green Unpaywall button to allow the article to be displayed immediately.

5. Directory of Open Access Journals

A multidisciplinary, community-curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-quality peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 17,193 journals, allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword.

The site was launched in 2003 with the aim of increasing the visibility of OA scholarly journals online. Content on the site covers subjects from science, to law, to fine arts, and everything in between. DOAJ has a commitment to “increase the visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage and impact of quality, peer-reviewed, OA scholarly research journals globally, regardless of discipline, geography or language.”

It can be used to search for and download research papers for free:

• Visit: https://doaj.org/
• Input your keywords in the search field , then hit enter.
• Choose the research paper you wish to download.
• Hit on the “Full Text” button that is located just below the abstract.

6.ScienceOpen

ScienceOpen offers a professional network platform for academics that gives access to more than 40 million research papers from all fields of science. Although you do need to register to view the full text of articles, registration is free. The advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find exactly the research you’re looking for. You can also bookmark articles for later research. There are extensive networking options, including your Science Open profile, a forum for interacting with other researchers, the ability to track your usage and citations, and an interactive bibliography. Users have the ability to review articles and provide their knowledge and insight within the community.

To search for research papers with the help of Science open:

• Go to: http://about.scienceopen.com/ .
• Select on the “green “Search” button located in the upper right corner.
• Enter your search terms into the search box. In addition to the keywords, you can look up authors’ collections, journals publishers, as well as others.

OA.mg is a search engine for academic papers. Whether you are looking for a specific paper, or for research from a field, or all of an author’s works – OA.mg is the place to find it. Research papers can be found by using OA.mg by following these steps:

• Follow the link below: https://oa.mg
• You can enter your keywords or DOI number into the search field that is available there.
• Select on the “search” button, and wait for results to show up.
• In the search results Download any research document you require by clicking this link for download.

8.Citationsy Archives

Citationsy Archives allows you to look up journals and papers to download, download them, and (obviously) incorporate them into your work.It is important to note that you can access Citationsy Archives with or without an account. 

All you have to do is make a request, and it will then search for the exact phrase in all research papers around the world and show the pertinent matches to you. Click on each of them to view more information, and then access it directly from the search results. 

The platform also allows you to download the papers using a number of different and totally open access and legal options. 

Use Citationsy Archives from https://citationsy.com/archives/

CORE is the world’s largest aggregator of open access research papers from repositories and journals. It is a not-for-profit service dedicated to the open access mission. They serve the global network of repositories and journals by increasing the discoverability and reuse of open access content.

To find a research article using CORE:

• Visit: https://core.ac.uk/
• Enter your search terms into the search box.
• Hit the “Search” link.
• Select on the “Get PDF” button to download any research document you are looking for.

10. PaperPanda

PaperPanda is a Chrome extension that uses some clever logic and the Panda’s detective skills to find you the research paper PDFs you need. Essentially, when you activate PaperPanda it finds the DOI of the paper from the current page, and then goes and searches for it. It starts by querying various Open Access repositories like OpenAccessButton, OaDoi, SemanticScholar, Core, ArXiV, and the Internet Archive. You can also set your university libraries domain in the settings (this feature is in the works and coming soon). PaperPanda will then automatically search for the paper through your library. You can also set a different custom domain in the settings.

11.Dimensions

Dimensions covers millions of research publications connected by more than 1.6 billion citations, supporting grants, datasets, clinical trials, patents and policy documents. Dimensions is the most comprehensive research grants database which links grants to millions of resulting publications, clinical trials and patents.

Dimensions includes datasets from repositories such as Figshare, Dryad, Zenodo, Pangaea, and many more. It hosts millions of patents with links to other citing patents as well as to publications and supporting grants.

Visit: https://www.dimensions.ai/

https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/free_online_journal_and_research_databases.en.html

https://gauravtiwari.org/download-research-papers-for-free/

8 Sites to Download Research Papers for Free – 2020

https://microbiologynote.com/12-top-websites-to-download-research-papers-for-free/

14 Websites to Download Research Paper for Free – 2023

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Genesis

Z-Library is legal? You can Download 70,000,000+ scientific articles for free

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If you find an article that has a PMID or a DOI and aren't sure if we have it you can use the Citation Linker or Libkey.io to search the library resources. If the library doesn't have it, you will be directed to Interlibrary Loan so you can request the article.

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Download Research Papers and Scientific Articles for free (Sci-Hub and Library Genesis links updated August 2022)

Many students and researchers need to find a paper for their research, to complete the review of an article, or while writing their thesis. Many papers can be found through your university library, but for those that you may not have access to through your institution, we take a look at the three largest open access sites, as well as sci hub and Library Genesis .

Unpaywall Unpaywall is a website built by Impactstory, a nonprofit working to make science more open and reusable online. They are supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. What they do is gather all the articles they can from all the open-access repositories on the internet. These are papers that have been provided by the authors or publishers for free, and thus Unpaywall is completely legal. They say they have about 50-85% of all scientific articles available in their archive. Works with Chrome or Firefox.

PaperPanda PaperPanda is a free browser extension for Chrome that gives you one-click access to papers and journal articles. When you find a paper on the publisher’s site, just click the PaperPanda icon and the panda goes and finds the PDF for you.

Open Access Button The Open Access Button  does something very similar to Unpaywall, with some major differences. They search thousands of public repositories, and if the article is not in any of them they send a request to the author to make the paper publicly available with them. The more people try to find an article through them, the more requests an author gets. You can search for articles/papers directly from their page, or download their browser extension.

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What is a DOI? | Finding and Using Digital Object Identifiers

Published on December 19, 2018 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on February 24, 2023 by Raimo Streefkerk.

A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique and never-changing string assigned to online (journal) articles , books , and other works. DOIs make it easier to retrieve works, which is why citation styles, like APA and MLA Style , recommend including them in citations.

You may find DOIs formatted in various ways:

• doi:10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
• https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12487
• https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
• https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.014

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Table of contents

How to find a doi, apa style guidelines for using dois, mla style guidelines for using dois, chicago style guidelines for using dois, frequently asked questions about dois.

The DOI will usually be clearly visible when you open a journal article on a database.

Examples of where to find DOIs

• Taylor and Francis Online
• SAGE journals

Note: JSTOR uses a different format, but their “stable URL” functions in the same way as a DOI.

What to do when you cannot find the DOI

If you cannot find the DOI for a journal article, you can also check Crossref . Simply paste the relevant information into the “Search Metadata” box to find the DOI. If the DOI does not exist here, the article most likely does not have one; in this case, use a URL instead.

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APA Style guidelines state that DOIs should be included whenever they’re available. In practice, almost all journal articles and most academic books have a DOI assigned to them.

You can find the DOI on the first page of the article or copyright page of a book. Omit the DOI from the APA citation if you cannot find it.

Formatting DOIs in APA Style

DOIs are included at the end of the APA reference entry . In the 6th edition of the APA publication manual, DOIs can be preceded by the label “doi:” or formatted as URLs. In the 7th edition , DOIs should be formatted as URLs with ‘https://doi.org/’ preceding the DOI.

• APA 6th edition: doi: 10.1177/0269881118806297 or https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0269881118806297
• APA 7th edition: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0269881118806297

APA citation examples with DOI

• Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2016). Social media and body image concerns: Current research and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychology , 9 , 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.005
• Sustersic, M., Gauchet, A., Foote, A., & Bosson, J.-L. (2016). How best to use and evaluate Patient Information Leaflets given during a consultation: a systematic review of literature reviews. Health Expectations , 20 (4), 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12487

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MLA recommends using the format doi:10.1177/0269881118806297.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

In Chicago style , the format https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118806297 is preferred.

A DOI is a unique identifier for a digital document. DOIs are important in academic citation because they are more permanent than URLs, ensuring that your reader can reliably locate the source.

Journal articles and ebooks can often be found on multiple different websites and databases. The URL of the page where an article is hosted can be changed or removed over time, but a DOI is linked to the specific document and never changes.

The DOI is usually clearly visible when you open a journal article on an academic database. It is often listed near the publication date, and includes “doi.org” or “DOI:”. If the database has a “cite this article” button, this should also produce a citation with the DOI included.

If you can’t find the DOI, you can search on Crossref using information like the author, the article title, and the journal name.

Include the DOI at the very end of the APA reference entry . If you’re using the 6th edition APA guidelines, the DOI is preceded by the label “doi:”. In the 7th edition , the DOI is preceded by ‘https://doi.org/’.

• 6th edition: doi: 10.1177/0894439316660340
• 7th edition: https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0894439316660340

APA citation example (7th edition)

Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2016). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review , 35 (5), 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340

In an APA journal citation , if a DOI (digital object identifier) is available for an article, always include it.

If an article has no DOI, and you accessed it through a database or in print, just omit the DOI.

If an article has no DOI, and you accessed it through a website other than a database (for example, the journal’s own website), include a URL linking to the article.

In MLA style citations , format a DOI as a link, including “https://doi.org/” at the start and then the unique numerical code of the article.

DOIs are used mainly when citing journal articles in MLA .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Gahan, C. (2023, February 24). What is a DOI? | Finding and Using Digital Object Identifiers. Scribbr. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/what-is-a-doi/

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Is there a simple way to bulk download a large number of papers from a list of references

I've got a library of 1200 references I'm using for a systematic review. Now I need to download the PDFs of all these references, which will take days if I do it manually. Is there a simple way to automatically download as many as possible from pubmed / Google Scholar / (maybe Scihub)? I have institutional access.

Edit: My solution was to load the reference list into multiple reference managers and run the PDF import function in all of them. Some managers succeeded where others failed. I had to do the rest manually.

• reference-managers

• Did you try to ask your librarian? –  EarlGrey Commented May 24, 2023 at 11:56
• 2 If you want to do a systematic review of these 1200 works I suspect you would need to read at the very least the abstract but presumably significant parts of the text in each of them. Relative to that effort, the downloading is completely trivial. –  quarague Commented May 24, 2023 at 12:43

2 Answers 2

For systematic review, if you're following PRISMA, you'll typically do some preliminary 'checks' before getting to the lists for full text review.

I'm assuming the 1200 odd references are your final list after the duplicate removal and screening, and perhaps your forward-and-reverse literature chaining.

In Zotero, you can enable automatic PDF download in preference. For your purpose, you then bulk import reference using doi or bibtex or ris .

• Someone recently developed a working script for bulk adding doi and updating metadata

The trick with Zotero is that Zotero is able to download pdf link to an entry from multiple sources. There are limitations though. Beware that most academic database would lock you out if performing large bulk downloads at fast rate. Always a good idea to use proxy. In your case, you already having institutional access which might assist.

With Endnote, you can bulk import PDF files or like you have in Mendeley, you can set a 'watch' on a folder from which Endnote will automatically import entries for PDF files added to the folder. Unfortunately, that does not address your challenge. With Endnote, similar to Zotero, you can import reference list to populate tour Endnote database.

• simply export reference list from your search (Google, Scopus ...) to a RIS file.

[Technical approach beyond the scope of Academia forum] For other technical solutions beyond the scope of Academia, you can work directly with API of academic database.

• Science direct and Scopus provide API access, which you register for for free. You'll still need access to perform low-level tasks and download.
• you can leverage Python to work with academic database API
• for Google Scholar, use Scholarly: Scholarly pypi , GitHub
• for Scopus, pybliometrics is well used.
• Pyscopus claims to be more friendly. I'm yet to use Pyscopus unlike others. More so, it's inactive since 2019!

There's one I've used recently, just can't recall the name offhand. It allows robust analysis and topic search. I'll update in due course.

[Scientific PDF download]

• RESP: Research Papers Search claims to search and download scientific papers. Yet to try it out.
• Articledownloader is worth exploring
• PyPaperBot is well used for downloading scientific articles from DOI or academic database.

I'm busy with a fork of Automated Search Helper . A research project by Lech Madeyski team at Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland. I'm yet to upload latest revision which has the

• pdf downloader working with JSGlue, Jinja2
• I have it working locally but need some code clean-up and documentation.

NB: with automatic downloaders, beware of captcha and blocking/ban by academic database

SciPDFParser comes across as a good parser of downloaded articles PDF.

I don't know of any tool to specifically scrape academic databases for pdf's. There may be some obscure program out there on GitHub or a web-crawler that could be repurposed. This question is a bit dated but addresses your problem in more detail and proposes some interesting solutions in that vein.

The easiest off the shelf solution is Endnote. It has a feature that allows for automatic search and retrieval of pdf's. If you have access, it works fairly well. Though it doesn't capture everything . I suspect that there are other reference managers with a similar feature. I don't know of free ones specifically, if that is a concern.

If none of those options are workable for you, consider if it is necessary to download all those pdf's. I'm assuming that you are just beginning to conduct your screening and so you likely don't need the full texts right away. I have conducted a handful of systematic reviews and I have always relied on title and abstract for the initial screen. If I could not make a decision from that info, simply navigating to the original online version was sufficient. Since you already have institutional access, why store them on your local device from the get-go? It would be significantly easier to download and store the papers you flag for further review or inclusion. This may not be right in your case, but it's something to consider if all else fails.

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Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged citations reference-managers sci-hub pubmed ..

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DOI / PMID Search

What are dois and pmids.

DOI and PMID refer to unique identifiers, which can be used to locate articles online. The boxes on this guide link these services to the Library's FindIt! service, allowing you to access resources through Library subscriptions.

DOI stands for  Document Object Identifier . This is a unique identifier that is assigned to an online journal article, online book or online book chapter. Most publishers assign these to their online content. A DOI can take you directly to an online resource, but the Library does not always have access at a publisher site. The DOI lookup links to any online access we have.

PMID is a unique identifier used in the PubMed database and can be used to look up abstracts in PubMed. The PMID lookup links to online access through the Library.

Search using DOI or PMID

Lookup a journal article by DOI or PMID

Instructions.

If you have a DOI or PMID for an article that you would like to obtain using Purdue Libraries subscriptions or via Inter-Library loan services, simply copy and paste the DOI or PMID in the box above and click search.

Examples to try (copy and paste these into the box above):

DOI Examples:

• 10.1186/s12898-019-0263-7
• 10.1016/j.seps.2021.101063     
• 10.1016/j.fas.2020.05.008         

PMID Examples:

• 25435309 
• 30302018  

 You can also install the Nomad Browser Extension which will automate the searching for you as you browse the Web.

Library Search

• Last Edited: Jun 8, 2023 3:28 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/doipmidsearch

Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to find a DOI?

Location of DOIs

How to include a doi in your citation, frequently asked questions about finding dois, related articles.

A digital object identifier , or DOI, refers to a handle that recognizes a unique object in the digital world. This label is assigned by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to different types of scholarly material, such as papers, journal articles, books, data sets, reports, government publications, and even videos.

A DOI should always be easily available in any source. Usually, you will find it on the first page, either in the header or somewhere close to the title.

Alternatively, you can also find it in the "About this article" or "Cite this article" sections.

If the DOI isn’t available, you can look it up on CrossRef.org by using the “Search Metadata” option. You just have to type in the source's title or author, and it will direct you to its DOI.

The correct format for adding a DOI to your citations will depend on the citation style you use. Here is a list of citation examples with DOIs in major formatting styles:

Hofman, C. A., & Rick, T. C. (2018). Ancient Biological Invasions and Island Ecosystems: Tracking Translocations of Wild Plants and Animals. Journal of Archeological Research , 26 (1), 65–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9105-3

Hofman, Courtney A., and Torben C. Rick. “Ancient Biological Invasions and Island Ecosystems: Tracking Translocations of Wild Plants and Animals.”  Journal of Archaeological Research , vol. 26, no. 1, 2018, pp. 65–115, doi:10.1007/s10814-017-9105-3.

Hofman, Courtney A., and Torben C. Rick. 2018. “Ancient Biological Invasions and Island Ecosystems: Tracking Translocations of Wild Plants and Animals.”  Journal of Archaeological Research  26 (1): 65–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10814-017-9105-3.

The preferred format of a DOI in a citation is using https://doi.org/ followed by the alphanumeric string. It also depends on the style; as you can see that MLA prefers using doi:xxx. Make sure to double-check the citation style you use before adding the DOI.

Tip: Instead of manually adding citations with DOIs to your documents, which is error-prone and strenuous, consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to format and organize your citations. Paperpile allows you to save and organize your citations for later use and cite them in thousands of citation styles directly in Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or LaTeX, including the DOI:

The preferred format of a DOI in a citation is using https://doi.org/ followed by the alphanumeric string. Of course, it depends on the style, as MLA prefers using doi:xxx. Make sure to double check the citation style you use before adding the DOI.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is responsible for assigning DOIs to different types of scholarly material, such as papers, journal articles, books, data sets, reports, government publications, and even videos.

URLs and DOIs are not the same. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric identifier that labels digital material and pinpoints its location on the internet, whereas a URL is a digital locator.

DOIs were invented for a reason. These alphanumeric identifiers allow readers to locate specific material in the digital world. They also add credibility to your sources.

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• Errors in Supplement JAMA Pediatrics Correction November 1, 2022
• Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mother’s Milk JAMA Pediatrics Comment & Response April 1, 2023 Jennifer M. Nelson, MD, MPH; Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, MD; Dana Meaney-Delman, MD, MPH
• Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mother’s Milk JAMA Pediatrics Comment & Response April 1, 2023 Riccardo Davanzo, MD, PhD

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Hanna N , Heffes-Doon A , Lin X, et al. Detection of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Human Breast Milk. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(12):1268–1270. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3581

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Detection of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Human Breast Milk

• 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
• 2 Women and Children’s Research Laboratory, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York
• Correction Errors in Supplement JAMA Pediatrics
• Comment & Response Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mother’s Milk Jennifer M. Nelson, MD, MPH; Katherine E. Fleming-Dutra, MD; Dana Meaney-Delman, MD, MPH JAMA Pediatrics
• Comment & Response Messenger RNA Vaccine in Mother’s Milk Riccardo Davanzo, MD, PhD JAMA Pediatrics

Vaccination is a cornerstone in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the initial messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine clinical trials excluded several vulnerable groups, including young children and lactating individuals. 1 The US Food and Drug Administration deferred the decision to authorize COVID-19 mRNA vaccines for infants younger than 6 months until more data are available because of the potential priming of the children’s immune responses that may alter their immunity. 2 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends offering the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines to breastfeeding individuals, 3 although the possible passage of vaccine mRNAs in breast milk resulting in infants’ exposure at younger than 6 months was not investigated. This study investigated whether the COVID-19 vaccine mRNA can be detected in the expressed breast milk (EBM) of lactating individuals receiving the vaccination within 6 months after delivery.

This cohort study included 11 healthy lactating individuals who received either the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine (n = 5) or the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine (n = 6) within 6 months after delivery ( Table 1 ). Participants were asked to collect and immediately freeze EBM samples at home until transported to the laboratory. Samples of EBM were collected before vaccination (control) and for 5 days postvaccination. A total of 131 EBM samples were collected 1 hour to 5 days after vaccine administration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated in EBM using sequential centrifugation, and the EV concentrations were determined by ZetaView (Analytik) (eMethods in the Supplement ). The presence of COVID-19 vaccine mRNA in different milk fractions (whole EBM, fat, cells, and supernatant EVs) was assayed using 2-step quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The vaccine detection limit was 1 pg/mL of EBM (eMethods in the Supplement ).

Of 11 lactating individuals enrolled, trace amounts of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were detected in 7 samples from 5 different participants at various times up to 45 hours postvaccination ( Table 2 ). The mean (SD) yield of EVs isolated from EBM was 9.1 10 (5.0 10 ) particles/mL, and the mean (SD) particle size was 110.0 (3.0) nm. The vaccine mRNA appears in higher concentrations in the EVs than in whole milk ( Table 2 ). No vaccine mRNA was detected in prevaccination or postvaccination EBM samples beyond 48 hours of collection. Also, no COVID-19 vaccine mRNA was detected in the EBM fat fraction or the EBM cell pellets.

The sporadic presence and trace quantities of COVID-19 vaccine mRNA detected in EBM suggest that breastfeeding after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination is safe, particularly beyond 48 hours after vaccination. These data demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge the biodistribution of COVID-19 vaccine mRNA to mammary cells and the potential ability of tissue EVs to package the vaccine mRNA that can be transported to distant cells. Little has been reported on lipid nanoparticle biodistribution and localization in human tissues after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. In rats, up to 3 days following intramuscular administration, low vaccine mRNA levels were detected in the heart, lung, testis, and brain tissues, indicating tissue biodistribution. 4 We speculate that, following the vaccine administration, lipid nanoparticles containing the vaccine mRNA are carried to mammary glands via hematogenous and/or lymphatic routes. 5 , 6 Furthermore, we speculate that vaccine mRNA released into mammary cell cytosol can be recruited into developing EVs that are later secreted in EBM.

The limitations of this study include the relatively small sample size and the lack of functional studies demonstrating whether detected vaccine mRNA is translationally active. Also, we did not test the possible cumulative vaccine mRNA exposure after frequent breastfeeding in infants. We believe it is safe to breastfeed after maternal COVID-19 vaccination. However, caution is warranted about breastfeeding children younger than 6 months in the first 48 hours after maternal vaccination until more safety studies are conducted. In addition, the potential interference of COVID-19 vaccine mRNA with the immune response to multiple routine vaccines given to infants during the first 6 months of age needs to be considered. It is critical that lactating individuals be included in future vaccination trials to better evaluate the effect of mRNA vaccines on lactation outcomes.

Accepted for Publication: July 25, 2022.

Published Online: September 26, 2022. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.3581

Correction: This article was corrected on September 30, 2022, to fix the year of the study period and other minor typographical errors in the eMethods in the Supplement.

Corresponding Author: Nazeeh Hanna, MD, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, 259 First St, Mineola, NY 11501 ( [email protected] ).

Author Contributions : Dr Hanna had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: All authors.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Hanna, Heffes-Doon, Lin, Nayak.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Hanna, Lin.

Obtained funding: Hanna.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Hanna, Lin, Manzano De Mejia, Botros, Gurzenda, Nayak.

Supervision: Hanna.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Hanna reported grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, American Lung Association, March of Dimes, New York State Department of Health, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: All financial and material support for this work was provided by the Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island, New York University Long Island School of Medicine.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The supporting organization had a role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Additional Contributions: We acknowledge the participants who volunteered for this study. We are thankful to Christie Clauss, PharmD (Department of Pharmacy, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island), for voluntarily providing unused vaccines for this study and for her critical revision of the manuscript. We are also thankful to the following individuals for their voluntary help in recruitment: Regina Cafferty, RN (Department of Pediatrics, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island), and Elisabeth Sulger, MD, and Hollisa Rosa, MD (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU Langone Hospital–Long Island). None of these individuals received compensation for their contribution.

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JSmol Viewer

Smart contracts in blockchain technology: a critical review.

1. Introduction

• Research question 1 (RQ1): What is the present condition of the field of study?
• Research question 2 (RQ2): How significant are smart contracts in blockchain technology?
• Research question 3 (RQ3): What challenges do smart contracts in the blockchain often encounter?
• Research question 4 (RQ4): In what ways will smart contracts in the blockchain develop in the near future?

2. Background of the Study

2.1. blockchain, 2.2. smart contracts, 3. research methodology, 3.1. planning the review.

• Examining the present condition of the field.
• Recognizing the significance of the review.
• Determining the challenges and future directions of the field.
• An overview of the investigation’s findings.

3.2. Research Strategy

3.3. search criteria.

• Research may be released anytime between 2012 and 2022.
• The scope of research is limited to the journal.
• “Blockchain”, “block-chain”, “smart contracts”, and “smart contracts” are the keywords.
• Articles not written in English
• The exclusion of reviews, conferences, book chapters, theses, monographs, and interview-based works.
• Articles in the press are eliminated.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. selection results, 4.2. smart contracts’ platforms, 4.3. the advantages of smart contracts.

• Confidence and openness
• Accuracy, efficiency, and rapidity

4.4. Applications

4.5. challenges, 4.6. potential developments.

• Data science smart contracts
• Artificial intelligence
• Game theory

5. Conclusions

Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Taherdoost, H. Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology: A Critical Review. Information 2023 , 14 , 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020117

Taherdoost H. Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology: A Critical Review. Information . 2023; 14(2):117. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020117

Taherdoost, Hamed. 2023. "Smart Contracts in Blockchain Technology: A Critical Review" Information 14, no. 2: 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/info14020117

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Published in.

Elsevier Science Ltd.

United Kingdom

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Author tags.

• Carbon-free hydrogen port
• Shore hydrogen deployment
• Hydrogen energy
• Branch-and-cut
• Research-article

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