contract 2 assignment topics

145 Contract Law Topics to Write about & Examples

Are you a law school student? This contract law topics list is for you! Here, you will find the most interesting concepts and legal issues to explore. Write an outstanding essay with the help of our law of contract assignment topics and samples!

🔝 Top 10 Contract Law Topics for 2024

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The Elements of a Valid Contract
The Doctrine of Privity of Contract
Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods
Fraud and Misrepresentation in Contracts
How to Identify Unfair Terms and Conditions
Remedies and Legal Recourse for Non-Performance
Mental Incapacity and Its Implications in Contract Law
Mistakes and Their Effects on Contractual Validity
Which Contracts Must Be in Writing to Be Enforceable?
E-Signatures, Online Agreements, and Legal Validity
Contract Law: Sand Diego Case In this case the old contract is discharged and there is a substitution of anew contract By vicarious performance: It is open to the parties to have their contract performed vicariously by another person, provided […]
Misrepresentation Under Contract Law This case is a case of negligent misrepresentation because the finance officer made the statement without knowledge of the capacity because he had not gone to the building to ascertain the facts of what he […]
Contract Law: Breach, Mutual and Unilateral Mistake The implication of this is that the contract would have ordinarily remained valid until the time the plaintiff moved to have it avoided.
Contract Law: Car Buying Agreement and Fraud When considering the purchase of a car, one must be aware of the legal specifics of the process, as the case of Jim and Laura shows quite clearly.
Contract Law: The Impossibility of Performance The paper will include a discussion of the elements of the impossibility of performance and the three situations where the defense can be used; and a discussion of commercial impracticability and its application to the […]
Promissory Estoppel in English Contract Law In regards to the case between Brian and Harry, Harry won the case in which he claims a breach of contract by Brian.
Importance of Role of Contracts in Sports Law One of the laws which play a truly vital part in the regulation of sports activities is the law of contract.
English Contract Law: Fundamental Principles The buyer has an obligation to pay the price and the seller is obligated to transfer ownership to the buyer. Acceptance of the offer implies that there is an objective expression, by the recipient, of […]
Contract Law: Nike, Inc. vs. Eugene McCarthy The United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit affirmed the decision of the district court that Eugene McCarthy violated the agreement, provided potential harm to the company, and had to leave the position offered by […]
The Duress Cases in Contract Law The court decided that the agreement was null and void because the wife did not receive adequate advice concerning the husband’s worth before or during the time she was required to sign the agreement.
Business Law: Contracts With Intoxicated Persons It is the client’s goal to rescind the contract, and she can do so in correspondence to the capacity to contract and duress and undue influence.
Business Laws in Contract Termination In the contract between the Commonwealth Government of Australia and Chill-Out company, dissolution can be applied because of the poor performance of the employed enterprise, as in the case of Abrams v RTO Asset Management.
Woody Allen vs. Amazon Contract Law Case The reasons given by the court were that the defendant and the plaintiff settled their issues in private and the appellant withdrew the case.
Contract Law: The Case Study The former decides to sue Johnny for breach of contract on the two commitments, buying the car and the $10,000 offer.
Contract Law Cases: Suspicious Directors in Firms The legal duty of care assigned to the defendant is one that emerges independently of contractual responsibility, and expressly, in the absence of a contract.
U.S. Contract Law: Basics A significant role in the emergence and development of the theory of the U.S. contract law belongs to the American jurists Langdell and Holmes.
English Law of Contract: Theory and Examples This means that the finding of the painting preludes the obligation for paying the reward without the necessity of proof of offer acceptance.
Contract Law: Alpha Bookstore’s Delivery Issues The area of law that this case relates to is contract law, and the bookstore has remedies for the problems with the contract and lost chance.
Contract and Agency Law: Restraint of Trade A typical restraint of trade clause on an employment contract will be: The employee agrees that he or she will not, after the termination of the employment contract with the employer, either directly or indirectly, […]
Contract and Agency Law: Overview and Analysis In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the court of appeal held that the advert made had all the requirements of an offer and was, therefore, an offer in itself.
Singapore Contract Law Analysis Therefore, D & D shopping mall would be exempted from the damage of the car because they had referred to the clause in red.
Researching the Law of Contract The offeror entails “the party making the offer while the offeree refers to the party to whom the offer has been made and a serious and objective intention on the part of the offeror must […]
Contract Law: Selling Legal Encyclopedias Normally, a contract is established when the offeree and the offeror agree to the terms of their negotiation. In the above case, Carrie made an offer to sell a set of encyclopedias to Antonio.
Law of Contract: The Case of James and the Kitchen Wizard Even though this was not included in the contract, the fact that James was made to believe that he was purchasing the items that he had wanted by the salesperson gives validity to the feelings […]
Consideration of the Law of Contract In this case, John failed to fulfill his share of the contact thus Chen has this as a basis of not paying the high labor cost, the case says “John builds the extension but does […]
Contract Law: Huang vs. Bill the Builder The main purpose of seeking compensation of damages resulting from a breach is to put the innocent party in its initial position if the breach had not occurred in the first place. Huang had clearly […]
Contract Law and License: Review But there is also the matter of usage of already existing material and the contracts that are drawn up by companies to make a profit.
Contract Law: Case Brief on Fiona vs. Black Tie The elements of a contract were all present in the contract that was between the Black Tie Dry cleaning and Fiona and based on the arguments and explanations the company is not liable to any […]
Government Contract Law: The Case of Boston Shipyard Corp. MSC was aware that at the time of the formation of the contract, BSC was proceeding with a bankruptcy arrangement yet it signed the contract.
Different Types of Contracts in Law It is a defense in the sense that the two parties had agreed to perform the contract but had not factored in such other contingencies that could render the whole or part of the contract […]
Business Law: The Contract and Tort Law Under the contract of CG and Cambridge city, the offer was given by the city to the CG to collect the garbage in the area of 3000 households for three years with the expectation of […]
Law of Contracts: Case No. CA06-1281 in Arkansas The most important aspect of a contract is the offer and acceptance where one party offers an agreement and the other accepts.
Contract Law and Legally Binding Relationship The analysis of this case will tend to advise him on the next reaction relating to the competition which was in place, the contract and the letter that he received from the solicitors.
Contract Law in Business and Consumer Protection When the couple approached the hotel manager, they were referred to the terms and conditions form they had signed as they checked in and one of the terms and conditions read that the hotel will […]
The Contract Law: The Case of James and the Pet Toys There is a distinction between the day and moment that the advertisement was posted in the newspaper and the time that was taken for the letter to get to the manager.
Law Illustrations, Legal Rights, Law of Contract At the same time, the customers of the company, and Thomas and Peter in particular, considered the advertisement to be an offer to the world at large.
Acting in Good Faith: Contract and Agency Law To start with the validity of the contract should be analyzed; and in this case, the two contracting parties had agreed mutually to reduce the amount to a nominal amount of $150.
Joint Liability Under English Contract Law If this is a case of common co-debtorship, D will have to sue A, B, and C jointly to claim the horse.
Avoiding & Settling Disputes Under Sales Contract Law The major peculiarity of this problem lies in the following: the seller of the car officially disclaimed any liability for the injuries and repair costs caused by defects in the vehicle.
Criminal and Contract Law in the Healthcare Sector It is therefore important for healthcare professionals to conform to the criminal laws and the terms and conditions of their contracts.
Contract Law: Promissory Estoppel and Part Payment In the case of promissory estoppel, consideration has centered on the notion of exchange or bargain as a reasonable basis for the elucidation of what is meant by promissory estoppel in payment of consideration under […]
Contract Law: Introduction to Legal Analysis and Writing It is on the basis of this information and other materials not mentioned in the case that he manages to convince Mr.
Law of Contract: Aspects of the Lease Issue Manchester Citi Council, it was reaffirmed that although the Council may have not signed and delivered the documents, whereupon the customer had signed and delivered the documents for onward transmission to the buyer, the contract […]
Three Articles on Contract Law Comparison The article examines substantial body of case law in the UK on the interpretation of Articles 3 and 4 of the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations which emerged in 2000.
Contract Law in Different Countries The applicability of certain laws therefore becomes the basis of a legal system and how this can be utilized in the greater complexity of certain involvements and participations. Lastly, conflicts of law and harmonization process […]
Contract Law and Agreement in Business As the partnership involves financial issues, it is advised to create a contract to secure the operation and have a legal basis for possible complaints.
Contract Law: Legally Binding Agreement With Minors However, the law allows a minor to enter into contracts for the supply of necessities if no adult can provide the necessities.
Contract Law: Offer in the Acorn Computers Case It is a general rule that when an offer is made as was done by B supermarkets, the contract becomes binding the moment an acceptance is made by the offeree.
Contract Law: Refund for Cancelled Trip Payments The problem was in the fact that Burt decided to cancel the vacation, and he needed to receive the refund related to the reservation payments.
English Contract Law: Gibson vs. Manchester City Council Rather, it merely stated that the house “may be prepared to sell” and that the letter was not a “firm offer of a mortgage”.
Contract Law: Foodmart Inc. vs. Masterpiece Construction The client will therefore have the right to repudiate the contract on the basis that the terms of the agreements have not been upheld.
Contract Law and Its Management Consideration means what is exchanged between the parties to a contract to make the agreement valid. The contractor agrees to do the work by the set date and the client promises to compensate him for […]
Contract Law: Main Line Pictures Inc. vs. Basinger In maximizing /minimizing the loss profit incurred, this amount should not be included because the film was not produced so the actual loss caused by Basinger not taking part in the film cannot be traced.
Business Ethics and Contract Law While analyzing the nature of relationships between the supplier and Don from the ethical perspective, it is necessary to support the cessation of doing business with Don.
Minors and Contract Law: Hallman vs. Lemke But if Jeremy’s actions and the act of entering into the contract was overseen with his parents or guardians in the presence of the sales personnel, the company will be able to sue for damages […]
Contract Law in the United Arabs Emirates To understand the contract law through the prism of the UAE legal system, it is important to discuss the principles of the laws and provisions of a contract.
UAE and UK Contract Law: Misrepresentation and Duress Contract law is the agreement that should clear identify the situation and help the parties be equal; misrepresentation and duress can influence the quality of the contract and have to be properly understood by the […]
Essential Contract Law: History and Theory The fundamental nature of a contract is a legally binding accord, that is, a reciprocal appreciation among the parties, in regard, to the essence of the contract.
Business Management Affairs: Contract Law This report highlights the requirements and content of the contract, as well as the consequences for breach of contract by the judges.
The English Contract Law: Terms and Classification To determine a legal contract, the courts look for the following into the contract; the transaction stage, which the transaction took, place, the importance that the representee connected to the declaration together with the skills […]
Contract and Sale of Goods Law It is clear that Blackboard was aware of the purpose that PostersPLUS intended to use the vinyl film at the time the contract was entered into between the two firms.
Contract Law: Breach of Contract and Remedies Available For any claim to contractual material breach to be successful, the injured party must establish that: indeed there was a contract; the defendant is indeed the right party to bring a claim, the contract was […]
Contract Law Dispute: Defendant’s Motion As the judge in the case, I would rule in favor of the plaintiff and oblige the defendant to pay for the damages as requested.
Rescission of a Contract in the Law of Contracts In the law of contracts, when a contract is rescinded, it means that the two parties to the contract have been relieved of their obligation in relation to the initial contract entered in the initial […]
Contract Law: PepsiCo and a Harrier Jet Contest Prize The theory of objectivity in a contract implies that for an offer and acceptance to take place, the reasonableness of the offer and acceptance should be considered, thus other than the mutual consent of the […]
Agreement and Contract Law in the United Kingdom
Alive and Well: The Good Faith Principle in Turkish Contract Law
Australian Contract Law Should Be Codified
Business and Corporation Law: Contract Law and Dispute Resolution
Contract Law and the Institutional Preconditions of a Market Economy
China’s 2008 Labor Contract Law: Implementation and Implications for China’s Workers
Comparing Chinese Contract Law and English Contract Law
China’s New Labour Contract Law: No Harm to Employment
Conflict Resolution in the Australian Contract Law
Creditor and Debtor Relationship in Contract Law
Contract Law and the Doctrine of Consideration in the United Kingdom
Economic Reasoning and the Framing of Contract Law
Contract Law and the Governance of Inter‐Firm Technology Partnerships
Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Contract Law
Contract Law and the Self-Enforcing Range of Contracts in Agriculture
Embedded Options and the Case Against Compensation in Contract Law
Contract Law: Elements and Specific Terms in Business Contracts
Faulty Goods and Unfair Contract Exclusions: Cases of English Contract Law
Contract Law Enforces the Right of Contractual Freedom
Good Contract Law: Termination or Renegotiation of Contracts
Contract Law From Christian Worldview Perspective
Insurance Contract Law and the Concepts of Misrepresentation and Non-disclosure
Contract Law From Law and Economics Perspective
International Business Climate and Germany Partnership, Agency, and Contract Law
Contract Law: Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues in Computing
Law for Engineers: Analysis of Contract Law
Contract Law, Mutual Mistake, and Incentives to Produce and Disclose Information
Multilateral Reputation Mechanisms and Contract Law in Agriculture
Contract Law: Privity and the Rights of Third Parties
Mutual and Unilateral Mistakes in Contract Law
Contract Law: Process, Components, Methods
Quase Contracts Under Indian Contract Law
Contract Law Questions Regarding the UCC and UCITA
The Just Price Doctrine and Contemporary Contract Law: Some Introductory Remarks
Contract Law, Social Norms, and Inter-Firm Cooperation
The Past Flaws and Issues of UK Contract Law
Contract Theory and the Limits of Contract Law
The Postal Acceptance Rule in Contract Law
Understanding Contract Law and How to Form Contracts on the Internet
Comparing Verbal Agreements and Contract Law
What Is the Meaning of the Contract Law?
How Can the Terms of Contract Law Be Violated?
What Are the Past Shortcomings and Problems of UK Contract Law?
What Is the Principle of Good Faith in Turkish Contract Law?
How Will Contract Law Apply?
What Are the Legal Consequences of Australian Contract Law?
What Is the Difference Between Agreement and Contract Law?
What Is the Essence of the New Labor Contract Law in China?
What Are the Implications of China’s Labor Contract Law for Chinese Workers?
How Does China’s New Labor Contract Law Ensure No Harm to Employment?
What Are the Rules of Contract Law?
How Does Australian Contract Law Resolve Conflicts?
What Ethical Issues Does Contract Law Raise?
What Are the Main Aspects of Contract Law?
How Can You Explain Contract Law From the Point of View of Law and Economics?
What Is a Precedent in Contract Law?
What Are the Basic Principles of Contract Law?
How Does Contract Law Govern Interfirm Technology Partnerships?
What Is the Role of Contract Law in Agriculture?
What Are the Elements and Special Conditions of Contract Law?
How Can You Explain Contract Law From a Christian Perspective?
What Are the Consequences of Violating the Terms of Contract Law?
How to Avoid Mistakes and Fraud in Contract Law?
Contract Law: What Are the Requirements for a Contract?
What Is the Relationship Between the Creditor and the Debtor in Contract Law?
How Contract Law Affects Small Businesses?
How Can You Analyze E-Business Contract Law?
What Are the Elements of Contract Law?
How Does Contract Law Govern Sales Agreements?
What Is the Contract Law Worksheet Assignment?

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Adv Rajesh Kumar

Class Notes on Contract II – Unit I (2nd Sem / 3 year LL.B)

Table of Contents

Contract of Indemnity

Indemnity Meaning –

To make good the loss incurred by another person
To compensate the party who has suffered some loss
To protect a party from incurring a loss

‘Contract of Indemnity’ Definition

A contract is called as a ‘contract of indemnity’ if –

One party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the conduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person.

Modes of contract of indemnity

Expressed: When a person expressly promises to compensate the other from loss.
Implied: When the contract is to be inferred from the conduct of the parties or from the circumstances of the case.

Essential elements of a contract of indemnity

Contract: All the essentials of a valid contract must also be present in the contract of indemnity

Example:- X asks Y to beat Z and promises to indemnify Y against the consequences. Y beats Z and is fined Rs.1,000. Y cannot claim this amount from X because the object of the agreement was unlawful.

Loss to one party: A person can indemnify another person only if such other person incurs some loss or it has become certain that he will incur some loss.

Indemnity by the Promisor: The purpose of contract of indemnity is to protect the indemnity holder from any loss that may be caused to the indemnity holder.

Reason for loss: The contract of indemnity must specify that indemnity holder shall be protected from the loss caused due to –

Action of the promisor himself; or
Action of any other person; or
Any act, event or accident which is not in the control of the parties.

Rights of indemnity holder

Right to recover damages

The indemnity holder has the right to recover all the damages which he is compelled to pay in any suit in respect of any matter covered by the contract of indemnity.

Right to recover costs

The indemnity holder has the right to recover all the costs which he is compelled to pay in bringing or defending such suit.

Condition: The indemnifier authorised him to bring or defend the suit; or

The indemnity holder did not contravene the orders of the indemnifier; and The indemnity holder acted as it would have been prudent for him to act in the absence of any contract of indemnity.

Right to recover sums paid

The indemnity holder has the right to recover all the sums which he has paid under the terms of a compromise of such suit.
The indemnifier authorised him to compromise the suit; or
The indemnifier holder did not contravene the orders of the indemnifier; and the indemnity holder acted as it would have been prudent for him to act in the absence of any contract of indemnity.

Commencement of the indemnifier’s liability

Contract of guarantee.

Meaning of ‘contract of guarantee’

A ‘contract of guarantee’ is a contract to –

Perform the promise; or
Discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his default.

Meaning of ‘surety’: The person who gives the guarantee is called as ‘surety’

Meaning of ‘principal debtor’: The person in respect of whose default the guarantee is given is called as ‘principal debtor’.

Meaning of ‘creditor’: The person to whom the guarantee is given is called as ‘creditor’.

Difference between contract of indemnity and Guarantee

Essentials of a valid contract of guarantee.

Must have all the essentials of a valid contract: All the essentials of a valid contract must be present in the contract of guarantee.

Exceptions:

Consideration received by the principal debtor is a sufficient consideration to the surety for giving the guarantee.
Even if principal debtor is incompetent to contract, the guarantee is valid. But, if surety is incompetent to contract, the guarantee is void.

Primary liability of some person

The principal debtor must be primarily liable. However, even if the principal debtor is incompetent to contract the guarantee is valid.
The debt must be legally enforceable.
The debt must not be a time barred debt.

The contract must be conditional

The liability of surety is secondary and conditional.
The liability of surety arises only if the principal debtor makes a default.

No misrepresentation

The creditor should disclose all the facts which are likely to affect the surety’s liability.
There must not be any concealment of facts.

Form of contract

A contract of guarantee may be either oral or written.

Joining of other co-sureties

The guarantee by a surety is not valid if –

A condition is imposed by a surety that some other person must also join as a co-surety; but
Such other person does not join as a co-surety.

Nature and Extent of Surety’s Liability

Surety’s liability is coextensive with liability of principal debtor

General rule –

Surety is liable for all the debts payable by the principal debtor to the creditor.Accordingly, interest, damages, costs etc. may also be recovered from the surety.

Exception:-

The contract of guarantee may provide otherwise.

Commencement of surety’s liability

The liability of surety arises immediately on default by the principal debtor.

The creditor is not required to –

(a) first sue the principal debtor; or
(b) first give a notice to the principal debtor.

Surety’s liability may be limited

The surety may fix a limit on his liability up to which the guarantee shall remain effective.

Surety’s liability may be continuous

The surety may agree to become liable for a series of transactions of continuous

nature. However, the surety may fix –

– a limit on his liability upto which the guarantee shall remain effective;
– a time period during which the guarantee shall remain effective.

Surety’s liability may be conditional

The surety may impose certain conditions in the contract of guarantee. Until those conditions are met, the surety shall not be liable.

Continuing Guarantee

Meaning: A guarantee which extends to a series of transactions is called as continuing guarantee.

Revocation (Sec.130): Continuing guarantee may be revoked, at anytime, by the surety by giving a notice to the creditor. However, revocations shall be effective only in respect of future transactions (i.e. the liability of the surety with regard to previous transactions remains unaffected)

Death of surety (sec. 131): Death of the surety operates as a revocation of a continuing guarantee as to future transaction.

Rights of Surety (Sec.140, 141, 145, 146 and 147)

I. rights against principal debtor.

Right of indemnity

There is an implied promise by the principal debtor to indemnity the surety.
The surety is entitled to claim from the principal debtor all the sums which he has rightfully paid.
The surety cannot recover such sums, which the he has paid wrongfully.

Right of subrogation

On payment of a debt, the surety shall be entitled to all the rights which the creditor could claim against the principal debtor.

II. Rights against the creditor

The surety can claim all the securities which the creditor had at the time of giving of guarantee
It is immaterial as to whether the surety had knowledge of such securities or not.
If the securities are returned by the creditor to the principal debtor the surety is discharged to the extent of value of the securities so returned.

Right of set off

Any amount recoverable by the principal debtor may be claimed as deduction.
Any amount recoverable by the surety may be claimed as deduction.

Rights to share reduction

If the principal debtor becomes insolvent, the surety may claim proportionate reduction in his liability.

III. Rights against co-sureties

Rights to contribution

General Rule: All the co-sureties shall contribute equally

Under the contract of guarantee, the co-sureties may fix limits on their respective liabilities.
Even in such a case, the co-sureties shall contribute equally, subject to maximum limit fixed by the co-sureties.
The contract of guarantee may provide that the co-sureties shall contribute in some other proportion.

Right to share benefit of securities

If one co-surety receives any security, all the other co-sureties are entitled to share the benefit of such security.

Distinction between Indemnity and Guarantee

Discharge of surety from liability (sec.130 to 144), notice of revocation by surety.

Specific guarantee

A specific guarantee can be revoked only if liability of principal debtor has not arisen.

Continuing guarantee

A continuing guarantee can be revoked only in respect of future transactions.

Death of surety

In case of death of surety, a continuing guarantee is automatically revoked in respect of future transactions.

Variance in terms If –

Any variation is made subsequent to formation of contact of guarantee; and
Such variation is made without the consent of surety;
The surety shall be released for such transactions as take place after such variation.

Release or discharge of principal debtor

The creditor makes a fresh contract with the principal debtor whereby the principaldebtor is relieved from his liability; or –
The creditor does any act or omission resulting in discharge of the principal debtor;
The surety is discharged.

Composition with principal debtor

The surety is discharged if the creditor makes a composition with the principal debtor without obtaining the consent of surety.

Giving extension of time to principal debtor

The surety is discharged if the creditor extends the time for repayment of the debt by the principal debtor without obtaining the consent of the surety.

Loss of security by a creditor

The surety is discharged to the extent of security lost by the creditor.

UNIT – I Important Case Laws

Gajanan v Moreshwar,1942 Bom.LR
M.S.Anirudhan v.Thomco’s Bank Ltd., AIR 1963 SC74
Kalaipermal v.Visalakshmi, AIR 1938 Mad.32
Morvi Mercantile Bank v. Union of India, AIR 1965 SC 1954
Sunderlal Saraf v.Subhas Chand Jain,AIR 2006 MP 35

Introduction

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Why the Study of Contract Law is Important?

The study of contract law is extremely critical for the students to open new avenues of opportunities for a bright future ahead awhile practising law. Let us look at the components of a well-drafted contract that deliver our businesses as many advantages such as –

The clarity in agreements, business relationships, and the rights and duties of the parties.
Eschewing the potential contract disputes as well as litigation.
Preventing the misinterpretation of agreements and communications.
Safeguarding intellectual property, asset values, and real property.
Better and effective management of the commercial relationships.
The built-in agreements regarding the resolution of the disputes via mediation, arbitration, or a court in a specific jurisdiction.
The documentation to permit comprehensive review and representation by a fully-fledged business attorney of law.

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Must read: top 20 criminal law dissertation topics trending in the year 2021, the elements framing a legally binding contract.

A contract must involve the participation of at least two or more parties and usually required to be penned down in writing. It is more than a casual promise made between strangers or friends and a court or other legal system might take steps to make the contract enforceable. It will reserve the right to compel the parties involved to strictly follow what has been written/ agreed to in the contract.

An Offer: It can be verbal or written as a promise to successfully execute some action (or refrain from it) in exchange for the set of agreed upon terms. Yes, verbal offers do not stand much chance when it comes to a case in the court of law.
Acceptance: In the business contracts, all the terms and conditions are prerequisites in the writing form only. It always ensures that there is not even a shred of doubt left to lay out the points involved in the consent for acceptance. Some of the key points shall include the rights of revocation, expiration dates, suitable forms of acceptance, etc.
Consideration: It is the value that each participative party brings forth to a contract. It can be monetary, a barter deal or a promise to carry out a favour in exchange for a particular act. All these expectations are anticipated to be spelled out in a crystal-clear sense, instead of leaving up to the law to interpret later.
Mutuality of Obligation: It is the binding agreement that exists between the parties to all the terms of consideration. In case, one party in the contract hold more leverage, for instance the right to cancel the contract, then the court would have the right to decide whether the mutual terms of obligation has been met or not. In case it has not been met, the court can proceed with the action to invalidate the contract.
Competency and Capacity: It is imperative for a legal contract to involve the participation of the parties that are legally competent enough as well as in the capacity to agree to the terms mentioned in it. Minors as well as the individuals with restrained mental capacity are deemed unsuitable for the participation under any circumstances. Besides, individuals who are not in the capacity to read and write are also regarded as inappropriate.

When an expert pen down a contract law dissertation topic on our behalf, all the elements pertinent to a rightfully binding contract will remain incorporated in one way or the other. An online assignment help from the right agency would ensure that all the set yardsticks of assignment instructions are duly fulfilled to aim for the top grades on your behalf.

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The following are the contract law topics that could cover a vast range of legal aspects on which assignments frequently appear for dissertation homework –

Why is it essential for small scale entrepreneurs to have proper knowledge of contract law? A primary study from the perspective of the UK.
Contract Law: Discussing the necessities of the changing global business environment
Give an analysis of the contract law with respect to shipping and cargo transport across five nations from around the world
Investigate the criticality of Mudaraba contract under the Islamic law and the impact it has in terms of implementation
Litigation or arbitration? Principle for the legal decision making
The changing face of the transnational business and its implications on the contract law
Comparative analysis of the contract law for small, medium and large-scale enterprises in India
Discussing law, code, and interpretations from the advent of the digital age
The US Federal Circuit and the contract law: The factor behind modest decision making policy
Good faith: An assessment of similarities and dissimilarities under the realm of contract law
Online privacy policy implications on contract law in Australia
An assessment of the contract law enforcement in public sector of the emerging economies
Valuation methodologies of the contract theories: An assessment of the literature
Labour contract law implementation in a country like China: Practical challenges, worst case scenario and recommended solutions
Contract law vs unjust enrichment: Exploring the setbacks and the barriers to impelling execution
Choice Theory of Contracts: A case analysis of the implicit autonomy
Business dealings in the emerging economies, the non-contractual associations, and the recourse to the law: An analysis
The role of state in contract law from the perspective of the UK
An analysis of the complexities in the enforcement of the contract law: The verbal commitments and the non-contractual relations
The distinction between the EU and the UK post-Brexit contract law: The salient features
The impact of the labour contract law on the composition of immigrant workforce in Singapore: An investigation
Exploring deep into the relationship nuances between Business and Human Rights in Law (BHR) and the arbitration in the contract law
Contract law and the influence of globalization: Investigating the enablers and the barriers against the effective implementation
The online contracts, the pseudo contracts, and the law: How and what is happening?
Penalty under the contract law: Arguments from the viewpoint of the Indian Contract Act
The legal tenets of contract law and property law in the cases of home-sharing: Evidence from Australia
How the European Union has brought changes to its contract law over the period of time?
Has the Force Majeure law concept of the French contract gradually eroded the English contract law?
Canadian contract law vs German contract law: Compare and contrast
Should the concept of the good faith become the part of the US contract law?
Discuss and elaborate the history of contract law
Differentiate between the English contract law and the French contract law
Has the emphasis of the English contract law on contractual certainty lead to the predictability hindering the growth of ensuring the fairness in the contract law?
Bring forth the distinction between the terms implied in the fact and the terms implied in the law
Define all the major components of a contract
Are the innominate terms and the judicial flexibility in the representation of the innominate terms deem necessary?
Under what circumstances the breach of a contract shall get a narrow escape: Discuss with the trade examples of a major country
What are the remedies for the breach of a contract?
Judicial conservatism and particular performance in the English contract law
Under the US contract law, should the judicial conservatism over a specific performance is required to be reassessed?
What are the measures that one can take to eschew misinterpretation of the written clause in an agreement under contract law?
What are the measures that one can take to set aside a contract that has been framed on the grounds of misrepresentation?
How one can classify the key differences between future contract and forward contract?
Discuss the measures to set aside a contract that has been placed upon duress
How effectively contract law actually deals with the unconscionable exclusion clauses? Discuss with the examples of a few countries
Warranties vs representations in the contract law: Compare and contrast
Should there be reforms in the contract law privity rule to facilitate the third party to sue on the grounds of a contract for his or her own gains?
What are the basic requirements for a contract to be successfully formed?
Is there any place for consideration in the modern contract law? Or rather should it get replaced by the basic concept of the contractual intention?
Define all the major forms of forward contract: Discuss with examples how they can be tailored for a specific commodity, price, and delivery date.

It is fully anticipated that the list of contract law dissertation topics provided above would ignite the spark in you to choose the most appropriate topic for the next assignment homework. The list can end your quest for the right contract law dissertation topic across all the upcoming semesters if the need may be. We are gladder that our online homework help in this regard could uplift you from the conundrum of choosing a proven and reliable topic.

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Law of Contract-II (Special Contracts) LL.B 2nd Semester Syllabus Download | 3Year LL.B

The law of contract is important to carry on trade or commerce smoothly because it introduces definiteness in the business transactions.

Contract Law is a form of civil law. Contract Law defines a contract as an agreement that is enforceable by law.

Objectives:

This course enables the students to better appreciate the law governing special contracts like, indemnity, guarantee, agency, etc. which are more relevant in contemporary society.

Law contained in several legislations apart from the Indian Contract Act is taught in this Course.

Contract of Indemnity —Definition
Nature and Scope – Rights of indemnity holder Commencement of the indemnifier’s liability
Contract of Guarantee — Definition
Nature and Scope — Difference between contract of indemnity and Guarantee
Rights of surety — Discharge of Surety — Extent of Surety’s liability — Co-surety.
Contract of Bailment — Definition — Kinds
Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee — Rights of Finder of goods as Bailee
Contract of pledge — Definition —
Comparison with Bailment — Rights and duties of Pawnor and Pawnee
Agency — Definition
Creation of Agency — Kinds of Agents — Distinction between Agent and Servant
Rights and Duties of Agent — Relation of Principal with third parties — Delegation
Duties and Rights of Agent — Extent of Agents authority
Personal liability of Agent — Termination of Agency.
Indian Partnership Act — Definition — Nature
Mode of determining the existence of Partnership
Relation of Partner to one another — Rights and duties of partner
Relation of partners with third parties — Types of partners — Admission— Retirement
Expulsion of partners Dissolution of Firm — Registration of Firms.
Sale of Goods Act — The Contract of sale — Agreement to sell
Conditions and Warranties — Passing of property
Transfer of title — Performance of the Contract
Rights of Unpaid Seller — Remedies for Breach of Contract.

Prescribed Book

Singh, Avtar, Law of Contract and Specific Relief, 11th Edition, (Lucknow: Eastern Book Company, 2013)
Verma J.P (ed.,) Singh and Gupta, The Law of Partnership in India, (New Delhi: Orient Law House, 1999)
Saharay H.K, Indian Partnership and Sale of Goods Act, (Universal, 2000)
Nair, Krishnan, Law of Contract,( New Delhi: Orient Law House, 1999)
Hire Purchase Act

Reference Books

Pollock and Mulla, Indian Contract and Specific Relief Act. 14th Edition, (New Delhi: Lexis Nexis, 2013)
Anson, William, Law of Contact, 29th Edition, (Oxford University Press, 2010)
Avtar Singh, Principles of the Law of Sale of Goods and Hire Purchase, (Lucknow; Eastern Book House Ltd, 1998)
Sir Frederick Pollock and Malla, Pollock and Mulla on the Sale of Goods Act, 9 Edition, (Lexis Nexis: 2014)
J.P. Verma (ed.}, Singh and Gupta. The law of partnership in India (New Delhi: Orient Law House, 19994)

Law of Contract-II (Special Contracts) Syllabus PDF Download

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112 Contract Law Topics & Essay Questions with Answers

Contract law governs relationships between individuals and organizations. This list of contract law topics will guide you into the complex world of contractual agreements. Read these contract law research paper topics to learn the contract formation principles. You’ll also find the most interesting contract law essay questions and answers!

📜 TOP 7 Contract Law Topics

🏆 best contract law research paper topics, 🧐 contract law essay questions and answers, 🎓 interesting contract lae essay questions, 💡 simple contract law topics, ❓ examples of contract law essay topics.

Law of Contracts: Everything You Need to Know
Consideration in the Law of Contract
Contract Law: Legal Case Studies
Contract Law: Analysis of the Concept
Contract Law: Hamer v. Sidway Case and Court Decision
Contract Law: Rental Property Lease Agreement
Unidroit Contract Law and Islamic Law
Aspects of the Law of Contracts The paper discusses the law of contracts. Since the couple did not enter into a contract, they are not obliged to make further payments for the car.
Contract Law: A Claim Against the Subaru Dealership The issue here is if the petitioner has a claim against the Subaru dealership for breach of contract and the actions, under contract law that she can bring against the dealership.
Business Law: Consent and Contract Enforceability This paper aims to discuss a lack of voluntary consent as a key defense to contract enforceability and provides a historical analysis of the topic and outline cases.
The Effects of Contract Law on the Country’s Economy The study establishes the impact of contract law on the economy of the country. The economy of a country is majorly composed of trade and employment.
Legal Liability: Tort, Terms of a Contract, or a Statute and Law Tort liability presupposes the responsibility for doing any kind of harm to a person. As a rule, three types of tort liability are traditionally distinguished.
Contract Law Case: Nursing Home vs. Paul The paper discusses if the nursing home wants Paul to pay for the Bill of Max’s Care, will they succeed and will Paul be responsible.
Acceptance of Offer Under English Contract Law In the case of offers made through public advertisements, the offer made by the person is not directed to any particular individual but to the world at large.
International Trade Law: Cif Contract CIF contracts are one of the most popular trade agreements between a buyer and a seller in the sphere of international trade when sea carriage is used.
Contract Law: Comedy Club, Inc. v. Improv West Associates The agreement between Improve West associates’ and the Improve Comedy Club prohibits the Improve Club from opening any non-improve clubs till 2019.
Researching the Contract Law Having knowledge of contract law is quite significant for everyday life as people are prone to enter into contracts more often than not.
The Dutch Business Law: The Performance of a Contract The performance of a contract is made either wholly or partly. Courts give the contract meaning through interpretation of the terms agreed by the parties.
Contract Law: Josh Hartly’s and the Car Dealer Case This essay examines a case study that outlines the nature and application of the mutual mistakes policies in a contract law. Both Josh and the sales person enter into the contract.
Business Law: The Terms Used in a Contract The paper states that understanding the terms used in a contract between business partners, buyers, sellers, and other parties is essential.
Contracts in Corporate Law: Role of the Uniform Commercial Code The Uniform Commercial Code governs corporate businesses; it dictates how contracts are to be formulated, their extents, and how breaches should be addressed.
The Common Law and the Contract Signing The breach of a contract can lead to heavy consequences for either party. The common law is far stricter about the contract signing than the UCC.
Contract vs. Tort Law in the United States In modern society, there are several legal concepts applicable to various situations. This essay will analyze tort law and contract law and their similarities and differences.
Civil Law Groups: Family Relations, Property, Contracts, and Tort Civil law cases usually involve disagreements or conflicts between people and organizations, primarily over financial matters.
Understanding of Contract Law The contract law establishes the framework wherein parties can determine their rights, responsibilities, and powers towards each other.
The Use of Contract Law in the Sports Industry This article provides two annotated bibliographies that can be used when writing a paper on the use of contract law in the sports industry.
Elements of a Contract: Commercial Law for Employees The elements are a requisite for a contract to be enforced. Failure to prove any of the elements renders the contract voidable, thus it cannot be enforced.
Contract Law Case: Charlie vs. Best Bargain This paper discusses will Charlie prevailed against Best Bargain Stores after he was denied a load washer for $1.00 that was advertised.
Contract Law for the Most Common Types of Businesses Sole proprietorship, partnership, corporations, and LLC all have their specific procedure for contract creation.
Business and Corporate Law: Defenition of Contract The laws that give rise to various types of contracts include the constitution, the statutes, regulations from administrative agencies or court rulings on disputes.
Contract Law Case: Reliabuild vs. Bill The paper discusses if Reliabuild claims the $350,000 from Bill as damages for breach of contract, Will Bill succeed in his defense.
Contract Law and Consumer Protection Act A contract is a legally binding exchange of promises or agreements between parties that the law will enforce. Contract law is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda.
Contract Law: 1861 Group, LLC v. Wild Oats Markets, Inc. 1861 Group, LLC v. Wild Oats Markets, Inc. Cases are so helpful in today’s society whereby parties are advised not to limit their negotiations on the act of faith.
Law Contracts and Ways to Break the Contract The contract can be perceived as a bond between two parties that is based on reciprocal agreements and is expected to be followed by the parties involved in it.
Contract, Violations, and the UAE Federal Law The paper contains a contract agreement made between the Abu Dhabi Government and the Borat Construction Company and explores the issues following the signing.

In this section, we invite you to have a look at several contract law questions and possible answers. However, note that these issues are complex and require a thorough understanding of contract law principles. You would need to refer to authoritative sources for in-depth analysis. But now, let’s get inspired!

China’s New Labor Contract Law: State Regulation and Worker Rights in Global Production Networks
“Smart” Contracts as the Beginning of the End of Classic Contract Law
Contract Law and the Institutional Preconditions of a Market Economy
Having the Cake and Eating It Too: Efficient Penalty Clauses in Common and Civil Contract Law
Understanding Contract Law and How to Form Contracts on the Internet
Alive and Well: The Good Faith Principle in Turkish Contract Law
Insurance Contract Law and the Concepts of Misrepresentation and Non-Disclosure
Third Party Rights Under UK Contract Law: A Critique of the 1999 Act
Contract Law From Law and Economics Perspective
The Pros and Cons of the Law Reform Commission Recognizing the Doctrine of Unfairness in Contract Law for Consumer Protection in Irish Law
Economic Reasoning and the Framing of Contract Law: Sale of an Asset of Uncertain Value
Contract Law and Economics: Cycles and Equilibrium in the Cannon of North American Legal Thought
Efficient Third Party Liability of Auditors in Tort Law and in Contract Law
Contract Law and the Governance of Inter‐Firm Technology Partnerships: An Analysis of Different Modes of Partnering and Their Contractual Implications
The US Federal Circuit and the Contract Law: The Factor Behind Modest Decision-Making Policy
Faulty Goods and Unfair Contract Exclusions: Cases of English Contract Law
Contract Law: Elements and Specific Terms in Business Contracts
Risk Sharing, Diversification, and Moral Hazard in Roman Palestine: Evidence From Agricultural Contract Law
Good Contract Law: Termination or Renegotiation of Contracts
Contract Law vs Unjust Enrichment: Setbacks and Barriers to Impelling Execution
Unemployment Duration and Job-Match Quality in Urban China: The Dynamic Impact of 2008 Labor Contract Law
Contract Law, Mutual Mistake, and Incentives to Produce and Disclose Information
Good Faith: An Assessment of Similarities and Dissimilarities Under the Realm of Contract Law
Contract Law and the Impact of Globalization: Enablers and Barriers to Effective Implementation
Contract Law Enforcement in the Public Sector of the Emerging Economies
Business and Corporation Law: Contract Law and Dispute Resolution
China’s New Labor Contract Law: No Harm to Employment
Contract Law and the Self-Enforcing Range of Contracts in Agriculture
Embedded Options and the Case Against Compensation in Contract Law
Contract Law and the Doctrine of Consideration in the United Kingdom
English Contract Law Recognizes Freedom of Contract
Online Privacy Policy Implications on Contract Law in Australia
Contract Law Enforces the Right of Contractual Freedom
How China’s New Labor Contract Law Affects Floating Workers
Contract Law From Christian Worldview Perspective
International Business Climate and Germany Partnership, Agency, and Contract Law
Smart Contracts in the New Era of Contract Law
Principles of Asian Contract Law at the Crossroads of Standardization and Legal Pluralism
Contract Law: Legal, Ethical, and Social Issues in Computing
Multilateral Reputation Mechanisms and Contract Law in Agriculture: Complement or Substitutes
Contract Law Mistakes and Fraudulent Misrepresentation
Personal Versus Impersonal Trade: The Size of Trading Groups and Contract Law
Contract Law: Privity and the Rights of Third Parties
The Labor Contract Law, Macro Conditions, Self-Selection, and Labor Market Outcomes for Migrants in China
Contract Law Problem Questions: Breach of Contract and Contract Termination
The Distinction Between the EU and the UK Post-Brexit Contract Law
Comparative Analysis of the Contract Law for Small, Medium, and Large-Scale Enterprises in India
Should the Concept of Good Faith Become Part of the US Contract Law?
The Changing Face of the Transnational Business and Its Implications on the Contract Law
Contract Law: The Necessities of the Changing Global Business Environment
What Is the Meaning of the Contract Law?
How Do Smart Contracts Impact the Traditional Concepts of Contract Law?
Why Do You Need a Contract: What Are the Reasons for Contract Law?
What Is the Difference Between Tort and Contract Law?
Are There Similarities Between Chinese Contract Law and English Contract Law?
What Are the 3 Main Rules in Contract Law?
How Does Contract Law Affect Society?
What Is the Value of Contract Law?
Is Contract Law State or Federal?
What Is Government Contracts Law?
How Does the State Play a Role in Contract Law?
What Is Contract Law and Why Is It Important?
Is There the Relationship Between Contract Law and Property Law?
What Is the Aim of Contract Law?
How Did Contract Law Develop?
What Is the Most Basic Rule of Contract Law?
Is Contract Law Critical to Modern Business?
What Type of Law Is Contract Law?
Is There Fraudulent Misrepresentation in Contract Law?
What Are Basic Contract Law Principles?
Why Is It Important to Study Contract Law?
Are There Common Mistakes in Contract Law?
What Are the Offer and Acceptance in Contract Law?
Is the Consumer Contracts Law a Special Branch of Contract Law?
What Is the Good Faith Principle in Contract Law?
How Hard Is Contract Law?
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Contract Law?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, July 14). 112 Contract Law Topics & Essay Questions with Answers. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/contract-law-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . 2022. "112 Contract Law Topics & Essay Questions with Answers." July 14, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/contract-law-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Contract Law were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 22, 2024 .

Study Guides for Law Student Success

First Year & The Summer Before
First Year - Civil Procedure

Aspen Study Aids - Contracts

Lexis digital library - selected titles on contracts, west academic study aids - a selection of contract titles, resources and outline available from westlaw and lexis, cali contract lessons, subject guide.

First Year - Legal Writing
First Year - Legal Research
First Year - Torts
First Year - Spring - Constitutional Law
First Year - Spring - Criminal Law
First Year - Spring - Property
Books to read Second & Third Year
Studying for Law School Exams
Notes - Taking Notes in Class, Rewriting Notes...
Administrative Law
Business Associations
Cannabis Law
Conflict of Laws
Copyright Law
Comparative Law
Criminal Procedure
Economics for Lawyers
Education Law
Employment & Labor Law
Environmental Law
Estate and Gift Planning
Federal Indian Law
The Federalist Papers
First Amendment
Human Rights
Immigration Law
Information Privacy
Intellectual Property
International Law
Juvenile Law
Land Use Law
Local Government
Medicine, Healthcare and the Law
Military Law
Nautral Resources
Negotiation
Pretrial Litigation
Privacy Law
Professional Responsibility
Risk Management & Compliance
Trial Practice
White Collar Crime
Lexis Advanced
Westlaw Edge
Agriculture

Contract titles available in Aspen Study Aids include:

Contract Law: In Other Words Video Series

Contract law: in other words audio series, examples & explanations for contracts, inside contract law: what matters and why, glannon guide to contracts: learning contracts through multiple-choice questions and answers, third edition, friedman's practice series for contracts, second edition.

Lexis Digital Library titles include:

Understanding Contracts. 2018 This Understanding treatise is designed for first-year law students enrolled in Contracts. The text explains common law principles of contract law using cases and examples that students commonly encounter in this first-year course. It also explains and illustrates Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which deal with sales of goods that are frequently covered in Contracts. This edition includes material on the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods, and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, appropriate to a basic course in Contracts, and on modern statutes regarding electronic contracting. The fourth edition contains a revised chapter on the difficult concept of Promissory Estoppel and includes discussions of recent decisions dealing with consumer arbitration clauses.
Questions & Answers: Contracts. 2014 Understand better what you're learning in Contracts class and prepare effectively for exams by applying concepts as you learn them. This study guide includes 230 multiple-choice and short-answer questions arranged topically for ease of use during the semester, plus an additional set of 20 questions comprising a comprehensive "practice exam." For each multiple-choice question, Professor Rowley provides a detailed answer that indicates which of four options is the best answer and explains thoroughly why that option is better than the other three options. Each short-answer question is designed to be answered in fifteen minutes or less. For these questions, Professor Rowley provides a thoughtful, comprehensive, yet brief model answer. more... less... Questions Practice Final Exam: Questions Answers Practice Final Exam: Answers Index
Skills & Values Contracts, Second. 2015 The Skills & Values Series is an innovative hybrid series of subject-specific, practice-oriented books and online materials supported by Web Courses (powered by Blackboard 9.1). The series is designed as a tool for professors to teach practical and analytical skills that can help students serve future clients competently, skillfully, and in an ethical manner. Skills & Values: Contracts allows students to experience the connection between theory, doctrine, and practice in Contracts law. The exercises provide an opportunity for studying Contract concepts from the perspective of a practicing attorney who must not only know the law, but also employ lawyering skills and values - such as legal strategy, factual development, advocacy, counseling, drafting, problem solving, and ethical principles - in zealously representing a client.
Mastering Contract Law. 2016 Mastering Contract Law explores the basic principles and purposes of contract law, including a discussion of background principles and traditions of private ordering. The book explains contract formation, interpretation, and the requirement of written evidence for enforcement of certain types of promises. It explores the themes and doctrines of reliance, restitution, and the importance of public policy in contract law. Chapters include all of the areas of contract law typically covered in the first-year course, including the bargained-for exchange, unenforceable contracts, performance and breach, obstacles to performance, modification, pre-contractual obligation, remedies and damages, and stakeholders other than contracting parties, including the third-party beneficiary doctrine, delegation and assignment.The organization of the book reflects the five sequential questions that frame the thought processes of lawyers and judges dealing with contracts issues.

Many more titles can be found on West Academic. Go to the MYLaw Portal and West Academic is available under Maine Law Quick Links. Contract study guides include:

Contracts in a Nutshell. "This Nutshell provides a comprehensive guide to the law of contracts. It contains expert explanations of contract concepts under both the common law and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code. It also includes the basics of the Law of Restitution and an introduction to digital contracting." more... less... Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Contract Formation Chapter 3 Statute of Frauds Chapter 4 Contract Interpretation Chapter 5 Defenses Chapter 6 Events That Excuse Performance Chapter 7 Contract Modification Chapter 8 Performance Chapter 9 Remedies Chapter 10 Restitution (Unjust Enrichment) Chapter 11 Third Party Beneficiaries Chapter 12 Assignment of Rights and Delegation of Duties Chapter 13 Discharge Chapter 14 Contracts Questions Chapter 15 A Framework for Review
Exam Pro On Contracts, Objective Description: Brain's Exam Pro on Contracts, Objective Questions includes over 330 objective questions covering every substantive area of Contract Law. Each answer choice explains why each answer is either correct or incorrect. Elements and rules are explained in easy-to-understand language, with a step-by-step guide on how to analyze question-types. Liberal citation to applicable sections of the Restatement (Second) Contracts, the Uniform Commercial Code, and important contract law cases, allows the students to match a question to his or her outline and class discussion. Exam preparation tips include how to prepare for graded exams, how professors construct multiple choice questions, and how to avoid common “distracters.”
Brain's Exam Pro on Contracts, Essay Description: This Exam Pro consists of essay questions actually given by Contracts professors throughout the United States. Every question contains a detailed explanation, along with analytical steps explained in easy-to-understand, basic language, and a step-by-step guide on how to analyze each major issue.
BarBri Outlines on Lexis BarBri outlines are available from Lexis. Use your Law School Lexis password.
Westlaw Outlines & Suggested Resources Westlaw provides outline shells and suggested resources with their Law School Tool Kit.
Principles of Contract Law by Robert Hillman Call Number: UMLAW Reserve KF801 .H525 2014 ISBN: 9780314288943 Publication Date: 2013-12-06 Contents Bargain theory for enforcing promises and the requirement of an agreement -- Additional theories for enforcing promises -- The Statute of Frauds -- Remedies -- Policing contracts -- The parol evidence rule and contract interpretation -- Conditions and breach -- Grounds for excusing performance -- Third parties
Center for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction The Center is best known for CALI Lessons, online interactive tutorials in legal subjects.
U.Maine Law Students. To receive a CALI password Please contact the reference desk at 780-4351 or [email protected] or [email protected] The CALI database is only available to University of Maine School of Law students.
Acceptance This lesson deals with one aspect of contract formation, acceptance. Acceptance is the manifestation of assent that is made by the offeree in response to an offer. In this lesson, you will learn how a party can accept an offer at common law. The lesson takes up issues such as the manner of acceptance, who can accept, silence as acceptance, rejection and counter-offer. The lesson ends with a short analysis exercise on the subject of acceptance.
Accord and Satisfaction This lesson explores discharge of a debt by accord and satisfaction. It can be run either as an introduction to the study of accord and satisfaction or as a review after you have completed your study.
Agreements Lacking Consideration: Gift Promises This lesson takes a look at one type of agreement that lacks consideration: gift promises. Consideration is often described as the bargained-for-exchange. The bargained-for-exchange is what induces the making of the promise by the offeror and the promise induces the furnishing of the consideration by the offeree. Consideration is the ordinary means for justifying the enforcement of the promises by the parties. Where a gift is made, bargained-for-exchange is lacking and the promises are not enforceable. This lesson sets out the basic requisites for identifying and evaluating a gift promise. The general attributes of consideration are covered in other lessons.
Agreements Lacking Consideration: Past Consideration and Moral This lesson takes a look at two types of agreements that lack consideration: those supported by past consideration or moral obligation. Consideration is often described as the bargained-for-exchange. The bargained-for-exchange is what induces the making of the promise by the offeror and the promise induces the furnishing of the consideration by the offeree. Consideration is the ordinary means for justifying the enforcement of the promises by the parties. Where consideration was given in the past or the promisee is only morally obligated to make the promise, bargained-for-exchange is lacking and the promises are not enforceable.
Anticipatory Repudiation and Assurances of Performance This lesson explores the contours of anticipatory repudiation, including the repudiating promisor's ability to retract his repudiation, the nonrepudiating promisee's right to demand adequate assurances of performance, and the effect of the promisor's repudiation on the promisee's obligation to perform.

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Contracts—Highly Tested MBE Topics, Charts, and a Checklist!

1. Introduction

Article 2 applies to the sale of goods. Common law applies to services and everything else.

2. Contract Formation

A contract has three elements: offer + acceptance + consideration.

You need intent to enter into a contract + specific terms ( price , quantity , parties ).
An offer must be communicated to be accepted.

Termination of an offer: There are four ways to terminate an offer:

Lapse of time : an offer lapses after a reasonable time.
Rejection (including a counteroffer)
F irm offer (by a merchant in a signed writing under Article 2)
O ption contract (promise + consideration)
U nilateral contract (beginning performance on a unilateral contract)
R easonably foreseeable substantial reliance on the offer
Death or incapacity of offeror
Bilateral contracts (most contracts) are accepted by promise or beginning performance.
Unilateral contracts (rewards, prize, or offers that specify they are unilateral) can only be accepted by full performance.

Article 2 —an offer for goods can be accepted by promising to ship, or shipping goods.
an option contract , or
if a rejection then acceptance is mailed (the one received first controls).
If an acceptance then rejection is mailed (the mailbox rule applies)
Common law: acceptance must be mirror image of offer or it is not an acceptance (it is a counteroffer).

UCC: Acceptance does not need to mirror the offer. An acceptance may have an additional or different term (UCC 2-207). Between merchants, the additional term will be a part of the contract unless it materially alters it, the offeror objects within a reasonable time, or the offer limits acceptance to the terms of the offer.

Different or additional terms in the acceptance or confirmation

“Bargained-for exchange”
Things that do not constitute consideration: a promise to make a gift, past consideration, moral obligation, and illusory promise.

Common law: there needs to be consideration to modify a contract (preexisting legal duty rule), unless there is a lawsuit settlement/release, unforeseen difficulty, preexisting duty to a third person, a written promise to pay a debt barred by the statute of limitations, or a payment in full/good faith dispute of a debt.
UCC: Only good faith is needed. One does not need consideration to modify a contract.

3. Contract Interpretation

General rule: Express terms control. Then courts look to course of performance, course of dealing, and trade usage.
Applies when one wants to add a term from preliminary negotiations to a final written agreement .

If there is a complete integration (usually a merger clause), nothing comes in.
If there is a partial integration , consistent additional terms are allowed in.
The parol evidence rule does not apply to FICCL : f ormation defenses, i nterpretation of a contract term, failure of a c ondition precedent , c lerical errors or a l ater modification .

When the Parol Evidence Rule Does Not Apply (FICCL)

Express warranties (affirmation of fact or a sample) cannot be disclaimed.
Implied warranty of merchantability is made by a merchant that goods are fit for their ordinary purpose. It can be disclaimed.
Implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose can be made by any seller who knows of the buyer’s specific purpose. It can be disclaimed.

4. Performance obligations

Exception: Express condition (e.g., “I will buy it if I like it” or “I will buy it if I can get a 10% interest rate.”). An express condition needs to be complied with exactly.

Exception: Installment contract. The buyer cannot reject unless there is a “substantial impairment,” and even then, the seller may cure.

A buyer may accept or reject nonconforming goods. If he accepts goods, he may later revoke his acceptance, but revocation is a higher standard than rejection.

Carrier cases: Most are shipment contracts, and the seller only has to get the goods to the “shipper” and the risk of loss (ROL) passes to the buyer. For destination contracts (limited to when the contract says “FOB Buyer’s Place of Business” or “Ex-Ship”), the seller has to get it to the destination.
If the other party breaches (i.e., an anticipatory repudiation vs. a prospective inability to perform)
Waiver of condition
Performance
Occurrence of a condition subsequent
Agreement (novation, modification, accord and satisfaction, rescission, release)
Changed circumstances so it becomes impossible or the purpose is frustrated

5. Defenses

Satisfaction of SoF: you need a writing signed by the defendant that evidences a contract.

M arriage , contracts for over a y ear , l and , e xecutor , sale of g oods over $500, s urety

Contracts Falling Within the Statute of Frauds

Land: part performance (two of the following three: moving in, paying a substantial amount of the purchase price, or improving the land a significant amount).
Sale of goods (mnemonic = MAPS)

Confirmatory m emo between merchants: if one sends another a writing signed by him within a reasonable time showing there is a contract and the other fails to object in writing to the contents of the writing within 10 days of receipt.
Judicial a dmissions: if one admits a contract in a pleading or testimony.
Part p erformance: if one pays for or accepts a part of a contract, it is enforceable up to that amount.
S pecially manufactured goods: goods that are specially manufactured for the buyer and not suitable for sale to others in the seller’s ordinary course of business and the seller has made a substantial beginning, then the entire contract is enforceable.
Legal incapacity for minors, mentally incompetent persons, or intoxicated persons.

Duress: This is a high bar. The contract is voidable.
Undue influence: Unfair persuasion from a person in a position of trust, confidence, or dominance. The contract is voidable.
Mutual mistake: if both parties are mistaken about a basic assumption of fact that materially affects the agreed upon exchange and neither bears the risk, the contract is voidable.
Unilateral mistake: if one party is mistaken and the other person knew or had reason to know , then the contract is voidable.
Mutual misunderstanding: if both parties have a different understanding of a material term that is open to at least two reasonable interpretations and neither party has any reason to know the meaning attached by the other— no contract.
Fraud , misrepresentation , or nondisclosure
Illegality or public policy

6. Remedies

General rule: you get expectation damages.

Incidental damages are those related to avoiding the loss from the breach.
Consequential damages are those that are foreseen at the time the contract is entered into.
Mitigation of damages is required.
Seller breaches and buyer has goods: buyer gets the value of the goods as contracted for – the value of the goods as delivered + incidentals and consequentials.
Seller breaches and seller has goods: buyer gets the difference between the market price (or replacement price) and contract price + incidentals and consequentials – expenses saved.
Buyer breaches and buyer has goods: seller gets the contract price.
Buyer breaches and seller has the goods: seller gets the difference between the contract price and market price (or resale price) + incidentals – expenses saved.
Lost volume seller: seller gets lost profits plus incidentals.
Specific performance is not usually available unless the goods are unique or if it is a land contract.
Liquidated damages are enforceable if they are difficult to estimate at the time of contract and a reasonable forecast of damages.

Damages summary chart

7. Third-party rights

Intended third-party beneficiaries have rights under a contract assuming their rights vest.
Is the TPB expressly designated in the contract?
Is performance directly to the TPB?
Does the TPB have any rights under the contract?
What is the relationship between the TPB and the promisee?

Intended Versus Incidental Third-Party Beneficiaries

Incidental third-party beneficiaries do not have rights under a contract.
One can generally delegate a contract unless the contract prohibits it (by saying “no delegation” or “no assignments”) or if the contract involves skill, judgment, or trust.
You do not need consent , consideration , or a writing to delegate duties.
The delegator is always liable. The delegatee is liable if consideration was paid.
Generally, rights can be assigned unless the assignment substantially changes the obligor’s duties or the contract prohibits it.
An assignment may be revoked if there was no consideration for it. An assignor may not revoke an assignment if there is consideration or if it is payment for a preexisting debt.

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14.2: Assignment of Contract Rights

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Learning Objectives

Understand what an assignment is and how it is made.
Recognize the effect of the assignment.
Know when assignments are not allowed.
Understand the concept of assignor’s warranties

The Concept of a Contract Assignment

Contracts create rights and duties. By an assignment , an obligee (one who has the right to receive a contract benefit) transfers a right to receive a contract benefit owed by the obligor (the one who has a duty to perform) to a third person ( assignee ); the obligee then becomes an assignor (one who makes an assignment).

The Restatement (Second) of Contracts defines an assignment of a right as “a manifestation of the assignor’s intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor’s right to performance by the obligor is extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires the right to such performance.”Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 317(1). The one who makes the assignment is both an obligee and a transferor. The assignee acquires the right to receive the contractual obligations of the promisor, who is referred to as the obligor (see Figure 14.1 "Assignment of Rights" ). The assignor may assign any right unless (1) doing so would materially change the obligation of the obligor, materially burden him, increase his risk, or otherwise diminish the value to him of the original contract; (2) statute or public policy forbids the assignment; or (3) the contract itself precludes assignment. The common law of contracts and Articles 2 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) govern assignments. Assignments are an important part of business financing, such as factoring. A factor is one who purchases the right to receive income from another.

Figure 14.1 Assignment of Rights

Screen Shot 2020-03-26 at 2.35.54 PM.png

Method of Assignment

Manifesting assent.

To effect an assignment, the assignor must make known his intention to transfer the rights to the third person. The assignor’s intention must be that the assignment is effective without need of any further action or any further manifestation of intention to make the assignment. In other words, the assignor must intend and understand himself to be making the assignment then and there; he is not promising to make the assignment sometime in the future.

Under the UCC, any assignments of rights in excess of $5,000 must be in writing, but otherwise, assignments can be oral and consideration is not required: the assignor could assign the right to the assignee for nothing (not likely in commercial transactions, of course). Mrs. Franklin has the right to receive $750 a month from the sale of a house she formerly owned; she assigns the right to receive the money to her son Jason, as a gift. The assignment is good, though such a gratuitous assignment is usually revocable, which is not the case where consideration has been paid for an assignment.

Acceptance and Revocation

For the assignment to become effective, the assignee must manifest his acceptance under most circumstances. This is done automatically when, as is usually the case, the assignee has given consideration for the assignment (i.e., there is a contract between the assignor and the assignee in which the assignment is the assignor’s consideration), and then the assignment is not revocable without the assignee’s consent. Problems of acceptance normally arise only when the assignor intends the assignment as a gift. Then, for the assignment to be irrevocable, either the assignee must manifest his acceptance or the assignor must notify the assignee in writing of the assignment.

Notice to the obligor is not required, but an obligor who renders performance to the assignor without notice of the assignment (that performance of the contract is to be rendered now to the assignee) is discharged. Obviously, the assignor cannot then keep the consideration he has received; he owes it to the assignee. But if notice is given to the obligor and she performs to the assignor anyway, the assignee can recover from either the obligor or the assignee, so the obligor could have to perform twice, as in Exercise 2 at the chapter’s end, Aldana v. Colonial Palms Plaza . Of course, an obligor who receives notice of the assignment from the assignee will want to be sure the assignment has really occurred. After all, anybody could waltz up to the obligor and say, “I’m the assignee of your contract with the bank. From now on, pay me the $500 a month, not the bank.” The obligor is entitled to verification of the assignment.

Effect of Assignment

General rule.

An assignment of rights effectively makes the assignee stand in the shoes of the assignor. He gains all the rights against the obligor that the assignor had, but no more. An obligor who could avoid the assignor’s attempt to enforce the rights could avoid a similar attempt by the assignee. Likewise, under UCC Section 9-318(1), the assignee of an account is subject to all terms of the contract between the debtor and the creditor-assignor. Suppose Dealer sells a car to Buyer on a contract where Buyer is to pay $300 per month and the car is warranted for 50,000 miles. If the car goes on the fritz before then and Dealer won’t fix it, Buyer could fix it for, say, $250 and deduct that $250 from the amount owed Dealer on the next installment (called a setoff). Now, if Dealer assigns the contract to Assignee, Assignee stands in Dealer’s shoes, and Buyer could likewise deduct the $250 from payment to Assignee.

The “shoe rule” does not apply to two types of assignments. First, it is inapplicable to the sale of a negotiable instrument to a holder in due course. Second, the rule may be waived: under the UCC and at common law, the obligor may agree in the original contract not to raise defenses against the assignee that could have been raised against the assignor.Uniform Commercial Code, Section 9-206. While a waiver of defenses makes the assignment more marketable from the assignee’s point of view, it is a situation fraught with peril to an obligor, who may sign a contract without understanding the full import of the waiver. Under the waiver rule, for example, a farmer who buys a tractor on credit and discovers later that it does not work would still be required to pay a credit company that purchased the contract; his defense that the merchandise was shoddy would be unavailing (he would, as used to be said, be “having to pay on a dead horse”).

For that reason, there are various rules that limit both the holder in due course and the waiver rule. Certain defenses, the so-called real defenses (infancy, duress, and fraud in the execution, among others), may always be asserted. Also, the waiver clause in the contract must have been presented in good faith, and if the assignee has actual notice of a defense that the buyer or lessee could raise, then the waiver is ineffective. Moreover, in consumer transactions, the UCC’s rule is subject to state laws that protect consumers (people buying things used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes), and many states, by statute or court decision, have made waivers of defenses ineffective in such consumer transactions . Federal Trade Commission regulations also affect the ability of many sellers to pass on rights to assignees free of defenses that buyers could raise against them. Because of these various limitations on the holder in due course and on waivers, the “shoe rule” will not govern in consumer transactions and, if there are real defenses or the assignee does not act in good faith, in business transactions as well.

When Assignments Are Not Allowed

The general rule—as previously noted—is that most contract rights are assignable. But there are exceptions. Five of them are noted here.

Material Change in Duties of the Obligor

When an assignment has the effect of materially changing the duties that the obligor must perform, it is ineffective. Changing the party to whom the obligor must make a payment is not a material change of duty that will defeat an assignment, since that, of course, is the purpose behind most assignments. Nor will a minor change in the duties the obligor must perform defeat the assignment.

Several residents in the town of Centerville sign up on an annual basis with the Centerville Times to receive their morning paper. A customer who is moving out of town may assign his right to receive the paper to someone else within the delivery route. As long as the assignee pays for the paper, the assignment is effective; the only relationship the obligor has to the assignee is a routine delivery in exchange for payment. Obligors can consent in the original contract, however, to a subsequent assignment of duties. Here is a clause from the World Team Tennis League contract: “It is mutually agreed that the Club shall have the right to sell, assign, trade and transfer this contract to another Club in the League, and the Player agrees to accept and be bound by such sale, exchange, assignment or transfer and to faithfully perform and carry out his or her obligations under this contract as if it had been entered into by the Player and such other Club.” Consent is not necessary when the contract does not involve a personal relationship.

Assignment of Personal Rights

When it matters to the obligor who receives the benefit of his duty to perform under the contract, then the receipt of the benefit is a personal right that cannot be assigned. For example, a student seeking to earn pocket money during the school year signs up to do research work for a professor she admires and with whom she is friendly. The professor assigns the contract to one of his colleagues with whom the student does not get along. The assignment is ineffective because it matters to the student (the obligor) who the person of the assignee is. An insurance company provides auto insurance covering Mohammed Kareem, a sixty-five-year-old man who drives very carefully. Kareem cannot assign the contract to his seventeen-year-old grandson because it matters to the insurance company who the person of its insured is. Tenants usually cannot assign (sublet) their tenancies without the landlord’s permission because it matters to the landlord who the person of their tenant is. Section 14.4.1 "Nonassignable Rights" , Nassau Hotel Co. v. Barnett & Barse Corp. , is an example of the nonassignability of a personal right.

Assignment Forbidden by Statute or Public Policy

Various federal and state laws prohibit or regulate some contract assignment. The assignment of future wages is regulated by state and federal law to protect people from improvidently denying themselves future income because of immediate present financial difficulties. And even in the absence of statute, public policy might prohibit some assignments.

Contracts That Prohibit Assignment

Assignability of contract rights is useful, and prohibitions against it are not generally favored. Many contracts contain general language that prohibits assignment of rights or of “the contract.” Both the Restatement and UCC Section 2-210(3) declare that in the absence of any contrary circumstances, a provision in the agreement that prohibits assigning “the contract” bars “only the delegation to the assignee of the assignor’s performance.”Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 322. In other words, unless the contract specifically prohibits assignment of any of its terms, a party is free to assign anything except his or her own duties.

Even if a contractual provision explicitly prohibits it, a right to damages for breach of the whole contract is assignable under UCC Section 2-210(2) in contracts for goods. Likewise, UCC Section 9-318(4) invalidates any contract provision that prohibits assigning sums already due or to become due. Indeed, in some states, at common law, a clause specifically prohibiting assignment will fail. For example, the buyer and the seller agree to the sale of land and to a provision barring assignment of the rights under the contract. The buyer pays the full price, but the seller refuses to convey. The buyer then assigns to her friend the right to obtain title to the land from the seller. The latter’s objection that the contract precludes such an assignment will fall on deaf ears in some states; the assignment is effective, and the friend may sue for the title.

Future Contracts

The law distinguishes between assigning future rights under an existing contract and assigning rights that will arise from a future contract. Rights contingent on a future event can be assigned in exactly the same manner as existing rights, as long as the contingent rights are already incorporated in a contract. Ben has a long-standing deal with his neighbor, Mrs. Robinson, to keep the latter’s walk clear of snow at twenty dollars a snowfall. Ben is saving his money for a new printer, but when he is eighty dollars shy of the purchase price, he becomes impatient and cajoles a friend into loaning him the balance. In return, Ben assigns his friend the earnings from the next four snowfalls. The assignment is effective. However, a right that will arise from a future contract cannot be the subject of a present assignment.

Partial Assignments

An assignor may assign part of a contractual right, but only if the obligor can perform that part of his contractual obligation separately from the remainder of his obligation. Assignment of part of a payment due is always enforceable. However, if the obligor objects, neither the assignor nor the assignee may sue him unless both are party to the suit. Mrs. Robinson owes Ben one hundred dollars. Ben assigns fifty dollars of that sum to his friend. Mrs. Robinson is perplexed by this assignment and refuses to pay until the situation is explained to her satisfaction. The friend brings suit against Mrs. Robinson. The court cannot hear the case unless Ben is also a party to the suit. This ensures all parties to the dispute are present at once and avoids multiple lawsuits.

Successive Assignments

It may happen that an assignor assigns the same interest twice (see Figure 14.2 "Successive Assignments" ). With certain exceptions, the first assignee takes precedence over any subsequent assignee. One obvious exception is when the first assignment is ineffective or revocable. A subsequent assignment has the effect of revoking a prior assignment that is ineffective or revocable. Another exception: if in good faith the subsequent assignee gives consideration for the assignment and has no knowledge of the prior assignment, he takes precedence whenever he obtains payment from, performance from, or a judgment against the obligor, or whenever he receives some tangible evidence from the assignor that the right has been assigned (e.g., a bank deposit book or an insurance policy).

Some states follow the different English rule: the first assignee to give notice to the obligor has priority, regardless of the order in which the assignments were made. Furthermore, if the assignment falls within the filing requirements of UCC Article 9 (see Chapter 33 "Secured Transactions and Suretyship" ), the first assignee to file will prevail.

Figure 14.2 Successive Assignments

Screen Shot 2020-03-26 at 2.36.41 PM.png

Assignor’s Warranties

An assignor has legal responsibilities in making assignments. He cannot blithely assign the same interests pell-mell and escape liability. Unless the contract explicitly states to the contrary, a person who assigns a right for value makes certain assignor’s warranties to the assignee: that he will not upset the assignment, that he has the right to make it, and that there are no defenses that will defeat it. However, the assignor does not guarantee payment; assignment does not by itself amount to a warranty that the obligor is solvent or will perform as agreed in the original contract. Mrs. Robinson owes Ben fifty dollars. Ben assigns this sum to his friend. Before the friend collects, Ben releases Mrs. Robinson from her obligation. The friend may sue Ben for the fifty dollars. Or again, if Ben represents to his friend that Mrs. Robinson owes him (Ben) fifty dollars and assigns his friend that amount, but in fact Mrs. Robinson does not owe Ben that much, then Ben has breached his assignor’s warranty. The assignor’s warranties may be express or implied.

Key Takeaway

Generally, it is OK for an obligee to assign the right to receive contractual performance from the obligor to a third party. The effect of the assignment is to make the assignee stand in the shoes of the assignor, taking all the latter’s rights and all the defenses against nonperformance that the obligor might raise against the assignor. But the obligor may agree in advance to waive defenses against the assignee, unless such waiver is prohibited by law.

There are some exceptions to the rule that contract rights are assignable. Some, such as personal rights, are not circumstances where the obligor’s duties would materially change, cases where assignability is forbidden by statute or public policy, or, with some limits, cases where the contract itself prohibits assignment. Partial assignments and successive assignments can happen, and rules govern the resolution of problems arising from them.

When the assignor makes the assignment, that person makes certain warranties, express or implied, to the assignee, basically to the effect that the assignment is good and the assignor knows of no reason why the assignee will not get performance from the obligor.

If Able makes a valid assignment to Baker of his contract to receive monthly rental payments from Tenant, how is Baker’s right different from what Able’s was?
Able made a valid assignment to Baker of his contract to receive monthly purchase payments from Carr, who bought an automobile from Able. The car had a 180-day warranty, but the car malfunctioned within that time. Able had quit the auto business entirely. May Carr withhold payments from Baker to offset the cost of needed repairs?
Assume in the case in Exercise 2 that Baker knew Able was selling defective cars just before his (Able’s) withdrawal from the auto business. How, if at all, does that change Baker’s rights?
Why are leases generally not assignable? Why are insurance contracts not assignable?

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Mục tiêu: Nghiên cứu đặc điểm lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và tình trạng kháng insulin ở bệnh nhân xơ gan. Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Chúng tôi tiến hành nghiên cứu mô tả, cắt ngang ở 50 bệnh nhân xơ gan (nhóm bệnh) và 50 đối tượng khoẻ mạnh (nhóm chứng). Tất cả đối tượng nghiên cứu được ghi nhận triệu chứng lâm sàng, cận lâm sàng và tiến hành định lượng nồng độ glucose máu đói và insulin máu đói. Mức độ đề kháng insulin được đánh giá dựa vào chỉ số HOMA do Matthew đề xuất. Điểm cắt giới hạn của chỉ số HOMA - IR lớn hơn tứ phân vị cao nhất của nhóm chứng tính theo insulin là 1,21. Xử lý số liệu bằng chương trình chương trình SPSS 22.0. Kết quả: Triệu chứng lâm sàng ở bệnh nhân thường gặp là nghiện rượu, mệt mỏi, giảm khả năng lao động, vàng da, vàng mắt, phù hai chân, cổ trướng và tuần hoàn bàng hệ. Các triệu chứng khác gặp với tỷ lệ ít hơn. Giá trị trung bình của các chỉ số prothrombin, albumin, hồng cầu, huyết sắc tố, tiểu cầu, glucose máu lúc đói giảm. Giá trị trung bình của...

Caietele Echinox

Land Degradation & Development

Waleed Al-Shafie

Yankees Star Juan Soto 'Open' To Extension To Finish Career With New York

Patrick mcavoy | may 17, 2024.

May 16, 2024; Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; New York Yankees Juan Soto (22) advances to third on a

New York Yankees

The New York Yankees could end up retaining one of the best players in baseball for the foreseeable future.

New York acquired superstar slugger Juan Soto in a trade with the San Diego Padres this past offseason but he is only under contract for the 2024 season. The Yankees traded for Soto with the hopes of contending in 2024 and possibly extending him.

The Yankees have made it clear that they are interested in keeping Soto around for the long-term but it has been expected that he would enter free agency at the end of the season and possibly sign elsewhere.

While this was the case, it may not be any longer. The Yankees made it known on Thursday that are interested in discussing an extension with Soto's agent Scott Boras during the season. Soto didn't shut down the talks but actually said his "door’s always open," according to Newsday Sports' Erik Boland.

"Soto responding to Hal Steinbrenner’s comments to Jack Curry about having extension talks in season to make him a Yankee for life: “My door’s always open. Whenever he wants to start talking to Scott and all his people…they’re always open to hearing what he has (to say)," Boland said.

If the Yankees could find a way to sign Soto to an extension before he hits free agency, that would be the absolute best-case scenario. If Soto reaches free agency there are sure to be a handful of clubs interested in him including possibly the high-spending New York Mets.

Soto has fit in perfectly with the Yankees and currently is the favorite to take home the American League Most Valuable Player award. It sounds like they are going to do everything they can to keep him around.

More MLB: Yankees Mentioned As Landing Spot For All-Star Pitcher After Red-Hot Start

PATRICK MCAVOY

Patrick McAvoy's experiences include local and national sports coverage at the New England Sports Network with a focus on basketball and baseball.

Phoenix officers, the highest paid in the state, would get 2.5% bonus in proposed contract

The Phoenix City Council was scheduled to consider a new police contract on Wednesday that would boost officer income with a one-time payment this summer.

The two-year contract, which would run through the middle of 2026, includes an August bonus equal to 2.5% of an officer's base pay and leaves the door open for pay increases in the second year if the city expects more than $1.7 billion in revenue for the 2025-26 fiscal year.

The agreement would also give freedom in setting starting salaries for officers coming from other police departments and guard against the city using artificial intelligence to analyze and discipline officers.

The city manager's proposed budget set the department's funding from the general fund at $981 million for the coming year, an increase of $2.4 million.

The Fire Department, which shares the public safety budget with police, is projected to see a $3 million general fund revenue cut. Fire department members lobbied for more funding to address increased response times.

The city planned to offset the fire department cut by using $21 million from an excise tax to purchase specialty vehicles, according to the city's director of communications Dan Wilson. Those purchases would have otherwise come out of the general fund, he said.

Phoenix police are highest-paid local law enforcement office in Arizona

The Phoenix Police Department remains the highest-paying local police force department in the state, with the most variety of positions. Last year, improved pay helped stop the hemorrhaging of police officers for the first time in five years.

The growth of the police budget has drawn criticism, including from community group Poder in Action, which says the department should not be getting more funding amid a U.S. Department of Justice investigation and an increase in the number of legal claims against the department from 2022 to 2023.

If the police and other contracts are approved, the city budget will be up for approval May 21.

Reach the reporter at [email protected] .

Potential board changes: Phoenix to vote on eligibility change for police Civilian Review Board

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Law of Contracts II
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PDF Assignments Based Evaluation (ABE) Subject :- CONTRACT
Sr. No. Roll No. Name Topic 1 Topic 2 1 1 Agarwal Piyush Rameshchandra A study of contract of Bailment and the rights and duties of the parties thereto Critical Analysis Of Doctrine Of ' CAVEAT EMPTOR ' under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 2 2 Bablani Sahil A critical analysis of the rights & duties of a surety under a contract of Guarantee
145 Contract Law Topics to Write about & Examples
The reasons given by the court were that the defendant and the plaintiff settled their issues in private and the appellant withdrew the case. Contract Law: The Case Study. The former decides to sue Johnny for breach of contract on the two commitments, buying the car and the $10,000 offer.
PDF Jitendra Chauhan College of Law Ii Ll.b.
Roll No. NAME Project Topics 1 Andewar Sanjeevni Devendra Critical Analysis Of Doctrine Of ' CAVEAT EMPTOR ' under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 2 Apte Resham Sunil A study of Modes Of Dissolution Of Firm Under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 3 Barot Srushti Manoj A study of the rights of an unpaid seller under the Sale of Goods Act, 1930
PDF Law of Contract
to make their own contract is one of the corner stones on which the law of contract seeded. Chapter Two of this material will take you further and strengthen your understanding of the issue by discussing some very common terms of contract, their implication and the position of
Contract II Assignment Topics
This document contains the assignments given to students of Jitendra Chauhan College of Law for Contract Law II. It lists 24 students with their roll numbers and names, and assigns each student a topic to study relating to contract law. The topics include bailment, agency, guarantee, sale of goods, partnership, and more. Students are asked to critically analyze doctrines, study the rights and ...
Class Notes on Contract II
Contract of indemnity. Contract of guarantee. Meaning. A contract by which one partypromises to save the other from loss caused to him is called as a contract of indemnity. A contract of guarantee is acontract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability of a third person in case of his default. Parties.
contract-2 assignment
contract-2 assignment. contract assignment. Course. Bachelors of Law - 3 years (L.L.B. 3) 999+ Documents. Students shared 1319 documents in this course. University University of Mumbai. Academic year: 2023/2024. Uploaded by: Rajesh Ghadigaonkar. University of Mumbai. 0 followers. 5 Uploads. 0 upvotes. Follow.
Contract Law II- Assignment
A Brief study on Termination of an Agency contract ii 2020 kle law college law of contracts under the supervision of asst. prof. mr. varun. submitted : gowri ... Contract 2 assignment. Preview text. KLE SOCIETY's LAW COLLEGE ... Important topics- Constitutional Law-II; 405146320 Notes Labour Law II; Consensus Ad Idem; Anagha. S;
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Renaissance Law College
Contract 2
Assignment of Law of Contract II. TOPIC: What are the rights of unpaid seller? Explain with help case laws. SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: Kais Ahmed Ansari Dr Abhishek Kumar Singh COURSE: BBA LL. B Law Faculty COURSE CODE: LW ENROLLMENT NO: 2100102767 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Abhishek ...
Top 50 Contract Law Dissertation Topics for the Year 2021
Our recommended list of the topics helps them cover the assignment topics related to companies and consumers enforcing contracts for the purchase and sale of goods, licensed products, or activities, etc. Additionally, these laws play a pivotal part in the enforcement of the agreements related to employment, insurance, and much more.
Law of Contract-II (Special Contracts) LL.B 2nd Semester Syllabus
Contract Law is a form of civil law. Contract Law defines a contract as an agreement that is enforceable by law. Objectives: This course enables the students to better appreciate the law governing special contracts like, indemnity, guarantee, agency, etc. which are more relevant in contemporary society.
112 Contract Law Topics & Essay Questions with Answers
Contract Law: Josh Hartly's and the Car Dealer Case. This essay examines a case study that outlines the nature and application of the mutual mistakes policies in a contract law. Both Josh and the sales person enter into the contract. Business Law: Consent and Contract Enforceability.
Restatement Second of Contracts § 317
An assignment of a right is a manifestation of the assignor's intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor's right to performance by the obligor is extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires a right to such performance. A contract ual right can be assigned unless. the substitution of a right of the assignee for the ...
First Year
The text explains common law principles of contract law using cases and examples that students commonly encounter in this first-year course. It also explains and illustrates Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which deal with sales of goods that are frequently covered in Contracts.
Contract and Comparative Law Dissertation Topics
This dissertation topic will explore consideration from Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317 to Williams v Roffrey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991] 1 QB 1. The purpose of this exploration is to determine the effectiveness of consideration, drawing upon the civil law system of pacta sunta servanda and the Principles of European Contract Law ...
(PDF) Assignment of Contract-II on the Topic DISSOLUTION OF A
GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY Assignment of Contract- II on the Topic DISSOLUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP FIRM - THE INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932 Submitted to: Ms. Swati Kaushal Assistant Professor Faculty of Law JEMTEC School of Law, Greater Noida (Affiliated to GGSIPU) Submitted by: Siddhant Puri 2nd Semester BBA LLB (Hons.)
Contracts—Highly Tested MBE Topics, Charts, and a Checklist!
Contracts—Highly Tested MBE Topics, Charts, and a Checklist! 1. Introduction. Article 2 applies to the sale of goods. Common law applies to services and everything else. ... Generally, rights can be assigned unless the assignment substantially changes the obligor's duties or the contract prohibits it. An assignment may be revoked if there ...
14.2: Assignment of Contract Rights
The Restatement (Second) of Contracts defines an assignment of a right as "a manifestation of the assignor's intention to transfer it by virtue of which the assignor's right to performance by the obligor is extinguished in whole or in part and the assignee acquires the right to such performance."Restatement (Second) of Contracts ...
Contract II
Definition of a Contract - Section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act defines the term contract as "an agreement enforceable by law is a contract." So, a contract is an agreement plus legal enforceability. Law means a 'set of rules' which governs our behaviors and relating in a civilized society.
(DOC) Assignment on law of contract 2
Performance In law, an act of doing that which is required by a contract. The effect of successful performance is to discharge the person bound to do the act from future contracture liability. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2014, Inc. A contract is discharged or is an end when the parties have performed all the terms of the contract.
PDF ASSIGNMENT TOPICS FOR CONTRACT LAW
ASSIGNMENT TOPICS (I Semester) Examination 2010 Contract Law 1. All Topics/Questions carry equal marks. 2. Total Marks allotted is 20. 3.Attempt any Two 1. The law of contract lubricates the commerce of market. The standard form contract is a
Contracting Concepts: Assignment of Claims
Assignments of claims generally are used in solicitations and contracts expected to exceed the micro-purchase threshold (currently $10,000 in most cases) unless there is a reason to prohibit it. FAR 32.803(b) states that a contract may prohibit an assignment of claims if the agency determines not allowing it to be in the government's interest.
Yankees Owner Hal Steinbrenner "Likely" to Discuss Contract Extension
Steinbrenner says that he wants Soto to be a "Yankee for life" and wants to begin contract extension talks with agent Scott Boras. May 10, 2024; St. Petersburg, Florida, USA; New York Yankees ...
Halonen Signs Two-Year, Two-Way Contract
The New Jersey Devils announced today that the team has re-signed restricted free-agent forward Brian Halonen to a two-year, two-way contract. The contract details are as follows: 2024-25 ...
Yankees Star Juan Soto 'Open' To Extension To Finish Career With New York
The New York Yankees could end up retaining one of the best players in baseball for the foreseeable future. New York acquired superstar slugger Juan Soto in a trade with the San Diego Padres this ...
Phoenix police contract proposal includes 2.5% bonus, AI protections
The two-year contract, which would run through the middle of 2026, includes an August bonus equal to 2.5% of an officer's base pay and leaves the door open for pay increases in the second year if ...
LAW OF Contract Assignment Semester 2
LAW OF Contract Assignment Semester 2. assignment. Course. Law of Contract II (LLB 102) 26 Documents. Students shared 26 documents in this course. University Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. Academic year: 2021/2022. Uploaded by: ... TOPIC OF RESEARCH PROJECT Subject Name: Subject Code: