research topics job interview

20 Common Researcher Interview Questions and Answers

Common Researcher interview questions, how to answer them, and sample answers from a certified career coach.

You’ve been invited to interview for a research position—congratulations! You know you have the skills and experience, but now it’s time to prove it.

The key to success? Being prepared. To help make sure you shine in your upcoming interview, we’ve compiled some of the most common questions asked during research interviews. Read on, get familiar with them, and practice your answers so you can ace that job interview like a pro.

• What research methods do you use to collect data?
• How do you ensure the accuracy and validity of your research results?
• Describe a time when you had to analyze complex data sets and draw meaningful conclusions from them.
• Explain how you would go about designing an experiment or survey to answer a specific research question.
• Are you familiar with any statistical software programs? If so, which ones?
• What strategies do you use to stay organized while conducting research?
• How do you handle ethical considerations when conducting research?
• Have you ever encountered a situation where you had to adjust your research methodology due to unexpected circumstances?
• Describe a time when you had to present your research findings in a clear and concise manner.
• Do you have experience working with large datasets?
• What challenges have you faced when collecting primary data for a research project?
• How do you approach writing up a research paper or report?
• What techniques do you use to identify potential sources of bias in your research?
• How do you evaluate the quality of secondary sources used in your research?
• What strategies do you use to keep track of changes in the field of research you are studying?
• How do you decide which research questions to pursue?
• What is your experience with peer review processes?
• How do you manage competing demands on your time when conducting research?
• What strategies do you use to ensure that your research remains relevant and up-to-date?
• How do you ensure that your research meets the highest standards of academic integrity?

1. What research methods do you use to collect data?

Research methods are the core of any researcher’s job. You’ll need to be familiar with a variety of different methods, such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and experiments, and be able to explain how you use each one in your work. This will help the interviewer understand your process and how you can contribute to their organization.

How to Answer:

You should be prepared to explain the research methods you have used in your past work. Talk about how you use surveys, interviews, focus groups, and experiments to collect data, as well as any other methods you may have experience with. If you’re just starting out, then talk through the steps you would take to select a method for each project. You can also mention any specialized methods or software that you are familiar with.

Example: “I use a variety of research methods to collect data, depending on the project. I often use surveys and interviews as primary sources of information, but I also have experience with focus groups, experiments, and software tools like Qualtrics for collecting quantitative data. I’m familiar with specialized methods such as content analysis and ethnography when appropriate. My goal is always to select the method that will provide the most accurate and reliable data for each project.”

2. How do you ensure the accuracy and validity of your research results?

Research requires a level of precision that goes beyond the normal workplace. Good researchers are able to identify what data is relevant and how to collect it in order to make reliable conclusions. Interviewers will want to know that you have the skills and knowledge to conduct research that is both accurate and valid. They’ll also want to know if you use any specific methods or tools to ensure accuracy and validity.

You should be prepared to explain what methods you use to ensure accuracy and validity of your research. This could include double-checking sources, using multiple data points, or triangulating information from different sources to verify results. You can also mention any specific tools or techniques you use, such as conducting surveys or interviews with experts in the field. Be sure to emphasize how important it is for you to make sure that your research is accurate and valid before drawing conclusions.

Example: “When I was working on a research project for ABC Corporation, I had to analyze the data from three different sources. My approach was to use statistical analysis techniques and software tools to cross-reference the data sets and identify any potential discrepancies or outliers. After analyzing the results, I identified a number of key trends that allowed us to draw meaningful conclusions about the company’s operations. The insights gained from this research ultimately led to improvements in the organization’s processes, resulting in increased efficiency and productivity.”

3. Describe a time when you had to analyze complex data sets and draw meaningful conclusions from them.

Research projects often involve a lot of data analysis and interpretation. Knowing how to take large amounts of data and make it into something meaningful is a valuable skill for any researcher. This question is a way for the interviewer to gauge your ability to work with data and draw meaningful conclusions from it.

You should be prepared to provide a specific example of when you had to analyze complex data sets and draw meaningful conclusions from them. Talk about the project, your approach to analyzing the data, and any insights or conclusions that you drew from it. Be sure to emphasize the impact of your findings on the project or organization as well.

Example: “I recently worked on a project for my previous employer in which I had to analyze a large and complex data set. My approach was to break down the data into smaller, more manageable chunks and then look for patterns or correlations between different variables. After doing this, I was able to identify a few key trends that were relevant to the project goals. This allowed us to make better decisions about how to allocate resources and focus our efforts, resulting in a successful outcome.”

4. Explain how you would go about designing an experiment or survey to answer a specific research question.

This question is designed to determine if you have the skills necessary to design and implement valid research experiments. The interviewer wants to know if you understand the fundamentals of research design, such as how to select a sample, how to develop a hypothesis, and how to determine the validity of a study. They also want to know if you can explain the process in a clear and concise manner.

Start by explaining the steps you would take to design an experiment or survey. You should include the following: defining the research question, selecting a sample, developing a hypothesis, creating a data collection plan, and determining how to analyze the results. Be sure to explain any specific techniques you might use in each step, such as random sampling or stratified sampling for your sample selection process. Finally, emphasize the importance of validating the results to ensure they are accurate and reliable.

Example: “When designing an experiment or survey, the first step is to define the research question. Once the research question has been identified, I would then select a sample that is representative of the population being studied. I would also develop a hypothesis based on my understanding of the research question and the available data. After that, I would create a data collection plan that outlines how the data will be collected, such as using surveys, interviews, or focus groups. Finally, I would determine the best method for analyzing the results in order to draw valid conclusions from the research. In all cases, it’s important to validate the results to ensure they are accurate and reliable.”

5. Are you familiar with any statistical software programs? If so, which ones?

Researchers often have to analyze data and present it in a meaningful way. This requires familiarity with statistical software programs like SPSS, SAS, or R. Knowing how to use these programs is a critical part of being a successful researcher, so this question is meant to gauge your level of expertise.

If you are familiar with any of the programs mentioned above, be sure to mention that and explain how you have used them in past research projects. If you are not familiar with these programs, it is still important to emphasize your ability to learn new software quickly. Explain how you approach learning new technologies and provide examples of times when you have successfully done so in the past.

Example: “I have used SPSS and SAS in my previous research projects. I am also comfortable with learning new statistical software programs, as I have done so on multiple occasions in the past. For example, when starting a new project at my last job, I was asked to learn R quickly in order to analyze data. Within two weeks, I had become proficient enough to use it for all of our research needs.”

6. What strategies do you use to stay organized while conducting research?

Research can be a long and complex process, with lots of data to sift through, organize, and analyze. It’s important to show the interviewer that you have a system in place to stay organized throughout the research process, from the initial research plan to the final report. This will demonstrate that you can effectively manage your time and resources, as well as prioritize tasks and remain focused on the task at hand.

You can answer this question by talking about the strategies you use to stay organized while conducting research. You could mention that you create detailed research plans, break down large tasks into smaller ones, and prioritize tasks based on importance and deadlines. Additionally, you could talk about how you utilize organizational tools such as spreadsheets and databases to store data, track progress, and easily access information when needed. Finally, you might also discuss how you take notes during your research process in order to keep track of important ideas or findings.

Example: “I use a variety of strategies to stay organized while conducting research. I always start by creating a detailed research plan that outlines the scope of my work and any deadlines associated with it. From there, I break down large tasks into smaller ones in order to tackle them more efficiently. Additionally, I prioritize tasks based on importance and deadlines in order to remain focused on the task at hand. To help store data, track progress, and access information quickly, I also utilize organizational tools such as spreadsheets and databases. Finally, I take notes during my research process in order to keep track of important ideas or findings.”

7. How do you handle ethical considerations when conducting research?

Research often involves collecting personal data, and it’s important that researchers understand how to approach these situations with respect and integrity. Interviewers want to know that you are aware of ethical considerations and that you are capable of adhering to them. This question is likely to be asked to all potential researchers, as it is an important part of the job.

Talk about the ethical considerations you take into account when conducting research. These can include obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of data, respecting privacy laws, protecting vulnerable populations, and considering potential biases that may arise in your research. You should also mention any processes or protocols you have implemented to ensure ethical compliance with research projects. Finally, emphasize how important it is for researchers to adhere to ethical standards and how seriously you take them.

Example: “I understand the importance of adhering to ethical standards when conducting research, and I take this responsibility very seriously. In my current position as a researcher at ABC University, I follow a strict protocol for obtaining informed consent from participants and ensuring that data is kept confidential and anonymous. I also make sure to consider any potential biases in our research before collecting data and am familiar with applicable privacy laws. Lastly, I always strive to protect vulnerable populations, such as children or those with disabilities, when conducting research.”

8. Have you ever encountered a situation where you had to adjust your research methodology due to unexpected circumstances?

Research is a dynamic process and researchers must be prepared to adjust their methods as needed. This question is designed to assess the flexibility of potential candidates and their ability to think on their feet. It also provides insight into how well a candidate understands the research process, including how to identify and address potential problems.

To answer this question, provide an example of a situation where you had to adjust your research methodology due to unexpected circumstances. Explain how you identified the problem and how you adjusted your methods in order to successfully complete the project. Be sure to emphasize any creative solutions you implemented and the positive outcome that resulted from your adjustment.

Example: “I recently encountered a situation where I had to adjust my research methodology due to unexpected circumstances. I was conducting a survey to analyze consumer behavior in relation to a new product launch. After collecting the first round of data, I noticed a discrepancy in the results that could not be explained. After further investigation, I realized that the sample size I was using was not large enough to accurately capture the data. I quickly adjusted my methodology by increasing the sample size and collecting more data, which ultimately allowed me to identify the discrepancy and provide an accurate analysis of consumer behavior.”

9. Describe a time when you had to present your research findings in a clear and concise manner.

Researchers often have to communicate their findings to colleagues, stakeholders, and the public. The ability to communicate complex research findings in an understandable way is a key skill for someone in this role. This question allows the interviewer to gauge your ability to explain complex concepts in a clear and concise manner.

You should come prepared with an example of a time when you had to present your research findings. Talk about the project, what the goal was, and how you went about presenting it. If possible, provide specific details such as the type of presentation (oral, written, etc.), who you presented to, and the feedback you received. You should also explain the strategies that you used to make sure that the audience understood your message. This could include using visual aids, breaking down complex concepts into simpler terms, or providing examples to illustrate your points.

Example: “My most recent research project focused on the long-term effects of climate change on agricultural production. I knew that it was important to make sure that the findings were presented in a way that was easy to understand and digest. I created a PowerPoint presentation that included visuals and graphs to illustrate my points, as well as a written report that provided a detailed breakdown of the findings. I then presented my findings to a group of stakeholders and received positive feedback. They appreciated my ability to take complex concepts and explain them in a way that was easy to understand.”

10. Do you have experience working with large datasets?

Many research roles require the ability to work with large datasets and analyze the information within them. This question helps employers understand how comfortable you are with such tasks, and it also serves as a way to gauge your technical skills. To answer this question, talk about how you’ve used various tools and techniques to analyze data and how you’ve been able to draw meaningful insights from it.

Start by talking about the types of datasets you’ve worked with, such as structured or unstructured data, and explain how you’ve gone about analyzing them. Then, provide a few examples of projects you’ve completed that involved working with large datasets. Finally, discuss any tools or techniques you’ve used to work with the data, such as statistical software, data visualization tools, machine learning algorithms, etc. Be sure to emphasize your ability to draw meaningful insights from the data and how those insights have helped inform decisions.

Example: “I have experience working with large datasets in both structured and unstructured formats. I have utilized various tools and techniques to analyze the data, such as statistical software and data visualization tools. I’ve also employed machine learning algorithms to uncover patterns and trends from the data. For example, in my most recent project I utilized a variety of data sources to identify potential new markets for our company. Through analyzing the data, I was able to identify key demographic, geographic, and psychographic trends that we could use to target our new customers. This analysis provided valuable insights that informed our marketing strategy and ultimately led to increased sales.”

11. What challenges have you faced when collecting primary data for a research project?

Research often involves gathering primary data from sources such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observations. It’s important to determine whether the candidate has the skills necessary to design and implement a research project in order to successfully collect data. This question helps the interviewer understand the candidate’s ability to handle the logistics and challenges of primary data collection.

When answering this question, it’s important to provide specific examples of challenges you have faced and how you overcame them. For example, you could talk about the challenge of finding participants for a survey or focus group, or the difficulty in scheduling interviews with busy professionals. You can also discuss any logistical issues that arose during data collection, such as having unreliable equipment or dealing with uncooperative participants. Be sure to emphasize your problem-solving skills and ability to think on your feet when facing unexpected obstacles.

Example: “I’ve encountered a few challenges when gathering primary data for research projects. For example, when I was working on a survey project for a university, it took me several weeks to find participants willing to answer the survey. I had to be creative in my approach and reach out to different groups, such as student organizations, to recruit participants. I also encountered a few logistical issues, such as having unreliable equipment or dealing with uncooperative participants. I was able to quickly come up with solutions to these issues, such as having backup equipment and developing strategies to engage the participants. Overall, I was able to successfully gather the data I needed and produce valuable research findings.”

12. How do you approach writing up a research paper or report?

Research is a process that requires both creativity and structure. As a researcher, you must be able to synthesize information from a variety of sources, develop strong arguments, and communicate those arguments clearly and concisely in written form. Being able to articulate your approach to researching and writing up a paper will demonstrate your ability to think critically and logically.

Your answer should include the steps you take when writing up a research paper or report. This could include outlining your topic, researching relevant sources, organizing and synthesizing data, developing an argument, drafting and revising the paper, and proofreading for accuracy. It is also important to emphasize how you use critical thinking skills to develop strong arguments and draw meaningful conclusions from your research. Finally, make sure to mention any specific techniques or strategies that you have used successfully in the past.

Example: “When writing up a research paper or report, I approach the task systematically. I begin by outlining my topic and any relevant research questions. I then conduct research to find relevant sources, both primary and secondary. I carefully review and analyze the information I find, and use it to develop my argument. After that, I draft and revise the paper, making sure to include evidence to support my points. Finally, I proofread for accuracy and clarity. Throughout the process, I strive to use critical thinking skills to ensure that my arguments are sound and my conclusions are meaningful.”

13. What techniques do you use to identify potential sources of bias in your research?

Researchers need to be able to identify potential sources of bias in their work, such as selection bias or confirmation bias, in order to ensure the accuracy of their data and the validity of their results. By asking this question, the interviewer is gauging your ability to identify potential sources of bias and how you handle them.

To answer this question, you should discuss the techniques you use to identify potential sources of bias in your research. This could include methods such as double-checking data for accuracy and completeness, using multiple sources of information, or conducting blind studies. Additionally, you can talk about how you handle any biases you may find, such as adjusting your research design or changing your methodology. Be sure to emphasize that accuracy and validity are important to you and that you take steps to ensure they remain a priority.

Example: “I understand the importance of accuracy and validity in research, so I always strive to identify and address any potential sources of bias. I use several techniques to identify bias, such as double-checking my data for accuracy and completeness, using multiple sources of information, and conducting blind studies. When I do identify a potential source of bias, I adjust my research design or change my methodology to address it. I also make sure to communicate any changes to my team and stakeholders to ensure that we’re all on the same page.”

14. How do you evaluate the quality of secondary sources used in your research?

One of the most important skills of a researcher is being able to evaluate the quality of sources used in research. This question allows the interviewer to get a better understanding of your research process and your ability to critically evaluate sources. It also allows them to gauge your level of experience in the field and your knowledge of the research landscape.

To answer this question, you should explain your process for evaluating secondary sources. You can talk about the criteria that you use to evaluate a source’s credibility such as its author or publisher, the date of publication, and any peer reviews that have been conducted on the source. Additionally, you can mention any methods you use to assess the accuracy of information in the source such as cross-referencing with other sources or conducting additional research on the topic. Finally, you should discuss how you use these evaluations to inform your own research.

Example: “When evaluating the quality of secondary sources I use in my research, I consider a few key factors. I always look at the author or publisher of the source, the date of publication, and any peer reviews that have been conducted. I also use a variety of methods to assess the accuracy of the information in the source, such as cross-referencing with other sources and conducting additional research. From there, I use my evaluations to inform my own research and determine how best to use the source. This helps me ensure that I’m using the most reliable and up-to-date sources in my research.”

15. What strategies do you use to keep track of changes in the field of research you are studying?

Research is an ever-evolving field and keeping up with changes in the field is essential to remain relevant and up to date. Interviewers want to know that you have the skills and strategies to stay on top of the latest research, trends, and developments in the field. They’ll be looking for evidence that you have the self-discipline and organizational skills to stay on top of your work and be able to provide timely, accurate research.

You should be prepared to discuss the strategies and tools you use to stay up-to-date on changes in your field. Talk about how you keep track of new research articles, publications, conferences, and other sources of information that are relevant to your work. You can also talk about how you use technology such as RSS feeds, social media, or email alerts to ensure that you’re aware of any news or updates related to your research. Additionally, mention any methods you have for organizing and cataloging the information you collect so it is easily accessible when needed.

Example: “To stay on top of changes in my field, I use a variety of strategies and tools. I subscribe to relevant RSS feeds and email alerts to ensure I’m aware of any new research articles or publications. I also use social media to follow industry leaders and experts in the field and get updates on their work. I also keep an organized library of research material that I have collected over the years. I use a combination of software tools and physical filing systems to keep track of all the information I need. This allows me to quickly access any information I need, when I need it.”

16. How do you decide which research questions to pursue?

Being a researcher requires the ability to prioritize and select the best questions to pursue in order to achieve the desired outcome. This question helps the interviewer get a sense of your process and how you approach problem solving. It also gives them an insight into your critical thinking skills, as well as your ability to analyze data and make meaningful conclusions.

The best way to answer this question is to provide a step-by-step approach of how you decide which research questions to pursue. Start by explaining the research process you go through, such as collecting data, analyzing it and forming hypotheses. Then explain how you prioritize certain questions based on their importance and relevance to the project at hand. Finally, discuss how you use your findings to make informed decisions about which questions are worth pursuing further.

Example: “When I’m deciding which research questions to pursue, I start by gathering all the available data related to the project. From there, I analyze the data to form hypotheses and then prioritize the questions based on their importance and relevance to the project. I also consider the impact each question could have on the overall outcome of the research. Once I have a list of the most important questions, I evaluate the data and use my findings to make informed decisions about which questions are worth pursuing further. Ultimately, my goal is to select the best questions that will yield the most meaningful results.”

17. What is your experience with peer review processes?

Peer review is a critical part of the research process. It requires that researchers review and critique each other’s work in order to ensure that the research is unbiased and credible. This question is a way for the interviewer to assess your knowledge of the research process and your ability to work with other researchers.

To answer this question, you should provide specific examples of your experience with peer review processes. Talk about how you have worked with other researchers to review and critique their work, as well as how you have incorporated feedback from peers into your own research. You can also discuss any challenges or successes you had during the process. Finally, emphasize your understanding of the importance of peer review in the research process and why it is necessary for producing high-quality results.

Example: “I have extensive experience with peer review processes, both as a reviewer and as an author. I have worked with other researchers to review their work and provide constructive feedback, as well as incorporating feedback from peers into my own research. I understand the importance of peer review in the research process and am committed to producing high-quality results. I have also had success in resolving disagreements between reviewers and authors when needed, and I have a strong track record of producing quality research that has been accepted for publication.”

18. How do you manage competing demands on your time when conducting research?

Research can be a demanding job, with a lot of deadlines, competing agendas, and complex data sets to analyze. The interviewer wants to make sure you can prioritize tasks, keep track of multiple projects, and adjust when needed. Your ability to manage competing demands on your time is a key indicator of how successful you will be at the job.

To answer this question, you should focus on how you prioritize tasks and manage deadlines. Talk about the strategies you use to stay organized, such as setting up a calendar or using task management tools. Also discuss any techniques you have for staying focused when there are multiple demands on your time. Finally, emphasize your ability to adjust your plans when needed, such as if an unexpected project comes in or a deadline needs to be moved up.

Example: “I have a few strategies for managing competing demands on my time when conducting research. I prioritize tasks by breaking them down into smaller, manageable chunks and then assigning deadlines to each one. I also use task management tools to keep track of what I need to do and stay organized. And I make sure to take regular breaks to stay focused and energized. When I need to adjust my plans due to unexpected events, I’m able to reassess and re-prioritize my tasks accordingly. I’m confident in my ability to manage competing demands on my time and stay organized when conducting research.”

19. What strategies do you use to ensure that your research remains relevant and up-to-date?

Research is a dynamic field, and the best researchers know that they need to stay informed of the latest developments and trends in order to remain relevant. This question allows your interviewer to assess your knowledge of the field and your commitment to keeping up with the latest research. It shows that you are aware of the need to stay ahead of the curve and that you have the skills to do so.

To answer this question, you should start by discussing the strategies that you use to stay informed. You can talk about how you read industry publications, attend conferences and seminars, or network with other researchers in your field. You should also mention any specific platforms or tools that you use to keep up-to-date on the latest research. Finally, you should explain why staying informed is important to you and how it helps you do better work.

Example: “I use a variety of strategies to ensure that my research remains relevant and up-to-date. I read industry publications, attend conferences and seminars, and network with other researchers to stay informed. I also use specific tools like Google Scholar and ResearchGate to keep track of new developments in my field. It’s important to me to stay ahead of the curve and make sure that my research is as current and relevant as possible. Doing so not only helps me do better work, but it also helps me to provide more value to my employer and contribute to the success of their projects.”

20. How do you ensure that your research meets the highest standards of academic integrity?

Research is the backbone of any organization, and it is crucial for a researcher to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity. Employers want to know that you understand the importance of being thorough and accurate, as well as ethical in your research. They may also want to know how you go about verifying the accuracy of your data and sources, and how you ensure that your research meets the standards expected in the field.

Start off by detailing the steps you take to ensure that your research meets academic integrity standards. For example, you can mention how you always double-check sources and data for accuracy and reliability, or how you use peer review processes to vet your work. Additionally, be sure to emphasize any specific techniques or methods you have used in the past to verify the validity of your findings. Finally, explain why it is important to you to maintain the highest level of academic integrity in your research.

Example: “I understand the importance of academic integrity and take it very seriously in my research. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy, I always double-check my sources and data, and use peer review processes to vet my work. Additionally, I frequently use replication studies to verify the validity of my findings. To me, it is essential to ensure that my research meets the highest standards of academic integrity, as it is the foundation of any successful research project.”

20 Interview Questions Every Data Center Engineer Must Be Able To Answer

20 help desk interview questions and answers, you may also be interested in..., 30 director of hospitality interview questions and answers, 30 commercial real estate agent interview questions and answers, 30 water technician interview questions and answers, 30 internal audit consultant interview questions and answers.

Top 25 Researcher Interview Questions and Answers in 2024

Editorial Team

Researchers examine trends and acquire, locate, and interpret data. In addition, certain researchers conduct experiments and do data analysis. They work in various sectors, including academics, science, medical, and finance, and their daily routines vary according to their research aims. Researchers consult the internet, newspapers, books, and journal articles or conduct polls and interviews to obtain information. You may be asked about your work style during a researcher interview. Additionally, you could prepare to discuss specific tools you utilize while conducting research. The following article will assist you in becoming familiar with frequently asked interview questions.

1. What Makes You Want To Work For Our Organization In The First Place?

I’ve always admired your work as a company, and as soon as I saw this position, I knew it was the one. I was particularly interested in learning about your current research interests, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, which appeal to me particularly given my academic background. I also appreciate that your research assistants have the opportunity to work on a variety of projects, which I believe is an excellent opportunity for career development. After carefully reading the description, I realized it would assist me in achieving my long-term career goals while also allowing me to develop valuable skills. I am confident that I will gain valuable knowledge while becoming a valuable asset to the company.

2. What Qualifications Do You Possess That Make You The Ideal Candidate For This Position?

 After more than four years in this profession, I’ve developed the necessary abilities to take on a new challenge in my career. I possess superior writing and oral communication skills , critical components of any research team, and extensive expertise in gathering, processing, and evaluating data. Additionally, I possess a superior understanding of [a particular software package] specified as necessary for this employment. Finally, I am a self-starter willing to learn as much as possible and always go the additional mile. As you can see from my CV, my talents and experience qualify me as an ideal candidate for this role, and I am confident that I could contribute significantly to your team.

3. Describe What Multi-Stage Sampling Is.

Multi-stage sampling involves sampling in two or more steps. First, the population comprises second stage units and so on. Each stage’s sample unit is a cluster of the previous stage’s sampling units. Then, a sample of the second-stage sampling units is drawn from each selected first-stage sampling unit to the last sampling unit or population element, and the process repeats. At each level, a random sampling approach is used. It is appropriate when the population is dispersed geographically, and no sampling frame or list is available. It is also handy when time and money are restricted.

4. How Do You Ensure That You Make The Fewest Possible Errors In The Workplace While You Go About Your Everyday Routine?

I enjoy creating lists. That is how I ensure that nothing goes unnoticed. I begin each day by creating a list of the day’s objectives. Then, I verify each item in the list twice. After each day, I create a new list of objects that have been sorted and those that require attention. I make a point of sharing this list with my coworkers so that we can all create priorities and concentrate on the tasks at hand for the day or week.

5. What Do You Want To Get Out Of This Experience?

I hope to strengthen my research abilities, broaden my knowledge, and develop valuable connections throughout my time here. I feel that, based on my passion and experience and my talents and abilities, I can make an important contribution to your research team. The ability to lead research teams is something I hope to achieve in the future, and this role will assist me in that endeavor.

6. Have You Ever Disagreed With A Coworker? How Did You Deal With It?

I used to be part of a research team examining the cognitive decline in the elderly. Because the study was conducted at a famous private clinic, I noted that many participants had advanced degrees, which reduces the risk of cognitive impairment. As a researcher, I suggested changing the eligibility criteria to eliminate bias. Another team member advocated that we should adapt our method rather than use stricter criteria to collect enough data. Our primary investigator confirmed my finding but concurred with my colleague. I appreciated their consideration and agreed to follow the team’s lead.

7. How Would You Describe The Critical Concepts In Research Design?

A research design is a systematic and logical plan for conducting a research investigation. It defines the study’s objectives, methods, and techniques for accomplishing those objectives. It serves as the blueprint for the plan’s general scheme or research program. A research design is a method by which an investigator collects, analyzes, and interprets data. It establishes a systematic procedure for the researcher to follow. According to Celtic, Jahoda, Deutsch, and Cook, “a research design is the creation of conditions for data collection and analysis so that they balance relevance to the study purpose with procedural efficiency.”

8. What Are The Research Characteristics?

Research is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data to find answers.

However, for a method to qualify as research, it must exhibit certain characteristics: it must be as controlled as feasible, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable, empirical, and critical.

9. Identify A Strategy And Mindset That Are Needed For This Job.

Numerous strategies are used in this job. However, I’ve discovered that using peer-reviewed articles in research papers is critical. It guarantees that you will work with accurate and properly cited information, critical for any research scientist. When it comes to the right mindset, one must be open-minded and receptive to new information, willing to learn new techniques, and value teamwork because they will be required to work in teams.

10. As A Researcher, How Do You Keep Yourself Motivated?

My enthusiasm for research, I feel, has kept me going this far by providing me with much-needed inspiration. I enjoy learning new facts about various areas as a result of my curiosity. My drive to learn and acquire new information is also a significant motivator. We live in an information age, and information leads to knowledge, and knowledge, as the adage goes, is power. I also enjoy collaborating with diverse teams and gaining knowledge from their members. I believe that any information someone obtains should be shared with others, especially if it has the potential to improve people’s lives favorably.

11. Why Should A Manager Understand Research When Their Job Requires Them To Manage People, Products, Events, And Environments?

As I said, research is the pursuit of facts, answers to questions, and solutions to problems. It is a targeted investigation. It seeks explanations for inexplicable phenomena to clarify dubious facts and dispel misperceptions. Research is an organized and systematic inquiry or research that elicits data to resolve a problem or determine the resolution of a difficult issue.

12. What Are Some Of The Qualities That A Researcher Must Possess To Succeed?

Researchers should be curious and eager to learn more about their areas of specialization. Without methodologies and tools, research is impossible. As a result, it should be advantageous for a researcher to be familiar with these instruments. Additionally, they should possess leadership abilities to foster a productive and enthusiastic work environment. Additionally, competent researchers must be efficient with their time. They will be required to perform additional work in a short period due to time constraints. Finally, if people refuse to cooperate in providing accurate data, the researcher should not be discouraged and should face the obstacles. Additionally, open-mindedness, analytical abilities, and the capacity to operate in a team setting are desirable characteristics.

13. What Are The Responsibilities And Roles Of A Researcher?

They find study areas that can help advance knowledge in a certain subject and financial sources and then write research proposals and submit grant applications to those sources. They have a task to complete. Interpreting the outcomes of data analysis and drawing deductions and conclusions, as well as presenting the findings to the committee

Aside from that, they use the outcomes of their study to publish reports, papers, and reviews and present their findings in journals and conferences. Finally, they collaborate with research teams, industry stakeholders, and government organizations to achieve their goals.

14. What Is The Meaning Of Double-Blind?

When a study employs a “double-blind” approach, neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of their assigned condition. For instance, a researcher may wish to determine if it is the sugar in chocolate or simply the notion that eating chocolate makes people happy, enhancing a person’s mood. One technique to accomplish this is to conduct a double-blind study. Participants are given either regular chocolate or sugar-free chocolate, and neither the researchers nor the participants know which chocolate was given.

15. Give An Example Of A Challenge You Encountered In A Previous Role And How You Overcame It.

During my previous employment as a research team member, the lead researcher experienced a personal crisis and abruptly quit the project. I was asked to take over and saw myself delegating duties and managing a team for the first time. I sought counsel from an old mentor and attended a leadership and team management conference. Even though I was unprepared, I recognized the critical nature of my commitment during that trying time and was eventually able to complete the job effectively. Naturally, I could not have done it without the support of the entire crew. As a leader, I was receptive to their ideas and suggestions to develop a novel strategy. As a result, we were all aware of the situation and collaborated to achieve achievement.

16. What Is The Definition Of Research Methodology?

When it comes to conducting research, research methodology is a collective phrase that refers to the structured process. It is common to find a variety of methods being utilized in various sorts of research, and the phrase is commonly understood to contain the following elements: study design, data collection, and data analysis. There are two major categories of research methodology: quantitative and qualitative. 

17. As A Researcher, What Do You Think Your Main Strengths And Weaknesses Are?

I am a team player that is outgoing and enjoys interacting with others. I am a quick learner who is also extremely motivated. I have excellent analytical and organizational abilities, and I am accustomed to working under time constraints. At the same time, I have difficulty dealing with negative criticism, which is why I value open communication and the ability to voice my concerns. Even though I possess a high level of computer literacy, I have no prior experience dealing with (a certain program). On the other hand, I am familiar with (its competitor).

18. How Can I Assess Product Demand After Price, Feature, Or Distribution Channel Changes?

Research’s simulation software can evaluate and answer “what if?” questions. In the simulator example, the software will automatically reveal the price share of your company’s product versus all competitors. The simulation software is based on a choice modeling survey.

Using simulation software, we can see how a product change affects market share and which competitors lose market share. It is quite useful in predicting competitor responses.

19. Mention A Potential Challenge You Anticipate Yourself Facing In This Position.

Our daily activities include challenges; they are designed to strengthen us, not depress us. Having worked in this industry for some time, I’ve noticed that most difficulties are cross-cutting. I’ve dealt with them throughout my career, continually devising new solutions or refining existing ones. As a result, I feel that I will overcome any obstacles that arise in this position with your assistance and that of my teammates.

20. What Is An Experimentative Research Methodology?

The experimental technique entails altering one variable to ascertain whether this results in changes in another. This method uses controlled research techniques, random assignment of study volunteers, and variable modification to test a hypothesis.

21. Has Your Patience Ever Been Put To The Test? How Did You Handle That Situation?

My patience has been put to the Test primarily in group settings. When we have a lot of work to perform, we divide it into manageable chunks and assign each person a task. However, certain individuals frequently miss assigned deadlines, irritating the entire team. I make every effort to keep my composure and encourage them to complete the task at hand during such moments. If they are still unable to do so, the work is allocated to another team member.

22. How Do I Carry Out A Q Study?

The Q sorting technique is comprised of the following core steps. First, the concourse is scoured for a diverse selection of objects (dubbed a Q sample). A group of respondents (P set) is told to rank-order (Q sort) the Q sample along a standardized continuum in response to a specific instruction condition. Participants do so based on their preferences and dislikes and their own ‘psychological significance. Finally, correlation and factor analysis are performed on the obtained Q sorts. The results as interpreted are factors of ‘operant subjectivity.

23. When Is It Appropriate To Use A Qualitative Research Methodology?

A qualitative research study is appropriate when you need to gain insight into the customer’s heart and thoughts. Qualitative research is a highly subjective research field that is purpose-built to look “beyond the percentages” to acquire an understanding of the customer’s feelings, impressions, and perspectives. Qualitative research is the only way to collect intuitive, highly subjective personal information.

24. What Considerations Must I Make When Conducting Observational Research?

Be “invisible” and avoid getting entangled in the incident.

Use all of your senses, not just sight. Jot down any olfactory cue (if applicable). Note your thoughts and feelings. Your mood when viewing What emotions did you feel? Relate your emotions to what you saw. Record the situation’s context: location, time, participants, numbers, gender, etc. Notate your thoughts as you observed. Did it remind you of anything? Have you had a similar experience? What do you think they were thinking while you were watching? Keep a notebook of your observations. If necessary, use acronyms.

25. What Is The Observational Method Of Research And How Does It Work?

A naturalistic observational study is defined as research in which the observer does not intervene. Instead, the researcher remains completely inconspicuous and makes every effort not to interfere with the natural dynamics of the situation under investigation.

Interviews with researchers are unlike any other type of job interview. Candidates must submit extensive responses that include relevant examples from their professional experiences and demonstrate that they match the job description’s requirements. Maintaining a pleasant mood throughout the interview will be critical in determining if you should advance to the next stage of the employment process. You can boost your confidence and sound more comfortable and assertive by pre-planning your responses. Hopefully, this post gave you some useful insight on how to ace your next interview!

• Top 25 AJAX Interview Questions and Answers in 2024
• Top 25 Data Structure Interview Questions and Answers in 2024
• Top 25 Microsoft Word  Interview Questions and Answers in 2024
• Top 25 React Interview Questions and Answers in 2024

most recent

Top 33 Customer Experience Manager Interview Questions and Answers 2024

Top 33 Credit Officer Interview Questions and Answers 2024

Top 33 STL Standard Template Library Interview Questions and Answers 2024

© 2024 Copyright ProjectPractical.com

18 Researcher Interview Questions (With Example Answers)

It's important to prepare for an interview in order to improve your chances of getting the job. Researching questions beforehand can help you give better answers during the interview. Most interviews will include questions about your personality, qualifications, experience and how well you would fit the job. In this article, we review examples of various researcher interview questions and sample answers to some of the most common questions.

or download as PDF

Common Researcher Interview Questions

What inspired you to pursue a career in research, what do you think sets research apart from other disciplines, what do you think is the most important skill for a researcher, what do you think is the most exciting thing about research, what do you think is the best thing about being a researcher, what do you think is the worst thing about being a researcher, what do you think is the most challenging thing about research, what do you think is the best thing about conducting research, what do you think is the worst thing about conducting research, what do you think is the most important thing to remember when conducting research, what do you think is the best way to approach research, what do you think is the worst way to approach research, what do you think is the most important thing to keep in mind when writing a research paper, what do you think is the best way to format a research paper, what do you think is the worst way to format a research paper, what do you think is the most important thing to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper, what do you think is the best way to go about finding sources for a research paper, what do you think is the worst way to go about finding sources for a research paper.

There are many reasons why someone might be inspired to pursue a career in research. For example, they may be inspired by the opportunity to make new discoveries that could improve the lives of people around the world. Or, they may be motivated by the challenge of solving complex problems and pushing the boundaries of knowledge.

It is important for interviewers to ask this question because it can help them to understand a candidate's motivation for pursuing a career in research. This can be helpful in assessing whether the candidate is likely to be successful in their role and whether they will be a good fit for the organisation.

Example: “ I have always been fascinated by the process of discovery and the role that research plays in advancing our understanding of the world around us. Pursuing a career in research allows me to contribute to this process and to make a difference in the world. ”

There are a few reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. First, they may be trying to gauge your level of experience and expertise in research. Second, they may be trying to understand your research process and methods. Finally, they may be trying to assess your ability to communicate and collaborate with other researchers.

This question is important because it can help the interviewer understand your level of experience and expertise in research. Additionally, it can help them understand your research process and methods. Finally, it can help them assess your ability to communicate and collaborate with other researchers.

Example: “ There are a few key things that set research apart from other disciplines: 1. The scientific method: In order to be considered research, an investigation must follow the scientific method, which is a systematic process for gathering and testing evidence. This ensures that research is as objective and unbiased as possible. 2. Peer review: Another key element of research is peer review, which is the process by which experts in a field check each other's work to ensure its quality. This helps to ensure that only the best and most reliable research is published. 3. Replication: Research is also designed to be replicated, or repeated, in order to verify its findings. This helps to ensure that the results are not simply due to chance or error. ”

There are many important skills for researchers, but some skills are more important than others. The most important skill for researchers is the ability to think critically. Critical thinking is the ability to analyze data and information and make decisions based on that analysis. It is important because it allows researchers to understand complex problems and find solutions to those problems.

Example: “ There are many important skills for a researcher, but some of the most important include: -The ability to ask clear and concise research questions -The ability to design effective research studies -The ability to collect high-quality data -The ability to analyze data effectively -The ability to communicate research findings clearly and effectively ”

There are many possible reasons an interviewer might ask this question to a researcher. They may be trying to gauge the level of enthusiasm the researcher has for their work, or they may be trying to assess how well the researcher understands the implications of their research. Additionally, the interviewer may be trying to determine if the researcher is able to articulate the significance of their work in a way that is understandable and relatable to a lay audience. Ultimately, it is important for the interviewer to gain a better understanding of the researcher's motivations and perspective on their work in order to get a sense of how well they will be able to communicate their findings to the public.

Example: “ There are many exciting things about research, but one of the most exciting things is the opportunity to make new discoveries. Every day, researchers are uncovering new information about the world around us and the universe we live in. This constantly expanding body of knowledge provides us with a greater understanding of our place in the world and how we can improve our lives. ”

There could be several reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. They may be trying to gauge the researcher's level of commitment to their work, or they may be trying to identify what motivates the researcher to do their job. Additionally, the interviewer may be trying to assess the researcher's ability to reflect on their work and identify areas of improvement. Ultimately, it is important for the interviewer to understand what the researcher finds most rewarding about their work in order to determine whether or not the researcher is a good fit for the position.

Example: “ There are many great things about being a researcher. One of the best things is that researchers get to learn new things all the time. They also get to help other people learn new things by sharing their findings with them. Researchers also get to travel to different places to conduct their research, which can be very exciting. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's self-awareness and ability to reflect on their work. This is important because it shows that the researcher is able to identify areas for improvement and is committed to professional development.

Example: “ There are a few potential drawbacks to being a researcher. First, the job can be quite isolating. Researchers often work alone in their labs or offices, and they may not have much interaction with other people on a daily basis. This can be lonely and frustrating for some people. Second, research can be slow and tedious. It can take years to complete a study, and the results may not be immediately apparent. This can be frustrating for people who want to see quick results. Finally, research can be expensive. Funding for research projects is often limited, so researchers may have to make do with less money than they would like. This can make it difficult to conduct high-quality research. ”

There are many potential challenges that come with research, such as finding accurate and reliable sources, developing a hypothesis, conducting experiments or surveys, and analyzing data. The most challenging thing about research can vary depending on the project and the researcher's individual skills and experience. By asking this question, the interviewer is trying to understand what the researcher feels is the most difficult part of the research process and why they feel that way. This information can help the interviewer determine if the researcher is a good fit for the project and if they will be able to overcome any challenges they may face.

Example: “ There are many challenges that come with research, but I think the most challenging thing is trying to find accurate and reliable information. With so much information available online, it can be difficult to know what is true and what is not. This can make it challenging to find the right data and resources to use for your research. ”

There are many reasons why an interviewer might ask a researcher what they think is the best thing about conducting research. It is important to remember that research is a process of inquiry that is used to uncover new knowledge or to confirm existing knowledge. The best thing about conducting research is that it allows us to constantly learn new things and to deepen our understanding of the world around us.

Example: “ There are many great things about conducting research, but one of the best things is that it allows you to explore new ideas and discover new knowledge. It can be very exciting to be on the cutting edge of new discoveries, and research allows you to do just that. Additionally, research is a great way to learn more about a specific topic or subject that you are interested in. Conducting research can help you gain a deeper understanding of the world around you and how it works. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's ability to reflect on their work and identify areas for improvement. This is important because it shows that the researcher is constantly trying to improve their methods and is willing to listen to criticism.

Example: “ There are a few potential worst things about conducting research, depending on the individual researcher's perspective. One worst thing could be the amount of time and effort required to produce high-quality research results. This can be especially true in fields where data is difficult to collect or analyze, or where experiments are expensive or time-consuming to carry out. Another worst thing about conducting research could be the pressure to publish results in prestigious journals, which can lead to cut corners being taken in the research process. Additionally, some researchers may find the constant criticism and peer review process to be frustrating and demoralizing. ”

An interviewer would ask this question in order to gauge the respondent's understanding of the research process and their ability to identify key components of a successful research project. It is important for researchers to be able to identify the most important aspects of their work in order to ensure that they are able to effectively communicate their findings to others. Additionally, this question can help to reveal areas where the respondent may need further training or education in order to improve their research skills.

Example: “ There are a few things that are important to remember when conducting research: 1. Make sure you have a clear research question that you want to answer. This will help guide your research and keep you focused. 2. Do your background research and make sure you understand the topic area you are researching. This will help ensure that your research is accurate and complete. 3. Be sure to use reliable and credible sources for your research. This will help ensure that your findings are trustworthy. 4. Be organized and keep track of your data and findings. This will help you to see patterns and trends in your data, and make it easier to write up your results. 5. Be critical of your data and findings, and try to identify any potential biases or errors. This will help you to produce more accurate results. ”

The interviewer is likely looking for qualities that the researcher has that make them successful at their job. This might include qualities such as being able to effectively plan and execute research projects, being able to troubleshoot problems that arise, and being able to communicate findings to others. It is important for the interviewer to gauge the researcher's self-awareness and ability to reflect on their own work in order to get a sense of how they might approach future projects.

Example: “ There is no one answer to this question as different researchers will have different opinions on the best way to approach research. However, some general tips that may be useful include: developing a clear research question or hypothesis, reviewing the relevant literature, designing an appropriate study methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. It is also important to communicate the results of one's research in a clear and concise manner. ”

There are a few reasons why an interviewer might ask this question. First, they want to see if the researcher is familiar with different research approaches and can identify which ones are less effective. Second, the interviewer wants to gauge the researcher's critical thinking skills and ability to identify flaws in research methods. Finally, this question allows the interviewer to get a sense of the researcher's opinion on the best way to conduct research.

This question is important because it allows the interviewer to assess the researcher's knowledge of research methods, critical thinking skills, and opinion on the best way to conduct research. By understanding the researcher's thoughts on this topic, the interviewer can get a better sense of their thought process and whether they would be a good fit for the position.

Example: “ There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the worst way to approach research depends on the specific research question and context. However, some general approaches that could be considered bad ways to approach research include: 1. Not Defining the Research Question Clearly If the research question is not clearly defined from the outset, it can be difficult to know what direction to take the research in and what data to collect. This can lead to a lot of wasted time and effort, as well as potentially biased or irrelevant results. 2. Relying Too Much on Secondary Data While secondary data can be a valuable resource, it should not be relied upon too heavily. This is because secondary data may not be relevant to the specific research question or context, and it may also be out of date. In addition, secondary data cannot be controlled by the researcher, so it may not be possible to obtain the level of detail required for the research. 3. Collecting Data Without a Plan It is important to have a plan for how data will be collected before starting to collect it. This plan should specify what type of data will be collected, how it will be collected, and who will be responsible for collecting ”

The interviewer is likely trying to gauge the researcher's writing ability and whether they are able to produce a well-thought-out, comprehensive research paper. The most important thing to keep in mind when writing a research paper is to make sure that all of the information is accurate and that the sources are reliable. The paper should also be clear and concise so that the reader can easily follow the argument.

Example: “ There are a few things to keep in mind when writing a research paper that will help ensure your paper is well-received by your audience. First, make sure to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to your audience. Second, take the time to thoroughly research your topic and provide well-supported arguments for your position. Third, be sure to edit and proofread your paper before submitting it for review. By following these simple tips, you can increase the chances that your research paper will be well-received by your intended audience. ”

The best way to format a research paper may vary depending on the discipline, but there are some general guidelines that can help a researcher ensure their paper is well-formatted and easy to read. Some important considerations for formatting a research paper include margins, font size and type, line spacing, and page numbers. Proper formatting can help make a research paper more accessible and easier to read, which can ultimately lead to more impactful research.

Example: “ There is no one correct answer to this question. Different researchers have different preferences for how to format a research paper. Some common elements that are typically included in a research paper are an abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion. ”

There is no one answer to this question, as it depends on the specific field of research and the preferences of the journal or conference. However, some elements that could make a research paper poorly formatted include using an incorrect citation style, not following the required page layout, or using too many graphics and images. Poorly formatted papers can be difficult to read and may be less likely to be accepted for publication.

Example: “ There is no one "worst" way to format a research paper. However, there are several common formatting errors that can make a paper difficult to read and understand. These include: • Not using proper headings and subheadings to organize the paper. • Not using clear and concise sentences. • Not using proper grammar and punctuation. • Not citing sources properly. ”

There are many things to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper, but the most important thing is to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to the researcher. The topic should also be something that the researcher is familiar with and has some knowledge about. Additionally, the topic should be something that is not too narrow or too broad, and it should be something that has been researched before.

Example: “ There are many things to consider when choosing a topic for a research paper. The most important thing is to choose a topic that is interesting and relevant to you. It is also important to choose a topic that is narrow enough to be covered in a single research paper. Additionally, it is important to consider the resources available to you when choosing a topic. Finally, it is also important to consider the audience you are writing for when choosing a topic. ”

One of the most important aspects of research is finding reliable sources. Without sources that can be verified and relied upon, the researcher's findings will not be credible. Therefore, it is important for the interviewer to ask how the researcher plans to find sources for their paper in order to ensure that the research is of high quality.

Example: “ There is no one answer to this question as it depends on the topic of the research paper and the type of sources required. However, some tips on finding sources for a research paper include using online search engines such as Google Scholar, looking through bibliographies of relevant books and articles, and searching for open access journals that cover the topic. Additionally, contacting experts in the field and asking for recommendations can be helpful. ”

The interviewer is trying to gauge the researcher's ability to find reliable sources of information. This is important because research papers are only as good as the sources they are based on. If a researcher cannot find reliable sources, then their paper will not be credible.

Example: “ There are a few ways that researchers can go about finding sources for their papers that are considered to be less than ideal. One way is to simply do a Google search on the topic and hope that relevant sources come up. This is often not very effective, as much of the information that comes up in a general search may not be relevant or reliable. Another way is to ask friends or colleagues for recommendations. This can be somewhat helpful, but it is often limited to the resources that those individuals are aware of. A better way to find sources is to use a database or search engine specifically designed for academic research. These tools will allow you to narrow your search to more reputable and relevant sources. ”

Related Interview Questions

• Market Researcher
• Survey Researcher
• Clinical Researcher
• User Experience Researcher

25 Research Specialist Interview Questions and Answers

Learn what skills and qualities interviewers are looking for from a research specialist, what questions you can expect, and how you should go about answering them.

A research specialist is a professional who is responsible for designing and conducting research projects. This may include developing research proposals, collecting and analyzing data, and preparing reports. Research specialists may work in a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, education, and marketing.

If you’re looking for a research specialist job, you’ll likely need to go through a job interview. During the interview, you’ll be asked a variety of questions about your research experience, knowledge, and skills. To help you prepare, we’ve gathered some common interview questions for research specialists and provided sample answers.

• Are you familiar with the principles of experimental design?
• What are some of the most important qualities for a research specialist to have?
• How do you keep yourself organized when working on multiple projects at once?
• What is your process for identifying and eliminating potential sources of bias in your experiments or studies?
• Provide an example of a time when you had to present your research findings to a group with varying levels of scientific knowledge.
• If our company wanted to conduct a study on a new product feature, what would be your approach?
• What would you do if you noticed a mistake in your data halfway through your analysis?
• How well do you understand the statistical software used in your field?
• Do you have any experience writing research papers or presenting your findings to colleagues?
• When conducting an experiment, how do you ensure that all of the variables remain consistent?
• We want to improve our customer satisfaction rates. How would you go about conducting a research study to help us do this?
• Describe your experience working with other researchers and scientists.
• What makes you stand out from other research specialists?
• Which industries or fields do you have the most experience working in?
• What do you think is the most important thing for researchers to remember when collecting and analyzing data?
• How often do you conduct research studies or experiments?
• There is a discrepancy in your data. What would you do?
• How do you stay up to date with the latest methods and techniques in your field?
• Do you have any experience developing research protocols or surveys?
• Describe a time when you had to troubleshoot an issue with data collection or analysis.
• What strategies do you use to ensure accuracy in your work?
• Have you ever faced ethical dilemmas while conducting research studies?
• How do you prioritize tasks and manage deadlines?
• Are there any particular areas of research that interest you most?
• Describe a time when you had to present complex information to a non-technical audience.

1. Are you familiar with the principles of experimental design?

This question is a great way to test your knowledge of the principles that underlie research. It also allows you to show how well you can apply those principles in practice. When answering this question, it’s important to be honest about your level of experience with experimental design and highlight any relevant skills or experiences you have.

Example: “Yes, I am familiar with the principles of experimental design. I have a degree in research and statistics which has given me an extensive knowledge base on this topic. During my studies, I was exposed to various methods of experimental design such as randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, and observational studies. In addition, I have had experience applying these principles in practice while working at my previous job. For example, I designed and implemented several experiments to test different marketing strategies for our products. I also monitored the results of the experiments and used them to make informed decisions about how to move forward. My familiarity with the principles of experimental design makes me confident that I can contribute to your team in this role.”

2. What are some of the most important qualities for a research specialist to have?

This question can help the interviewer determine if you possess the necessary skills and abilities to succeed in this role. Your answer should include a list of qualities that are important for research specialists, such as attention to detail, problem-solving skills, communication skills and creativity.

Example: “As a research specialist, I believe that the most important qualities to have are attention to detail, excellent problem-solving skills, and strong organizational abilities.

Having an eye for detail is essential in this role because it allows me to identify patterns or discrepancies in data sets quickly and accurately. This helps me to draw meaningful conclusions from my research and provide valuable insights to clients.

Problem solving skills are also key when conducting research. Being able to think critically about complex issues and develop creative solutions to challenging problems is essential to success in this field.

Lastly, having strong organizational abilities is critical for staying on top of multiple projects at once. Being able to prioritize tasks, manage time efficiently, and stay organized while working with large amounts of data will help ensure that all research deadlines are met.”

3. How do you keep yourself organized when working on multiple projects at once?

This question can help the interviewer understand how you plan your work and prioritize tasks. Your answer should show that you have a system for organizing your time, projects and information. Consider sharing an example of a time when you used a specific organizational method to complete a project on time.

Example: “I have developed a few strategies to stay organized when working on multiple projects at once. First, I prioritize tasks and create a timeline for each project so that I can keep track of the progress I am making. This helps me to ensure that I am meeting deadlines and staying on top of my work. Second, I use various tools such as task management software and calendars to help me plan out my day-to-day activities. Finally, I make sure to break down large projects into smaller tasks that are easier to manage and complete. This allows me to focus on one task at a time while still keeping an eye on the bigger picture.”

4. What is your process for identifying and eliminating potential sources of bias in your experiments or studies?

Interviewers may ask this question to assess your ability to identify and eliminate bias in research. They want to know that you can perform the task of eliminating bias from experiments or studies, which is an important part of being a research specialist. In your answer, explain how you would go about identifying and eliminating potential sources of bias in your work.

Example: “My process for identifying and eliminating potential sources of bias in my experiments or studies begins with a thorough review of the literature. I take the time to read through any relevant research that has been conducted on the topic, as well as look at other related topics. This helps me get an understanding of what biases may be present in the data and how they could affect the results.

Once I have identified potential sources of bias, I then develop strategies to reduce or eliminate them. For example, if there is a gender bias in the data, I can use randomization techniques to ensure that both genders are equally represented in the sample. I also make sure to double-check the accuracy of the data by using multiple sources and verifying the results. Finally, I document all steps taken to identify and eliminate potential sources of bias so that others can easily understand the process.”

5. Provide an example of a time when you had to present your research findings to a group with varying levels of scientific knowledge.

Interviewers may ask this question to assess your presentation skills and how you tailor your information for different audiences. In your answer, try to describe the process of preparing for a presentation and highlight any specific strategies you used to make sure everyone understood your findings.

Example: “I recently had the opportunity to present my research findings to a group of stakeholders with varying levels of scientific knowledge. Before I began, I made sure to understand the background and level of expertise of each individual in the room. This allowed me to tailor my presentation to ensure that everyone was able to comprehend the material.

I started by providing an overview of the project and its objectives. Then, I provided a brief explanation of the methodology used to conduct the research so that those without a scientific background could better understand the results. Finally, I presented the data collected from the study and discussed the implications of the findings. Throughout the presentation, I asked questions to make sure everyone was following along and answered any questions they had.”

6. If our company wanted to conduct a study on a new product feature, what would be your approach?

This question can help the interviewer understand how you would approach a project that is not directly related to research. Your answer should show your ability to work independently and prioritize tasks.

Example: “If your company wanted to conduct a study on a new product feature, my approach would be to first gain an understanding of the goals and objectives of the project. I would then create a plan that outlines the research methods and techniques that will be used to collect data. This could include surveys, interviews, focus groups, or any other method that is appropriate for the project. Once the data has been collected, I would analyze it using statistical software such as SPSS or SAS. Finally, I would present the results in a clear and concise manner so that they can be easily understood by stakeholders.”

7. What would you do if you noticed a mistake in your data halfway through your analysis?

Interviewers ask this question to see how you handle mistakes and errors in your work. They want to know that you can recognize, correct and learn from your mistakes. In your answer, explain what steps you would take to fix the mistake and ensure it doesn’t happen again.

Example: “If I noticed a mistake in my data halfway through my analysis, the first thing I would do is double-check my work to make sure that it was indeed an error. If so, I would then identify where the mistake occurred and determine what steps need to be taken to correct it. Depending on the severity of the issue, this could involve going back to the source of the data or rerunning calculations. Once the problem has been identified and corrected, I would continue with the analysis as normal.”

8. How well do you understand the statistical software used in your field?

Interviewers may ask this question to assess your knowledge of the software you use in your current or previous role. They want to know if you have experience using the same tools their company uses and how familiar you are with them. In your answer, explain which statistical software you’re most comfortable using and why. If you don’t have much experience with the software they use, share what other types of software you’re proficient in using.

Example: “I have a deep understanding of the statistical software used in my field. I have been using this software for over five years and am very familiar with its features, capabilities, and limitations. I have experience working with both open source and proprietary software packages, including SPSS, SAS, STATA, R, and Python.

I understand how to use these programs to analyze data sets, create visualizations, and generate reports. I also have experience creating custom scripts to automate tasks and streamline processes. My knowledge of the software is complemented by an understanding of the underlying principles of statistics, which allows me to interpret results accurately and draw meaningful conclusions from them.”

9. Do you have any experience writing research papers or presenting your findings to colleagues?

This question can help the interviewer understand your writing and presentation skills. If you have experience doing this, share a specific example of how you did it. If you don’t have any experience, you can talk about other ways you’ve communicated important information to others in the past.

Example: “Yes, I have extensive experience writing research papers and presenting my findings to colleagues. During my previous role as a Research Specialist, I wrote multiple research papers on topics ranging from economics to public health. My work was published in several journals and presented at conferences around the world.

I am also comfortable presenting my findings to colleagues. I have given presentations to small groups of researchers as well as large audiences at academic conferences. I am confident in my ability to explain complex concepts in an understandable way and engage with my audience. I understand how important it is to communicate research findings clearly and accurately so that others can benefit from them.”

10. When conducting an experiment, how do you ensure that all of the variables remain consistent?

Interviewers may ask this question to assess your ability to maintain control over the variables in an experiment. They want to know that you can keep track of all the factors involved and ensure they remain consistent throughout the duration of the experiment. In your answer, explain how you would manage the variables and provide examples from past experiments where you did so successfully.

Example: “When conducting an experiment, it is important to ensure that all of the variables remain consistent. To do this, I start by clearly defining each variable and its purpose in the experiment. Then, I make sure to control as many of the variables as possible so that they remain constant throughout the experiment. For example, if I am testing a new drug, I would need to keep the dosage and type of drug the same for every participant. Furthermore, I also take into account any potential external factors that could influence the results of the experiment such as temperature or humidity. Finally, I document everything carefully and thoroughly to ensure accuracy and consistency. By following these steps, I can guarantee that all of the variables remain consistent and that my experiments are reliable.”

11. We want to improve our customer satisfaction rates. How would you go about conducting a research study to help us do this?

This question is a great way to show your ability to apply research methods and techniques to solve real-world problems. When answering this question, it can be helpful to describe the steps you would take to conduct the study and how you would use the results to improve customer satisfaction rates.

Example: “I understand the importance of customer satisfaction and would be eager to help you improve your rates. To conduct a research study, I would first identify the key areas that need improvement. This could include gathering feedback from customers on their overall experience with the company, what they like and don’t like about the product or service, and any other relevant information.

Once I have identified these areas, I would then create a survey or questionnaire to collect data from customers. The questions should be designed to get an accurate representation of how satisfied customers are with the company. I would also set up focus groups or interviews with customers to gain further insight into their experiences.

After collecting all the necessary data, I would analyze it to determine which areas need improvement and what strategies can be implemented to increase customer satisfaction. Finally, I would present my findings and recommendations to management in order to help them make informed decisions.”

12. Describe your experience working with other researchers and scientists.

This question can help the interviewer understand your ability to collaborate with others and work as part of a team. Showcase your communication skills, teamwork abilities and problem-solving skills in your answer.

Example: “I have extensive experience working with other researchers and scientists. During my current role as a Research Specialist, I collaborate closely with colleagues from various disciplines to develop research projects that are both meaningful and impactful. I am comfortable leading teams of researchers and providing guidance on project design and implementation. I also enjoy mentoring junior researchers in the development of their skills and understanding of the research process.

In addition, I have worked on several interdisciplinary research projects where I was able to bring together different perspectives and expertise. This has enabled me to gain a better understanding of how different fields can contribute to a single project, which is an invaluable skill for any researcher. Finally, I have presented at conferences and published papers with other researchers, which has allowed me to build relationships and share knowledge with professionals in the field.”

13. What makes you stand out from other research specialists?

Employers ask this question to learn more about your skills and experience. They want to know what makes you unique from other candidates. When answering, think of a skill or quality that sets you apart from others. You can also mention any certifications you have.

Example: “I believe my experience and qualifications make me stand out from other research specialists. I have a Master’s degree in Research Science, as well as over five years of experience working in the field. During this time, I have developed strong analytical skills and an eye for detail that allows me to quickly identify patterns and trends in data.

Furthermore, I am highly organized and efficient when it comes to conducting research. I have a proven track record of completing projects on time and within budget. My ability to work independently or collaboratively with teams makes me an asset to any organization. Finally, I am passionate about staying up-to-date on the latest research methods and technologies so that I can provide the best possible results.”

14. Which industries or fields do you have the most experience working in?

This question can help the interviewer understand your experience level and how it may relate to their company. If you have relevant experience, share that information with them. If you don’t have any experience in their industry, consider sharing a similar industry or field instead.

Example: “I have a broad range of experience in research, having worked in many different industries and fields. I have extensive knowledge in the medical field, having conducted clinical trials for pharmaceutical companies. I also have significant experience in the financial sector, where I have completed market analysis and provided insights on investment opportunities. In addition, I have done research in the technology industry, focusing on emerging trends and developing strategies to capitalize on them. Finally, I have extensive knowledge in the education sector, where I have developed curricula and conducted surveys to assess student learning outcomes.”

15. What do you think is the most important thing for researchers to remember when collecting and analyzing data?

This question can help interviewers understand your approach to research and how you prioritize important tasks. Your answer should show that you value accuracy, attention to detail and the importance of following protocols when working with data.

Example: “I believe the most important thing for researchers to remember when collecting and analyzing data is accuracy. It’s essential that all data collected is accurate, as any errors or inaccuracies can lead to skewed results. To ensure accuracy, I always double-check my work and make sure I am using reliable sources of information. Furthermore, I think it’s important to be mindful of bias when conducting research. Bias can easily creep into our analysis if we are not careful. Finally, I think it’s important to keep an open mind when conducting research. We should never assume that our initial hypotheses are correct; instead, we must remain open to new ideas and interpretations.”

16. How often do you conduct research studies or experiments?

This question can help the interviewer understand your experience with conducting research and how often you do it. Use examples from your previous job to highlight your skills in this area.

Example: “I conduct research studies and experiments on a regular basis. I have been working as a Research Specialist for the past five years, so I am familiar with all aspects of conducting research. In my current role, I typically conduct one or two large-scale research projects per year. Each project involves designing an experiment, collecting data, analyzing results, and writing up a report. I also take part in smaller scale research activities such as surveys and interviews.

I pride myself on being organized and efficient when it comes to conducting research, which allows me to complete projects quickly and accurately. I understand that research is an iterative process, so I’m comfortable making adjustments to experiments based on new information or feedback from colleagues. Finally, I’m experienced in presenting research findings to stakeholders and communicating complex topics in a clear and concise manner.”

17. There is a discrepancy in your data. What would you do?

This question is a great way to test your analytical skills and ability to solve problems. When answering this question, it can be helpful to explain the steps you would take to identify the discrepancy in the data and how you would fix it.

Example: “If I noticed a discrepancy in the data, my first step would be to thoroughly review the data and identify any potential sources of error. Once I have identified the source of the discrepancy, I can then take steps to address it. Depending on the nature of the discrepancy, this could involve going back to the original source of the data or re-running calculations to ensure accuracy. In some cases, I may need to consult with other experts or stakeholders to determine the best course of action. Ultimately, my goal is to ensure that all data is accurate and reliable so that informed decisions can be made.”

18. How do you stay up to date with the latest methods and techniques in your field?

This question can help the interviewer understand your dedication to your work and how you learn new things. Your answer should show that you are passionate about your field and willing to put in extra effort to keep learning. You can mention a few resources or people who have helped you stay up to date on research methods.

Example: “I stay up to date with the latest methods and techniques in my field by reading research papers, attending conferences, and networking with other professionals. I also follow industry blogs and newsletters that provide updates on new developments in the field. To ensure I’m always aware of the newest trends, I make sure to set aside time each week to read through relevant publications and articles. Furthermore, I actively participate in professional organizations related to my field, so I can keep abreast of any changes or advancements. Finally, I take advantage of online courses and webinars to learn about new technologies and strategies that could benefit my work. By taking a proactive approach to staying informed, I am able to remain knowledgeable about the most current practices in my field.”

19. Do you have any experience developing research protocols or surveys?

Interviewers may ask this question to learn more about your experience with research protocols and surveys. They want to know if you have any prior experience developing these types of documents, as they are important for the role. If you do have experience creating research protocols or surveys, share an example of one that you developed in a previous position.

Example: “Yes, I have extensive experience developing research protocols and surveys. During my time as a Research Specialist at ABC Company, I was responsible for designing and implementing research protocols and surveys to collect data from participants in our studies. I worked closely with the project team to determine the best methodologies to use and created survey instruments that were tailored to each study’s specific needs.

I also developed questionnaires and focus group questions to ensure we had accurate and reliable data. My attention to detail and ability to think critically ensured that all of our research protocols and surveys were effective and met the highest standards. I am confident that my skills and knowledge will be an asset to your organization.”

20. Describe a time when you had to troubleshoot an issue with data collection or analysis.

This question can help the interviewer understand your problem-solving skills and how you apply them to your work. Use examples from past experiences where you had to analyze data or collect information, interpret it and then communicate the results of your findings to others.

Example: “I recently encountered an issue with data collection while working on a research project. The goal of the project was to analyze customer feedback from surveys and interviews. I noticed that some of the responses were not being accurately recorded in our database, which could have skewed the results of our analysis.

To troubleshoot this issue, I first identified the source of the problem by examining the survey and interview questions. After pinpointing the exact question causing the inaccurate data, I worked with my team to develop a solution. We decided to revise the wording of the question to ensure clarity and accuracy when recording responses.

Once we had revised the question, I tested it out on a sample group of respondents to make sure the new wording did not cause any further issues. After confirming that the revised question produced accurate data, we implemented it into the survey and interviews. This allowed us to collect reliable data for our analysis and ultimately produce more accurate results.”

21. What strategies do you use to ensure accuracy in your work?

Accuracy is a critical skill for research specialists. Employers ask this question to make sure you have the ability to conduct your work accurately and thoroughly. Use your answer to highlight your attention to detail, commitment to quality and ability to use technology to ensure accuracy in your work.

Example: “I understand the importance of accuracy in research and take a systematic approach to ensure that all my work is accurate. First, I make sure to thoroughly read through any instructions or guidelines provided by the client before beginning a project. This helps me to have a clear understanding of what is expected from me and allows me to plan out how I will complete the task.

When conducting research, I use multiple sources to cross-check information and verify facts. I also double check my work for errors before submitting it. Finally, I review my work with a critical eye and ask myself if there are any areas where I could improve or anything I may have missed. By taking these steps, I can be confident that my work is as accurate as possible.”

22. Have you ever faced ethical dilemmas while conducting research studies?

An interviewer may ask this question to assess your ability to make ethical decisions. This can be an important skill for research specialists, as they often have access to confidential information and data. In your answer, try to describe a situation in which you faced an ethical dilemma and how you resolved it.

Example: “Yes, I have faced ethical dilemmas while conducting research studies. As a Research Specialist, it is important to be aware of the ethical implications of any study and to ensure that all participants are treated with respect and dignity. In one particular instance, I was working on a study where the results could potentially be used to influence public policy decisions. This presented an ethical dilemma as there were potential conflicts of interest between the researchers and the people who would benefit from the findings. To address this issue, I worked closely with my team to develop a code of conduct for our research that ensured that we followed ethical standards and respected the rights of all participants. We also took extra steps to make sure that any data collected was kept confidential and secure.”

23. How do you prioritize tasks and manage deadlines?

This question can help the interviewer understand how you approach your work and manage time. Use examples from previous experience to show that you are organized, dependable and able to meet deadlines.

Example: “I prioritize tasks by assessing the urgency and importance of each task. I use a combination of my own judgement and input from stakeholders to determine which tasks should be completed first. Once I have established the priority, I create a timeline for completion that includes deadlines and milestones. This helps me stay organized and on track with all of my projects.

To manage deadlines, I set reminders in my calendar or to-do list so I don’t miss any important dates. I also communicate regularly with stakeholders to ensure they are aware of upcoming deadlines and can provide feedback as needed. Finally, I break down larger tasks into smaller chunks to make them more manageable and keep myself motivated.”

24. Are there any particular areas of research that interest you most?

Employers ask this question to learn more about your background and interests. They want to know if you have any experience in their industry or with the type of research they do. When answering this question, try to focus on the skills that relate to the job description. If you don’t have direct experience but have similar skills, explain how you would apply them to this role.

Example: “Yes, there are several areas of research that I am particularly passionate about. One area is the development and implementation of new technologies in healthcare. I believe that technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we deliver care, improve patient outcomes, and reduce costs. I also have a strong interest in data science and analytics, as I think these tools can be used to gain valuable insights from large datasets. Finally, I’m interested in exploring how artificial intelligence can be used to automate processes and make decisions more efficiently.”

25. Describe a time when you had to present complex information to a non-technical audience.

This question can help interviewers understand your communication skills and how you might interact with clients or other non-technical staff members. Use examples from past experiences to highlight your presentation skills, public speaking abilities and ability to simplify complex information for others.

Example: “I recently had the opportunity to present complex information to a non-technical audience. The project I was working on involved researching and analyzing data from multiple sources, which needed to be presented in an understandable way for the audience.

To prepare for this presentation, I worked closely with the team to ensure that all of the technical details were accurately represented in the slides. I also created visuals such as graphs and charts to help illustrate the points more clearly. Finally, I rehearsed my presentation several times to make sure I could explain the concepts in simple terms.

On the day of the presentation, I was able to successfully communicate the complex information to the audience. They seemed to understand the material and asked thoughtful questions throughout the presentation. Afterward, they thanked me for taking the time to explain the concepts in an easy to comprehend manner.”

25 Procurement Clerk Interview Questions and Answers

25 pharmaceutical scientist interview questions and answers, you may also be interested in..., 25 call center director interview questions and answers, 25 event marketing manager interview questions and answers, 20 wikimedia foundation interview questions and answers, 25 medical supervisor interview questions and answers.

• SUGGESTED TOPICS
• The Magazine
• Newsletters
• Managing Yourself
• Managing Teams
• Work-life Balance
• The Big Idea
• Data & Visuals
• Reading Lists
• Case Selections
• HBR Learning
• Topic Feeds
• Account Settings
• Email Preferences

10 Common Job Interview Questions and How to Answer Them

• Vicky Oliver

Use this guide to stand out from the crowd and land the role you want.

Interviews can be high stress, anxiety-driving situations, especially if it’s your first interview. A little practice and preparation always pays off. While we can’t know exactly what an employer will ask, here are 10 common interview questions along with advice on how to answer them. The questions include:

• Could you tell me something about yourself and describe your background in brief? : Interviewers like to hear stories about candidates. Make sure your story has a great beginning, a riveting middle, and an end that makes the interviewer root for you to win the job.
• How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations? : Share an instance when you remained calm despite the turmoil. If it’s a skill you’re developing, acknowledge it and include the steps you’re taking to respond better to pressure in the future.
• What are your salary expectations? : Before you walk in for your first interview, you should already know what the salary is for the position you’re applying to. Check out websites such as Glassdoor, Fishbowl, or Vault.com for salary information. You could also ask people in the field by reaching out to your community on LinkedIn.

Where your work meets your life. See more from Ascend here .

Resignation numbers have remained abnormally high in the U.S. between July 2021 and October 2021, with millions of Americans quitting their jobs  — which also means there are millions of new openings up for grabs. If you’re entering the market for the first time, or just looking to make a change, use this guide to prepare for your next interview.

• Vicky Oliver is a leading career development expert and the multi-best-selling author of five books, including  301 Smart Answers to Tough Interview Questions , named in the top 10 list of “Best Books for HR Interview Prep.” She’s a sought-after speaker and seminar presenter and a popular media source, having made over 900 appearances in broadcast, print, and online outlets.    

Partner Center

Skip to content. | Skip to navigation

Personal tools

• Log in/Register Register

https://www.vitae.ac.uk/researcher-careers/pursuing-an-academic-career/applying-for-academic-jobs/commonly-asked-questions-in-academic-interviews

This page has been reproduced from the Vitae website (www.vitae.ac.uk). Vitae is dedicated to realising the potential of researchers through transforming their professional and career development.

• Vitae members' area

Commonly asked questions in academic interviews

Be prepared to answer the sort of questions  in this list (which will be tailored to your research area) in addition to general interview questions. It is a good idea to prepare and even rehearse your answers. If you are confident in answering all of these you will be well-prepared.

About your research General research questions About you and your capabilities About your ability to gain funding About your proposed research About your role as supervisor/teacher About your ‘fit’ with the department

About your research

• What is innovative about your research ?
• How is your work distinct from your supervisor’s/principal investigator’s? How intellectually independent are you? 
• What influences have you been exposed to?  Do you think you have enough breadth of experience?
• Who has influenced you the most?
• What has been your role so far in developing research ideas and carrying them forward?
• What do you think are your most significant research accomplishments?
• What do you consider to be your best paper/work and why?  What did it change about the way people approach the field?
• What are your most important publications?
• What has been the impact of your research?
• What papers do you have coming through in the next year?
• If we gave you the position what might go wrong? How will you manage the risks

General research questions

• What do you see yourself doing in ten years' time? What are your professional goals in the next five, and ten years?
• How will this job help you achieve your long term career plans?
• What would you do on the first day of the job?
• What are the big issues in your research area?
• Who are the key researchers in your area? How does your work compare with theirs?
• Who are your main competitors?  What are they doing? How will you compete with them?
• Why would someone come to work for you and not for your competitors?
• How does your work align with contemporary trends or funding priorities?
• How would you bridge the gap from your research to research users?
• The university is keen to serve the wider community and economy. Does your planned research have any potential in these areas?
• How do you feel about translating your research into innovation or spin-outs? Can you give an example of when you have been enterprising?
• Describe in layman’s terms why your research project is interesting in two minutes.

 About you and your capabilities

• How have you managed your research project?
• How do you balance your time?  If several challenges came up at the same time (grant deadline, pastoral care for a student, teaching commitments) how would you prioritise?
• If you were starting your project again today, what would you do differently?
• Describe a research problem you have faced. What did you learn?
• What has been the most productive period in your research career and why?
• Why do you think you are ready for this position?
• If you get this position how will you run your research project?
• Why do you think you are the right person for this position?

 About your ability to gain funding

• What experience do you have of attracting funding?
• Previously, you have only brought in small amounts of funding: how can you convince us you will be able to bring in larger amounts?
• Where will you apply for grants?  If your funding applications are unsuccessful, what alternatives do you have in mind? (looking for knowledge of the funding infrastructure)
• How would you convince a funding body that they should fund your research rather than one of the other hundreds of proposals they receive?
• Who are you currently funded by, and why do you think they were interested in funding your project? 

About your proposed research

• What will be your major focus as an independent researcher?
• In one sentence, what is the most important question you want to address?
• How does the work you propose follow on from what you are already doing?
• What will you focus on and what gives you a competitive edge in this area?
• What is the overall importance of this project?  How do you see this work impacting the field?
• What will you do if your hypothesis is proved wrong?  Can you see any of your research proposal failing?
• Why is the technique you have chosen more likely to succeed than other approaches?
• Have you already done anything to test the feasibility of your project? 
• If you could only do one aspect of this project, which one do you think is key?
• If we gave you unlimited resources, what would you do with them?
• If we gave you X amount of money, what would you do with it?
• What resources will you need?
• How would you deal with the more limited resources or facilities compared to what you anticipate for the project?
• How do you plan to manage this project on a day-to-day level?

About your role as supervisor/ teacher

• Describe your teaching experience. How do you feel about teaching?  What is your teaching philosophy?
• Do you have any experience in curriculum development?   
• Have you supervised doctoral candidates, and how did you find this experience? How did you manage them?
• What advice would you give to a new researcher about supervising undergraduate or masters students?
• How would you go about interviewing a prospective postgraduate researcher?
• How would you induce a new doctoral candidate into their research project?
• How would you go about motivating a researcher who is going through a low point?
• How would you deal with a weak researcher?
• How would you deal with any conflict/disagreement within the research group? Do you have an example of when you have had to deal with a disagreement? 
• Do you anticipate building a research group?  How many people would you like for it to be optimal?

About your ‘fit’ with the department

• Why do you want to come here?
• What will you bring to the institution?
• We are keen to develop collaborations between departments. What opportunities for multi-disciplinary work does your research offer?
• How would you fit with the existing activities in the department?  Who do would you expect to collaborate with in the institution?  Why do you want to collaborate with them?
• What committee work have you done and what challenges has it presented?
• In what ways, other than research and teaching could you contribute to this department?

Bookmark & Share

19 Job Interview Tips to Make a Lasting Impression

How to get a call back and land a job by nailing your interview.

While landing a job interview is exciting, preparing for it can be stressful. To make the process smoother, we talked to tech and business professionals — from software engineers to recruiters — who shared insider tips on what to do before, during and after a job interview. Who knows? Their advice may just help you land your dream job . 

Job Interview Tips

• Research the company 
• Rehearse your interview answers
• Practice active listening   
• Ask the interviewer questions 
• Send a timely thank-you email
• Stay positive no matter the results 

More on Career Development How to Build a Career in Responsible Tech

Before the Job Interview

1. research the company and the position.

Before your interview, look for information on the company’s products, services, values, mission , management team, board members and recent company announcements. Those can be found on company blogs, white papers, news articles and podcasts.

“If you spend an hour or two reading these, it gives you an idea of who we are and it goes a long way to show you’re interested in us,” Dermot Williams, senior director of engineering at cybersecurity firm BeyondTrust, told Built In.

Reading company reviews on Glassdoor is another way to prepare for a job interview. That may offer information on what prospective and current employees have to say about job interview questions the company may ask.

Review a company’s website and social media posts. That may give you ideas of how you fit in or add to the company’s culture, team, core values, product or services direction, Leena Macwan, a principal recruiter at Zynga, told Built In.

2. Learn About Your Interviewer’s Background

If you know who is interviewing you, look up their LinkedIn profile , read their blogs and social media posts.

“Use that information as an ice breaker to start the conversation when you meet them,” senior Amazon AWS in-house recruiter Zafar Choudhury told Built In. “You can say, ‘I read you did a TED talk last year or I saw you did a cybersecurity presentation.’ Hiring managers love it because it shows you’ve done your due diligence and homework.”

Tap current or former employees of the company you’ll be interviewing with who are also your college alumni, advised Santina Pitcher, associate director of counseling and programs at the University of California at Berkeley. Ask to pick their brain for a few minutes to learn more about the company culture and what it’s like to work there. They also may be familiar with the people you will be interviewing with and can provide you with some insight to make a good impression.

3. Match the Job Description and Company’s Core Values to Your Skills and Traits

“You literally memorize a couple of bullet points from the  job description and match that to your experience, where you can connect it to a strong example that demonstrates that skill,” Rachel Amos, director of career services and employer relations at Carnegie Mellon University, told Built In. 

For example, a startup notes in its job description it’s looking for a software engineer who is comfortable working in an ambiguous environment with a lot of demanding deadlines. Let’s say you worked in that type of environment in your previous job and thrived. Point that out to the interviewer and provide data or information to back it up, such as you consistently turned in projects a day or two ahead of schedule as the scope of work evolved on a weekly basis.

4. Practice the Required Hard Skills

LeetCode and HackerRank were among the tools Bill Bruschi used to prepare for his job interview at Amazon, where he was hired as an AWS software development engineer. He said the examples used were very accurate to what they found in the coding tests he took.

“It’s important to think out loud so the interviewer can hear your thought process and you’re encouraged to ask questions,” Bruschi added. “You’re really working with the interviewer to solve the issue at hand.”

Zynga’s Macwan said it’s important to brush up on the fundamentals required for the specific position you seek and be able to demonstrate the depth and breadth of your skillset when solving coding questions .

5. Consume Relevant Resources

Amazon’s technical questions were mostly around algorithms and data structures, such as arrays, trees, string manipulation and graphs, according to Puneeth Nettekere Rangaswamy, who snagged a job at Amazon AWS as a software development engineer on his second attempt after upping his preparation efforts

“I had not done extensive preparation the first time I applied at Amazon,” he added. “But this time around, I specifically focused on data structures and algorithms and being able to apply them appropriately during the interviews.”

His  reading material included a  GitHub post , a  coding blog and watching coding  YouTube videos .

6. Rehearse Your Interview Answers

Find a friend, family member or colleague to do a mock job interview and rehearse answering questions on  why a company should hire you . And although it may not replicate the feeling of a real job interview, it’s better than nothing. “It’s good to have questions thrown at you and it forces you to quickly come up with an answer,” Amos said. 

Conducting a mock job interview provides an opportunity to receive feedback on your body language when answering questions, Pitcher said. Do you fold your arms across your chest, or avoid eye contact in an in-person mock interview? Or are you constantly looking down in a virtual mock interview, rather than looking into the camera at the interviewer?      

7. Find a Distraction-Free Environment

If your interview is virtual , scope out a location that is quiet and without distractions. And test your microphone, webcam and internet connection before the interview to ensure all are in working order. 

8. Make Copies of Your Resume

Print two or three extra copies of your resume to bring to the interview if you’re going in person.

“I’ve seen this happen on multiple occasions where the interviewer may suddenly want to loop in someone else for a second opinion,” Choudhury said. “Wouldn’t it make you look more professional to pull a second resume from your folder and give it to us? That makes you look prepared and ahead of the game. These are leadership things we look for.”

9. Select Your Interview Outfit the Night Before

In-person interviews call for a  neat and clean appearance that is business casual and not a three-piece suit, nor blue jeans and a T-shirt, Amos said. 

A similar wardrobe should also be planned for a Zoom interview, as well, she added.

During the Job Interview

10. practice active listening and watch your body language.

Engage in active listening when responding to an interviewer’s questions. 

“I’ve had cases where I asked a question and the candidate will go on to a whole other place I didn’t ask about,” Pitcher said. “In my head, I’m thinking maybe they just pivoted because they had no idea how to answer the question or, on the flip side, they weren’t listening.”

Choudhury suggested mirroring your interviewer’s body language and tone to make them more comfortable. If an interviewer has a high energy level, ramp up yours. If an interviewer leans back when talking, do the same. Mimicking their behavior makes you more appealing as a candidate and is also an  effective communication tool .

11. Have Answers Ready for Difficult Interview Questions

When it comes to questions you will be asked during your job interview, these five questions tend to carry a lot of weight:

• What are you most curious about?
• Could you share a recent project you accomplished with your team? 
• How do you usually react to setbacks?
• How do you manage and prioritize your day?
• In your last project, what was the one thing that you were most proud of, and what was the biggest challenge? 

“We want to understand how a candidate works and if their style aligns with our values and principles,” Bryan Powell, senior vice president of talent acquisition for Twilio, told Built In. “Questions that get to the heart of their ability to be an owner, their curiosity, and how they approach building and problem solving are important to us.”

12. Remember How to Answer “What’s Your Greatest Weakness?”

Questions around your weaknesses are not meant to uncover your shortcomings, but rather to learn what you are doing to overcome them, or ways your prospective employer can support you to address them. 

So, rather than give a response that clearly is not meant as a weakness, such as, ‘I work too hard’ or ‘I have a hard time saying no,’ be forthright with the interviewer but offer perspective.

Pitcher, for example, considers herself an introvert and previously viewed it as a negative trait. However, she has since learned to present it as a positive trait. “I’ve found in my previous job it was really helpful because I worked with teams and was able to be a really good listener,” she said.

13. Avoid Bad-Mouthing Former Employers

“Never throw people under the bus and always compliment your team,” Choudhury said. “If you blame your team members or colleagues that you had to pick up the slack because they were late, I don’t care how technical you are or how senior your title is, your interview will go south so fast it’ll make your head spin.”

Prospective employers fear that if you’re willing to cast blame on your current or former teammates, what will you say about them should they hire you.

14. Ask the Interviewer Questions

“When a candidate has no questions, I’m done. They may seem great on paper and have even had great conversations, but if they have no questions — and I’ve seen this many times — it says they’re not curious,” Marvin Lopez, director of student programs for the University of California at Berkeley’s engineering student services department, told Built in. “It tells me they haven’t thought about the organization, haven’t thought about the position, they’re just going to come in and do what they’re told.”

Below are a few good questions to ask the interviewer :

• What are the day-to-day responsibilities of this role?
• What are some traits that a candidate needs in order to be successful on this team?
• Can you tell me about the team’s culture?
• Can you tell me about this specific company value?
• How do employees live these values at work?
• How does the company recognize these values?

15. End the Interview by Asking for Next Steps

Ask the interviewer how soon the company anticipates hiring for the position, rather than putting them on the spot by asking “What’s the next step?” Choudhury said.

Also, never ask the hiring manager or interviewer “So, how’d I do?” Lopez said. “They likely won’t answer that question and you don’t want to put them in an uncomfortable position.”

More on Career Development How to Ask for a Raise (and What to Say)

After the Job Interview

16. send a thank-you email within 24 hours.

The thank you note or  email should include specific information about the topics you discussed in the interview, such as system design or data structures, Choudhury said. 

“Instead of a general thank you note like ‘Thank you for your time, I appreciated it,’ talk specifics,” he said. “That will have more psychological impact towards the decision they are about to make.”

17. Follow Up If You Don’t Hear Back

After a week or two has passed since your interview and still no word on your status, follow up with the company’s recruiter or the person who arranged the interviews, Macwan said.

You can forward an article or industry-related report in the thank you email, noting you thought they might enjoy reading the materials and inquire about the timing when the company expected to fill the position, Choudhury said.

Career experts say it’s usually fine to follow up two or three times on your status, but after three follow-up attempts it’s better to move on.

18. Ask What You Can Do Better Next Time

If you receive a formal letter stating you were not selected for the position and you really want to work at this company in the future, inquire about ways you can improve your candidacy the next time around.

That will likely get you further than asking questions about why you weren’t selected. Companies hesitate to respond to such questions because of liability concerns. 

There are exceptions, of course.

“If you follow up with the recruiter, they might be able to share some high-level feedback,” Macwan said. “For candidates who are further along in the process and have established communication with the recruiter, we are open with them on where they stand throughout the process and why they might not be a fit for the role.”

19. Keep a Positive Attitude

Rebounding after losing the position to someone else is never easy but it’s good to keep a positive attitude , nonetheless.

“Sometimes the rejection reasons might not be related to the candidates’ competency,” Macwan said. “For example, there might be a role mismatch, two strong candidates for one role, the position may get closed. In such cases, the candidate can work with the recruiter to identify other roles.”

Frequently Asked Questions

What are tips for a successful interview.

A few tips for a successful interview include conducting thorough research on a company before the interview, asking the interviewer thoughtful questions and sending a thank-you email within 24 hours after the interview.

What are the five C's of interviewing?

The five C’s of interviewing are competence, character, communication skills, culture fit and career direction.

Recent Career Development Articles

Also in this issue:

• Investing in the Great Outdoors
• The End of the Student Loan Repayment Moratorium
• Ulrike Malmendier | Interview
• Tipping: From Scourge of Democracy to American Ritual
• When Economists Navigate by the Stars
• Back to Table of Contents

Ulrike Malmendier

On law versus economics, the long-term effects of inflation, and the remembrance of crises past

Image: Courtesy Noah Berger

Over the course of her career, much of the research of University of California, Berkeley economist Ulrike Malmendier has been in the areas of behavioral economics and behavioral corporate finance — looking at the effects of various psychological biases, such as overconfidence, on the decisions of consumers, investors, and executives.

Malmendier's more recent work has taken a turn that has made her the Marcel Proust of economics — focusing, like the French novelist, on the subjective nature of human experience and its enduring influence. In this research, she has been analyzing "experience effects": how individuals living through financial crises and other significant economic events respond to these experiences in their future financial behavior. In her view, a major difference between homo economicus (the hypothetical person of classical economics who is perfectly rational and perfectly informed) and actual people is that, as she puts it, "The homo economicus is more of a robot who processes data rather than a living organism whose mind and body absorb these experiences."

In addition to faculty appointments at Berkeley's economics department and Haas School of Business, she is faculty director of Berkeley's new O'Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics, which she co-founded with her husband and Berkeley economics colleague Stefano DellaVigna.

A native of Germany, where she studied ancient Roman law before moving to economics, Malmendier has seen her research published in, among other journals, the American Economic Review , the Quarterly Journal of Economics , and the Journal of Finance . She has received numerous awards, including, in 2013, the American Finance Association's prestigious Fischer Black Prize, awarded biennially to a leading finance scholar under the age of 40 for significant contributions to the field. She is also a fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The German federal government appointed her in 2022 to the five-member German Council of Economic Experts, sometimes called the Five Sages.

David A. Price interviewed Malmendier by phone in January.

EF: How did you become interested in economics?

Malmendier: There were a couple of motivations that played a role. One is that my father had experienced the after-effects of World War II in Germany, so he had a strong notion that you better go for a job where you could earn a safe living. I did pretty well in high school, yet my dad insisted that it would be better to first go to a bank and do one of these German-type apprenticeships. It was practical. I know how to evaluate you for a loan, open your account, and so on. And you study a little bit; I did a two-year degree in business economics. So I'm a publicly certified banker. It was very much a result of this scarring from the past, the idea that we never know what's going to happen.

When I actually started studying, I went to the University of Bonn. I was interested in both economics and law. I was initially more leaning toward law, specifically ancient Roman law; in fact, I ended up doing a whole Ph.D. in law. But since my bank experience, I had economics always in the back of my mind. In the Juridicum building in Bonn, where the law students are taught, the economics students are also taught. So I managed to also get into the economics program. Formally, it was actually not possible to enroll in both degree programs, but when somebody dropped out, I applied for their slot and got it.

What I experienced in the program was theory, mechanism design, the beauty of math, which kind of led me back into economics. The very mathematical, not very real-world-oriented way in which we were taught economics in Bonn just intellectually attracted me. I had some excellent teachers there. That's really the way I found my path into economics.

EF: That sounds like a big switch from law.

Malmendier: In the civil law systems like you have in Germany, and which go back to Roman law, it's not math, but it's pretty close. You really have to learn the whole big model and how to filter through the case at hand and come to the answer. It's quite stimulating intellectually in a way that seems very related to math. At 8 p.m. on Thursdays, we would meet in the Roman Law Institute, sit between the old books and then open up the Corpus Iuris Civilis , the big work of Roman law, and take a piece of the Latin text, translate it, and discuss the logic and how it flows. That was an exercise with an almost mathematical feel to it.

EF: Turning to your research, one of the things you've found is that people's likelihood of buying a home rather than renting is influenced by their experiences with inflation. Please explain.

Malmendier: I'll step back for the bigger picture here. In general, I have been very interested in the question of how our personal lifetime experiences tend to change us, tend to change the outlook we have of the world, the way we form beliefs. They might also influence our preferences, although my work is a bit more on the beliefs side.

I mentioned how my early life path was influenced by my dad experiencing World War II and how everything can get destroyed — the house gets destroyed, you lose all your possessions and savings, and maybe your country's currency isn't worth anything anymore. One way of looking at the effects of this is simply in terms of information: After such an experience, you have new data about what can happen. That's the traditional economic view. But I'd argue that there's an element beyond the intellectual. When it's your own life, you tend to put a lot of weight on what has happened to you. You're pushed toward overweighing outcomes that have happened to you.

I first worked on that in the context of the stock market, with a paper Stefan Nagel and I wrote on Depression babies in the U.S. We showed that people who experience big crashes of the stock market tend to shy away for years and decades from investing anything in the stock markets. We then turned to another experience, inflation.

Here, the example of Germany was our motivation. Within the EU, the Germans are somewhat notorious for being preoccupied with inflation being a terrible thing and distrusting the European Central Bank to handle it well. That's our reputation. But where does it come from? Many people think that it might have something to do with Germany going through the hyperinflation in the Weimar times and that experience affecting the German populace strongly — so strongly that the adverse reaction was even transmitted to the next generations.

With that big motivation in mind, we thought experience effects might also apply to inflation. Suppose I've lived through a period of high inflation, such as the Great Inflation in the U.S. of the late 1970s, early '80s. Even if I am an economist and work on monetary policy and inflation, I'm still going to be affected by that personal experience. If I'm asked to forecast inflation on the margin, I may overweigh what I saw happening; I may overweigh the probability that prices can spiral out of control.

If that's the case, it's going to influence my financial decision-making. I would want to protect myself against inflation. So how can I protect myself? I put my money into protected assets. In addition to gold and the stock market and so on, one way is to invest in real estate. And so one prediction is that people who are worried about their money being worth much less in the future might want, on the margin, to buy a home rather than rent.

Also, if I can finance this home purchase with a fixed-rate mortgage, so I'm borrowing at a fixed rate — but I think inflation will go up — I believe that it's going to be a good deal. I don't really like variable-rate mortgages at all in this case because I'm worried about the risk of nominal rates adjusting upward. So that's the link between inflation experience and making financial decisions that protect yourself against inflation.

EF: Many people are familiar with the idea that Depression-era youth were affected by that experience throughout their lives. How do you think the experiences of the past several years will tend to affect young Americans of today?

Malmendier: For starters, look at inflation, which started creeping up since 2021, and then in 2022 you were getting close to the double digits. There was such a sharp contrast between the long period of the Great Moderation and all of a sudden that price shock kicking in. For older people, who have seen high inflation before in the '80s or even the '70s, I'm predicting they're just taking that into the average of the long period of low inflation since the early 1980s and of their experience of high inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. Given their long history of experiences, the new spike does not get too much weight. It just goes up a bit.

But for young people in the United States who basically had seen no inflation at all outside of textbooks, it's a different story. All of their life before they had experienced very low inflation, and then all of a sudden there's the spike. Initially, then, they might be a little slow to react. But if the spike in inflation lasts long enough — it isn't just a two-month blip — they realize, whoa, the world I live in is different than the world I thought I was living in, where high inflation happens only in textbooks.

So the weight they put on that experience increases and can in fact end up being much higher than for older generations because the new experience makes up a much larger part of their lives after it has happened for two years or so. Applied to the current situation, we are now moving slowly and steadily toward the 2 percent inflation target, and we might avoid the complete scarring effects.

One area where I do expect big experience effects from recent years is living through the COVID-19 crisis and many of us being relegated to working from home. I do expect there to be a lasting change in how we view the value of social interaction, the value of working from home versus working at your workplace.

The leadership here at the Haas School of Business, where I am right now, is encountering exactly this issue. They wonder why the same people who were happily coming in five days a week before COVID absolutely refuse to do so now. It's clearly an experience that has changed people. In the classical economic model, you would just talk about the information obtained from that experience and maybe the setup cost of learning Zoom. But that can't explain everything. We knew the length of our commutes before COVID.

And yet, personally experiencing what remote work and cutting out your commute means for your personal life makes an enormous difference. You have to experience it first, not because of lack of information, not because you cannot add and subtract hours spent in the car versus not, but because it just enters your decision-making differently if you have physically experienced it.

EF: If I'm, let's say, on the Federal Open Market Committee, am I also subject to these forces of experience?

Malmendier: Yes, you are. And that is maybe the most surprising aspect to many economists. Allow me to step back again: When behavioral economics and behavioral finance started playing more of a role in our profession, the applications initially focused on individual investors or individual consumers — the man or woman on the street, so to speak. We would have not thought that these biased beliefs play a role for the highly informed, highly trained, highly intelligent, successful leader of a company, a Federal Reserve Bank president, a Federal Reserve Board governor.

Even before I was working on the research on experience effects, I was wondering about that. Because biases reflect something our brain is wired to do, it doesn't need to be negatively correlated with intelligence. So my earliest work in behavioral finance in fact was about overconfident CEOs. And I vividly remember when presenting this paper on the job market two decades ago how certain audiences would tell me, look, I know several CEOs, they're very smart, how can you argue they are biased? But it turns out biases do apply, even to the most successful CEOs.

Going back to experience effects, our work here is based on basic neuroscience underpinnings: Namely, that as we are walking through life and making experiences, neurons fire and so cause connections between neurons, synapses, to form. When experiences are repeated and last longer, then these connections become stronger. So, if I've gone through a period of high inflation and seeing a price increase triggers fear and worry, well, that's also happening to highly informed and well-trained and knowledgeable policymakers, even at the very highest level. That's why their past personal experiences can help us to predict who is leaning more on the hawkish or the dovish side. We have actually found strong evidence of it.

And I've asked the same question about bankers. I've looked at the reports of banks' financial situations — provided thanks to the Fed — on how close they might have been to a bank run, how close they have been to financial distress, and whether that affects their lending behavior in later years. For instance, if a bank experienced the Russian debt default crisis in 1998, their situation during this crisis has a lasting influence on their future choice of exposure in these kind of debt markets.

EF: It seems like you're quite interested in the psychological level of explanation for economic behavior. What drew you to studying these kinds of issues?

Malmendier: Partly it goes back to those times at the University of Bonn, where I was initially sitting in my law lectures, and then I was venturing over to the very mathematical theoretical economics lectures. As beautiful as the modeling and analysis of equilibria was, I was struck by the sharp contrast between the human behavior we analyzed in my law classes and how human behavior was modeled in my economics lectures. In law, humans make mistakes and emotions play a role. For example, for how the penal code considers somebody's attempts to kill somebody, it matters whether that person was being driven by the moment or cold-bloodedly planned the murder. It makes a difference in how law assesses and penalizes this behavior. In economics, there was no consideration of motives or emotions.

And then, when I started studying at Harvard for my second Ph.D., the economics Ph.D., I was lucky that there was rising interest in behavioral economics. It was still a time when it was not broadly accepted, when advisers told me that I might not want to go on the job market with behavioral economics research, but it was slowly changing. For me, behavioral economics really clicked. It injected the psychological realism we need to make good predictions and have good suggestions for policy.

Now I'm trying to go beyond that. We see in classical economics the homo economicus who is perfectly optimizing — taking all the information and coming to the perfect decision. Behavioral economics came around and said, well, that's unrealistic. Let's inject some psychological realism. Let's introduce overconfidence, self-control problems, etc. And that was all good.

But here is the thing that was still missing: If you think about the homo economicus as a computer with a program that perfectly solves the problem at hand, behavioral economics was still kind of dealing with humans like computers. They now had flawed software or maybe occasionally short circuited. But however you program them initially — with overconfidence and so on — they are running that program for the rest of their lives.

This newer agenda on experience effects emphasizes much more that, no, humans are not just software, flawed or not flawed. They are living, breathing organisms. As they walk through life, they adapt and change their outlook on the world. That means that we as economists have a lot to learn, not just from social psychology, which was great for behavioral finance, but also from other fields — from neuroscience, from psychiatry, from endocrinology, etc. People who have lived through a monetary or financial crisis come out of that scarring experience with their brains rewired, and they will make different decisions.

They will keep overweighing this outcome happening again. But I think there's much more to learn. For example, the neuropsychiatrists tell us if you do live through a crisis but you feel like "you can do something about your situation" — what they call controllability — then you tend to do better. You don't tend to be so affected, so traumatized by it.

So I'm personally of the opinion that there's robust evidence in medicine, biology, neuropsychiatry, cognitive science, which we haven't incorporated as much as we should. I'm a bit on a mission to get economists more broadly, not just behavioral economists, to open up to that — of course, acknowledging that behavioral economics, the first round, got us a big step forward.

EF: Are there strategies that people can use to overcome the effects of their negative experiences and make better decisions?

Malmendier: Yes, absolutely.

For contrast, let me start, though, from the strategy that a lot of policymakers and economists believe in but that works much less well than we used to think. That strategy is teaching people. That's the strategy I naturally like as a professor. I used to think that if only I teach people about the equity premium puzzle and about diversification, then they will understand they need to put their money in a broadly diversified low-fee fund rather than having it in some savings account, or worse, checking account, etc., and they would all be better off.

Hence the emphasis on financial literacy. But so far, the process has been muted. Now, I still think financial literacy training is useful; it's important. But it tends to be less effective than we professors often hope compared to the effect of personal experiences with the stock market or other financial instruments.

Theoretical knowledge is just less powerful than we used to think. People might not act on information, and it is not because of asymmetric information, frictions, and access to information. All of that exists and is relevant. But even if you have full access to the relevant information, if you've understood it, if you've processed it, you might still not act on it unless you've seen it work in practice.

That brings me to the more direct answer to your question. If you feel that due to past info exposure, you are acting in a somewhat biased way, and you want to remedy it, the best recommendation is to slowly expose yourself to doing the alternative action or environment and personally experience the resulting outcome and in that way rewiring your brain.

From neuroscience, we don't just learn that life experiences rewire our brain and infer that, after a high-inflation period, we might be scared and get triggered when we see price increases. We also learn that throughout our lives, our brain has a high plasticity — maybe less than when we're young, but throughout our lives, we are pruning synapses that we don't need anymore, we are strengthening others, so we can affect how we think about the world. If we manage to expose ourselves to the right setting, that helps us not only to intellectually understand, but almost physically understand, why a certain type of decision is the right one. We change our wiring.

If somebody is really scared about the stock market, doesn't want to go there, the literature on experience-based learning would suggest something like a cognitive behavioral therapy approach. Namely, let's just take $50 or $100 and put it in a broadly diversified low-fee fund. In the worst case, that's not too much loss. After a year, we look back and see what happened to it and realize, huh, that wasn't so scary. That worked out pretty well even at a bad time. That way, we are rewiring our brain and maybe coming around to the conclusion that, to accumulate wealth, we should be doing more of that.

EF: In recent research, you've found that the experience of leading a company during the Great Recession tended to make CEOs age faster. What's going on there?

Malmendier: It's very connected to this high-level view I have of the evolution of what economics is about and should be about. The mind and the body are altered in many ways as we are walking through life. In the work on experience effects, I've mostly looked at how our beliefs are altered and how financial decisions or inflation expectations are then affected. But I mean it quite literally when I say we need to look at mind and body. Leading your company through that stressful period of the Great Recession probably makes you a different person beyond just having more information.

Working with people from our computer science department, I was exposed to machine learning and convolutional neural networks and learned about this subfield that looks at face recognition and visual machine learning. I thought we could apply it to detect signs of stress and aging. That led us to collect pictures of CEOs before and after crises and to show that we actually age in a crisis. In a severe enough crisis — if I take the usual corporate finance definition, the median firm in your industry undergoing a 30 percent or higher stock price decline — it makes you look an additional one year older.

And this visual effect really does seem to translate into effects on your health. While I couldn't get measurements of cortisol levels or heart rates or the like, I was able to get data on longevity. And what we saw is that if you look one year older, you are actually aging faster in the sense that you unfortunately die one year earlier. So it translated pretty much 1-to-1 into longevity.

What I'm hoping is that with this paper, we can further strengthen the point that we need to think about humans with all their biology. We have a lot to learn that's relevant for predicting career paths, education, all the usual outcome variables we economists are interested in.

EF: What are you working on now?

Malmendier: The physical realm of what crises do to you is something that is staying with me. I have been interested in digging deeper. What is the most stressful aspect of it all? What are the actual stressors? In a related project on CEOs, we ask what kinds of specific situations or decisions trigger these adverse effects in your body and on your health. For CEOs, it turns out to be layoff decisions. It's really hard on a leader to have to let a large fraction of their employees go, particularly if they've been with the company for a long time.

Also, going back to the inflation topic: The recent bout of inflation, not just here in the U.S., but also in Europe, has gotten me interested in how the lower-income parts of the population are affected by inflation. When studying inflation and inflation expectations, economists tend to look at the professional forecasters and market participants who have an impact on markets outcomes. The low-income populations are less studied. But they are, of course, the people for whom the marginal price increase in groceries has the highest marginal utility impact.

I'm trying to estimate to what extent inflation affects their consumption behavior. As goods become more expensive, what can they still afford? And what do they want to afford? That is, is the effect of inflation on their spending coming fully, or almost fully, through the channel of constraints, or do beliefs play a role? Also, is there a nonstandard element in their belief formation? There's a lot of research on hand-to-mouth consumers, about adjustment frictions of consumption that could play a role. But present-biased preferences could also play a role; limited attention could play a role.

We got access to a fairly new dataset on low-income consumers and are exploiting the recent bout of inflation as a source of variation. We ran a survey on that sample to tease out what factors play a role. So far, we are finding that, first of all, it's not just all constraints; beliefs do matter. And they are correlated with difficulties in managing debt. People who have difficulties managing their debt are reacting to inflation in an unexpected way, moving further toward overconsuming relative to what the data say they should be doing. This suggests there might be some nonstandard factor at play that got them into difficulties in managing debt to begin with.

That's what the preliminary results suggest. I hope to learn more about this population and the impact of inflation on them.

• Present Positions Cora Jane Flood Professor of Finance, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley; Faculty Director, O'Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics, University of California, Berkeley
• Selected Additional Affiliations Research Affiliate, Centre for Economic Policy Research; Faculty Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA); Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research
• Education Ph.D. (2002), Harvard University; Ph.D. (2000), University of Bonn; B.A. (1996), University of Bonn; B.A. (1995), University of Bonn

Econ Focus interview archive

Subscribe to Econ Focus

Receive an email notification when Econ Focus is posted online.

By submitting this form you agree to the Bank's Terms & Conditions and Privacy Notice.

Thank you for signing up!

You can unsubscribe at any time using the Unsubscribe link at the bottom of every email.

Subscribe to our other digital publications

Phone Icon Contact Us

More From Forbes

3 psychological tests to take before your next job interview.

• Share to Facebook
• Share to Twitter
• Share to Linkedin

Tired of rehearsing the same old job interview prescripts? Here’s three things your employer ... [+] actually wants to know about you.

Try as we might, the traditional approach to interview preparation—centered around decoding what interviewers want to hear—often leaves us grasping for scripted responses rather than presenting our authentic selves. We try so frantically to anticipate the interviewer’s every question that we often overlook the most fundamental aspect of recruitment process: ourselves.

The key to a successful interview lies not in rehearsed answers, but in genuine self-awareness. Through psychometric assessments—invaluable tools for unraveling our personalities, preferences and capabilities—you can breeze through job hunting and interviewing with levels of clarity and confidence you didn’t think were possible.

A great way to start any job hunt would be with the RIASEC assessment, a tool created through pioneering research from vocational psychologist Dr. John L. Holland. If you’re new to the working world, looking for a change in career path, or simply searching for clarity along your career journey, this assessment could provide you with desirable insight.

With the purpose of providing you with a greater understanding of your career preferences—while also highlighting work fields that align with your personality and interests—the RIASEC assessment measures six dimensions of personality:

• Realistic. Reflects those who enjoy working with their hands and engaging in practical, tangible tasks. They’re often drawn to careers that involve physical activity, outdoor work or working with tools and machinery.
• Investigative. Describes those with analytical and curious minds. They enjoy solving complex problems, conducting research and exploring new ideas. Careers in STEM and academia often appeal to them.
• Artistic. Epitomizes those with creativity and imagination. Their talents shine through creative expression and flourish through careers in the arts, media, design and entertainment.
• Social. Illustrates those with heightened empathy who take joy in helping others. They thrive in roles that involve making a positive impact on others’ lives, such as teaching, counseling, healthcare or social work.
• Enterprising. Refers to those who are ambitious and persuasive. They enjoy taking risks, leading others and pursuing opportunities for advancement. Careers in sales, entrepreneurship, management or politics often attract them.
• Conventional. Relates to those who are organized and detail-oriented. They thrive in structured environments with clear rules and procedures, and are well-suited for roles in administration, finance, accounting or data analysis.

Best High-Yield Savings Accounts Of 2024

Best 5% interest savings accounts of 2024.

If you’re preparing for your next interview, having an understanding of your RIASEC profile could be invaluable. With insight on your ideal tasks and optimal work environments, you can highlight skills and experience that showcase where your talents and expertise lie. And if you’re yet to start your career journey, your RIASEC profile can aid you in seeking jobs that suit your talents, abilities and interests—paving a career path that can be truly fulfilling and satisfying.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assessment is a saving-grace for answering the dreaded “So, tell me about yourself” prompt. Highly beneficial at any point during a career journey, and widely used, this tool was developed to allow users to understand how they perceive the world, make decisions and interact with others.

The MBTI assessment measures four dichotomies, resulting in 16 possible personality types:

• Extraversion versus introversion. Determines how you gain energy and focus your attention—through interaction with others or reflection and solitude.
• Sensing versus intuition. Reflects how you gather information—through concrete, tangible details or abstract patterns and possibilities.
• Thinking versus feeling. Examines how you make decisions—based on logical analysis and objective criteria or personal values and empathy.
• Judging versus perceiving. Describes how you approach the external world—preferring structure, planning and closure or flexibility, spontaneity and adaptability.

The MBTI assessment allows you to examine your own personality—in a way that introspection alone doesn’t allow—by outlining your thought processes in detail, work preferences and potential strengths and weaknesses. By knowing your MBTI type, you can articulate your skills and experiences in a way that genuinely reflects your capabilities, and show your employer where and how you fit into the company’s culture and expectations.

If you want a potential employer to see how great of a fit you are for their team, the DISC assessment can help you prove this. Based on the behavioral model outlined by William Moulton Marston, this test measures the unique ways that you are able to enhance teamwork, resolve conflicts and optimize personal and professional relationships.

The DISC assessment measures four primary dimensions of behavior, each represented by a letter:

• Dominance. Reflects how you approach problems, challenges and decision-making. Those high in dominance tend to be assertive, results-oriented and direct in their communication style.
• Influence. Describes how you interact with others and seek to influence your environment. Individuals high in influence are often outgoing, sociable and persuasive, thriving in collaborative settings and enjoying recognition and social approval.
• Steadiness. Examines how you respond to change, pace yourself and maintain stability. Those high in steadiness value harmony, cooperation and reliability, preferring predictable environments and supportive coworkers.
• Conscientiousness. Reflects how you approach tasks, details and quality standards. Individuals high in conscientiousness are organized, analytical and detail-oriented, valuing accuracy and adherence to procedures.

This assessment is the key to showing an interviewer how much of a trail-blazer, team-player and collaborator you are. With the knowledge of your DISC profile, you can honestly and effectively answer any and all questions related to communication, leadership and challenges in the workplace.

While the age-old advice of “just be yourself” holds merit in job interviews, there’s an additional layer of empowerment that comes from truly knowing yourself. Although authenticity is a great starting point, a genuine understanding of what makes you tick can offer employers a glimpse into your real and honest abilities—showcasing not just what you can do, but what you will do.

Worried about everyone around you being more qualified for the position you want? Take the Impostor Syndrome Scale to learn more.

• Editorial Standards
• Reprints & Permissions

Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

Read our research on:

Full Topic List

Regions & Countries

• Publications
• Our Methods
• Short Reads
• Tools & Resources

Read Our Research On:

Black workers’ views and experiences in the U.S. labor force stand out in key ways

There are more than 21 million Black Americans in the U.S. labor force today. Their workforce experiences are varied but stand out from people of other races and ethnicities on several important measures: They are more likely to be employed in certain postal work, transit, health care and security fields; report experiencing more racial discrimination on the job; and place a higher value on diversity, equity and inclusion efforts in the workplace.

For Labor Day, here are facts about Black workers’ labor force experiences and attitudes, drawn from federal data sources and recent Pew Research Center surveys.

Pew Research Center conducted this analysis to understand the views and experiences of Black workers in the United States and how they differ from those of people from other racial or ethnic backgrounds. Findings are based on data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the U.S. Census Bureau and Center surveys. Additional information about each survey and its methodology can be found in the links in the text of this post.

In the Center surveys, references to workers or employed adults include those who are employed part time or full time; are not self-employed; have only one job or have multiple jobs but consider one their primary job; and whose company or organization has 10 or more people.

References to White, Black and Asian adults include those who are not Hispanic and identify as only one race. Hispanics are of any race. Asian American respondents include only English speakers.  

Black Americans make up large shares of workers in certain transit, health and security occupations, according to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data from 2022, the most recent year available. Black workers account for about 13% of all U.S. workers, including those who work full time, part time and are self-employed. They make up especially large shares of employees in certain occupations, including postal service clerks (40.4%), transit and intercity bus drivers (36.6%), nursing assistants (36.0%), security guards and gambling surveillance officers (34.5%), and home health aides (32.5%).

Black workers make up much smaller shares of farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers (1.5%). They also tend to be underrepresented in some science, engineering and technology occupations such as veterinarians (2.2%), mechanical engineers (3.6%) and electrical and electronics engineers (6.0%).

A 2021 Center survey found that Black adults see barriers for Black workers in STEM fields, including an unwelcoming professional environment and the need for more mentorship and representation for young people in science, technology, engineering and math.

Black workers generally earn less than U.S. workers overall, according to BLS data from 2022. Among full-time wage and salary workers, the median weekly earnings for Black workers ages 16 and older are $878, compared with $1,059 for all U.S. workers in the same age group. Among workers of other races and ethnicities in the same age group, the median weekly earnings are $823 for Hispanic workers, $1,085 for White workers and $1,401 for Asian workers. And the differences hold when accounting for education level – Black workers earn less than those in other groups even among workers with bachelor’s or advanced degrees.

Household income for Black Americans has lagged behind that for Americans of other races for several decades, according to U.S. Census Bureau data .

The unemployment rate for Black Americans is the highest of any racial or ethnic group and roughly double the rate for the U.S. overall, BLS data shows. In 2022, the unemployment rate for Americans ages 16 and older was 3.7% for men and 3.6% for women, according to BLS annual averages . Among Black Americans, the unemployment rate was 6.3% for men and 6.0% for women. This compared with around 3% each for White and Asian men and women and about 4% each for Hispanic men and women.

Monthly unemployment figures showed a record-low unemployment rate for Black Americans in April of this year, but it has begun to tick back up .

As with gaps in household income, Black Americans have experienced higher unemployment rates than their White counterparts for decades. Researchers have identified a variety of factors causing this trend , including racial discrimination and gaps in education, skills and work experience.

Black workers are the most likely to say they’ve experienced discrimination at work because of their race or ethnicity, according to a February 2023 Center survey of U.S. workers . About four-in-ten Black workers (41%) say they have experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly by an employer in hiring, pay or promotions because of their race or ethnicity. Much smaller shares of Asian (25%), Hispanic (20%) and White (8%) workers say the same.

Among Black workers, 48% of men and 36% of women say they’ve experienced discrimination or unfair treatment by an employer due to their race. There are no gender differences among White and Hispanic workers, and the sample size for Asian workers is too small to analyze men and women separately.

A quarter of U.S. workers say being Black makes it harder to succeed where they work, the February survey shows. Just 8% of U.S. workers say being Black makes it a little or a lot easier to be successful where they work, 50% say it makes it neither easier nor harder, and 17% aren’t sure.

Among Black workers, 51% say that being Black makes it harder to succeed where they work. By comparison, 41% of Asian, 23% of Hispanic and 18% of White workers view being Black as a disadvantage in their workplace. And about four-in-ten or fewer among Asian (39%), Hispanic (29%) and White (7%) workers say that being their own race or ethnicity makes it harder to be successful where they work.

Majorities of Black Americans see racial and ethnic bias as a major problem in hiring and performance evaluations generally, according to a separate Center survey of all U.S. adults conducted in December 2022 . Some 64% of Black adults say that, in hiring generally, bias and unfair treatment based on job applicants’ race or ethnicity is a major problem. This compares with 49% of Asian, 41% of Hispanic and 30% of White adults who view racial and ethnic bias in hiring as a major problem.

When it comes to performance evaluations, 56% of Black adults say that, in general, racial and ethnic bias is a major problem. About four-in-ten Asian or Hispanic adults and 23% of White adults say the same.

Black workers especially value diversity in their workplace, the February survey of workers found. Regardless of how diverse their workplace is, 53% of Black workers say it is extremely or very important to them to work somewhere with a mix of employees of different races and ethnicities. That percentage is larger than the shares of Hispanic, White and Asian workers who say this. And 42% of Black workers say they highly value a workplace with employees of different ages, compared with smaller shares of workers who are Hispanic (33%), Asian (30%) or White (24%).

There is a similar trend in views of workplace accessibility: 62% of Black workers say it is extremely or very important to them to work at a place that is accessible for people with physical disabilities, compared with 51% of Hispanic, 48% of White and 43% of Asian workers.

The vast majority of Black workers say that increasing diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) at work is a good thing, but a sizable share give their employer low marks in this area, according to the February workers survey .

Around eight-in-ten Black workers (78%) say that focusing on increasing DEI at work is a good thing. Just 1% of Black workers say this is a bad thing, and 20% view it as neither good nor bad. While majorities of Asian (72%) and Hispanic (65%) workers also say that focusing on increasing DEI is a good thing, roughly half (47%) of White workers hold this view. In fact, 21% of White workers say it’s a bad thing.

But when it comes to their own employer’s DEI efforts, 28% of Black workers say their company or organization pays too little attention to increasing DEI – the largest share of any racial or ethnic group. Black workers are also the least likely to say that their company or organization pays too much attention to DEI. Just 3% hold this view, compared with one-in-ten or more among Hispanic (11%), White (16%) and Asian (18%) workers.

• Black Americans
• Business & Workplace
• Discrimination & Prejudice
• Economy & Work
• Racial Bias & Discrimination

A look at Black-owned businesses in the U.S.

8 facts about black americans and the news, black americans’ views on success in the u.s., among black adults, those with higher incomes are most likely to say they are happy, fewer than half of black americans say the news often covers the issues that are important to them, most popular.

1615 L St. NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 USA (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax (+1) 202-419-4372 |  Media Inquiries

Research Topics

• Age & Generations
• Coronavirus (COVID-19)
• Family & Relationships
• Gender & LGBTQ
• Immigration & Migration
• International Affairs
• Internet & Technology
• Methodological Research
• News Habits & Media
• Non-U.S. Governments
• Other Topics
• Politics & Policy
• Race & Ethnicity
• Email Newsletters

ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Copyright 2024 Pew Research Center

Terms & Conditions

Privacy Policy

Cookie Settings

Reprints, Permissions & Use Policy