phd duration after masters

Can I do a PhD after masters? How long does it take to get a PhD?

A common question that many graduate students have is whether they can pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

The answer is yes, it is possible to continue your academic career by obtaining a doctoral degree in your field of study.

There are several factors that need to be considered before embarking on this path.

This article will provide an overview of the key factors students should consider when deciding whether to pursue a PhD after completing their master’s degree.

Should I get my PhD after my masters? What about industry?

Deciding whether to pursue a PhD immediately after a master’s degree or enter the workforce first depends on personal goals, interests, and circumstances. A PhD typically requires around five years of self-directed effort, similar to starting a business. If passionate about research, it might be best to begin right away.

Working in the industry before pursuing a PhD can lead to habits that may not benefit academia. Long-term relationships are essential in academia, and aggressive industry tactics might not be well-received.

Starting a PhD earlier allows for more time to produce research and establish a successful career, particularly for those considering a long-term academic path.

PhD pursuit offers flexibility in research topics and projects, enabling exploration across various subjects and building connections with professionals from different fields. This leads to unique opportunities and experiences that may not be available when working for a single company.

Considering factors like personal goals and readiness for the workload and demands of a PhD program is crucial.

Weigh the potential benefits of advancing education against the time, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program. If a PhD aligns with one’s career aspirations and personal goals, it may be a worthwhile pursuit.

However, if the investment required outweighs the potential benefits, it might not be the best choice.

It’s always possible to try a PhD program for a year or two and then make a more informed decision based on individual experiences.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD? Time to complete everything

Leading up to getting a PhD there are many qualifications you need to get. Here is the amount of time a typical US Doctorate can take to achieve including all of the previous qualifications. It can take up to 13 years to complete

The length of time to complete a PhD varies depending on several factors.

On average, in the US it takes about six years, with three years dedicated to coursework and another three years for the dissertation project.

Factors that can influence the duration include:

• prerequisites of the program,
• program format,
• the student’s motivation,
• prior knowledge,
• personal circumstances,
• funding and scholarship stipend, 
• field of study,
• dissertation topic,
• support of the graduate advisor.

The range can be as short as three years or as long as seven to eight years, depending on the individual and the circumstances.

Do you need a master’s for a PhD? A shorter career path that doesn’t take so long.

In certain fields, such as clinical psychology, it is possible to pursue a PhD without obtaining a master’s degree first.

To do so, one must demonstrate a strong academic and research background, as well as a commitment to the field.

Here are the most important attributes if you are thinking about going straight into a PhD without a master’s:

• Strong academic and research background: Ensure that you have excelled in your coursework and maintained a high GPA.
• Undergraduate research experience: Engage in research projects during your undergraduate studies, preferably with a thesis component.
• Clinical exposure (if applicable): Gain relevant experience in the field to showcase your practical knowledge and commitment.
• Leadership experience: Participate in activities that demonstrate your ability to lead and work effectively within a team.
• Interpersonal skills: Develop strong communication and collaboration skills, which are essential for success in a PhD program.
• Clear determination: Express your dedication to pursuing a PhD directly from your undergraduate studies, highlighting your commitment to the field.
• Assess your certainty: Be sure that you are confident in your goals and prepared to invest the necessary effort to be competitive without a master’s degree.

By satisfying these requirements, you can better assess your eligibility to apply for a PhD without a master’s degree and potentially save time and money in the process.Top of FormBottom of Form

PhD without a Masters – How Does It Work?

Obtaining a PhD without a master’s degree is not a common path, but it is possible under certain circumstances.

Typically, a PhD candidate has an undergraduate degree with high grades, a master’s degree, and relevant research skills.

However, there are exceptions where individuals have successfully transitioned from their undergraduate studies directly to a PhD program.

One such scenario involves having a strong rapport with a potential PhD supervisor, perhaps from your undergraduate program.

This relationship can help compensate for the lack of a master’s degree, but it’s not a guarantee.

Another example is being an exceptional student with a first-class undergraduate degree and a dissertation closely aligned with the advertised PhD project.

Demonstrating an outstanding attitude and performance during your undergraduate project may give you an edge over other applicants.

In applied PhDs, practical experience can also be beneficial, particularly if it includes valuable contacts in the field.

For instance, if your PhD is related to professional sports and you have numerous connections within the industry, it may facilitate recruitment and collaboration, enhancing your chances of acceptance.

However, as with the other examples, this is not a sure-fire way to secure a position.

While securing a PhD without a master’s degree is challenging, it is not impossible. The best approach is to pursue a master’s degree, as it will better prepare you for a PhD program. Nonetheless, if you are determined to bypass the master’s route, perseverance and strategic networking can potentially lead to success.

What after Masters: MPhil or PhD?

After completing a Master’s degree, you may be considering whether to pursue an MPhil or a PhD.

Here are the differences between the two:

A PhD, being the highest academic title awarded for independent research, offers a broader scope and deeper engagement with complex topics than an MA or MPhil.

It can be thought of as an apprenticeship in planning and conducting your research.

The program duration ranges from three to seven years, depending on whether you choose to study full-time or part-time.

Entry is competitive, as candidates must demonstrate a strong track record of academic success.

PhD students attend research workshops, writing classes, and work in groups to explore each other’s studies.

They have opportunities to discuss their research across the university, in graduate school, and other classes. A PhD involves a multi-year project based on independent research, with support from supervisors and training that contributes to the chosen field of study.

It’s essential to have a clear idea of the topic you want to explore in-depth and the methods you plan to employ before applying for a PhD program.

Doing a PhD can be both intellectually and emotionally demanding.

However, working in a department with dedicated and talented staff, excellent supervisors, ongoing training, and support from fellow students can make the experience enjoyable and rewarding.

It is crucial to choose the right supervisor and have a good working relationship with them, as this can significantly impact your PhD journey.

Wrapping up PhD programs after a masters

Pursuing a PhD after a master’s degree is a common path for those looking to advance in academia or research-intensive careers.

While obtaining a PhD requires a significant commitment of time and resources, it can lead to prestigious positions or high-paying jobs. It is crucial to consider personal goals, interests, and the job prospects in the field before enrolling in a doctoral program.

For those considering a PhD without a master’s degree, it is essential to demonstrate a strong academic and research background and commit to the field.

The decision between an MPhil and a PhD depends on the desired scope, depth, and career impact of the research. Ultimately, individuals should carefully weigh the potential benefits against the time, cost, and personal demands of a doctoral program before making a decision.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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How Long Does It Take to Get a Ph.D. Degree?

Earning a Ph.D. from a U.S. grad school typically requires nearly six years, federal statistics show.

How Long It Takes to Get a Ph.D. Degree

Caiaimage | Tom Merton | Getty Images

A Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a "lifelong learner."

Students who have excelled within a specific academic discipline and who have a strong interest in that field may choose to pursue a Ph.D. degree. However, Ph.D. degree-holders urge prospective students to think carefully about whether they truly want or need a doctoral degree, since Ph.D. programs last for multiple years.

According to the Survey of Earned Doctorates, a census of recent research doctorate recipients who earned their degree from U.S. institutions, the median amount of time it took individuals who received their doctorates in 2017 to complete their program was 5.8 years. However, there are many types of programs that typically take longer than six years to complete, such as humanities and arts doctorates, where the median time for individuals to earn their degree was 7.1 years, according to the survey.

Some Ph.D. candidates begin doctoral programs after they have already obtained master's degrees, which means the time spent in grad school is a combination of the time spent pursuing a master's and the years invested in a doctorate. In order to receive a Ph.D. degree, a student must produce and successfully defend an original academic dissertation, which must be approved by a dissertation committtee. Writing and defending a dissertation is so difficult that many Ph.D. students drop out of their Ph.D. programs having done most of the work necessary for degree without completing the dissertation component. These Ph.D. program dropouts often use the phrase " all but dissertation " or the abbreviation "ABD" on their resumes.

According to a comprehensive study of Ph.D. completion rates published by The Council of Graduate Schools in 2008, only 56.6% of people who begin Ph.D. programs earn Ph.D. degrees.

Ian Curtis, a founding partner with H&C Education, an educational and admissions consulting firm, who is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in French at Yale University , says there are several steps involved in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. Students typically need to fulfill course requirements and pass comprehensive exams, Curtis warns. "Once these obligations have been completed, how long it takes you to write your dissertation depends on who you are, how you work, what field you're in and what other responsibilities you have in life," he wrote in an email. Though some Ph.D. students can write a dissertation in a single year, that is rare, and the dissertation writing process may last for several years, Curtis says.

Curtis adds that the level of support a Ph.D. student receives from an academic advisor or faculty mentor can be a key factor in determining the length of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. program. "Before you decide to enroll at a specific program, you’ll want to meet your future advisor," Curtis advises. "Also, reach out to his or her current and former students to get a sense of what he or she is like to work with."

Curtis also notes that if there is a gap between the amount of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. and the amount of time a student's funding lasts, this can slow down the Ph.D. completion process. "Keep in mind that if you run out of funding at some point during your doctorate, you will need to find paid work, and this will leave you even less time to focus on writing your dissertation," he says. "If one of the programs you’re looking at has a record of significantly longer – or shorter – times to competition, this is good information to take into consideration."

He adds that prospective Ph.D. students who already have master's degrees in the field they intend to focus their Ph.D. on should investigate whether the courses they took in their master's program would count toward the requirements of a Ph.D. program. "You’ll want to discuss your particular situation with your program to see whether this will be possible, and how many credits you are likely to receive as the result of your master’s work," he says.

How to Write M.D.-Ph.D. Application Essays

Ilana Kowarski May 15, 2018

Emmanuel C. Nwaodua, who has a Ph.D. degree in geology, says some Ph.D. programs require candidates to publish a paper in a first-rate, peer-reviewed academic journal. "This could extend your stay by a couple of years," he warns.

Pierre Huguet, the CEO and co-founder of H&C Education, says prospective Ph.D. students should be aware that a Ph.D. is designed to prepare a person for a career as a scholar. "Most of the jobs available to Ph.D. students upon graduation are academic in nature and directly related to their fields of study: professor, researcher, etc.," Huguet wrote in an email. "The truth is that more specialization can mean fewer job opportunities. Before starting a Ph.D., students should be sure that they want to pursue a career in academia, or in research. If not, they should make time during the Ph.D. to show recruiters that they’ve traveled beyond their labs and libraries to gain some professional hands-on experience."

Jack Appleman, a business writing instructor, published author and Ph.D. candidate focusing on organizational communication with the University at Albany—SUNY , says Ph.D. programs require a level of commitment and focus that goes beyond what is necessary for a typical corporate job. A program with flexible course requirements that allow a student to customize his or her curriculum based on academic interests and personal obligations is ideal, he says.

Joan Kee, a professor at the University of Michigan with the university's history of art department, says that the length of time required for a Ph.D. varies widely depending on what subject the Ph.D. focuses on. "Ph.D. program length is very discipline and even field-specific; for example, you can and are expected to finish a Ph.D, in economics in under five years, but that would be impossible in art history (or most of the humanities)," she wrote in an email.

Kee adds that humanities Ph.D. programs often require someone to learn a foreign language, and "fields like anthropology and art history require extensive field research." Kee says funding for a humanities Ph.D. program typically only lasts five years, even though it is uncommon for someone to obtain a Ph.D. degree in a humanities field within that time frame. "Because of this, many if not most Ph.D. students must work to make ends meet, thus further prolonging the time of completion," she says.

Jean Marie Carey, who earned her Ph.D. degree in art history and German from the University of Otago in New Zealand, encourages prospective Ph.D. students to check whether their potential Ph.D. program has published a timeline of how long it takes a Ph.D. student to complete their program. She says it is also prudent to speak with Ph.D. graduates of the school and ask about their experience.

Online Doctoral Programs: What to Expect

Ronald Wellman March 23, 2018

Kristin Redington Bennett, the founder of the Illumii educational consulting firm in North Carolina, encourages Ph.D. hopefuls to think carefully about whether they want to become a scholar. Bennett, who has a Ph.D. in curriculum and assessment and who previously worked as an assistant professor at Wake Forest University , says a Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a "lifelong learner." She says someone contemplating a Ph.D. should ask themselves the following questions "Are you a very curious person... and are you persistent?"

Bennett urges prospective Ph.D. students to visit the campuses of their target graduate programs since a Ph.D. program takes so much time that it is important to find a school that feels comfortable. She adds that aspiring Ph.D. students who prefer a collaborative learning environment should be wary of graduate programs that have a cut-throat and competitive atmosphere, since such students may not thrive in that type of setting.

Alumni of Ph.D. programs note that the process of obtaining a Ph.D. is arduous, regardless of the type of Ph.D. program. "A Ph.D. is a long commitment of your time, energy and financial resources, so it'll be easier on you if you are passionate about research," says Grace Lee, who has a Ph.D. in neuroscience and is the founder and CEO of Mastery Insights, an education and career coaching company, and the host of the Career Revisionist podcast.

"A Ph.D. isn't about rehashing years of knowledge that is already out there, but rather it is about your ability to generate new knowledge. Your intellectual masterpiece (which is your dissertation) takes a lot of time, intellectual creativity and innovation to put together, so you have to be truly passionate about that," Lee says.

Curtis says a prospective Ph.D. student's enthusiasm for academic work, teaching and research are the key criteria they should use to decide whether to obtain a Ph.D. degree. "While the time it takes to complete a doctorate is an understandable concern for many, my personal belief is that time is not the most important factor to consider," he says. "Good Ph.D. programs provide their students with generous stipends, health care and sometimes even subsidized housing."

Erin Skelly, a graduate admissions counselor at the IvyWise admissions consulting firm, says when a Ph.D. students struggles to complete his or her Ph.D. degree, it may have more to do with the student's academic interests or personal circumstances than his or her program.

"The time to complete a Ph.D. can depend on a number of variables, but the specific discipline or school would only account for a year or two's difference," she wrote in an email. "When a student takes significantly longer to complete a Ph.D. (degree), it's usually related to the student's coursework and research – they need to take additional coursework to complete their comprehensive exams; they change the focus of their program or dissertation, requiring extra coursework or research; or their research doesn't yield the results they hoped for, and they need to generate a new theory and conduct more research."

Skelly warns that the average completion time of a Ph.D. program may be misleading in some cases, if the average is skewed based on one or two outliers. She suggests that instead of focusing on the duration of a particular Ph.D. program, prospective students should investigate the program's attritition and graduation rates.

"It is worthwhile to look at the program requirements and the school's proposed timeline for completion, and meet current students to get their input on how realistic these expectations for completion are," Skelly says. "That can give you an honest idea of how long it will really take to complete the program."

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How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD?

If you aspire to rise to the top of your field, then you may have your sights set on a PhD.

Earning a doctoral degree can be a years-long process, but choosing an accelerated doctoral online program may help you complete your program more quickly.

Editorial Listing ShortCode:

Whether you’re wanting to earn one of the highest paying doctoral degrees or you have a specific one in mind, this guide can help walk you through how long it takes to complete your PhD program.

For a traditional, campus-based PhD program, the average time to finish a PhD is 8 years. Fulfilling the program’s requirements will often demand a serious investment of your time.

Even still, some people are able to finish their programs in just 3 to 6 years. Multiple factors may influence the overall length of your program.

Required Credit Hours

Many PhD programs require you to earn 120 credit hours before entering the exam and dissertation phases.

Fortunately, there are PhD programs without such high credit-hour demands. For example, at some universities, you may earn a PhD with only 60 credit hours.

Full-Time vs. Part-Time Schedule

Enrolling in a doctoral program part-time may allow you to keep up with your regular job. You’ll have to decide whether you prefer the flexibility of part-time schooling or the faster schedule of full-time studies.

Final Project Requirements

Many PhD programs end with the completion of a dissertation. This assignment may take years to complete, so PhD students often end up in the all-but-dissertation (ABD) phase for quite some time.

University Scheduling

Some schools promote their ability to help you through the PhD process faster than normal. Accelerated class schedules with eight-week online courses may speed your studies along. Focused attention from dissertation advisors may help as well.

PhD Program Components

Before you enroll in a PhD program, it’s important to know some of the basic requirements:

Prerequisites

Most schools require you to already hold a master’s degree, but some offer bachelor’s-to-PhD programs.

Length to Completion

On average, it takes eight years to earn a PhD. Even still, completing doctoral coursework and a dissertation in three to four years is not unheard of.

Topic of Interest

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy, but that doesn’t mean you’ll be getting a philosophy degree. Your field of study will depend on your interests and the programs that your university offers. You may tailor your doctoral focus though your choice of a dissertation topic.

Steps to Completion

You’ll take advanced classes before sitting for comprehensive exams. After passing your exams, you’ll likely begin working on a dissertation. You must defend your dissertation before finishing your program.

Doctoral studies begin with a series of classes through which you may increase your knowledge of your field of study and learn about conducting research. These are advanced classes, so they should be more in-depth than the ones you took during your undergraduate and master’s programs.

The number of courses that you need to take can vary significantly. It’s not uncommon for PhD programs to require 120 credit hours of coursework. That amounts to about 40 classes.

At other schools, the requirements are lower. Your university’s program may involve just 60 credit hours or, possibly, even fewer. A less intense course load may significantly slash your time to completion.

Your university may require you to maintain a GPA above a minimum threshold. An unsatisfactory GPA may keep you from moving on to the next step of the PhD process.

Comprehensive Examinations

Universities often require students to demonstrate their readiness for a doctoral project before advancing to the next stage of their studies. Readiness is proven through comprehensive exams , which may also be known as:

• Preliminary examinations
• Major field examinations
• General examinations

Often, comprehensive exams take the form of written or oral tests. In other situations, faculty may assess students’ readiness on the basis of a portfolio evaluation or a written paper.

Dissertation and Defense

A dissertation, also known as a graduate thesis, is a body of work that presents original research in your field. This manuscript focuses on a unique idea and includes evidence to support your thesis. During your doctoral studies, there are classes designed to help prepare you for your dissertation work.

The dissertation process may take several years. Once your manuscript is complete, you must defend it to the doctoral program faculty. After your defense, you may need to do further work on your manuscript, or the committee may decide that your dissertation is complete.

Not all programs require a dissertation. Instead, there may be an alternative doctoral project. Although both dissertations and capstone projects are rigorous, projects can sometimes be completed within a shorter time frame.

Average Time to Complete PhD by Field of Study

Students in some disciplines usually take a lot more time to finish their doctoral work than students in other fields.

If you’re studying in the following scientific fields, you may be more likely to earn your on-campus degree in seven years or less:

• Physics — average of five years
• Psychology — average of five to seven years

On the other hand, if your field of study relates more to the humanities, your on-campus degree program may take longer:

• History — average of eight years
• English — average of eight years
• Education — average of 13 years

These are the traditional figures. There are ways to finish faster.

Why Does It Take So Long to Finish a Traditional PhD?

Some schools require doctoral students to take around 40 classes, which, in a traditional on-campus setting, may take years. After completing the coursework, you must write your dissertation and defend it. The dissertation process alone might take multiple years.

Doctoral programs online may help shorten the PhD process to three or four years. Fewer credit hours may be required, and the classes may be delivered in an accelerated format.

Schools with an emphasis on quick doctoral programs may also offer dissertation advisors to efficiently guide students through that phase. Alternatively, some universities allow students to complete capstone projects that don’t take as long as dissertations.

Getting a PhD Online vs. Campus

Online education has changed students’ options for earning a PhD. These days, aspiring students may choose whether to attend classes on a college campus or online.

Traditional programs may require you to relocate to the university’s campus and attend school full-time. On average, it takes just over eight years to complete those programs. The benefits of choosing an online school instead may include:

Faster Progress

Accelerated eight-week courses may allow you to finish your course load sooner. You may complete your entire program in just three or four years.

Multiple Start Dates

Online programs often let you join throughout the year, so you don’t have to put your studies on hold until the fall semester.

Flexibility

Not being required to move to campus or come to class at set times may allow you to work your studies around your schedule.

Equal Status

Online programs are just as rigorous as on-campus ones. As long as your university is accredited, your degree will be just as valuable as one from a traditional university setting.

Cost-Savings

Finishing your doctoral studies faster may mean that you pay less tuition.

How to Finish Your PhD in Less Time

Although you can’t earn a doctoral degree overnight, you shouldn’t have to spend the majority of your working years striving toward PhD-completion. The following tips for accelerating the PhD process may help you finish your studies more quickly than the average doctoral student.

1. Use What You Already Know

Every school requires a minimum number of credit hours that you must earn in the pursuit of your degree. To help you meet this threshold, some schools will allow you to transfer in credits from other doctoral programs. Universities may also give you credit for your professional experience. Reducing your class load may save you both time and money.

2. Look for Short Classes

Accelerated course schedules are one of the best ways to speed through the degree process. Every eight weeks, you’ll begin a new set of classes. Over the course of a year, there may be five different sessions during which you can take classes.

3. Work on Your Dissertation Throughout the Program

Traditionally, dissertation work begins once the classroom portion of your studies is over. Quick doctoral programs may allow you to begin the dissertation process while you’re still taking other classes. This approach, known as an embedded dissertation, may reduce the likelihood that you’ll drop out before finishing your final project. It might also speed up your doctoral timeline.

4. Ask for Help

A lack of support can lead some doctoral students to drop out. On the other hand, having a good support system can help you push through and finish your program more quickly. Build a team of family, friends, and academic mentors who can encourage you, guide you, and lend practical help when you’re feeling overwhelmed by school.

Why Get a PhD?

You may need to earn a doctoral degree to achieve your career goals . For example, if you want to become a clinical psychologist, this level of study is essential. Many scientific and research positions require doctoral studies. University faculty typically need to hold terminal degrees as well.

Even if a doctorate is not a requirement for your desired line of work, it may help you achieve greater success. You might be granted higher levels of responsibility, and you may earn more money. In some fields, those who hold PhDs make around 20% more than those with master’s degrees, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics .

Do You Have to Have a Master’s Degree to Get a PhD?

Many schools consider a master’s degree an essential prerequisite for PhD admission. If you don’t already have a master’s degree, a bachelor’s-to-doctorate program may allow you to earn a master’s and a PhD for less time and money than it would take to pursue them separately.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD After a Master’s?

You may be able to complete your doctoral program in three to four years if you opt for an accelerated online program. On average, traditional on-campus PhD programs take around eight years to complete.

How Hard Is It to Finish a PhD?

Doctoral studies are challenging. That shouldn’t come as a surprise; if doctorates were easy to acquire, nearly every college graduate would end up with a PhD behind his or her name.

Approximately 50% of students who begin a PhD program don’t end up finishing. Many quit within two years of starting. Another large portion gives up upon reaching the dissertation phase.

Although all PhD programs are challenging, the flexible nature of online programs may help you find success. Choosing a doctoral track that doesn’t require a dissertation may help as well.

What Is the Easiest PhD to Get?

All PhD programs are demanding, but you might have an easier time if you select a program that aligns with your interests and your career goals. The flexibility of online study may help your doctoral program seem less burdensome. In addition, capstone projects are sometimes easier than writing dissertations.

If earning a doctoral degree in a short time frame is important to you, then consider the many potential benefits that online programs have to offer. Within just a few years, you may be able to place the letters “PhD” at the end of your name.

Frequently asked questions

How long does it take to get a phd.

This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation.

In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years.

Frequently asked questions: Graduate school

In the US, most graduate school applications require you to include:

• Transcripts from previous educational institutions
• Standardized test scores (such as the GRE or MCAT)
• A graduate resume
• 2–3 letters of recommendation
• A statement of purpose

Some programs may ask you to write a personal statement in addition to, or instead of, a statement of purpose. You may also be asked to an interview .

Always carefully read the application instructions for the specific program you’re applying to.

Most medical school programs interview candidates, as do many (though not all) leading law and business schools.

In research programs, it depends—PhDs in business usually do, while those in economics normally do not, for example.

Some schools interview everyone, while others only interview their top candidates. Look at the websites of the schools you’re applying to for more information on whether they conduct interviews.

In addition to thinking about your answers for the most commonly asked grad school interview questions , you should reach out to former and current students to ask their advice on preparing and what sort of questions will be asked.

Look back through your resume and come up with anecdotes that you could use for common questions, particularly those that ask about obstacles that you overcame. If you’re applying for a research program, ensure that you can talk about the previous research experience you’ve had.

You should also read as much research in your field as possible. Research the faculty at the schools you’re applying to and read some of their papers. Come up with a few questions that you could ask them.

Graduate schools often ask questions about why you are interested in this particular program and what you will contribute.

Try to stay away from cliche answers like “this is a good program” or “I got good grades in undergrad” and focus instead on the unique strengths of the program or what you will bring to the table. Understand what the program is looking for and come up with anecdotes that demonstrate why you are a good fit for them.

Different types of programs may also focus on different questions:

• Research programs will often ask what topics you’d like to research and who you would like to work with, as well as specific questions about your research background.
• Medical schools are interested in your personal motivation, qualities such as integrity and empathy, and how you’d respond to common ethical dilemmas.
• Business schools will focus on your past work experience and future career prospects, and may be particularly interested in any experience you have managing or working with others.

Some students apply to graduate school straight from undergrad, but it’s also common to go back to school later in life. The ideal time to do so depends on various financial, personal, and career considerations . Graduate school is a big commitment, so you should apply at a time when you can devote your full attention to it.

Your career path may also determine when you should apply. In some career fields, you can easily progress without a graduate degree, while in others—such as medicine, business, and law—it’s virtually impossible to move up the career ladder without a specific graduate degree.

Most graduate school applications for American graduate programs are due in December or January for a September start.

Some types of programs, especially law school, are rolling applications, meaning that the earlier you apply, the earlier you’ll hear back. In this case, you should aim to apply as early as possible to maximize your chances.

Medical school follows a completely separate timeline with much earlier deadlines. If you’re applying for medical school, you should speak to advisors at your university for more information.

A good starting point to aim for is about 18 months before you would start the program, or 6–9 months before the applications are due.

In the first few months of the process, research programs and study for any standardized exams you might need.

You can then begin writing your personal statements and statements of purpose , as well as contacting people to write your letters of recommendation . Ensure that you give recommenders plenty of time to complete their letters (ideally around 2–4 months).

In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE.

Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD.

A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid.

PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little.

This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program.

Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD.

A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.

A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.

A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.

All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.

It’s best to ask in person if possible, so first reach out and request a meeting to discuss your graduate school plans.

Let the potential recommender know which programs you’re applying to, and ask if they feel they can provide a strong letter of recommendation . A lukewarm recommendation can be the kiss of death for an application, so make sure your letter writers are enthusiastic about recommending you and your work!

Always remember to remain polite. Your recommenders are doing you a favor by taking the time to write a letter in support of your graduate school goals.

This depends on the program that you are applying for. Generally, for professional programs like business and policy school, you should ask managers who can speak to your future leadership potential and ability to succeed in your chosen career path.

However, in other graduate programs, you should mostly ask your former professors or research supervisors to write your recommendation letters , unless you have worked in a job that corresponds closely with your chosen field (e.g., as a full-time research assistant).

Choose people who know your work well and can speak to your ability to succeed in the program that you are applying to.

Remember, it is far more important to choose someone who knows you well than someone well-known. You may have taken classes with more prominent professors, but if they haven’t worked closely with you, they probably can’t write you a strong letter.

The sections in your graduate school resume depend on two things: your experience, and the focus of the program you’re applying to.

Always start with your education. If you have more than one degree, list the most recent one first.

The title and order of the other sections depend on what you want to emphasize. You might include things like:

• Professional experience
• Voluntary and extracurricular activities
• Publications
• Awards and honors
• Skills and certifications

The resume should aim for a balance between two things: giving a snapshot of what you’ve done with your life so far, and showing that you’re a good candidate for graduate study.

A resume is typically shorter than a CV, giving only the most relevant professional and educational highlights.

An academic CV should give full details of your education and career, including lists of publications and presentations, certifications, memberships, grants, and research projects. Because it is more comprehensive, it’s acceptable for an academic CV to be many pages long.

Note that, outside of the US, resume and CV are often used interchangeably.

No, don’t include your high school courses and grades. The education section should only detail your college education.

If you want to discuss aspects of high school in your graduate school application, you can include this in your personal statement .

A resume for a graduate school application is typically no more than 1–2 pages long.

Note, however, that if you are asked to submit a CV (curriculum vitae), you should give comprehensive details of all your academic experience. An academic CV can be much longer than a normal resume.

Always carefully check the instructions and adhere to any length requirements for each application.

If you’re applying to multiple graduate school programs, you should tailor your personal statement to each application.

Some applications provide a prompt or question. In this case, you might have to write a new personal statement from scratch: the most important task is to respond to what you have been asked.

If there’s no prompt or guidelines, you can re-use the same idea for your personal statement – but change the details wherever relevant, making sure to emphasize why you’re applying to this specific program.

If the application also includes other essays, such as a statement of purpose , you might have to revise your personal statement to avoid repeating the same information.

The typical length of a personal statement for graduate school applications is between 500 and 1,000 words.

Different programs have different requirements, so always check if there’s a minimum or maximum length and stick to the guidelines. If there is no recommended word count, aim for no more than 1-2 pages.

A statement of purpose is usually more formal, focusing on your academic or professional goals. It shouldn’t include anything that isn’t directly relevant to the application.

A personal statement can often be more creative. It might tell a story that isn’t directly related to the application, but that shows something about your personality, values, and motivations.

However, both types of document have the same overall goal: to demonstrate your potential as a graduate student and s how why you’re a great match for the program.

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• PhD in USA – A Guide for 2020/21
• Finding a PhD

A PhD in USA takes approximately 5 – 6 years of full-time study and can cost between $12,000 – $45,000 per academic year. PhD programs in USA differ from that in the UK and Europe in that students must first take taught classes, coursework and exams before starting their research project.

Why Do a PhD in USA?

The United States has long had some of the most distinguished universities and advanced PhD programmes in the world. Combined with curriculum flexibility, rigorous teaching methods, vast funding opportunities, breathtaking campuses and significant career prospects, it’s no wonder that it is one of the most sought-after study destinations for research students.

In addition to comprehensive training standards, here are a few other reasons why a student may choose to undertake their PhD in the United States:

• Longer learning timeframes – A PhD in the US lasts longer than a PhD in the UK or Europe. This allows students to more confidently transition from undergraduate to postgraduate studies; more commonly referred to as ‘graduate studies’ in the US. This gives you the opportunity to learn more about your subject, research methods and academic writing in general before starting your research project.
• World-class universities – It’s no secret that some of the most well-known higher education institutions that continue to dominate global rankings are based in the United States. Although many factors go into determining whether a position is right for you, a PhD at a high-ranking American university will undeniably have many benefits, from excellent learning standards to access to innovative equipment and deep expertise.
• International network – The US has long been a popular choice among PhD students around the world. As such, the US hosts a diverse and multicultural learning environment in which many research students will quickly feel at home.
• Opportunities – With over 4,000 universities in the US, we can safely say you will have plenty of opportunities to find the ideal combination of project, supervisor and university that works for you.

Universities in USA

Universities in the United States can be divided into two types: public universities and private universities.

Public universities are financed by the state in which they are based. Because of this, public universities charge less for students from within the state and more for students from outside the state, including international students.

Private universities are not financed by their state, but by private donors, research funds and tuition fees. For this reason, private universities generally charge higher tuition fees than public universities and require all students to pay the same amount, regardless of whether they come from out-of-state or abroad.

According to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2021 , eight of the top ten universities in the world are located in the United States. These are:

Method of Study

The main difference between a PhD in the US and a PhD in Europe lies in the program structure. Whereas a European PhD essentially consists of a single phase lasting three to four years , an American PhD consists of three different phases, each with its own time frame.

• Phase One – The first phase lasts approximately two years and focuses on building a basic foundation for the doctoral student. This phase consists largely of taught components such as lectures, tutorials and laboratory sessions, in which the student learns more about theoretical concepts and research methods within their discipline.
• Phase Two – The second phase can be considered an assessment phase, which runs both periodically alongside and at the end of the first phase. Here, students complete coursework and take exams on the basis of the material they have covered of which they must pass in order to proceed to the third phase.
• Phase Three – The third phase lasts approximately three years and resembles the European PhD structure. During this period, the student undertakes an independent research project, including forming a research design, conducting experiments, writing a thesis (more commonly referred to in the USA as a dissertation) and sitting a viva exam.

Teaching Requirements

Besides structure, a key difference between a PhD program in the US and in Europe is the focus on teaching requirements. In the US, doctoral students are expected to lecture, lead tutorials, host laboratory sessions, mark coursework and provide office hours for undergraduate students. Although students studying in European will likely contribute to these at some point during their study, this would normally be on a voluntary basis and involve less time commitment.

Research Flexibility

Another difference is project flexibility. In Europe, students typically apply to a PhD project predetermined by a supervisor, and although there may be some scope to adapt the project, depending on the funding provider , it will usually be limited to how the project is carried out rather than what it is about. In the US, however, a student applies to become a doctoral candidate within a department rather than applying for a particular research project. This is because students are expected to decide on their thesis topic (also commonly referred to as a dissertation research topic) near the end of their first phase after they have developed a better understanding of their subject and know where their interests lie. Therefore, research students in the US generally have more flexibility and influence in the direction of their research than students in the United Kingdom or Europe.

PhD Admission Requirements in USA

PhD admission into US universities can be highly competitive, both because of the limited number of positions and the large number of annual applicants.

The eligibility requirements for a doctoral program in the USA can generally be divided into four sections:

• Grade Point Average (GPA) – in the US, a scoring system known as Grade Point Average is used to measure academic ability. A student’s GPA is calculated as a weighted score of the subjects they study during their undergraduate degree; an equivalent score is calculated by universities for international applicants. Although universities rarely set minimum GPA requirements for doctoral study, it’s worth being aware that a GPA of 3.0 is equivalent to a UK second class honours (2:1); the typical entry requirement for UK universities.
• Graduate Records Exam (GRE) – most universities will require you to take a series of examinations known as Graduate Records Exams, which are used to determine your suitability for graduate study. GREs will assess your analytical, reasoning and critical thinking skills as well as your depth of your subject.
• Student aptitude – in addition to academic ability, US universities also look for characteristics of a strong researcher. These include traits such as engaging in the subject in your own time, e.g. by attending talks and conferences, demonstrating a high degree of independence and enthusiasm, and a general passion for your subject.
• English Language Proficiency – international students whose first language is not English must sit language exams such as IELTS or TOELF to demonstrate their English language proficiency.

International students will also require a F1 student visa in order to study in the US, however, you would typically apply for this after you have secured a place into a doctorate program.

How to Apply for PhD in USA

When applying for a PhD position at a graduate school, the application process will differ between universities, however, they will all typically ask for the following:

• Academic CV – a short document summarising your educational background and current level of experience .
• Personal statement – a document which outlines why you believe you are suitable for PhD study and your passion for the subject.
• Academic transcripts – a complete breakdown of the modules and their respective marks you have taken as part of your previous/current degree.
• GRE scores – a transcript of your Graduate Records Exam results.
• Research statement – a condensed version of a research proposal outlining your general research interests, if required.
• Recommendation letters – references from several academic referees who endorse your qualities as a person, your abilities as a student and your potential as a doctoral researcher.

Application Deadlines and Fees

Since PhD programs in the United States have taught components, they commence at the same time as all other taught degrees, and therefore share the same application deadlines and start dates. This corresponds to an application period that typically begins in August and ends in February. Admission decisions are typically made in April, with successful students starting in August/September.

When you apply to a graduate school, you will be expected to pay a fee for each doctorate application to cover the school’s administrative costs for processing your application. The fee varies from university to university, but typically ranges from $50 to $100 .

Funding your PhD in USA

It’s very common for a PhD student to receive financial aid in the form of a PhD scholarship; in fact, this will be the case for the vast majority of students in the US.

PhD funding can be ‘fully funded’ covering the student’s graduate program tuition fees, accommodation and living costs, or ‘partially funded’ covering the student’s tuition fee only in part or full.

Besides funding, a graduate student can take on an assistantship, such as a graduate teaching assistant or research assistant, in which they take on a part-time salaried position at the university alongside their studies.

Due to the international and collaborate nature of American universities, there are also a number of international scholarships available, such as the Fulbright Scholarship and the AAUW International Fellowship .

PhD Duration in USA

In the US, a PhD takes approximately 5 – 6 years to complete if studying full-time, and 8 – 10 years if studying part-time.

If you already have a Master’s degree, your first phase can be shortened by one year at the discretion of the university.

Cost of a PhD in USA

The cost of a PhD program in the US can vary considerably depending on the type of university, i.e. whether it’s a public or private university, the doctoral course, i.e. whether it’s in a STEM subject such as computer science, engineering or a non-STEM subject, and whether you are a home or international student.

In general, however, the typical annual tuition fee for a PhD in the US is between $12,000 and $45,000 per academic year.

As with any doctoral degree, additional costs may include travel for collaborations, bench fees, accommodation and living expenses.

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29 August 2023

9 minutes read

Studying a PhD in the USA: Get a PhD Course in 2024

Key Takeaways:

• Duration Variability: The time to complete a PhD in the USA varies, typically ranging from four to six years, but can extend based on the research field and study mode.
• Funding Opportunities: US universities offer various funding options like scholarships and assistantships to support PhD students financially.
• Research-Centric: A PhD in the USA is primarily a research degree, requiring a significant contribution to the field through original research.
• Diverse Paths: Students can pursue a PhD directly after an undergraduate degree or following a master’s, with programs available across a myriad of disciplines.
• Global Appeal: The USA attracts many international students to its PhD programs, offering a diverse and enriching academic environment.

Embarking on a journey in the United States is a milestone that many students worldwide dream of reaching. This esteemed academic pursuit is more than attaining a degree; it signifies a deep dedication to advancing knowledge in a specific area. Choosing to pursue a PhD in the USA after mastering a particular discipline means entering into a realm of research and scholarly excellence that the American education system is renowned for.

American universities are not known for their top-tier research facilities and esteemed faculty. Also for their diverse and lively academic community that embraces students from various backgrounds and cultures. Engaging in studies in the USA is a journey that extends beyond academics influencing personal development and global outlook.

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• What Is a PhD Degree?

A Doctor of Philosophy or PhD is widely regarded as the level of accomplishment across multiple fields. What sets PhD programs apart? These programs aim not to nurture expertise but to foster innovators thought leaders and trailblazers who will make significant contributions, to their respective fields.

These programs are known for their challenging coursework, examinations, and a significant thesis or dissertation that involves conducting research.

In the United States pursuing a PhD goes beyond acquiring knowledge; it involves pushing boundaries questioning established beliefs and contributing perspectives to the academic world. Students are urged to undertake research endeavors that can make an impact, in real-world scenarios furthering advancements in their fields and potentially influencing policies, industry standards, and societal norms.

Delving into PhD Degree in the USA

Choosing to Pursue a PhD: Deciding whether to pursue a PhD is a significant commitment. Many students opt to engage in PhD studies in the USA due to the country’s reputation for academic excellence and the opportunity to work with leading experts in their fields.

US Universities that offer PhD: US universities are celebrated for their diverse PhD programs, catering to a broad spectrum of interests and fields of study. These institutions provide a robust environment for research, fostering intellectual growth and innovation.

PhD Application Process: The application process is a critical step, where students must showcase their academic prowess and research potential. This often involves submitting a detailed PhD application, outlining previous research experiences and future aspirations.

The Decision to Go Straight Into a PhD: Many US institutions offer the option to pursue a PhD immediately after completing an undergraduate degree, allowing students to dive deep into research without the intermediary step of a master’s program.

Length of a PhD: The PhD duration can vary significantly. While some programs take as few as four to six years to complete, others, especially those requiring extensive research or part-time study, may take up to eight to ten years.

Funding and PhD Scholarships: Financial considerations are paramount, and fortunately, universities in the USA offer various forms of PhD funding and scholarships to support students through their studies.

International Students: A prime destination for many international students in the USA, many of whom are attracted to the high-quality PhD programs and the vibrant academic culture. These students add to the diversity and richness of the academic community, contributing different perspectives and insights.

Research Degrees: A PhD is fundamentally a research degree, emphasizing the creation of new knowledge through diligent and thorough investigation. Students engage in PhD projects that often push the boundaries of their fields, under the guidance of experienced faculty members.

Academic and Social Life: Pursuing a PhD in the USA is not just about academics; it’s also about the experience of student life in the USA a dynamic and diverse environment. Universities in the US provide a supportive and engaging atmosphere, fostering both personal and professional growth.

After the PhD: The completion of a PhD opens numerous doors for graduates, offering opportunities in academia, industry, and beyond. The degree is often required for advanced research positions and is highly valued in various sectors.

Did You Know? A report by the Council of Graduate Schools (PhD Completion Project) indicates that the overall 10-year completion rate for PhD students is around 56.6%. However, this rate varies significantly across disciplines, with rates being higher in the life sciences (63.2%) and physical sciences (64.7%) compared to humanities (49.3%) and social sciences (56.4%).

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• Requirements for Studying a PhD Course in the USA

Embarking on a journey in the USA is a pursuit that requires a strong academic and professional background. Here’s an in-depth exploration of the prerequisites, for obtaining a PhD from one of the universities;

• Educational Qualifications; A solid educational base is essential when applying for a PhD program. While many programs typically mandate a master’s degree as a prerequisite there are cases where driven students can directly pursue a PhD without possessing a master’s degree, contingent upon the university’s requirements and the student’s academic and research capabilities.
• Standardized Test Scores; Performing well on assessments such, as the GRE or GMAT demonstrates your proficiency in quantitative and verbal skills all of which are vital for excelling in a doctoral program. These scores play a role in your application process as they reflect your readiness to tackle the rigor associated with pursuing a PhD.
• Recommendation Letters; Acquiring letters of recommendation preferably from educators or professionals who are familiar with your academic and research capabilities holds significant weight. These letters provide a perspective on your potential to engage in and contribute to advanced-level research. An aspect when pursuing a doctoral qualification.
• Statement of Purpose; Your narrative is encapsulated within this document . It serves as the platform where you align your research interests with the strengths of the PhD program outlining your journey and visualizing your future within the field. This statement goes beyond formality; it offers insight into your enthusiasm and dedication towards your chosen area of study.
• Research Experience; Possessing exposure to research activities is highly advantageous. Whether gained through job roles internships or academic initiatives showcasing your research capabilities is essential. It communicates to the admissions panel that you are equipped for the research demands expected in a PhD program.

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• How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD Program in the US?

The path, to earning a Ph.D. In the United States can vary in duration typically affected by factors;

• Duration of Masters Program; The length of your master’s degree program can impact the time needed for your Ph.D. Some Ph.D. Programs offer paths for the master’s and Ph.D. potentially shortening the total commitment.
• Coursework Requirements; In addition to the master’s degree you will encounter a series of coursework requirements, which may range from one to three years depending on your field and program details.
• Comprehensive Exams; These exams, usually taken after coursework completion are designed to assess your knowledge breadth and depth ensuring readiness for the research phase.
• Dissertation Research and Writing; The dissertation serves as the foundation of your Ph.D. This stage involves research writing and ultimately defending your dissertation often spanning years.

Factors Influencing the Duration of a PhD Program

• Field of Study; The discipline you select can significantly affect how long it takes to complete your Ph.D. Fields that involve research may require more time, than those focused on theoretical analysis.
• Research Type; The nature of your research—whether it includes data collection, laboratory work, or fieldwork—can influence the program length.
• Securing funding can impact how quickly you conduct your research and the resources you have access, to, which in turn can affect the length of your program. Your advisor and committee’s support, guidance, and feedback are pivotal, in your Ph.D. Experience shaping the pace and advancement of your studies.

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• Top American Universities for a Doctorate in the USA

Harvard University

Harvard University provides a range of PhD programs for students in pursuing a doctoral degree catering to their academic interests and research goals. Whether students choose to pursue a PhD with or without a master’s degree Harvard creates an environment that encourages deep scholarly exploration.

The university is known for its cutting-edge research initiatives offering graduate programs that attract students looking to start their PhD journey after completing their undergraduate studies or after obtaining a master’s degree.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

MIT is renowned for its culture of innovation making it an ideal destination for students aspiring to pursue a PhD in the United States in STEM fields. The university provides an environment where the time required to complete a PhD aligns well with the depth of research being conducted.

MIT programs cater not only to those following an academic path but also to students eager to dive into doctoral studies directly offering support for a seamless transition, from learning to exploration.

Stanford University

Stanford University distinguishes itself through its dedication to promoting research offering programs that enable students to explore diverse areas of study seamlessly. Stanford University is well known worldwide for its vibrant student community, in the United States, attracting PhD students.

The university’s PhD programs focus on developing both in-depth knowledge and practical research skills equipping graduates with a range of career prospects after completing their studies.

University of California, Berkeley

UC Berkeley is famous for its selection of PhD programs covering fields of study. It is a place where pursuing a PhD is closely linked with research and academic excellence.

The university provides an environment for students and those aiming for a PhD without a prior master’s degree stressing the significance of obtaining a comprehensive research-based qualification in today’s competitive environment.

Columbia University

Columbia University offers students a challenging yet fulfilling path to earning a PhD. The institution’s dedication to excellence shines through its range of doctoral programs tailored to meet the ever-changing demands of academia and the professional world.

Columbia motivates students to embark on their journey sooner ensuring they are fully prepared to make contributions, within their respective fields.

Benefits of Pursuing a PhD in the USA After a Master’s Degree

• Increased Income Potential; Achieving a PhD provides opportunities for higher-level positions in academia, research, and the industry often associated with pay.
• Career Progression Prospects; Holding a doctorate positions you well for leadership roles and influential positions within your field.
• Expertise in a Specific Field; Pursuing a PhD allows you to deeply explore an area of interest establishing yourself as an expert and making contributions to your field.
• Personal Satisfaction; completing a PhD reflects your commitment, perseverance, and enthusiasm for your area of expertise offering a sense of accomplishment.
• Career Opportunities After Obtaining a PhD

Obtaining a doctorate from an institution opens up career paths. Graduates acquire the expertise and skills for roles in academia, industry, government agencies, and beyond.

• Academic Pursuits; Those with PhDs can embark on careers as professors or research scientists continuing to advance their field while guiding the generation of scholars.
• Industry Research Roles; Many PhD graduates find fulfilling roles in industry research sectors where they apply their knowledge to solve real-world challenges in areas such, as biotechnology and engineering. Interested individuals looking to shape the future through policy can benefit greatly from pursuing a Ph.D. as it provides a groundwork, for roles in government or think tanks where they can actively influence public policies and decision-making processes.

Furthermore, PhDs doors to careers in the nonprofit sector allowing graduates to utilize their research abilities and expertise to spearhead projects that serve the betterment of society.

Moreover armed with knowledge and research capabilities some PhD holders delve into entrepreneurship by either establishing their businesses or offering consulting services.

Embarking on a journey towards a PhD in the United States following the completion of a master’s degree is an endeavor that demands unwavering commitment, perseverance, and an unwavering passion for one’s chosen field. This path not only promises growth but also presents opportunities to contribute significantly to the global pool of knowledge.

Familiarizing oneself with the intricacies of the US-based PhD process – from application criteria to the demanding gratifying research and dissertation phase – is essential for prospective students.

By immersing themselves in their fields of study, future PhD candidates, in the US are positioned to emerge as upcoming scholars, researchers, and educational frontrunners equipped with the expertise, skills, and perspectives needed to steer innovation and instigate change within an ever-evolving global environment.

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Is a Master’s degree required to pursue a PhD in the USA?

Completing a PhD opens up career opportunities. Graduates may choose to enter academia involving themselves in teaching and further research. Alternatively, they can explore positions in industry, government, or nonprofit organizations where they can apply their knowledge to real-world problems. The analytical, research, and problem-solving skills gained during a PhD are highly sought after, in fields providing graduates with a range of career options.

Are students to apply for PhD programs in the United States?

The United States is known as a destination for students seeking doctoral degrees with numerous programs available, across different fields of study. International students are valued for the perspectives and experiences they contribute to enhancing the community. However, they must navigate factors such, as visa requirements and potential language barriers.

What types of assistance are accessible to PhD students in the United States?

A variety of financial support options such as fellowships, assistantships, grants, and scholarships are available for PhD students studying in the USA. These opportunities not only assist but also impart valuable research and teaching experiences that contribute to the student’s academic and professional development.

How crucial is the selection of an advisor in a PhD program?

The choice of an advisor plays a role in the journey toward obtaining a PhD. An advisor’s expertise, guidance, and mentorship can significantly impact a student’s journey and success in their research pursuits. An ideal advisor not only offers insights but also supports the student’s professional growth and networking within the academic community.

Is it possible to pursue a PhD, in the United States without having a master’s degree?

While traditionally a master’s degree is typically required for admission to a PhD program some universities in America provide pathways that allow students to directly enter a PhD program after completing their studies. However, this option necessitates performance and a clear demonstration of research potential.

• Benefits of Pursuing a PhD in the USA After a Master's Degree

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Table of Contents

• • What Is a PhD Degree?
• • Requirements for Studying a PhD Course in the USA
• • How Long Does it Take to Get a PhD Program in the US?
• • Top American Universities for a Doctorate in the USA
• • Benefits of Pursuing a PhD in the USA After a Master's Degree
• • Career Opportunities After Obtaining a PhD
• • Conclusion

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Is it Worth Doing a PhD After a Master’s?

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Is it worth doing a PhD? This is a question that probably plagues every research student at some point in their career.

The decision to pursue a PhD after getting your Master’s degree is a difficult one.  A PhD is a huge undertaking emotionally, mentally and financially. It takes 3-4 years to complete, during which you are on a pretty basic stipend (OK, you’re poor).

You also need the ability to continually motivate yourself through the times when your experiments are not working (most of the time). Oh, and you might not see as much of your friends and family as you would like, especially when you’re writing up your thesis.

People pursue PhDs for a variety of reasons: some know from the start that they want to run labs at a university, some feel pressured to go for the top degree in their field, some see it as a natural progression after receiving their Master’s, and some continue on in academia because they just don’t know what to do next.

For all, it is a highly personal decision, but one that shouldn’t be taken lightly.

During my undergraduate degree, I had the opportunity to work in a research laboratory as part of a summer vacation scholarship. The PhD student supervising me on a day-to-day basis gave me a really useful piece of advice: don’t do a Master’s or a PhD just for the sake of doing one . She encouraged me to thoroughly explore my options and not to merely drift into a postgraduate course just because I didn’t know what else to do.

So, is it worth doing a PhD? The following questions might help you to decide.

1. Is it Worth Doing a PhD to Pursue Your Chosen Career Path?

Not every job requires a PhD for you to be successful.  In fact, many do not.  If you are not planning to stay in academia long-term, then a PhD may be of no additional benefit to you. Picture the type of job you would like to have once you are finished with your education; our handy article lists some options .

Having a PhD might give you an edge over other candidates and help you secure a position, even if a PhD is not required for a particular job. However, it can also work against you, potentially making you overqualified and less likely to get the job.

Have a career discussion with as many people as possible to get different opinions and viewpoints. Try to talk to people who have chosen a variety of career paths. Also, talk to people who have done or are doing a PhD; their experience and insight can be invaluable.

2. Have You Explored Other Options?

For example, like gaining experience in industry or working in a laboratory as a research assistant or technician ?

It’s hard to make a clear-headed decision when you are caught up in the middle of things.  Sometimes it is better to take a step back and pursue an option without making a multi-year commitment.

Working as a research assistant in an academic laboratory for a year or so is a great way to figure out if you enjoy working in the academic environment and more specifically within a particular laboratory. This kind of experience should confirm if doing a PhD is right for you.

3. Have you Found a Supervisor and a Topic?

Remember that you’ll be committing to both the topic and the supervisor for 3-4 years!

A good PhD supervisor is worth their weight in gold and finding a good mentor should be a priority. Furthermore, you need to be passionate about your research topic to motivate you during the tremendously tough times.  Make sure you work on something you care about.

4. Do You Have Support from Family and Friends?

Talk to your support network, i.e. your friends and family. They are the ones you will rely on heavily while doing the PhD for emotional support (parents may also be a source of financial support).

If you are looking for further advice, make sure you check out our article with pointers for PhD students . Are you sure that a PhD is the right move for you? Search for PhDs in Biological and Medical Sciences to find the right PhD to suit you.

5. Can You Afford to Do a PhD?

Doing a PhD can be costly. There may be fees, and you’ll need to be able to live, so factor in rent, food, and bills too. Depending on where you live and plan on studying, you may be able to get a grant or stipend to help cover the costs.

If you are considering working on the side, note that this might not be feasible. Often PhD work is more than a full-time job, leaving you little room to earn on the side. That said, there might be options for paid work as part of your PhD – for example as a teaching assistant (remember those helpful people during your lab practical? They were probably PhD students!).

In addition, you need to factor in what you’ll be missing out on compared with entering the workforce – you’ll most likely not be contributing to a pension or retirement fund or other benefits of a full-time job (e.g. health care).

You also need to consider that if you plan on leaving academia after a PhD, you may still be on an ‘entry-level’ salary and therefore be several years behind where you could have been if you’d not done a PhD.

Originally published November 13, 2013. Reviewed and updated on December 8, 2020

How many years does it take to study PhD program

I have a mater degree (LMHC). I want to purse my PH.D. I’ve been checking out some college . I’m not that old I’m in my early 40’s which still leaves me some time. The issue I’m having is paying for the PH.D, also locating a school that’s right for me.

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How many years is a PHD after a Masters?

Table of Content

Introduction, types of masters degrees, types of phd programs, full-time masters programs, part-time masters programs, full-time phd programs, part-time phd programs.

• Pros of getting a PhD after a Masters
• Cons of getting a PhD after a Masters

Key Takeaways

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on pursuing a PhD after completing a Masters degree. In this article, we will explore the different types of Masters and PhD programs, the duration of each, and the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD after a Masters.

Obtaining a Masters degree is a significant achievement that demonstrates advanced knowledge and expertise in a specific field. However, some individuals may choose to further their education and pursue a PhD to deepen their understanding and contribute to their chosen field of study.

If you’re considering pursuing a PhD after completing your Masters degree, it’s important to understand the time commitment involved and weigh the advantages and disadvantages. Let’s dive into the details and explore the various aspects of pursuing a PhD after a Masters.

Continue reading to learn more about the different types of Masters degrees and PhD programs available.

What is a Masters degree?

A Masters degree is a postgraduate academic degree that individuals can pursue after completing their undergraduate studies. It is typically a two-year program, although the duration may vary depending on the country and specific field of study.

A Masters degree allows students to specialize in a particular area of study and gain in-depth knowledge and expertise. It is considered a higher level of education than a Bachelor’s degree and is often a requirement for certain professions or career advancements.

There are various types of Masters degrees available, including:

• Master of Arts (MA) : This degree is awarded in humanities and social science fields such as literature, history, psychology, and sociology.
• Master of Science (MS) : This degree is awarded in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields such as computer science, biology, chemistry, and physics.
• Master of Business Administration (MBA) : This degree focuses on business and management principles and is suitable for individuals interested in pursuing leadership positions in the corporate world.
• Master of Education (MEd) : This degree is designed for individuals interested in a career in education and provides specialized knowledge in teaching methods, curriculum development, and educational leadership.
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA) : This degree is awarded in creative fields such as visual arts, performing arts, and writing, and emphasizes practical skills and artistic expression.

These are just a few examples of the many types of Masters degrees available. The specific requirements and coursework vary depending on the program and institution.

Now that we have a better understanding of what a Masters degree entails, let’s explore the next topic: What is a PhD?

When it comes to Masters degrees, there are various specializations and fields of study to choose from. Here are some of the most common types of Masters degrees:

• Master of Arts (MA) : This degree is typically awarded in humanities and social science disciplines such as literature, history, sociology, and psychology. It focuses on theoretical knowledge and research skills.
• Master of Science (MS) : An MS degree is commonly pursued in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It emphasizes practical skills, laboratory work, and research.
• Master of Business Administration (MBA) : An MBA degree is designed for individuals interested in business and management roles. It provides a comprehensive understanding of various aspects of business, including finance, marketing, and leadership.
• Master of Education (MEd) : This degree is tailored for individuals looking to pursue a career in education. It focuses on teaching methods, curriculum development, educational leadership, and educational research.
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA) : An MFA degree is typically pursued by individuals in creative fields such as visual arts, performing arts, writing, or filmmaking. It emphasizes practical skills and artistic expression.
• Master of Engineering (MEng) : An MEng degree is geared towards individuals interested in engineering and technical fields. It focuses on advanced engineering principles, research, and design.
• Master of Public Health (MPH) : This degree is ideal for individuals interested in public health and healthcare administration. It covers topics such as epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy, and environmental health.

These are just a few examples of the many types of Masters degrees available. Each degree has its own unique curriculum and requirements, catering to specific fields of study and career paths. It’s important to choose a Masters program that aligns with your interests and career goals.

What is a PhD?

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is the highest level of academic degree that individuals can obtain. It is a research-focused degree that requires original contributions to knowledge in a specific field of study. While a Masters degree provides specialized knowledge, a PhD takes that knowledge to the next level by emphasizing independent research and scholarly expertise.

PhD programs are typically more rigorous and demanding than Masters programs. They require students to conduct extensive research, write a dissertation or thesis, and defend their work in front of a committee of experts in the field. The duration of a PhD program varies depending on the country and field of study.

There are various types of PhD programs available, including:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) : This is the most common type of doctoral degree and is awarded in a wide range of fields, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more.
• Doctor of Education (EdD) : An EdD degree is designed for individuals interested in pursuing leadership roles in education. It focuses on educational research, policy, and practice.
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) : A DBA degree is similar to an MBA but with a stronger emphasis on research and scholarly contributions to the field of business.
• Doctor of Medicine (MD) : An MD degree is awarded to medical doctors who have completed medical school and practical training, allowing them to practice medicine.
• Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) : A PsyD degree is geared towards individuals interested in clinical psychology. It emphasizes practical training and clinical practice.
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) : A DNP degree is designed for advanced practice nurses seeking leadership roles in healthcare. It focuses on advanced clinical practice and healthcare administration.

These are just a few examples of the many types of PhD programs available. Each program has its own specific requirements, research focus, and career outcomes.

Now that we have a better understanding of what a PhD entails, let’s explore the next topic: How long does it take to complete a Masters degree?

PhD programs are available in a wide range of disciplines, allowing individuals to pursue advanced research and scholarship in their chosen field. Here are some of the most common types of PhD programs:

• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) : This is the most common type of doctoral degree and is awarded in a variety of fields, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more. A PhD program focuses on original research, critical thinking, and the creation of new knowledge in the field.
• Doctor of Education (EdD) : An EdD program is designed for individuals interested in pursuing leadership roles in education. It typically emphasizes educational research, policy, and practice, preparing graduates for careers in educational administration, curriculum development, and educational consulting.
• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) : A DBA program is similar to an MBA but with a stronger research focus. It is designed for individuals interested in advancing their knowledge and expertise in the field of business. DBA graduates often pursue careers in academia, consulting, or executive leadership.
• Doctor of Medicine (MD) : An MD degree is awarded to individuals who have completed medical school and practical training, enabling them to practice medicine. MD programs emphasize clinical training, research, and patient care.
• Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) : A PsyD program is designed for individuals interested in clinical psychology. It focuses on practical training and clinical practice, preparing graduates for careers as licensed psychologists in a variety of settings.
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) : A DNP program is geared towards advanced practice nurses seeking leadership roles in healthcare. It emphasizes advanced clinical practice, healthcare administration, and evidence-based practice.

These are just a few examples of the many types of PhD programs available. Each program has its own unique curriculum, requirements, and career outcomes. It’s important to choose a PhD program that aligns with your research interests and career goals.

Now that we have explored the different types of PhD programs, let’s move on to the next topic: How long does it take to complete a Masters degree?

How long does it take to complete a Masters degree?

The duration of a Masters degree program can vary depending on several factors, including the country, institution, field of study, and whether the program is pursued on a full-time or part-time basis.

Full-time Masters programs typically take one to two years to complete. This duration is based on the assumption that students are enrolled in the program on a full-time basis, attending classes and dedicating a significant amount of time to coursework and research.

Part-time Masters programs, on the other hand, are designed for individuals who are unable to commit to full-time studies due to work or other commitments. Part-time programs may extend the duration of the degree, typically allowing students to complete the program in two to four years.

It’s important to note that the specific duration of a Masters program can vary between different fields of study. Some programs may have additional requirements, such as internships, research projects, or a thesis, which can affect the overall duration.

It’s recommended to check with the specific institution and program of interest to get accurate information on the expected duration of their Masters degree program.

Now that we have a better understanding of how long it takes to complete a Masters degree, let’s move on to the next topic: How long does it take to complete a PhD after a Masters?

Full-time Masters programs are designed for students who can dedicate their time and efforts to their studies on a full-time basis. These programs typically require a higher level of commitment and intensity compared to part-time programs.

The duration of a full-time Masters program can vary depending on the field of study and the specific program requirements. In general, full-time Masters programs can be completed in one to two years.

During a full-time program, students are expected to attend classes, complete coursework, participate in research projects, and potentially write a thesis or dissertation. The curriculum is structured to provide a comprehensive and in-depth study of the chosen field.

Full-time programs often offer a more immersive learning experience, allowing students to fully engage with the subject matter and develop a deeper understanding of their field of study. They may also provide opportunities for networking, internships, or research collaborations.

It’s important to note that the workload in a full-time Masters program can be demanding, requiring students to manage their time effectively and stay organized. However, the benefits of a full-time program include a faster completion time and the ability to focus solely on academic pursuits.

If you’re considering pursuing a full-time Masters program, it’s important to carefully evaluate your commitments and determine if you have the time and resources to dedicate to your studies. It’s also important to research and choose a program that aligns with your academic and career goals.

Now that we have explored full-time Masters programs, let’s move on to the next topic: Part-time Masters programs.

If you are unable to commit to full-time studies due to work or other commitments, a part-time Masters program may be a suitable option for you. Part-time programs offer flexibility and allow students to balance their academic pursuits with other responsibilities.

The duration of a part-time Masters program is typically longer than that of a full-time program. Part-time students often take fewer courses per semester or quarter, spreading out the coursework over a longer period of time.

The exact duration of a part-time program can vary depending on the institution and field of study. On average, part-time Masters programs can be completed in two to four years.

Part-time programs are designed to accommodate students who are working professionals or have other commitments. They often offer evening or weekend classes, online learning options, or flexible schedules to accommodate students’ needs.

While part-time study allows for a more manageable workload, it’s important to note that it may require additional time and effort to complete the program. Balancing work, personal life, and academic commitments can be challenging, so it’s important to plan and manage your time effectively.

Part-time programs offer the advantage of allowing students to continue working or fulfilling other responsibilities while pursuing their Masters degree. This can provide practical experience and the opportunity to apply what you learn in the classroom to real-world situations.

If you are considering a part-time Masters program, it’s important to carefully evaluate your commitments and determine if you have the time and resources to dedicate to your studies. It’s also important to research and choose a program that aligns with your academic and career goals.

Now that we have explored both full-time and part-time Masters programs, let’s move on to the next topic: How long does it take to complete a PhD after a Masters?

How long does it take to complete a PhD after a Masters?

The duration of a PhD program after completing a Masters degree can vary depending on several factors, including the country, institution, field of study, and whether the program is pursued on a full-time or part-time basis.

Full-time PhD programs typically take three to five years to complete. During this time, students are fully dedicated to their research and dissertation work, which is a significant contribution to the field of study.

Part-time PhD programs, on the other hand, allow students to balance their academic pursuits with other commitments, such as work or family responsibilities. These programs often have a longer duration, ranging from five to seven years.

The specific duration of a PhD program can also depend on the nature of the research, the complexity of the topic, and the progress made by the student. Some research projects may require additional time to collect data, conduct experiments, or analyze results.

It’s important to note that pursuing a PhD is a significant undertaking that requires perseverance, dedication, and a passion for research. It’s a rigorous process that involves conducting original research, writing a dissertation, and defending the findings in front of a committee of experts.

Before committing to a PhD program, it’s essential to carefully consider your research interests, career goals, and personal circumstances. It’s also important to discuss your plans with potential advisors or mentors who can provide guidance and support throughout the journey.

Now that we have a better understanding of how long it takes to complete a PhD after a Masters, let’s move on to the next topic: the pros and cons of getting a PhD after a Masters.

Full-time PhD programs are designed for students who are able to dedicate their time and energy solely to their research and academic pursuits. These programs typically require a high level of commitment and focus.

The duration of a full-time PhD program can vary depending on the field of study, research topic, and individual progress. On average, full-time PhD programs take three to five years to complete.

During a full-time PhD program, students are expected to engage in extensive research, conduct experiments or studies, analyze data, and write a dissertation or thesis. They may also be required to participate in seminars, conferences, and other academic activities to enhance their knowledge and contribute to the field.

Full-time PhD programs offer several advantages. Firstly, students have the opportunity to fully immerse themselves in their research and develop a deep understanding of their chosen area of study. They can dedicate more time to their project and explore it in greater detail.

Additionally, full-time PhD students often have access to resources and support from their academic institution, including funding, research facilities, and guidance from experienced faculty members. They are also more likely to form connections and collaborate with other researchers and scholars in their field.

However, it’s important to consider the challenges of a full-time PhD program as well. The workload can be demanding and require a significant amount of dedication, discipline, and self-motivation. Students may need to balance their research with other commitments, such as teaching assistantships or part-time work.

Furthermore, the journey towards completing a PhD can be intellectually and emotionally challenging. Students may encounter setbacks, face difficulties in their research, or experience periods of self-doubt. It’s important to have a strong support system and access to resources for dealing with these challenges.

Overall, full-time PhD programs provide a focused and intensive research experience, allowing students to make significant contributions to their field of study. However, it’s important for prospective students to carefully consider their personal circumstances, goals, and motivations before embarking on a full-time PhD program.

In the next section, we will explore the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD after completing a Masters degree, providing a comprehensive overview of the factors to consider when making this decision.

Part-time PhD programs offer flexibility for individuals who want to pursue a doctoral degree while balancing other responsibilities, such as work or family commitments. These programs allow students to spread out their coursework and research over a longer period of time.

The duration of a part-time PhD program can vary depending on the field of study, research topic, and individual progress. On average, part-time PhD programs take five to seven years to complete.

Part-time PhD students typically have more flexibility in terms of scheduling their research and coursework. They can allocate time for their studies while fulfilling other obligations, and they may have the opportunity to continue working in their field.

While part-time PhD programs allow for a more manageable workload, it’s important to consider the challenges as well. Balancing work, family, and research commitments can be demanding and require effective time management and organization skills.

Part-time PhD students may also have limited access to resources and support from their academic institution compared to full-time students. It’s important to seek out mentors, advisors, and colleagues who can provide guidance and support throughout the research process.

Despite the challenges, part-time PhD programs can provide a rewarding experience for individuals who are passionate about their research and want to contribute to their field while maintaining other responsibilities. These programs offer the flexibility to pursue advanced education without completely interrupting one’s career or personal life.

In the next section, we will explore the pros and cons of getting a PhD after completing a Masters, providing a comprehensive overview of the factors to consider when making this decision.

Pros and Cons of Getting a PhD After a Masters

Deciding whether to pursue a PhD after completing a Masters degree is a significant decision that requires careful consideration. To help you weigh the options, let’s explore the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD after a Masters.

Pros of Getting a PhD After a Masters

1. Deepen Knowledge and Expertise: Pursuing a PhD allows you to delve deeper into your chosen field of study. You have the opportunity to conduct extensive research, contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and become an expert in your area of specialization.

2. Career Advancement: A PhD can open doors to advanced career opportunities, especially in academia, research institutions, and industry. It demonstrates a high level of expertise and dedication, making you a valuable asset in your field.

3. Intellectual Stimulation: The pursuit of a PhD is intellectually challenging and stimulating. It allows you to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving, and independent research. You have the freedom to explore new ideas and push the boundaries of knowledge in your field.

4. Networking and Collaboration: A PhD program provides opportunities to collaborate with experts in your field, both within your institution and beyond. You can build a strong network of colleagues, mentors, and collaborators who can support and enhance your research.

5. Personal Fulfillment: For many individuals, obtaining a PhD is a lifelong dream and a personal accomplishment. It offers a sense of fulfillment and pride in your academic achievements.

Cons of Getting a PhD After a Masters

1. Time Commitment: Pursuing a PhD is a lengthy process that requires a significant time commitment. It can take several years to complete, and the journey may involve challenges and sacrifices.

2. Financial Considerations: While some PhD programs offer funding or scholarships, pursuing a PhD often involves financial implications. You may need to support yourself through part-time work or seek external funding sources to cover living expenses and tuition fees.

3. Limited Job Opportunities: While a PhD can open doors to advanced career opportunities, it may also limit your options in certain industries. Some job positions may require only a Masters degree, and employers may prioritize practical experience over academic qualifications.

4. Work-Life Balance: The demands of a PhD program can impact your work-life balance. It requires dedication, long hours of research, and potential relocation for research opportunities or collaborations. Balancing your personal life, relationships, and other commitments can be challenging.

5. Uncertainty in Research Outcome: Research projects can be unpredictable, and there is no guarantee of success. Your research findings may not always align with your initial expectations, and setbacks or challenges may arise along the way.

It’s essential to carefully consider these pros and cons and evaluate how they align with your personal and career goals. Pursuing a PhD after a Masters degree requires passion, dedication, and a genuine interest in research and scholarship.

In the next section, we will provide key takeaways to summarize the main points covered in this guide.

In this comprehensive guide, we have explored the process of pursuing a PhD after completing a Masters degree. Here are the key takeaways:

• A Masters degree is a postgraduate academic degree that provides specialized knowledge and expertise in a specific field.
• There are various types of Masters degrees available, including Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA).
• A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is the highest level of academic degree that individuals can obtain. It requires original research and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in a specific field.
• PhD programs are available in various disciplines, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more.
• The duration of a Masters degree program typically ranges from one to two years for full-time programs and two to four years for part-time programs.
• The duration of a PhD program after completing a Masters degree can vary, but it generally takes three to five years for full-time programs and five to seven years for part-time programs.
• Pursuing a PhD after a Masters allows you to deepen your knowledge and expertise, advance your career opportunities, engage in intellectual stimulation, network with experts in your field, and experience personal fulfillment.
• However, pursuing a PhD also requires a significant time commitment, financial considerations, may limit job opportunities in certain industries, can impact work-life balance, and involves uncertainty in research outcomes.

It’s important to carefully weigh the pros and cons and consider your personal and career goals before deciding to pursue a PhD after completing a Masters degree. Consulting with mentors or advisors can provide valuable insights and guidance in making this important decision.

Continue reading to explore our conclusion and final thoughts on pursuing a PhD after a Masters degree.

In conclusion, pursuing a PhD after completing a Masters degree is a significant decision that requires careful consideration. It offers the opportunity to deepen your knowledge and expertise in your field of study, advance your career opportunities, engage in intellectual stimulation, and experience personal fulfillment. However, it also involves a significant time commitment, financial considerations, potential limitations in job opportunities, challenges in work-life balance, and uncertainty in research outcomes.

Before deciding to pursue a PhD, it’s important to evaluate your personal and career goals, assess your passion for research and scholarship, and consider the potential challenges and sacrifices involved. Consulting with mentors, advisors, and professionals in your field can provide valuable insights and guidance in making this decision.

Remember that pursuing a PhD is a journey that requires perseverance, dedication, and a genuine interest in advancing knowledge in your field. It is a rewarding experience for those who are passionate about research and scholarship and are willing to commit to the process.

We hope this comprehensive guide has provided you with a better understanding of the duration of Masters and PhD programs, the different types of degrees available, and the pros and cons of pursuing a PhD after completing a Masters. Armed with this knowledge, you can make an informed decision about your educational and career path.

Thank you for reading!

By bishwasbh

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How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Psychology?

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Ariel Skelley/Getty Images 

• How Long Will It Take?

Before You Earn PhD in Psychology

Which type of degree should you get, can you finish your degree early.

Just how long does it take to get a PhD in psychology? The answer can vary depending on your program, educational background, and academic schedule. In general, most PhD psychology programs take anywhere from five to seven years to complete.

Learning more about what it takes to get a doctorate in psychology can help you better plan your educational and career journey.

At a Glance

Getting a PhD in psychology can take several years of graduate study. If you are thinking about becoming a psychologist, research your degree options to figure out what type of degree you need and how long it will take to enter your chosen profession. No matter what you decide, plan to spend anywhere from three to seven years in graduate school to earn a doctorate.

How Long Will It Take to Get a Doctorate Degree?

How long it takes to get a doctorate in psychology depends on various factors, including the type of degree you have selected, your educational background, and the individual doctorate program in which you have enrolled.

Most doctorate programs in psychology take between four to seven years to complete.

PhD in Psychology

Most PhD programs require at least five to seven years to complete. These programs often follow a scientist-practitioner model that trains professionals both in research and clinical practice.

In addition to regular coursework, you may also be expected to complete an internship or supervised residency. The program usually culminates in completing an original research project or dissertation.

PsyD Degree

Most PsyD programs require between four to six years to complete. A PsyD is a degree designed to train professionals to apply psychological knowledge to treating and helping people in real-world settings.

According to the American Psychological Association, PsyD programs focus more on applying psychological science, usually in the form of service.  

Most EdD programs require between three to five years to complete. EdD programs are often focused on psychology, counseling, or counselor education. They explore topics that involve both education and psychology.

It is important to note that many applicants to EdD programs already hold a master's degree in a related field. This differs from applicants to PhD and PsyD programs, who often begin their program of study with a bachelor's degree.

Before you begin your academic journey, it is a good idea to look at just how long it will take you to complete your degree. The amount of time it will take can depend upon various factors, including:

• Your chosen specialty area
• The program you select
• The course load you can take each semester

A doctorate-level degree in psychology is required to work in many job areas, including as a licensed clinical psychologist or counseling psychologist. According to the American Psychological Association, a doctorate degree is also often required in fields such as school psychology or health psychology .

So how long does it take to get a PhD in Psychology ? First, it is essential to realize that the degree requirements can vary depending on the field that you decide to pursue. A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy degree is not necessarily your only option. In some cases, you might want also to consider the PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) or the EdD (Doctor of Education) degree options.

The PhD, PsyD, and EdD are all great options, but don't let how long it takes to complete be the primary deciding factor. Before you decide to get a doctorate degree, start by deciding which type of degree is most suited to your professional goals.

If you want to conduct research:

A PhD in Psychology tends to focus on a research-based model of education. People with a PhD in Psychology are qualified for a wide range of teaching, research, and clinical positions in colleges, universities, hospitals, government offices, and private mental health practices.

If you want to treat mental health issues:

The PsyD degree option generally focuses on a practitioner-based model of education. Individuals with a PsyD degree can also teach or conduct psychology research, but they frequently work in applied settings to provide direct mental health services.

If you want to apply psychology to help students:

Finally, there is also a third doctorate option that you might also want to consider depending on your career goals. If you are interested in working as a school psychologist or in a related educational field, the EdD, or Doctor of Education, is a possible option.

Despite the years of work, earning your PhD, PsyD, or EdD can be well worth the effort. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests that workers with a doctoral or education specialist degree in clinical, counseling, and school psychology will find the strongest job opportunities.

Generally, if you have a strong background in psychology and have completed all of the necessary prerequisites, you can finish your doctorate sooner than students who have not taken the prerequisite courses.

Carefully planning your degree can also help ensure you complete the program requirements quickly.

Be sure you have a clear idea of what you want to do with your psychology degree once you've completed it. Do you want to teach, or is research more appealing to you? Are you interested in seeing clients, or are you planning to combine your training in psychology with another field, such as law or medicine?

If you need help deciding, make an important with an academic advisor at your school. They can help you explore your options and answer any questions you may have.

What This Means For You

No matter the degree you decide to pursue, earning a doctorate in psychology requires a significant investment of time, money, and effort. Because of this, it is essential to carefully consider your goals before deciding on a graduate program. You should also think about whether you need a doctorate or if a master's might be more appropriate.

Gee DG, DeYoung KA, McLaughlin KA, et al. Training the next generation of clinical psychological scientists: A data-driven call to action .  Annu Rev Clin Psychol . 2022;18:43-70. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-092500

Loyola University. Can I get my Psy.D. without a Master's in Psychology?

American Psychological Association. Doctoral degrees in psychology: How are they different, or not so different ?

Franklin University. Is getting a Doctorate in Education worth it?

American Psychological Association. Frequently asked questions about graduate school .

Bureau of Labor Statistics. Psychologists . Occupational Outlook Handbook .

Carr, A. Clinical Psychology: An Introduction . London: Routledge; 2012.

Kuther, TL. The Psychology Major's Handbook . Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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Studying a PhD in The USA - The Complete Guide

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The USA is a favourable postgraduate study destination for international students due to the high standard of academic study and the wide variety of subjects. By undertaking a PhD in the USA, you will find yourself becoming an internationally recognised expert in your chosen field.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from the USA is considered the highest awarded degree in many US universities and institutes for most fields of study. For many international students, it's a dream course that offers an exciting new life chapter.

Attending Grad School for a PhD in the USA is not the same as undertaking a PhD in Europe or the UK , it can often be a different experience. However, studying abroad will improve your global cultural understanding in addition to your network of contacts for your future career. A PhD degree is often required when you apply for high-level management jobs, government expert positions, and careers like a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields.

There are a multitude of reasons why the United States is a fantastic choice for your PhD studies. Here’s everything you need to know about studying a PhD in the USA.

1. PhD course length

The total length of a PhD in the USA is between 4-8 years for full-time students and 8-10 years for part-time students, depending on your field of study. PhDs can be completed in 4-5 years for students with a masters degree in an appropriate subject. Students typically dedicate 1-4 years on coursework, followed by 2-4 years of dissertation work. In the USA, the academic year is divided into two teaching semesters: August to December and January to May. 

Having a longer duration for your PhD allows for greater opportunities to adjust to your course and find your footing. This enables you to concentrate on developing a more comprehensive understanding of your chosen subject at a more relaxed pace.

2. World-class universities

The US repeatedly tops the charts of worldwide ranking universities, so what better place to do your PhD studies? Although rankings shouldn’t be the main deciding factor when making your PhD choice, they're a great indicator of educational expertise.

There are many factors to consider when choosing the location for your PhD. Does the university have a high employability rate after graduation? Are you wanting to go public or private university? What kind of research facilities do they have? 

Be sure to do some research before making a decision on your perfect place of study.

3. International community

The United States is a popular choice for international students from all over the world – making it an inspirational and cosmopolitan choice for your PhD studies. No matter what your choice of academic study is, you are guaranteed to find a diverse community that welcomes students from all backgrounds. 

4. Affordable tuition fees 

There are various tuition fee options available for PhD students regardless of your budget. The American higher education system is often associated with high fees and substantial student debt, but in fact, studying at an American university isn't always expensive, and many institutions offer affordable courses. For instance, PhD costs range from $28,000 to $55,000, which shows that finding a PhD course that’s more affordable is possible. 

5. Student experience

American universities typically have vibrant campus communities with a wide range of extracurricular activities, clubs and organisations. As a student, you will have the opportunity to engage in various social, cultural and recreational activities alongside your academic studies.

6. Student Support

American universities typically provide comprehensive support services to assist you on your PhD journey. These services may include academic advising, counselling, career services, libraries, writing centres and various student organisations aimed at fostering your personal and professional development.

7. Land of opportunity

It's fair to say that student life in the USA offers something for everyone, regardless of what you're looking for from a PhD. With 50 states, six time zones, and thousands of higher-education providers, there's an opportunity waiting for every individual across the globe.

So let’s take a look at some of the key factors to consider when studying for a PhD in the USA.

Studying a PhD in the USA: top tips

Who is eligible for a phd in the usa.

To be eligible for PhD in the USA, generally students should have completed a graduate degree with a minimum GPA of 3.0, provide proof of English language proficiency, GRE scores and other supporting documents.  The eligibility criteria for a PhD in the USA can vary depending on the specific university and program. 

Can I get a PhD without a masters degree?

Yes, you can pursue a PhD without having a masters. Universities in the USA do not require a masters for you to apply. Because of the graduate programs in the US, you will receive your masters degree once you have completed your coursework stage. This practice combines the masters and PhD into one.

The eligibility criteria and requirements for direct entry PhD programs vary among institutions and fields of study, so it is advisable to check the entry requirements of the specific university or course you are interested in.

How to apply for a PhD in the USA

When applying for your chosen subject in the USA, you should expect to provide relevant information and statements to the university. This will include:

Completed application form – provided by your preferred university.

A personal statement – on why you want to study the subject, your research interests and career goals. Be sure to include any extracurricular activities and achievements within the body of your statement.

References – universities will expect that your referees will recommend you for the chosen course.

Test scores and grades – you will generally need to submit scores from standardised tests like the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). 

English Language Proficiency – international applicants whose native language is not English usually need to provide proof of English language proficiency through tests like the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) or the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). It varies from institution to institution, but international students in the USA are required to have a TOEFL score of about 90.

Samples of work – it is recommended that you provide some work you have done that is relevant to your chosen subject. You may even be asked to complete a small task during the application process.

The application fee. 

Method of study

Compared to the UK and Europe , studying a PhD in the USA involves several key differences. Students in the USA are usually in direct contact with their professor, compared with those in the UK where students might find that their PhD program is headed by a professor who gives them a little less flexibility to change their research and study areas. There can be several cultural differences between UK, Europe, and USA university lifestyles. US students are expected to undertake a great deal of teaching and marking, as opposed to PhD students in Europe. 

As a result, you may have less free time outside of the university when pursuing a PhD in the USA.

Application for PhD In USA

When applying for your chosen subject, you should expect to provide relevant information and statements to the university. This might include:

A personal statement on why you want to study the subject. Be sure to include any extra-curricular activities and achievements within the body of your statement.

References. Universities will expect that your referees will recommend you for the chosen course.

Test scores and grades. It is important that you provide a list of your awarded grades from previous courses you have studied.

Samples of work. It is recommended that you provide some work you have done that is relevant to your chosen subject. You may even be asked to complete a small task during the application process.

UK and Europe students decide on their PhD thesis subject area before they apply . While taking classes at a graduate level, prospective PhD students in the USA spend up to a year or two deciding on their specific research subject. It is normal to apply for up to six institutions for a PhD in the USA, and students apply to each institution separately as there is no central organisation. 

Students in the UK and Europe are expected to apply with an understanding of the subject already, usually in the form of a masters degree, and be ready to start studying at the PhD level straight away. In the USA it is expected that students do not have an in-depth understanding of their subject as they usually only have an undergraduate degree when they apply. 

When should I start applying for a PhD in the USA?

Deadlines for applications to PhD programs in the USA tend to be between December and February, and institutions should let you know about your application by April. Most US institutions recommend that you apply as far in advance as you possibly can to give them, and you, plenty of time to make arrangements. 

Universities in the USA do not require a masters for you to apply as well. Because of the graduate programs in the US, you will receive your masters degree once you have completed your coursework stage. This practice combines the masters and PhD into one.

It varies from institution to institution, but international students in the USA are required to have a TOEFL score of about 90.

Funding your PhD in USA

PhD students are very likely to receive financial support in the form of PhD scholarships ; some USA PhD students also receive PhD studentships .

Making your PhD application in plenty of time allows you more time to apply for and arrange your PhD funding. Many students find that funding can cover much, or all, of the cost of their PhD studies in the USA, which ranges between $28,000 and $40,000. Deadlines for funding applications can be as early as December before starting your studies in the Autumn/Fall. 

There are two types of PhD funding: fully funded, which pays for the student's graduate school tuition fees, accommodation, and living expenses, or partially funded, which pays for the student's tuition only partially or fully.

Can a PhD be fully funded?

Yes, many top universities in the USA offer fully funded PhD programs for eligible students. This funding pays for the student's graduate school tuition fees, accommodation and living expenses. Partially funded PhDs only cover the student's tuition in part or in full.

Some PhD students will receive a stipend from their institution with an assistantship position, but this varies between institutions and between departments within institutions. Other students can find funding from both their own and the American government, and there are plenty of American government schemes like The Fulbright Program that offer funds.

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How long does it take to study a PhD in the USA?

For part-time students in the USA, a PhD can take eight to ten years, but it usually takes five to six years for full-time students. PhDs can be completed in four to five years rather than five or six for students with a masters degree in an appropriate subject.

Top 10 ranked American universities

Based on 2023 worldwide rankings, the following table shows which US universities rank the highest.

Our PhD bursary winner & funding opportunity

Mohammad Abdollahi is a 35-year-old Iranian student studying a PhD in Operational Research at the University of Essex. He was delighted when he found out he’d been awarded a Postgrad Solutions Study Bursary worth £500. As an international student coming to the UK with his wife and two children, it has proved to be an invaluable funding resource as he explains. “It was good news and exciting – I was overwhelmed with joy!”

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Application requirements for all doctoral programs (phd).

All of our doctoral programs are designed to develop outstanding educational researchers who have a deep understanding of the scientific, practical and policy issues they study. All require full-time study, and we promise five years of full-time financial support for every student we admit. Our doctoral programs are small, typically ranging from about 25 to 35 new students a year. The small size of our doctoral cohorts creates big educational advantages for students: the classes are almost always small, students receive individualized attention from their advisors, and they have many opportunities to develop close collegial relationships with fellow students.

It is extremely important to demonstrate in your statement of purpose that your interests converge closely with the current research of faculty who work in the program to which you are applying. Other doctoral applicants will certainly do this, and if you don't, you will forfeit an important competitive advantage to them. 

If you wish to contact faculty, please read our Which Degree Which Program article, by Professor Eamonn Callan, which outlines the appropriate process for contacting faculty with whom you share research interests. 

• Program website:  Degrees and Programs/PhD
• Length of Program:  5 years (average length)
• Tuition: fellowship/assistantship salary and tuition guaranteed for first five years of the program (autumn, winter and spring quarters) for all students, including international students. Funding includes two summers.

Application Requirements:

Application form.

Complete and submit Stanford's graduate online application .

Application Fee

The application fee is $125 , is non-refundable, and must be received by the application deadline.

Application Fee Waivers

Stanford offers three types of application fee waivers for which GSE applicants may apply and be considered:

• GRE Fee Reduction Certificate-Based Waiver
• Diversity Program Participation-Based Waiver
• School-Based Waiver

Please visit the Stanford Graduate Diversity website for instructions, deadlines, and the fee waiver application form.

Statement of Purpose

A Statement of Purpose is required. Your statement should be typed, single-spaced and should be between one to two pages . Describe succinctly your reasons for applying to the proposed program, your preparation for this field of study, and why our program is a good fit for you, your future career plans, and other aspects of your background as well as interests which may aid the admissions committee in evaluating your aptitude and motivation for graduate study. You may indicate potential faculty mentors as part of your study and research interests. Be sure to keep a copy for your records. What's a Good Statement of Purpose?

A resume or CV  is required of all applicants, depending on which document is most appropriate for your background. There is no page limit for resumes or CVs, though we typically see resumes of one page in length. Please upload your resume or CV in the online application.

Three (3) Letters of Recommendation

Applicants are required to submit three letters of recommendation . In the online application, you will be asked to identify your recommenders and their email addresses. Please notify your recommenders that they will receive an email prompt to submit their recommendation online. You can submit your request for letters of recommendation through the system without submitting the entire online application.  Stanford GSE only accepts online recommendations through the application system ; Stanford GSE cannot accept mailed, emailed or faxed recommendations.

Recommendations should be written by people who have supervised you in an academic, employment, or community service setting. We very strongly recommend that at least one of these letters be from a university professor familiar with your academic work. Your recommendations should directly address your suitability for admission to a graduate program at Stanford GSE.

It is the applicant's responsibility to ensure that all three letters of recommendation are submitted through the system by the application deadline , so please work closely with your recommenders to remind them of the deadline.

College and University Transcripts

Transcripts are required from every college and university you have attended for at least one academic year as a full-time student. When submitting your online application, transcripts should be uploaded to the application as a scanned copy or PDF ; this is sufficient for the application review process. Please refrain from sending a secured PDF/transcript with a digital signature as our system cannot upload these properly. The best way to ensure we receive an upload-able document is for you to print out the secured transcript, scan it, and upload the scanned copy (not to exceed 10MB) as a PDF. 

If you earned a degree at the institution from which you are submitting a transcript, please ensure that the degree conferral date and the degree conferred is clearly visible on the document. If you are currently enrolled in a degree program and will not have earned the respective degree by the time of submitting your GSE application, you should submit your most recent in-progress transcript from your institution.

Only if admitted will we contact you with instructions on sending two copies of your official transcripts to our office. We cannot accept mailed, emailed or faxed copies of your transcripts during the application process. Please note: the instructions for sending transcripts on the online application and on the general Stanford Graduate Admissions Office website differ from this Stanford GSE requirement.

Concerning course work completed in a study abroad program

If the coursework and grades are reflected on the transcript of your home institution, you do not need to submit original transcripts from the study abroad institution.

Concerning foreign institutions

If your institution provides a transcript in a language other than English, we require that you submit a translation of the transcript that is either provided by the institution or a certified translator. Translations must be literal and complete versions of the original records.

If your transcript does not include your degree conferral date and the degree conferred , please submit a scanned copy of your diploma, a conferral statement, or a conferral document in addition to your transcript . If you are currently enrolled in a degree program and will not have earned the respective degree by the time of submitting your GSE application, you should submit your most recent in-progress transcript from your institution.

Stanford University requires the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) from all applicants whose native language is not English. The GSE requires a minimum TOEFL score of 250 for the computer-based test, 600 for the paper-based test or 100 for the internet-based test in order to be considered for admission. The Test of Written English (TWE) portion of the TOEFL is not required. Applicants who have completed a four-year bachelor's degree or a two-year master's program (or its equivalent) in the U.S. or at an institution where English is the main language of instruction are not required to take the TOEFL. For more information on TOEFL requirements, please refer to the Required Exams  page on the main Stanford Graduate Admissions website. You may register for the TOEFL test directly at the ETS website .

TOEFL Dates and Deadlines

PhD applicants who are required to take the TOEFL should plan to take the internet-based TOEFL test and have official TOEFL scores sent electronically to Stanford at institution code 4704 (department code does not matter) no later than November 1 . This will give your official TOEFL scores time to be sent from ETS and be received by our system in time for the December 1 deadline. PhD applicants to Knight-Hennessy Scholars should plan to take the internet-based TOEFL test no later than October 16 so your scores can be received by our system in time for the November 16 KHS GSE deadline. Please note that the TOEFL may be taken no earlier than 18 months prior to the application deadline.

Does Stanford accept tests other than TOEFL?

No. We accept only TOEFL scores; we do not accept IELTS or other test scores.

Contact Information

Admissions:  [email protected]  

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How Long Does It Take to Get a Ph.D. Degree?

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Earning a Ph.D. from a U.S. grad school typically requires nearly six years, federal statistics show.

(CAIAIMAGE/TOM MERTON/GETTY IMAGES)

A Ph.D. is most appropriate for someone who is a “lifelong learner.” 

Students who have excelled within a specific academic discipline and who have a strong interest in that field may choose to pursue a Ph.D. degree. However, Ph.D. degree-holders urge prospective students to think carefully about whether they truly want or need a doctoral degree, since Ph.D. programs last for multiple years.

According to the Survey of Earned Doctorates, a census of recent research doctorate recipients who earned their degree from U.S. institutions, the median amount of time it took individuals who received their doctorates in 2017 to complete their program was 5.8 years. However, there are many types of programs that typically take longer than six years to complete, such as humanities and arts doctorates, where the median time for individuals to earn their degree was 7.1 years, according to the survey.

Some Ph.D. candidates begin doctoral programs after they have already obtained master’s degrees, which means the time spent in grad school is a combination of the time spent pursuing a master’s and the years invested in a doctorate. In order to receive a Ph.D. degree, a student must produce and successfully defend an original academic dissertation, which must be approved by a dissertation committtee. Writing and defending a dissertation is so difficult that many Ph.D. students drop out of their Ph.D. programs having done most of the work necessary for degree without completing the dissertation component. These Ph.D. program dropouts often use the phrase “ all but dissertation ” or the abbreviation “ABD” on their resumes.

According to a comprehensive study of  Ph.D. completion rates  published by The Council of Graduate Schools in 2008, only 56.6% of people who begin Ph.D. programs earn Ph.D. degrees.

Ian Curtis, a founding partner with H&C Education, an educational and admissions consulting firm, who is pursuing a Ph.D. degree in French at Yale University , says there are several steps involved in the process of obtaining a Ph.D. Students typically need to fulfill course requirements and pass comprehensive exams, Curtis warns. “Once these obligations have been completed, how long it takes you to write your dissertation depends on who you are, how you work, what field you’re in and what other responsibilities you have in life,” he wrote in an email. Though some Ph.D. students can write a dissertation in a single year, that is rare, and the dissertation writing process may last for several years, Curtis says.

[ READ: What Is a Doctorate or a Doctoral Degree?  ]

Curtis adds that the level of support a Ph.D. student receives from an academic advisor or faculty mentor can be a key factor in determining the length of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. program. “Before you decide to enroll at a specific program, you’ll want to meet your future advisor,” Curtis advises. “Also, reach out to his or her current and former students to get a sense of what he or she is like to work with.”

Curtis also notes that if there is a gap between the amount of time it takes to complete a Ph.D. and the amount of time a student’s funding lasts, this can slow down the Ph.D. completion process. “Keep in mind that if you run out of funding at some point during your doctorate, you will need to find paid work, and this will leave you even less time to focus on writing your dissertation,” he says. “If one of the programs you’re looking at has a record of significantly longer – or shorter – times to competition, this is good information to take into consideration.”

Pierre Huguet, the CEO and co-founder of H&C Education, says prospective Ph.D. students should be aware that a Ph.D. is designed to prepare a person for a career as a scholar. “Most of the jobs available to Ph.D. students upon graduation are academic in nature and directly related to their fields of study: professor, researcher, etc.,” Huguet wrote in an email. “The truth is that more specialization can mean fewer job opportunities. Before starting a Ph.D., students should be sure that they want to pursue a career in academia, or in research. If not, they should make time during the Ph.D. to show recruiters that they’ve traveled beyond their labs and libraries to gain some professional hands-on experience.”

Jack Appleman, a business writing instructor, published author and Ph.D. candidate focusing on organizational communication with the  University at Albany—SUNY , says Ph.D. programs require a level of commitment and focus that goes beyond what is necessary for a typical corporate job. A program with flexible course requirements that allow a student to customize his or her curriculum based on academic interests and personal obligations is ideal, he says.

[ READ: Ph.D. Programs Get a Lot More Practical.  ]

Joan Kee, a professor at the University of Michigan  with the university’s history of art department, says that the length of time required for a Ph.D. varies widely depending on what subject the Ph.D. focuses on. “Ph.D. program length is very discipline and even field-specific; for example, you can and are expected to finish a Ph.D, in economics in under five years, but that would be impossible in art history (or most of the humanities),” she wrote in an email.

Jean Marie Carey, who earned her Ph.D. degree in art history and German from the  University of Otago  in New Zealand, encourages prospective Ph.D. students to check whether their potential Ph.D. program has published a timeline of how long it takes a Ph.D. student to complete their program. She says it is also prudent to speak with Ph.D. graduates of the school and ask about their experience.

Bennett urges prospective Ph.D. students to visit the campuses of their target graduate programs since a Ph.D. program takes so much time that it is important to find a school that feels comfortable. She adds that aspiring Ph.D. students who prefer a collaborative learning environment should be wary of graduate programs that have a cut-throat and competitive atmosphere, since such students may not thrive in that type of setting.

[ READ: 4 Fields Where Doctorates Lead to Jobs.  ]

Alumni of Ph.D. programs note that the process of obtaining a Ph.D. is arduous, regardless of the type of Ph.D. program. “A Ph.D. is a long commitment of your time, energy and financial resources, so it’ll be easier on you if you are passionate about research,” says Grace Lee, who has a Ph.D. in neuroscience and is the founder and CEO of Mastery Insights, an education and career coaching company, and the host of the Career Revisionist podcast.

“A Ph.D. isn’t about rehashing years of knowledge that is already out there, but rather it is about your ability to generate new knowledge. Your intellectual masterpiece (which is your dissertation) takes a lot of time, intellectual creativity and innovation to put together, so you have to be truly passionate about that,” Lee says.

Erin Skelly, a graduate admissions counselor at the IvyWise admissions consulting firm, says when a Ph.D. students struggles to complete his or her Ph.D. degree, it may have more to do with the student’s academic interests or personal circumstances than his or her program.

“The time to complete a Ph.D. can depend on a number of variables, but the specific discipline or school would only account for a year or two’s difference,” she wrote in an email. “When a student takes significantly longer to complete a Ph.D. (degree), it’s usually related to the student’s coursework and research – they need to take additional coursework to complete their comprehensive exams; they change the focus of their program or dissertation, requiring extra coursework or research; or their research doesn’t yield the results they hoped for, and they need to generate a new theory and conduct more research.”

Skelly warns that the average completion time of a Ph.D. program may be misleading in some cases, if the average is skewed based on one or two outliers. She suggests that instead of focusing on the duration of a particular Ph.D. program, prospective students should investigate the program’s attritition and graduation rates.

“It is worthwhile to look at the program requirements and the school’s proposed timeline for completion, and meet current students to get their input on how realistic these expectations for completion are,” Skelly says. “That can give you an honest idea of how long it will really take to complete the program.”

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5 routes to getting a Doctorate

While most of those studying for a PhD take the PhD by thesis pathway, there are five viable routes to achieving a Doctorate degree

PhD by thesis

This is the most common means of getting a Doctorate degree. Over the three or four years of research at university, your PhD supervisor will support you as you aim to produce a thesis based on your research proposal .

A thesis is typically 60,000-90,000 words in length - although this can vary between institutions. For instance, the University of Glasgow's College of Social Sciences expects a thesis to be 70,000-100,000 words including references, bibliography and appendices, while the University of Cambridge has set an upper limit of 80,000 words.

Once completed, you'll need to defend your PhD thesis in front of a panel of examiners during your viva voce .

PhD by publication

This route involves submitting previously published work - such as books, book chapters and journal articles, which together form a coherent body of work and show evidence of an original contribution to a particular field of study.

It's often taken by mid-career academics that haven't had the opportunity to undertake a standard Doctorate degree.

Generally, a minimum of five to eight published pieces are required, but this varies between institutions and depends on their length. The published work will be assessed to the same rigorous standards as a traditional PhD by thesis.

You must also provide a written supporting statement, which can range from 5,000 to 20,000 words, and present your work to an academic committee. A supervisor will assist you with selecting which publications to submit and with the supporting statement.

Some universities accept only their own graduates for a PhD by publication, while others restrict this route to their academic staff. In general, you should have graduated from your first degree at least seven years ago to be eligible.

For example, The University of Manchester has published its own Guidance for the PhD By Published Work , with eligibility only extending to current members of staff.

Professional Doctorate

Geared primarily towards current professionals in vocational sectors such as healthcare , teaching and education , and engineering and manufacturing , this type of Doctorate degree includes a significant taught component and a smaller research project.

Professional Doctorates are often taken on a part-time basis and can last between two and eight years. Like their standard PhD counterparts, they usually begin in October or January.

While you won't typically be looking to get an academic job , your research is expected to contribute to theory as well as professional practice. Projects often revolve around a real-life issue that affects your employer.

Several professional Doctorates, such as the Doctorate in Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy), are accredited by a professional body - for instance, the Health & Care Professions Council (HCPC) and The British Psychological Society (BPS) - and may also lead to a professional qualification .

Common titles for graduates of professional Doctorate degrees include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (EdD)
• Doctor of Engineering (EngD)
• Doctor of Medicine (MD).

Unlike many professional Doctorates, the EngD is typically offered as a full-time course and is aimed at young engineering graduates with little or no professional experience.

Explore what's currently available at Find a Professional Doctorate .

Integrated PhD

This four-year qualification, also known as the New Route PhD, involves studying a one-year research Masters degree (MRes) before progressing onto a three-year PhD.

Offered by a select number of universities across the UK, integrated PhDs are supported by the government and the British Council through UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) . Visit Research Council funding for further information on research and funding for different types of PhD.

The integrated PhD involves a combination of taught materials, practical experience and advanced research. This allows you to learn subject-specific methodologies, while building the transferable skills that will enable you to become a leader in your chosen profession.

Institutions can also develop personalised integrated PhD programmes to meet each student's needs. For example, universities may offer you the opportunity to gain a postgraduate certificate (PGCert) in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education - perfect if you're considering a career as a higher education lecturer .

As PhDs are based primarily on independent research rather than time spent in lectures and seminars, distance learning has always been a viable route for many Doctoral students.

PhDs by distance learning offered by course providers such as The Open University are therefore a good option to consider if you've got family or work commitments or are an international student - as this gives you the chance to undertake Doctoral research without having to live close to your chosen institution. It's also a suitable mode of study if your subject requires you to be based in a specific location away from the university.

For the most part, you'll be in touch with your supervisor by phone, email or Skype/Zoom. You'll need to bear in mind that even if you opt for this form of research, you'll generally still need to attend university for one or two weeks of each academic year for meetings and to receive research skills training. Your final examination may be undertaken either face-to-face or virtually.

With online PhDs, you can usually register as a full or part-time student. The level of fees you pay varies between institutions - some charge the same as for a standard PhD while others offer a reduced rate.

Check that any funding you plan to apply for is available to distance learning students, as this isn't always the case.

Search for distance learning PhDs .

Find out more

• Explore what is a PhD?
• Sort out funding for postgraduate study .
• Consider what to do after completing your PhD .

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PhD vs Master’s: What You Need to Know

Updated on 15 march, 2024.

Kanika Pruthi

Sr. content writer & study abroad expert.

The PhD vs Masters   question bugs many young aspirants with bachelor’s degrees. Now that you have an undergraduate qualification, which is the best option out of the two? It may get confusing, since some PhD programs accept students with bachelor’s degrees. Alternatively, many students first complete master’s courses before applying for PhDs.

Table of Contents

• PhD vs Master’s Courses- Highlights

PhD vs Master’s - Content and Coursework

• PhD vs Masters - Cost

PhD vs Masters - Application Process

Phd vs masters - eligibility criteria, phd vs masters - career prospects.

Here is a guide to the core differences and how they align with your career/academic objectives. 

PhD vs Master’s Courses- Highlights 

Here are some key-highlights worth mentioning with regard to the differences between PhD and master’s programs. 

Here are some core differences between master’s and PhD programs in this category. 

Master’s Programs- 

• Some types of degrees include MA, MFA, MSc, MRes, MM, MBA, MPA, MPH, MSW, MArch, MEng, and MEd.
• These degrees offer qualifications that certify expertise and knowledge at a higher level in any chosen discipline. 
• Every master’s program has its own courses required for graduation. 
• Master’s programs also have elective courses that students may choose as per their interests. 
• These courses may require a thesis if they are research-based. At the end of such courses, students have to undertake research on any specific topic and write a thesis that showcases their findings. 
• Examinations are required for graduating. 

PhD Programs- 

• Doctoral or PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degrees are offered. 
• These are research degrees, where students undertake research work on any aspect and then transform the same into a dissertation or thesis at the conclusion of the course. 
• This has to be presented to an expert panel where students may defend their findings and answer questions. 
• PhD programs involve coursework required by the university. 
• Outside coursework, students have to do research independently after choosing a topic with their advisors. 
• Doctorate programs usually include examinations for testing the knowledge of students. 
• A dissertation has to be written about the findings of research projects and presented to a committee. 

PhD vs Masters - Cost 

Master’s program costs may vary across universities, depending on the location and subject. However, they are more affordable than PhD programs which require more time to complete and require a mix of both coursework and independent research. However, some PhD programs may offer stipends for researchers which may help cover tuition costs and living expenditure. On average, master’s courses may require anywhere around $20,000-45,000 per year. PhD programs, on the other hand, may require anywhere between $28,000-55,000 per year. 

The application process varies for master’s programs. You have to apply mostly on the official websites of universities by filling up the requisite forms and submitting documents like your educational transcripts, recommendations and references (if required), proof of funds, English language proficiency (if required), and so on. For PhD programs, you have to apply online at the websites of universities after selecting your area of research and contacting potential supervisors. You should also submit your application after checking the funding options that are available. 

The eligibility criteria for both master’s and PhD programs vary across universities. However, here are some of the general criteria for both. 

Master’s Courses: 

• Bachelor’s degree or international equivalent. 
• English language proficiency 
• GRE/GMAT scores if required 

PhD Courses: 

• Statement of Purpose
• Letters of Recommendation 
• College and University Transcripts

Here’s taking a closer look at the career prospects offered by both these courses. 

Here are some jobs after PhD degrees with their average annual salaries according to Payscale. 

Here are some jobs after master’s degrees with their average annual salaries according to Payscale. 

As you can see, there are several intrinsic differences between master’s programs and PhD courses. You should evaluate the pros and cons of both these degrees for your chosen career pathway and then finalize your decision. 

Explore More:

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Is it better to have a master’s degree or PhD?

PhD qualifications are the highest in any particular field. It may have a higher impact than a master’s course, which of course, has more impact in comparison to bachelor’s degrees. In some cases, master’s degrees are enough to build careers in various job-oriented roles, while PhD qualifications are a must for academics, research, and teaching in many cases. 

Is a master’s course harder than a PhD?

The difficulty levels may vary, depending on the subject chosen for a master’s course and the topic of research for a PhD program. In many cases, PhDs may seem harder due to the longer time and extensive research work required. 

Can I do a PhD without a master’s degree?

While most students apply for PhD programs after completing their master’s degrees, there are some PhDs which admit those with undergraduate degrees. It all depends on your chosen academic or professional pathway, understanding of the discipline, knowledge, experience, and various other factors.

Kanika has 5+ years of experience as a writer and content developer. She has written for a wide range of industry verticals, including hospitality, restaurants, non-profits, finance, IT, HR, technology, payroll, and education. She has worked as a creator for a few leading companies and has also helped brands grow through her creative writing.

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School vs College vs University in UK: What's the Difference

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Hiring: Office of Graduate Career Development Masters-Level Graduate Assistantship 2024-2025

Master's Students

The Office of Graduate Career Development is housed in the MSU Graduate School and affiliated with the Career Services Network . Career Services aims to support graduate and professional students before, during, and after their job search process, with a focus on facilitating their exposure to expanded careers in industry, non-profits, government, entrepreneurship, academic administration, and more. Alongside the MSU Career Services Network, the office focuses on fostering connections between current graduate and professional students and alumni and employers, offering programs and resources to support professional readiness, and broadening MSU students’ awareness of the value and versatility of their graduate or professional degree in the marketplace. See the Graduate Career Services website for more information: https://grad.msu.edu/phdcareers .

Appointment

The graduate assistantship (GA) will be a half-time position (20 hours/week) for the 2023-24 academic year. Start date August 15, 2024 and conclude May 15, 2025. Level and stipend based on previous experience and determined by MSU stipend range, found here .

Job summary

The Office of Graduate Career Development is hiring a masters-level GA for the 2024-25 academic year to support career development of graduate and professional students through offering one-on-one advising appointments, leading workshops, curating online resources, helping with evaluation and needs assessments, and other duties as assigned. The GA will develop a deep understanding of graduate career paths, share that knowledge with broad audiences, and support graduate students in pursuing their career goals. In addition, the GA will manage communication for relevant events and resources via social media, newsletters, and other communication strategies. Training in career advising and presenting workshops will be provided, though relevant previous experience is valued.

Position Responsibilities

• Develop a deep understanding of the variety of career pathways available to graduate students and communicating the value of a graduate degree
• Advise graduate and professional students on job search fundamentals, including writing application materials (e.g., resumes/CVs, cover letters, diversity/teaching/research statements), networking (e.g., attending job fairs, contacting employers online), and interviewing
• Assist in planning and delivering workshops and other career-related events
• Co-manage office social media accounts, newsletters, and other communication mediums as directed
• Provide general administrative support for the office
• Work closely with other programs, Graduate School staff, and Career Services staff to collaborate, build programs, and enhance capacity for work in these areas

Required qualifications

• Demonstrated interest in graduate/professional student career and professional development
• Currently a student in good standing and enrolled in a master’s degree program at MSU
• Ability to communicate and collaborate with people from diverse backgrounds within and outside academia (in person, over email, and over the phone)
• Understanding of issues of diversity, inclusion, and equity in higher education (including at MSU)
• Strong writing skills; an ability to draft email correspondence, newsletter and social media text as needed, and other communications for audiences of graduate and/or professional students and community partners
• Public speaking and presentation skills
• Available up to 20 hours a week for advising graduate and/or professional students in one-on-one consultations (both in-person and virtual). This position will primarily be in-person, though some virtual work is involved. Candidates must have access to technology that allows them to work remotely as needed.

Preferred qualifications

• Awareness of best practices in the job search process, including application writing (e.g., creation and updating of resume/CV and cover letter), interviewing, and networking
• Familiarity with MSU Graduate School programs, resources, and priorities
• Working knowledge of issues in graduate and professional education, especially around professional and career development
• Appreciation of (and an ability to effectively navigate) interdisciplinary university environments
• Basic web skills and familiarity with Zoom, LinkedIn and Handshake platforms (or, in the case of limited experience on those platforms, an interest in learning more about them)
• Experience and willingness to contribute to the social media presence of the Office of Graduate Career Development
• Demonstrated ability to work both independently and as part of a team, strong communication skills, and creative problem-solving skills

Application Information

• Submit a cover letter and a resume/CV via Handshake no later than May 15, 2024. The job posting (8872269). Students can log into Handshake and find the job posting here: https://app.joinhandshake.com/edu/jobs/8872269
• Contact Dr. Julie Rojewski , Director of Graduate Career Development with questions if needed.
• Application deadline: May 15, 2024.
• Interview to follow with selected candidates.

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Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities

2024-2025 graduate theme fellows, emerging technologies.

Emerging Technologies and the Human Experience will explore technological innovation and its impacts on human flourishing and futures across time. From the printing press to the internet, electricity to quantum mechanics, steam engines to AI: What can humanistic inquiry tell us about the meanings and legacies of these and other technologies? What do emerging technologies reveal about who we are – and what and who we value (and don’t)?

The Fellows

Sarah hagaman.

Department of English

Sung Jun Han

Department of Philosophy

Emily McCabe

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Katrina Rbeiz

Program in Clinical Science

 Katrina Rbeiz is a Lebanese American student in the Clinical Science PhD program. Her research broadly focuses on addressing disparities in the measurement and diagnosis of serious mental illness (SMI). She hopes to use a multimethod approach to develop culturally valid assessments and interventions, as well as to identify risk (e.g., trauma, discrimination) and resilience (e.g., ethnic identity, social connections) factors in the progression of SMI, particularly for Middle Eastern and North African populations.

Hannah Ziegler

Department of Teaching & Learning

Hannah Ziegler is a second-year PhD student in the Department of Teaching & Learning. Her research interests involve designing equitable uses of learning technologies and disrupting onto-epistemic boundaries in STEM learning environments. She is particularly interested in expanding a conceptual framework that explores justice- and human-centered use of emerging technologies to transform nature-culture relations.

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Tiger Woods finishes Masters with his highest score as a pro and sets sights on upcoming majors

Tiger Woods waves after his final round at the Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club Sunday, April 14, 2024, in Augusta, Ga. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)

Tiger Woods walks to the green on the fifth hole during final round at the Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club Sunday, April 14, 2024, in Augusta, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)

Tiger Woods walks to the tee on the fourth hole during final round at the Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club Sunday, April 14, 2024, in Augusta, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)

Tiger Woods hits his tee shot on the fourth hole during final round at the Masters golf tournament at Augusta National Golf Club Sunday, April 14, 2024, in Augusta, Ga. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)

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Follow the AP’s live coverage of the 2024 Masters tournament.

AUGUSTA, Ga. (AP) — Tiger Woods finished the Masters on Sunday with a record he could do without, walking off the course with a 16-over 304, his highest 72-hole score in a career that spans three decades.

Woods’ previous high was 302 at the Memorial in 2015. He has only failed to break 300 one other time at the Masters two years ago when he shot 78-78 on the weekend and finished at 301.

Despite the score, Woods called it a “good week” and said he’s going to begin preparing for the other three majors including the PGA Championship in May, the U.S. Open in June and the British Open in July.

“This is a golf course I knew going into it, so I’m going to do my homework going forward at Pinehurst, Valhalla and Troon,” Woods said. “But that’s kind of the game plan.”

Overall, he wasn’t unhappy with how he played.

“Coming in here, not having played a full tournament in a very long time, it was a good fight on Thursday and Friday,” Woods said. “Unfortunately (Saturday) didn’t quite turn out the way I wanted it to.”

It hardly mattered to the crowd.

The 48-year-old Woods, who is still dealing with the effects of numerous surgeries that have impacted his body and limited his playing time on the PGA Tour, received a huge roar from the crowd as he pitched close to the hole on No. 18 and made par.

Wearing his traditional Sunday red, Woods tipped his hat the crowd.

Woods has played only 24 holes in one tournament going into the Masters

“I’m just going to keep lifting, keep the motor going, keep the body moving, keep getting stronger, keep progressing,” Woods said. “Hopefully the practice sessions will keep getting longer.”

Woods was in last place among the 60 players who made the cut when he finished. The previous time he finished in last place was in the 2020 Genesis Invitational at Riviera.

Still, the patrons flocked to see the man who took golf’s popularity to new heights, even if he isn’t been the dominant player he once was at Augusta National.

Woods hasn’t really been competitive here since 2020 when he finished tied for 38th one year after his stunning fifth victory at age 43.

He finished 13 over two years ago, then was forced to withdraw in 2023 in the third round due to injuries that weren’t helped by the cold, rainy weather that had taken an obvious physical toll on his body.

For a short time this week Woods showed glimpses of past greatness, relying mostly on his knowledge of the course.

He played the first two rounds in 1 over to make the cut for a record 24th time. But the final two rounds were a struggle for Woods, who posted his worst round of his career at a major with an 82 on Saturday.

“It’s always nice coming back here because I know the golf course, I know how to play it,” Woods said. “I can kind of simulate shots. Granted, it’s never quite the same as getting out here and doing it.”

He played the final 36 holes in 15 over, shooting 77 on Sunday in his 100th career round at the Masters.

Before the round Woods appeared to receive some swing tips from his 15-year-old son Charlie on the practice range.

Things started off well enough, but that didn’t last long.

After playing the first two holes in 1 under, Woods made a bogey on No. 3 before things started to unravel on the par-4 fifth hole when he took an unplayable lie and had to be driven back to the tee box in a golf cart to hit again. He wound up with a triple-bogey 7.

He added another bogey on the 6th.

He nearly chipped in from the sand on No. 16, giving fans a thrill and bringing back fond memories of his iconic chip in in 2005 en route to the fourth of his five championships at Augusta.

Woods said the toughest part of the week for him was battling the wind, which reached 45 mph at times with gusts.

“What it was doing out here to the golf shots and the balls and putting, how difficult the course was playing,” Woods said. “It doesn’t take much to get out of position here. Unfortunately, I got out of position a lot (Saturday) and a couple times today.”

The once-dominant Woods played with Neal Shipley, the only amateur to make the cut at the Masters.

It was a stark reminder of just how long Woods has been around.

Woods’ streak of cuts made at the Masters began in 1997, before the 23-year-old Shipley was born.

Even with Woods being out of contention he still attracting the usual huge throng of fans eager just to get a glimpse of the player that became the face of the sport. Fans applaud after every Woods’ shot — good or bad — and continue to shout encouragement his way.

AP golf: https://apnews.com/hub/golf

• International

Trump hush money trial

Israel-Hamas war

Day 1 of Trump New York hush money trial

By Kara Scannell , Jeremy Herb , Maureen Chowdhury , Kaanita Iyer , Aditi Sangal and Elise Hammond , CNN

Fact Check: Trump falsely claims judge won't let him attend son’s high school graduation next month

From CNN’s Marshall Cohen

After leaving court on Monday, former President Donald Trump repeatedly suggested that Judge Juan Merchan would prevent him from attending his son’s high school graduation in May. 

“It looks like the judge will not let me go to the graduation of my son,” Trump said, before lamenting “that I can’t go to my son’s graduation.” 

Trump’s son Eric Trump ratcheted up the rhetoric by tweeting, “Judge Merchan is truly heartless in not letting a father attend his son’s graduation.”

Facts First:  The judge hasn’t ruled yet on Trump’s request to be excused from court so he can attend Barron Trump’s high school graduation.

Criminal defendants like Donald Trump are typically required to attend their case proceedings in person. Trump’s lawyers asked Merchan on Monday about whether their client could be excused for some events, including the graduation and the upcoming arguments in front of the US Supreme Court in one of Trump’s other criminal cases.

While Merchan didn’t let Trump attend next week's Supreme Court hearing – because Trump has to be in New York for the trial — he said it was too early to rule on the graduation.

Trump appeared to fall asleep during some moments of trial, New York Times' Maggie Haberman says

Former President Donald Trump appeared to fall asleep during the first day of the hush money trial , according to a New York Times reporter who was at the courthouse.

In one moment, his jaw kept falling onto his chest and he didn’t appear to pay attention to a note his lawyer passed him, New York Times senior political correspondent Maggie Haberman said.

“He appeared to be asleep. Repeatedly his head would fall down,” she told CNN.

The moment happened before jury selection began on Monday afternoon. According to the pool reporters inside the courtroom, Trump was leaning back in his chair with his arms folded and his eyes appeared to be closed for several minutes at a time.

Trump's team asked whether he could attend SCOTUS arguments next week. The judge said see you "here next week"

Judge Juan Merchan told Donald Trump's team he will see them next week when asked about the possibility of changing the schedule so the former president could attend Supreme Court arguments April 25.

Trump attorney Todd Blanche noted the former president "very much" wants to attend the arguments over whether  the former president may claim immunity  in special counsel Jack Smith’s election subversion case.

Prosecutor Josh Steinglass said there's no obligation that the defendant has to be present at the Supreme Court arguments, opposing the request.

"Your client is a criminal defendant," Merchan told Blanche. "He's required to be here" and not at the Supreme Court.

Merchan said he will see him "here next week."

Trump rails against hush money case after first day of trial

Former President Donald Trump railed against the criminal case against him in New York after the first day of jury selection on Monday. He called it a “scam trial” and a “political witch-hunt” in remarks outside the courtroom.

Trump was charged last year with  34 felony counts  of falsifying business records for his alleged role in a hush-money scheme  before the 2016 election . Trump has pleaded not guilty.

On Monday, Trump complained that he would not be able to attend his son's graduation from high school because of the trial.

The judge said he will not yet rule on Trump's request to skip the trial on May 17 for him to attend his son’s high school graduation. “It really depends on if we are on time and where we are in the trial,” Judge Juan Merchan said.

The post was updated with more comments from the former president.

What happened during the first day of the historic hush money trial against Donald Trump

From CNN staff

Lawyers on both sides are working to select a panel of 12 jurors and six alternates in the hush money trial against former President Donald Trump.  

On Monday, 96 prospective jurors were brought into Judge Juan Merchan’s courtroom to be vetted. More than half were excused after saying they couldn't be fair and impartial , and at least nine others were excused after raising their hand when Merchan asked whether they could not serve for any other reason.  

Before the selection process began, Merchan made several rulings on evidence that can be included in the trial. 

How the process will work:   

• Potential jurors will complete a questionnaire created by the judge with input from the attorneys for Trump and the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office.  
• If the potential jurors make it into the jury box, they’ll read their answers out loud. The attorneys and the judge can then ask follow-up questions to further vet them for possible conflicts or biases.  
• Eighteen potential jurors were called into the jury box Monday. Merchan questioned nine people before court ended for the day. One person was dismissed after she said she had firmly held beliefs about Trump. Merchan excused another juror who said his child was getting married on June 8.  
• The judge can dismiss prospective jurors for cause. Prosecutors and Trump’s defense team will also get 10 peremptory strikes they can use to remove a juror from the pool, no questions asked.  
• The identities of the jurors will remain anonymous but will be known to the attorneys on both sides.  

Why the jury is such an important factor in this case: Choosing a jury will be no easy task when the defendant is a former president who has been at the center of US politics for nearly 10 years now and a figure in the New York tabloids going back decades. Trump’s lawyers have already argued that he can’t get a fair jury in New York County because the jury pool is biased against him. The petition to move the trial was denied. 

Here’s what else to know:  

• Trump in court: Trump stood and turned around when he was introduced as the defendant, giving the prospective jurors a tight-lipped smirk , according to pool reports. Many prospective panelists who filed into the courtroom stretched their necks and lifted their heads to get a look at Trump once in their seats. According to the pool reporters inside the courtroom, Trump was leaning back in his chair with his arms folded and his eyes appeared to be closed for several minutes at a time.
• A hearing next week: Merchan said he will hold a hearing on April 23 on the district attorney's motion to sanction Trump for his social media posts that prosecutors allege violate the gag order against him. 
• Swatting incident: A couple of dozen emails were generated indicating that bombs had been placed in the area around the Manhattan courthouse, a law enforcement source told CNN. The threats were unfounded and ruled to be a "swatting" incident, the source said. 

Judge tells jurors not to converse among themselves — or others — about the case

Judge Juan Merchan again read the jury instructions, and told potential jurors that he will will read it numerous times throughout the process.

He told the potential jurors not to converse among themselves or others anything related to the case.

First day of court ends with 9 potential jurors questioned

Judge Juan Merchan adjourned court for the day after nine potential jurors had gone through the questionnaire.

He said he wants to start at 9:30 a.m. ET sharp tomorrow morning and encouraged everyone to be on time.

Biden shakes his head when asked whether he’s watching coverage of Trump’s criminal trial

From CNN's Donald Judd

President Joe Biden shook his head when asked Monday whether he watched any coverage of former President Donald Trump’s criminal trial. 

The question came as Biden held a bilateral meeting at the White House with Czech Prime Minister Petr Fiala.

Earlier Monday, White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre declined to comment on the historic event in New York, citing the ongoing nature of the trial and Trump’s position as the presumptive GOP nominee for president. 

In contrast, Jean-Pierre said, Biden would focus instead on his responsibilities as president.

Judge scolds defense team for returning late from break

From pool reports

Before jurors were brought back into the courtroom following a short afternoon break, Judge Juan Merchan gently admonished the defense team for returning late, according to pool reports.

Merchan said court will break for the day around 4:30 p.m. ET.

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