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TERM PAPER OF OPERATING SYSTEM CSE-316 TOPIC:-COMPARISON OF MEMORY MANAGEMENT OF WINDOWS WITH LINUX

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ALI SAADOON AHMED

ALI S A A D O O N AHMED

This report briefly describes virtual storage, its structure, operation, and uses. Today's software is developed with virtual memory and its user-friendliness is strong and dynamic. The form of virtual memory is developed primarily based on a concept of demand pagination mechanism. The developed software requires a memory unit for performance concerning the application. When we prefer to run an additional method at an equal time as the work apparatus take responsibility for making sure that there is sufficient memory for each process. This report provides complete recordings about digital memory, its uses, when we want it and how it is used. All packets are stored in the eternal memory. When an application is made, it is initially loaded into the essential memory, i.e., RAM (random access memory) which is expensive, and which is why computers limited the amount of RAM. Now day Virtual memory is used in all modern functions because it helps us prolong the most important memory unless we increase the expensive measurement of RAM. We extend the basic memory using secondary memory. Virtual memory offers two benefits. First, it extends the bodily reminisce with the assist of secondary memory. Second, it offers us memory protection because each virtual plating is translated at a body address. Index Terms-Virtual memory, virtual memory implementation, memory protection, demand paging, swaps in and swap out demand page.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/hardware-realization-of-address-translation-mechanism-for-memory-management-unit https://www.ijert.org/research/hardware-realization-of-address-translation-mechanism-for-memory-management-unit-IJERTV3IS060825.pdf In today's modern world virtual memory plays a vital role in giving a hardware support to the processors. In this work the mechanism of translating virtual memory address to physical address is explored as a hardware implementation. A Segmentation Unit and a Paging Unit is designed and developed which maps logical to linear address and linear to physical address respectively. The user program deals only with the logical addresses rather than the actual physical addresses. The real logical to physical address translation is done within the MMU. In a well-designed virtual-memory system, the main memory holds only the most often used portions of a process's address space, other portions are stored on disk and retrieved as needed. This creates the illusion of a single-level store with the access time of random access main memory rather than that of a disk. This translation occurs at the granularity of pages, with support from hardware found in MMU. Hence the work done to date is a hardware realization of Segmentation Unit and Paging Unit and the actual hardware blocks needed to design and develop them.

Shridhar Dixit

This research report gives a general description of virtual memory systems. The mechanisms and policies and their effect on the operation and efficiency of virtual memory are explained. A virtual memory using a real time virtual address decoder, to decode 32 bits of virtual address for the secondary memory to obtain the primary address location is discussed. The decoder is developed with the use of associative or content-addressable memories. Replacement algorithms, used for selecting the pages of the main memory to be replaced, are described. The hardware implementation of the least recently used and least often used replacement policies using associative memories is presented.

Janusz Zalewski

Proceedings of the twentieth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing - STOC '88

Ashok Chandra

Arslan Naveed

Virtualization is an abstraction technique that allow hardware resources to run multiple operating systems as they are running on their sole hardware. It creates an illusion that trick different systems softwares as they are running on their own native hardware, like running MAC OS on Dell or HP computers. Normally, the operating system use techniques like paging or segmentation to share memory among different processes. For safe implementation in virtualized environment, hypervisors do not afford uninterrupted access to hardware assets. Hypervisor is a software or hardware that run virtual machines, like VMWare, Xen etc. There are many issues in dual control of native OS and Hypervisor on memory management and the lack of logics behind virtual machines managing memory. In this paper we will survey the different virtual machines and the best suited Operating Systems for creating the best suited virtualized environment. The goal of virtualization is to increase the physical machine utilization and save the cost. In this survey all the challenges we have in managing the memory in an abstracted environment will we discussed. Some future work and state of the art work will be debated. The memory management techniques and there comparisons will be discussed in detail. Techniques to increase memory utilization will also be discuss and compared in detail.

Mohammad Mushfequr Rahman

This paper analyzes an operating system’s memory management. The report conveys the key areas of memory management-hardware memory management, operating memory management, and application memory management. The content explains the problems relating to memory management. The conclusion includes which operating system is the best for one's computer and recommends solutions to memory management problems.

Diego Ambrosini

Persistence, in relation to computer memories, refers to the ability to retain the data in time, without the need of any power supply. Until now, persistence has been always supplied by hard disks or Flash memory drives. Regarding memories, persistence has been until now conceived as a slow service, while volatility has been thought in relation to speed, as it happens in DRAM and in SRAM. Such a dichotomy represents a bottleneck hard to bypass. The panorama of memory devices is changing: new memory technologies are being currently developed, and are expected to be ready for commercialization in the next years. These new technologies will offer features that represent a major qualitative change: these memories will be fast and persistent. This work aims to understand how these new technologies will integrate into operating systems, and to which extent they have the potential to change their current design. Therefore, in the intent to gain this understanding, I have followed these goals throughout the work: - to analyze the economical and technological causes that are triggering these qualitative changes; - to present the new technologies, along with a classification and a description of their features; - to analyze the effects that these technologies might have on models that are currently used in the design of operating systems; - to present and summarize both the opportunities and the potential issues that operating system designers will have to manage in order to use conveniently such new memory devices; - to analyze the proposals found in scientific literature to exploit these new technologies. Following the structure of the title, the first chapter is focused mainly on memory devices, whereas the second chapter will be centered on operating systems. The first chapter, initially, tries to grasp the causes of the expected technological change, beginning with economical observations. Subsequently, the chapter contains some considerations about how different but complementary aspects of the economical relation are urging the semiconductor industry to find new memory technologies, able to satisfy the increasing demand of features and performances. Afterwards, the paper shifts its focus on current technologies and their features. After a brief summary of each specific technology, a short description about the issues shared among all current charge-based technologies follows. Then, the reader finds a presentation of each of the new memory technologies, presented following the order of the ITRS taxonomy related to memory devices: firstly are presented the ones in a prototypical development stage (MRAM, Fe-RAM, PCRAM), then followed by those in an emerging development stage (Ferroelectric RAM, ReRAM, Mott Memory, Macromolecular and molecular memory). The second chapter aims, in its first part, to understand the extent to which current funding models (Von Neumann model and the memory hierarchy) are influenced by the new technologies. As far as the computational model (fetch-decode-execute) does not change, the validity of the Von Neumann model seems to hold. Conversely, as far as it concerns the memory hierarchy, the changes might be extensive: two new layers should be added near to DRAM. After these considerations, some additional observations will be made about how persistence is just a technological property, and how a specific model would be necessary to explicit how an operating system uses it. Afterwards, there will be a description of the use of non-volatile memory technologies such as Phase Change RAM inside fast SSDs. Even if this approach is quite traditional, the scientific literature explains how faster devices would require a deep restructuring of the I/O stack. Such a restructuring is required because the current I/O stack has been developed concentrating on functionality, not efficiency. Fast devices would instead require a high efficiency. This second chapter will then present the most appealing use of persistent memories: as storage class memory, either in replacement of common DRAM, either in tandem with DRAM on the same memory bus. This approach has per se a higher level of complexity, and under the umbrella of SCM there are many viable declinations of use. Firstly some preliminary observations common with all the approaches are made. Then, two easier approaches are presented (no-change and Whole System Persistence). Finally, the approaches that aim to develop a persistent-memory aware operating system will be introduced: most of them uses the file system paradigm to exploit persistence into main memory. The paper proceeds in presenting firstly some peculiarities of the current I/O path used in the Linux operating systems, remarking how caching already moved persistence into main memory; afterwards, some other considerations about consistency are made. Those observations then are used to understand the main differences between standard I/O in respect with memory operations. After a brief presentation of some incomplete approaches proposed by the author, a framework to classify the thoroughness used by the different approaches follows. The paper continues by reporting the efforts of the Linux community and then introduces each specific approach found in literature: Quill, BPFS, PRAMFS, PMFS, SCMFS. Concluding the part about file system, there will be some remarks about integration, a mean to use both file system services and memory services from the same persistent memory. Finally, persistent-memory awareness into user applications, along with a brief introduction of the two main proposals coming from two academic research groups will be presented.

Benoit Sonntag

This article is the conclusions of a study on the implementation of a new oriented object operating system. Indeed, starting from the analysis of our needs in communication for the development for our object mechanism, various problems appeared. In this study, we reveal that the poor flexibility in memory management is the reflection of the lack of segmentation usage. Nowadays, some processors offer advanced mecanisms of memory management through segmentation. Unfortunately, they are unusable some context as ANSI C programming. At first sight, the implementation of an operating system using such a mecanism would need prior rewriting of the stack in order to take account for memory allocation indexes. This article brings a simple and effective solution to allow processor segmentation. Moreover, this solution does not require any massive modification of the stack.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications (IJMRAP)

Zryan Rashid

Memory management refers to all methods used in memory to store code and data, track use, and, where possible, retrieve memory space. This means that the physical chips and a logical address space are mapped through the memory map at a low level. Application programs could be used in higher-level virtual spaces with memory management unit (MMU) to create a contiguous memory impression. This paper proposed a review on operating system function and the rule of memory management unit in providing different techniques for various process in operating system. This paper shows the experiences of a group of researchers in operating systems development in many deferent techniques.

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