how to reference a case study apa 7

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How to Cite a Case Study in APA, MLA, or Chicago

When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. For all three citation styles, you will need the name of the author(s), the title of the case study, the year it was published, the publishing organization/publisher, and URL (if applicable). The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Case Study . Edition (if applicable), volume number (if applicable), Publisher, year of publication, URL without http:// or https:// (if applicable).

Hill, Linda A., et al. HCL Technologies (A). Rev. edition, Harvard Business School, 2008, www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

In-text Citation:

(Author Last Name(s) page #)

(Hill et al. 8)

Author Last Name, Author Initial. (Publication Year). Title of Case Study (Case # if applicable). Publishing Organization. URL

Hill, L., Khanna, T., & Stecker, E. (2008). HCL Technologies (A) (Case 408-004). Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784

(Author Last Name, Publication Year)

(Hill et al., 2008)

Notes-bibliography style

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year. URL.

Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. HCL Technologies (A). Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

1. Author First Name Last Name, Title of the Case Study (Publishing City: Publishing Organization, Publication Year), URL.

1. Linda A. Hill, Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker, HCL Technologies (A) ( Boston: Harvard Business School, 2008), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

Author-date style

Author Last Name, First Name. Publication Year. Title of the Case Study . Publishing City: Publishing Organization. URL.

Hill, Linda A., Tarun Khanna, and Emily Stecker. 2008. HCL Technologies (A). Boston: Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784.

In-text citation:

(Author Last Name Publication Date)

(Holl, Khanna, and Stecker 2008)

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APA Citation Guide (APA 7th Edition): Case Studies

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Last Updated: Apr 11, 2024 3:56 PM
URL: https://library.senecapolytechnic.ca/apa

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Q. How do I cite a case study in APA Style?

2 Academic Integrity
48 Academic writing
42 APA Style
33 APA Style: Formatting
109 APA Style: In-text citations
107 APA Style: References
18 Legal citations
16 Paraphrasing
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Answered By: Theresa Bell (she/her/hers) Last Updated: Nov 04, 2021 Views: 41908

APA Style (7th ed.)

Case study with a DOI

If the case study has an assigned DOI (print or online versions), include the DOI in the reference.

Khan, S. (2019). Managing a leadership transition in an non-governmental organization [Case study]. SAGE Business Cases Originals. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526465061

In-text citation: (Khan, 2019, p. X)

Case study without a DOI retrieved from an academic research database

Peters, C., Thomas, J., Aponte, M., Connelly, R., & Judge, S. (2014). Media Arts Group and the case of channel conflict [Case study]. Society for Case Research.

In-text citation: (Peters et al., 2014, p. X)

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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This guide will assist you in understanding how to reference for your assignment. It contains examples to help you format your in-text citations and reference list.

The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author, year) are used to acknowledge the author(s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of your assignment.

Generative Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) tools

Check your assessment or course details to determine if you are permitted to use generative AI tools to complete your assessment. Further information is available on the Why Academic integrity matters web page.

When citing content produced by these tools follow the examples in the AI section of the referencing guide.

Using generative AI ethically and responsibly module

This advice updated April 14th, 2023 based on the official APA style blog .

(Author, Year)

Author (Year) stated...

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm, 2000).

Bohm and Chaudhri (2010) claim that Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (p.171).

Quick author summary

Notes on et al..

For a work with three or more authors, include the name of only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
To avoid ambiguity in citations with similar authors, include as many authors as necessary before abbreviating the remaining authors with et al.

Author, editor, translator

The term "Author" refers to the author's last name (if an individual), or the name of the organisation producing the work.
Record organisation names in full for the initial citation and include the abbreviation of the organisation (if there is one) in a bracket. Use the abbreviation for any subsequent citations, for example:

Author (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (Author, Year).

Author (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (Author, Year, p. xx).

Rational-emotive therapy developed as a cognitive, positivist therapy (Ellis, 2004).

Health institutions have a key role to play in reducing the burden of violence in society (World Health Organization [WHO], 2002).

Ellis (2004) claims that rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (p. 69).

The World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) advises “the health sector has a key role to play” (p. 1).

Reference list

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Albert Ellis becomes: Ellis, A.
Spell out in full the name of the organisation in the reference list entry followed by a full stop: Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services.

Book - print

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Book - chapter

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Journal article

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages . https://doi.org/xxxx

Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Ellis, A. (2004). Reflections on rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Mantie, R. (2013). A comparison of "popular music pedagogy" discourses. Journal of Research in Music Education, 61 (3), 334-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022429413497235

Two authors

The term "Author" refers to the author's last name.
Add authors in the order listed on the source being cited.

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year).

FirstAuthor and SecondAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor & SecondAuthor, Year, p. xx)

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000).

Australia has a "reputation for delivering industry-focused education and training" (Bohm & Chaudhri, 2000, p. 171).

The term "Author, A. A." refers to the author's last name and initials. The author Anthony Bohm becomes: Bohm, A.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

ChapterAuthor, A. A., & ChapterAuthor, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://xxxx

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages . https://doi.org/xxxx

Bohm, A., & Chaudhri, D. P. (2000). Securing Australia's future: An analysis of the international education markets in India . IDP Education Australia.

Haaga, D. A. F., & Davison, G. C. (2004). An appraisal of rational-emotive therapy. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 69-73). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2018). Beyond a doctorate of musical arts: Experiences of its impacts on professional life. British Journal of Music Education, 35 (3), 271-284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265051718000128

Three to twenty authors

For a work with three or more authors, include only the first author plus "et al." in every citation, including the first citation.

FirstAuthor et al. (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (FirstAuthor et al., Year).

FirstAuthor et al. (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx)

"Direct quote from source" (FirstAuthor et al., Year, p. xx)

Australia's higher education sector is known for providing students with training that is relevant to their future profession (Mahoney et al., 2004).

According to Mahoney et al. (2004) psychology in the 20th century was "a period of sweeping conceptual changes and methodological developments" (p. 103).

Provide last names and initials for up to and including 20 authors.
When there are 2 to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final author's name. For example Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.

Book - electronic

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

ChapterAuthor, A. A., ChapterAuthor, B. B., & ChapterAuthor, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., & Author, F. F. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages . https://doi.org/xxxx

Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Mahoney, M. J., Miller, H. M., & Arciero, G. (2004). Constructive metatheory and the nature of mental representation. In M. J. Mahoney (Ed.), Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 103-120). Springer. http://portal.igpublish.com/iglibrary/obj/SPCB0000565

Bartleet, B.-L., Bennett, D., Bridgstock, R. S., Draper, P., Harrison, S., & Schippers, H. (2012). Preparing for portfolio careers in Australian music: Setting a research agenda. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1 , 32-41. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1000243

Twenty-one or more authors

Students when preparing for exams enjoy listening to indie pop bands (Wiskunde et al., 2019).

Wiskunde et al. (2019) state that "indie pop music is preferred by many university students" (p. 1935).

When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors' names, insert an ellipsis ... (but no ampersand) and then add the final author's name.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., ... Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages . https://doi.org/xxxx

Nath, A. P., Ritchie, S. C., Grinberg, N. F., Tang, H. H., Huang, Q. Q., Teo, S. M., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Wurtz, P., Havulinna, A. S., Santalahti, K., Pitkanen, N., Lehtimaki, T., Kahonen, M., Lyytikainen, L. P., Raitoharju, E., Seppala, I., Sarin, A. P., Ripatti, S., Palotie, A., . . . Inouye, M. (2019). Multivariate genome-wide association analysis of a cytokine network reveals variants with widespread immune, haematological, and cardiometabolic pleiotropy. American Journal of Human Genetics, 105 (6), 1076-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.001

Corporate/government authors

The term "Author" refers to the name of the corporation, organisation, group or government agency or department.
Spell out full Corporate name for first citation. Subsequent citations can use abbreviated name. For example: (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).

CorporateAuthor (Year) paraphrased idea sentence.

....paraphrased idea sentence (CorporateAuthor., Year).

CorporateAuthor (Year) "direct quote from source" (p. xx).

"Direct quote from source" (CorporateAuthor Year, p. xx)

Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2019).

Subsequent citation

Up to 22% of Australian children are in informal care (ABS, 2019).

The ABS (2019) state "data on the use of care back to 1996 shows little change in the use of care" (para. 3).

Spell out the full name of a corporate author in the reference list entry, followed by a full stop. For example Griffith University.
Do not include the any corporate author abbreviation in the reference list.

CorporateAuthor. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Government publication

GovernmentAuthor. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Industry report

CorporateAuthor. OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR [Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

The Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. (2009). Financial reporting handbook 2009: Incorporating all the standards as at 1 January 2009. Wiley.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019, July). Childhood education and care, Australia (No. 4402.0). https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/childhood-education-and-care-australia/latest-release

Euromonitor International. (2023). Tobacco in Greece . [Country report]. https://www.euromonitor.com/tobacco-in-greece/report

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher.

Editor, A. A., & Editor, B. B. (Eds.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher . Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts . American Psychological Association.

Griffith, J. P., Posner, J., & Barker, G. R. (Eds). (2013). The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine (7th ed.) . Wiley-Blackwell.

Kryger, M. H., Roth, T., & Dement, W. C. (Eds.). (2005). Principles and practice of sleep medicine (4th ed.). Elsevier/Saunders.

Translators and Classics

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.; Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manual therapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). Churchill Livingstone. (Original work published 2002)

Rosenkranz, K. (2015). Aesthetics of ugliness: A critical edition (A. Pop & Widrich, M, Eds.; Trans.). Bloomsbury Academic. (Original work published 1853)

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. (H. Weaver, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

Republished work

Shakespeare, W. (2005). Much ado about nothing (B. A. Mowat & P. Werstine, Eds.). Washington Square Press. (Original work published 1623)

When citing a translated or a republished work in-text use the following format.

Author (Original publication year / translation year)

(Author, Original publication year / translation year)

(Ylinen, 2002/2008)

Rosenkranz (1853/2015)

(Shakespeare, 1623/1995)

A work is treated as having no author when its author is unknown or cannot be reasonably be determined.
In this situation move the title of the work to the author position

Book with no author

( Title , Year)

Article with no author

("Title", Year)

( Higher Education in Australia: The Facts , 2004)

In Higher Education in Australia: The Facts (2004) it is stated that.....

("Understanding Sensory Memory", 2018)

In "Understanding Sensory Memory" (2018) it is stated that...

If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation.
If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation.
Capitalize these titles in the text using title case. For example: Interpersonal Skills
When the author of the work is indicated as "Anonymous", then use Anonymous in place of the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Anonymous, 2017)

Title. (Year). Publisher.

Article title. (Year). Title of source, Volume (issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Higher education in Australia: The facts . (2004). Business/Higher Education Round Table.

Lipitor. (2020). MIMS Online . Retrieved October 26, 2021, from https://www.mimsonline.com.au/Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2%22

Abbreviations

Quote, cite, missing details

Quoting from sources

Use the following formats to create direct quotes from sources.

Short quote less than 40 words

Rational-emotive therapy is "highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive" (Ellis, 2004, p. 69).

Enclose quoted text with quotation marks " ".

Block quote 40 words or more

Ellis (2004) states:

As the first of today's cognitive-behavioural therapies, RET in 1955 was highly cognitive, largely positivist, and very active-directive. Its ABC theory of human disturbance held that people experience undesirable activating events, that they have rational and irrational beliefs about these stimuli, and that they create appropriate emotional and behavioral consequences with their rational beliefs or they create inappropriate and dysfunctional consequences with their irrational beliefs. (p. 69)

Indent all lines of the block quote
Do not enclose block quote with quotation marks
Add page number after final full stop

See section 8.27 of the APA 7 manual for further information

Citing parts of a source - page number, paragraph, time stamp, section

To cite a specific part of a source, provide an author-date citation for the work plus information about the specific part.
Indicate the specific part when directly quoting from a source.
There are many possible parts to cite including: pages, paragraphs, sections, tables, figures, supplemental materials, footnotes, chapters; forewords, time stamps of video and audio book; slide numbers in powerpoints.

Page numbers

Author (Year, p. xx)

( Title , Year, p. xx)

Author (Year, para. xx)

("Title", Year, para. xx)

To obtain paragraph number count from the top of the source.

Author (Year, hh:mm:ss)

("Title", Year, hh:mm:ss)

hh:mm:ss refers to hours:minutes:seconds.
Use time stamp to indicate specific time point in a video or audio source

Author (Year, "Heading title" section)

("Title", Year, "Heading title" section)

When citing webpages use the heading title of the section to show where in the source the direct quote was taken from.

Gillard (2020, p. 37)

( Higher Education in Australia: The Facts , 2004, p. 15)

Hogan (2015, para. 7)

(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012, para. 19)

Griffith University (2020, 01:45:10)

("Top 10 music videos of 2017", 2020, 23:13)

Griffith University (2020, "In-text citations" section)

(Downing, 2020, "For fitness junkies" section)

Sources citing other sources

...(Primary author, year, as cited in Secondary author, year)…

The study (Sleajndro & Reid, 2002, as cited in Cowie, 2019) found that the….

Cowie, S. (2019). Libraries are the best places. Griffith University Library.

In the reference list only refer to the source where you found the information, not the original source.
If the year of the publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the text.
If year of the primary source publication is unknown omit from the in-text citation, for example: (as cited in Cowie, 2019).

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year

To differentiate references with the same author and year, place a lowercase letter after the year in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry.

Ramsden (1998a, 1998b) lists several reasons for what makes a university effective.

Ramsden, P. (1998a). Learning to lead in higher education . Routledge.

Ramsden, P. (1998b). What makes a university effective? Griffith University.

In the reference list order multiple works by the same author published in the same year alphabetically by title, disregarding the words “A”, “An”, and “The”.
When no date is available and n.d. is used, insert a hyphen before the lowercase letter e.g. (Author, n.d.-a).

Multiple references in one citation

List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons.

Many agree that Australia has some of the best beaches in the world (Brown, 2006; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).

Australian beaches are the best in the world (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018; Scott, 1976; Turner, 2019).

For two or more works by the same authors when citing in-text arrange them by year of publication. For example (Jones, 2012, 2016, 2018).
For works without a date or year of publication use the abbreviation n.d.

(Royal Institute of British Architects, n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects (n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.). Shaping the future: Careers in architecture . http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net/

For works without a title, include a description of the work in square brackets instead.

Shakespeare, W. (2010). [Playscript for a 3 act play with 4 characters]. [Unpublished manuscript].

First Peoples materials

We respectfully advise that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this guide may contain images or names of people who have passed away.

You are encouraged to use this guide when working with sources created by First Peoples. Refer to the notes for further guidance on how to appropriately reference and acknowledge the creator(s) Nation, Country and/or language group.

First Peoples Intro Notes

Notes for using this guide

Terminology

Nation—refers to a culturally distinct group of people associated with a particular culturally defined area of land or country.
Country—refers to First People's family origins and associations with particular parts of Australia and the connections of blood-line back to Country.
Place of Country—refers to the geographic location of the Country. For example, the Country of Yuggera is located in Queensland, Australia. Map of Indigenous Australia.

For more information refer to Griffith's Guidelines for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Terminology.

Cultural Information

Critically evaluate the work you wish to cite and reference to determine if including First Peoples information about nation, country and language is right for you. If in doubt follow standard APA7 formatting rules.
If an author's cultural information (nation, country and language) is not present in the published work (the author's by-line or in text of the work), then there is no need to include it in the reference.
Work with what is in the published work or available in the archive/library catalogue record for the author, document and/or object details. Do not guess this information. There is no expectation for you to investigate the author to find this information.

Author treatment in the reference list

First peoples author treatment.

Apply the author treatment to First Peoples materials references (artwork, designs, objects, and images) to acknowledge the country and language of First Peoples authors and creators.
If appropriate apply the author treatment to other First Peoples created resources such as books, chapters, journal articles, and other types. Follow the standard APA7 formatting rules for these resources.

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Behrendt, L. (Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales). (2012). Indigenous Australia for dummies. Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf

Nganampa Health Council (Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia). (1991). Anangu way.

Omit cultural information if not known.
If the author is not known, use 'Unrecorded' in place of the author.
If the title is not known, use [Untitled] in place of the Title.
If no date is available, use (n.d.).
Omit the publisher if the author and publisher are the same.

DOIs / URLs

Make DOIs (digital object identifier) and URLs active links in the reference list.
Format the DOI as a web link: https://doi.org/xxxx .
Format URLs as appropriate with http:// or https://
If the resource has both a DOI and URL , include only the DOI in the reference list. Use the URL only if the resource has no DOI .
Use a URL that links directly to the cited work. Do not include a URL if the resource is from a database or library-provided service where a login is required.

For further information on DOIs and URLs consult the APA7 manual section 9.30 – 9.37 p. 296-301.

…a way of understanding cultural greetings can be seen in Murphy and Kennedy (2016).

…a way of understanding cultural greetings (Murphy and Kennedy, 2016).

Behrendt (2012) states that “Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (p. 50).

“Indigenous people were skilled linguists” (Behrendt, 2012, p. 50).

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), & Author, B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Book - Print

Author, A. & Author, B. (Year). Title . Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author A); Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (Author B). Publisher.

Timbery, E. (Bidjigal/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia), & Jones, J. (Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi, New South Wales, Australia). (2015). Shell wall [Installation]. Barangaroo Delivery Authority, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.barangaroo.com/shell-wall-2015

Murphy, J. (Wurundjeri, Melbourne, Victoria) & Kennedy, L. (Trawlwoolway, Tasmania). (2016). Welcome to country. Blackdog Books.

Murphy, J. & Kennedy, L. (2016). Welcome to country. Wurundjeri, Melbourne, Victoria (Murphy), Trawlwoolway, Tasmania (Kennedy). Blackdog Books.

First Peoples author(s) and non-Indigenous author(s)

Author, A. A. & Author, B. B. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Author, A. A. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country), Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Author’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title ...

Art - Viewed online

Artist, A., & Artist, B. (Year). Title [Medium]. Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country (First Peoples Author). Source. URL.

Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public sculpture, goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

Jagamara, M. N., & Tillers, I. (2017). Metafisica Australe 2017 [Painting]. Warlpiri/ Luritja, Papunya region, Northern Territory, Australia (Jagamara). Queensland Art Gallery of Modern Art (QAGOMA), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. https://blog.qagoma.qld.gov.au/michael-nelson-jagamara-imants-tillers-metafisica-australe/

Unrecorded. (Year). Title [Medium]. Object’s Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country. Museum name, Museum location.

Unrecorded. (n.d.). Didgeridoo (TH2004.183) [Aboriginal musical instrument]. Tweed Museum, Tweed, New South Wales, Australia. https://ehive.com/collections/5051/objects/354323/didgeridoo

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed online

Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title [Medium]. Source. https://xxxx

Whiskey, K. (Indulkana, APY Lands, South Australia). (2018). Kaylene TV [Painting]. Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/prizes/sulman/2018/29987/

George, W. (APY Lands, South Australia), & Cooper, T. (APY Lands, South Australia ). (2018). Piltati and Malara: A story of love and war [Painting]. APY Lands, South Australia. Hazelhurst Gallery, Gymea, New South Wales, Australia. https://www.sutherlandshire.nsw.gov.au/Community/Hazelhurst/Exhibitions/Previous-Exhibitions/2018/Weapons-For-The-Soldier

Artwork, designs, objects or images - viewed in person

Author/Creator/Artist, A. (Nation/Country, Language group, Place of Nation/Country). (Year). Title [Medium]. Museum name, Museum location.

Broadhust, H., & Watson, J. (Waanyi, North Queensland). (1996). [Untitled] [Public sculpture, goanna]. Boundary St, West End, Brisbane, Queensland.

Oral history/Personal communication with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Personal communication is only included in the body of your work. It does not require a matching entry in the reference list.

A. Author (Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year) OR

(A. Author, Country/Nation, Language group, Place of Nation/Country, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

… in recent indigenous artworks (E. Timbery, Bidjial/Eora, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, personal communication, April 23, 2015).

Can replace “personal communication” with “yarn” if appropriate. For example, if using a yarning methodology.
If you are yourself a First Peoples author and are sharing your own experiences, you do not need to provide any form of citation (either in-text or in the reference list). However, you should describe yourself in the text to contextualise the information you are sharing (this would include what nation you belong to and where you live).

Book, chapter, encyclopedia

Book – electronic

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Gunderman, R. B. (2011). Achieving excellence in medical education (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-307-7

Mitleton-Kelly, E., Paraskevas, A., & Day, C. (Eds.). (2018). Handbook of research methods in complexity science: Theory and applications. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785364426

Kerr, A., Chekar, C. K., Ross, E., Swallow, J., & Cunningham-Burley, S. (2021). Personalised cancer medicine: Future crafting in the genomic era. Manchester University Press. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567277/

Book – print

Author, A. A. (Year). Book title: Subtitle (Edition) . Publisher.

Watson, J. (2012). Human caring science: A theory of nursing (2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Publisher location not required

Book chapter

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxx

Chapter Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor (Ed.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition, pp. xx-xx). Publisher.

Kaur, V., Kare, P. K., & Madaan, H. (2018). Quality control in a clinical laboratory. In P. K. Kare & R. Shrestha (Eds.), Advances in biochemistry & applications in medicine Vol. 4 (pp. 1-9). Open Access eBooks. https://www.openaccessebooks.com/biochemistry-applications-in-medicine-volume-4.html

Sherren, K. (2006). Pillars of society: The historical context for sustainability and higher education in Australia. In W. Filho & D. Carpenter (Eds.), Sustainability in the Australasian university context (pp. 11-32). Peter Lang.

Use (Ed.). for a single editor or (Eds.). for multiple editors

Book with editor

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Book title: Subtitle . Publisher.

Fetherston, T. (Ed.). (2007). Becoming an effective teacher . Thomson Learning.

Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuring environment across the life span: Emerging methods and concepts . American Psychological Association.

Book review

Reviewer, A. A. (Year of review). Title of review [Review of the book Title of book , by A. A. Author] . Journal Title, Volume (issue), Pages. https://xxxx

Brooks, T. A. (2002). The social life of information [Review of the book The social life of information , by J. S. Brown, & P. Duguid]. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 28 (5), 340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0099-1333(02)00334-8

Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).
If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names after the title of the book, separated by comma.
If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year of release after the title of work, separated by a comma.

Encyclopedia

Author, A. A. (Ed. or Eds.). (Year). Encyclopedia title (Edition) . Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Wherry, F. F., & Schor, J. B. (Eds.). (2015). The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications.

Hanink, P. A. (2015). B movies. In F. F. Wherry & J. B. Schor (Eds.), The Sage encyclopedia of economics and society. Sage Publications.

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

When an online reference work is continually updated (and not archived), use (n.d.) as the year of publication and include a retrieval date, for example: Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (n.d.). Dictionary title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Entry Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In A. A. Editor, & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Subtitle (Edition). Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Darvill, T. (2009). The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

Darvill, T. (2009). Abacus. In T. Davill (Ed.), The concise Oxford dictionary of archaeology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001

Omit the publisher element if it is the same as the author.

Journal, newspaper article

Journal article – electronic

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages OR Article [number] . https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume (issue) , Pages . https://xxxx

Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., & Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22 (4), 563-569. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013020

Eades, S. J., & Banks, E. (2017). 50 years since citizenship: Successes and challenges in Indigenous health. Public Health Research & Practice, 27 (4), Article e2741730. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp2741730

Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 29 (1), 83–87. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23086193

Journal article – advance online publication and in press

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal . Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxx

Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article. Title of Journal .

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (2009). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf900623w

Fox, G., & Manley, M. (in press). Hardness methods for testing maize kernels. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.

Advance online publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works before they have gone to print. It may not have had a final edit or be formatted for final production.
In press publications generally refer to peer-reviewed works that have been accepted for publication in a future issue of a journal.

Journal article – print

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal , Volume (issue), Pages.

Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions. Australian Journal of Psychology, 58 (3), 123-128.

Newspaper article

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title , Page.

Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title , Page.

Apples for best teachers. (2007, October 26). The Sydney Morning Herald , 14.

Sykes, J. (2018, January 4). The good the bad and the incomprehensible. Sydney Morning Herald .

Kenigsberg, B. (2020, January 13). Australian sisters honoured as pioneering filmmakers. Sydney Morning Herald . https://www.smh.com.au/culture/movies/australian-sisters-honoured-as-pioneering-filmmakers-20200113-p53r05.html

Print newspaper articles require page numbers. If an article continues across discontinuous pages list them all, separated by a comma (e.g. pp. 21, 26, 28-29).
If no author of article is available use the title.

News webpage

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News webpage title. Publisher. https://xxxx

Scott, S. (2019, December 19). After Australia’s hottest day the heatwave continues, so what are the signs of heat stress and how can you avoid dehydration? ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-19/heatwave-health-effects-medical-dangers-of-high-temperature/11811910

Use this format for news website such as ABC News, CNN, HuffPost, Reuters.
If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to " Quote, cite, missing details " in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.

Report, government, thesis

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Queensland Government. (2020). Land Act 1994: Temporary closing of roads notice (No. 1). Queensland Government Gazette: Natural Resources, Mines and Energy , 383 (26), 103. https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/6e572ca6-bbeb-4a8d-9041-b6f1748e188a/resource/3961f6f6-d956-4664-bb42-7615c914eea6/download/07.02.20-combined.pdf

Queensland Health. (2015). The Hunter Review: Review of the Department of Health's structure, governance arrangements and high level organisational capability. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/439012/hunter-review-report.pdf

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report number) OR [Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Euromonitor International. (2020). Tobacco in Greece [Country report]. Passport. https://www.euromonitor.com/tobacco-in-greece/report

Johnson, S. (2019). House construction - Australia market research report (IBIS World industry report OD5214). IBIS World. https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/construction/building/house-construction.html

Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services. (2021). QANTAS annual report 2021. https://investor.qantas.com/FormBuilder/_Resource/_module/doLLG5ufYkCyEPjF1tpgyw/file/annual-reports/2021-Annual-Report.pdf

Adjust date format to (YYYY, Month Day) if report content is likely to be updated.
Use the corporate author when no individual author is available, for example: Morningstar, Economist Intelligence Unit, Griffith University.

Conference paper

Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Title of contribution: Subtitle [Type of contribution]. Conference name, Location of conference. https://xxxx

Chasman, J., & Kaplan, R. F. (2006, June 15-17). The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia [Poster presentation]. Excellence in clinical practice, 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology, Philadelphia, USA.

Draper, P., & Harrison, S. (2013, July 1-3). Artistic research training in music: Perspectives on pedagogy, higher degrees and professional practice [Paper presentation]. EDULEARN13: 5th international conference on education and new learning technologies, Barcelona, Spain. https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/59583/87114_1.pdf

Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.

Thesis or dissertation – from a database

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle (Publication number in database) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Database Name.

Donnelly, J. A. (2016). The relationship between physical fitness and school performance in middle school girls (Publication No. 10003548) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global.

The thesis publication number is listed in the ProQuest Digital Dissertations and Theses Global database under the heading: Dissertation/thesis number

Thesis or dissertation – from a university or institutional repository

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis: Subtitle [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Name of institution awarding the Degree]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Allard, T. (2005). Closed circuit television in prison [Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University]. Griffith Research Online. https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/718

Video, audio, music, scripts

Video stream – database

Author, A. A. (Contribution). (Year). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Production company. https://xxxx

Barger, E., Jr. (Producer). (2013). First steps: Trips for young children [Streaming video]. Chip Taylor Communications.

Credit people involved such as the director, producer and executive producer in place of the author.

(Author, Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss)

Author (Year, Timestamp hh:mm:ss) stated...

In the video the lead character develop a deeper understanding of their social situation (Spielberg, 2000, 1:30:25).

When creating in-text citations for video or audio you can refer to a specific part of the source by adding a timestamp after the author and year.
Add timestamps in the following format (hour: minutes: seconds). For example: hh:mm:ss; 1:45:07

Video stream – YouTube or Vimeo

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx

Griffith University (Producer). (2016, December 13). Griffith University Gold Coast campus tour [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jBf-tSeiYk

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222

The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for retrievability, even if they did not create the work.
Note the contributions of others who appear in the video in the text of your assignment.

Video physical – DVD or Blu-ray

Writer, A. A. (Writer), Director, D. D. (Director), & Producer, P. P. (Producer). (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Production company.

Smith, S. (Producer). (2007). English language teaching [Film; educational DVD]. Sunburst Media.

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Film], [Film; three disc special ed. on Blu-ray], [Film; educational DVD]
For additional information on when to credit directors, writers and producers see section 10.12 Audiovisual Works in the manual

Audio stream or podcast

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format]. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number) [Format]. In Podcast series title . https://xxxx

Allbury, A. (Executive Producer). (2019, October 9). Good game: How games play us . [Audio podcast]. ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

Yeo, A. (Presenter/Producer). (2019, October 9). Can a videogame get you high? (No. 1) [Audio podcast episode]. In A. Allbury (Executive Producer), Good game: How games play us . ABC. https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/good-game-how-games-play-us/

List the host/presenter of the podcast as author and other people such as the executive producer
Specify the type of podcast, for example: [Audio podcast], [Video podcast]
Provide the episode number, but omit if not available
If the URL of the podcast is unknown, for example if accessed via an app, omit the URL

Audio physical – LP, CD, Tape

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of album [Album recorded by xxxx]. Label.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Recorded by xxxx]. On Title of album [Album; Format]. Label. (Original work published Year).

Beethoven, L. van. (2012). Symphony No. 3 in E-flat major [Recorded by Staats-kapelle Dresden]. On Beethoven: Complete symphonies . Brilliant Classics. (Original work published 1804)

Page, S. (2010). Hanukkah blessings [Recorded by Barenaked Ladies]. On Barenaked for the holiday s [Album; CD]. Raisin Records.

U2. (2000). All that you can't leave behind [Album; CD] . Island .

The format or other descriptive information may be included in square brackets, for example: [Album], [Album; CD], [Album; extended edition LP]
Include a URL in the reference if that location is the only means of retrieving the work, for example: SoundCloud or artist's website
For additional information see section 10.13 Audio Works in the manual

When citing a track from an album include the track number in the in-text citation, for example:

Lyrics from the song “From little things big things grow” (Kelly, 1997, track 10) were used in recent television advertisements.

Music scores

ComposerLastName, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.

Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)

Bernstein, L. (1988). Facsimile: Choreographic essay for orchestra [Miniature score]. Boosey & Hawkes.

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Gershwin, G. (Composer), & Campbell-Watson, F. (Ed.). (1987). Concerto in F for piano and orchestra [Miniature score]. E. Eulenburg. (Original work published 1942)

Lerch, L. (Compiler). (2001). Stepsister’s lament from Grease in The teen’s musical theatre collection: Young women’s edition [Piano vocal score]. Hal Leonard.

Monteverdi, C. (Composer), Busenello, F. (Librettist), Leppard, R. (Arranger), & Kenny, C. (Arranger). (1977). L'incoronazione di Poppea (The coronation of Poppea): Opera in two acts and a prologue [Score]. (G. Dunn & K. R. Marz, Trans.). Faber.

Tchaikovsky, P. (ca. 1920). Serenade for string orchestra, Op. 48 [Score]. Breitkopf & Hartel. http://imslp.org/wiki/Serenade_for_String_Orchestra,_Op.48_(Tchaikovsky,_Pyotr) (Original work published 1880)

When you cite a republished work present the in-text citation with both the original published date and republished date: For example: Gershwin (1942/1978) uses various melodic components in his work.......

Music scores - unpublished

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Format] [Unpublished manuscript].

Tidrow, T. (2014). [ Piece pour Coline ] [Music score] [Unpublished manuscript].

If there is uncertainty regarding the title of the unpublished score, then place the working title inside square brackets.

Music encyclopedias and dictionaries

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of work: Subtitle . Publisher. https://xxxx

Entry title. (Year). In Title of work: Subtitle . Publisher. https://xxxx

Bass trumpet. (2003). In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J457200

Kelly, B. L. (2001). Ravel, (Joseph) Maurice. In Grove music online . Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.52145

Kwakwa, P. A. (1997). Dance in communal life. In R. M. Stone (Ed.), Garland encyclopedia of world music volume 1: Africa (pp. 301-308). Routledge.

If there is no author available use the title.

Playscripts

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle [Playscript] (Edition). Publisher.

Shakespeare, W., & Synder, S. (Ed.). (2008.). All's well that ends well [Playscript]. Oxford University Press. (Originally published 1623)

Shakespeare, W. (n.d.). The tragedy of Macbeth [Playscript]. Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1129/pg1129.html (Original work published 1606)

Data, statistics, standard

Organisation OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dataset (Version Number) [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Queensland Health. (2017). Consumer perceptions of care survey outcomes [Dataset]. https://www.data.qld.gov.au/dataset/your-experience-of-service-queensland-health-mental-health-services

Euromonitor International. (2023). Company shares: Chocolate confectionery (2014-2019) [Data file]. Passport.

Usually statistical data may not have a proper title, in that case describe the dataset inside square brackets.

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle (Report No.). Publisher. https://xxxx

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia . https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

Year is the publication year or the most recent revision
If a catalogue number is given, include it after the title, in parentheses, for example: (Catalogue No. 1304.2)

Standards Organization. (Year). Title of standard (Standard number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Standards Australia, & Standards New Zealand. (2018). Bridge design: Scope and general principles (AS 5100.1:2018).

Standards Australia. (2013). Gas installations. Part 1, general installations (AS/NZS 5601.1:2013).

Inventor, A. A. (Year the patent issued). Title of patent: Subtitle (Patent number). Publisher. https://xxxx

Hall, R. (2018). Mobile fuel delivery system (Australian Patent No. AU 2019904531). IP Australia. http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2019904531

Satoshi, Y., Yoshi, K., Kosuke, M., & Aiko, S. (2017). Water storage control method and water storage control system (JP2018076764A). Espacenet. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/060570381/publication/JP2018076764A?q=pn%3DJP2018076764A

Author is the name of the inventor to whom the patent was issued.
Year is the year the patent was issued not filed.

Website, social media, software, AI

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of work . Site name. https://xxxx

Griffith University. (2023). Study spaces. https://www.griffith.edu.au/library/study

Bennett, E. (2023, May 31). Man in critical condition after alleged assault outside of restaurant. 9News . https://www.9news.com.au/national/michael-hayes-hospitalised-after-hope-island-incident-gold-coast-university-hospital-queensland-police/82e2f7ad-a163-4299-8399-fcb11a09f549

If a website does not have an obvious author, use the name of the website company, organisation or government department as the author.
If author and website name are the same, omit the website name from the source element.
Use the most specific date possible. (Year, Month Day) or (Year, Month) or (Year).
If no date is available, use n.d.
If direct quoting from a webpage or a source with no page numbers use section heading or paragraph number to indicate location of quote. Go to "Quote, cite, missing details" in this APA 7 guide and consult section "Citing parts of a source" for further explanation.
If the webpage content is designed to change over time, add a retrieval date as shown on the APA Style manual .

Web document

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document . Publisher. https://xxxx

Radloff, A., & Coates, H. (2010). Doing more for learning: Enhancing engagement and outcomes: Australasian survey of student engagement [Australasian student engagement report]. Australian Council for Educational Research. https://www.acer.org/files/AUSSE_Australasian-Student-Engagement-Report-ASER-2009.pdf

Translink. (2019). Gold Coast line [Timetable]. Queensland Government. https://jp.translink.com.au/plan-your-journey/timetables/train/t/gold-coast-line

For unusual items, include the format in square brackets after the document title.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Site Name . https://xxxx

Abram, S. (2019, December 14). This library is showing the way for reading spaces in the digital age. Stephen's Lighthouse . https://stephenslighthouse.com/2019/12/14/this-library-is-showing-the-way-for-reading-spaces-in-the-digital-age/

Do not italicise title of posts

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Griffith University Library. (2019, August 6). New to Griffith [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Griffith University Library. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved August 6, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/griffithunilibrary

Twitter / Instagram / LinkedIn

Author, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. https://xxxx

Author, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Title of entry [Format]. Platform. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://twitter.com/GriffithLibrary

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (2019, April 16). Express your selfie [Instagram photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Griffith University Library [@griffithlibrary]. (n.d.). Photographs [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 18, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/griffithlibrary/

Ardern, J. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://nz.linkedin.com/in/jacindaardern?trk=people-guest_people_search-card

Computer software

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of software (Version Number) [Format or Description]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742

Rovio Entertainment Corporation. (2019). Angry Birds Transformers (Version 1.49.4) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rovio.angrybirdstransformers&hl=en_US

Generative AI tools

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

Check the details of your assessment and/or course to determine if you are permitted to use generative artificial intelligence tools to complete your assessment.
Describe how you have used the AI tool in your work.
Include an in-text citation and a reference list entry for the AI tool used.
Do not include the publisher if this is the same as the author.
Use the home page of the software for the URL source.
Use the format or description field to describe the type of software/model. The APA style blog recommends "Large language model" for ChatGPT. See the APA style blog for more information.

(Author, Year) OR

Author (Year) generated...

Is there a gap between knowledge and theory in space exploration, ChatGPT answered this question, saying there is a gap due to the cost of experimentation (OpenAI, 2023).

“The cost of experimentation makes space travel to the stars prohibitive” (OpenAI, 2023), is the conclusion that ChapGPT draws when prompted on the issue.

Clinical, medical, legal

Clinical and medical, clinical, medical.

Cochrane database systematic review

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of systematic review. Name of Database . http://doi.org/xxxx

Roaldsen, M. B., Lindekleiv, H., Mathiesen, E. B., & Berge, E. (2018). Recanalisation therapies for wake-up stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010995.pub2

Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of entry. Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Title of entry. (Year). Title of source . Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://xxxx

Morey, M. C. (2019). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate . Retrieved August 22, 2019, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-activity-and-exercise-in-older-adults

Amiloride: Drug information. (2020). UpToDate. Retrieved May 14, 2020

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shorten version in the in-text citation.
Add double quotation marks around the title.
Use the year of last update in the date element.
Include a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and versions of the page are not archived.
Note the title of the article is not italicised, only the title of the database or source.

MIMS Online

Australian Medicines Handbook

Rivaroxaban. (2021). Australian Medicines Handbook . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://amhonline.amh.net.au/chapters/blood-electrolytes/anticoagulants/factor-xa-inhibitors/rivaroxaban?menu=home

BMJ Best Practice / StatPearls

Passmore, P. (2021). Vascular dementia. BMJ Best Practice . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/319

Ischaemic stroke. (2021). BMJ Best Practice . Retrieved November 03, 2021 from https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000114

Shaw, P. M., Loree, J., & Gibbons, R. C. (2023). Abdominal aortic aneurysm. StatPearls . Retrieved March 07, 2023 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470237/

Where the work has no author, use the full title or a shortened version in the in-text citation.

DynaMed Plus

Melanoma. (2018). DynaMed . Retrieved November 03, 2021, https://www.dynamed.com/condition/melanoma

DynaMed articles may have a named topic editor. For DynaMed Plus use the title in place of the author.

Legislation

The APA 7 manual covers US legal sources and refers users to The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (2015, 20th ed.) for legal sources from other jurisdictions.
For more help with referencing Australian legislation, consult The Bluebook pages 310-318.

Title of the Act Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number-if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 No 42 (NSW) s 36AA (Austl.). https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/#/view/act/1983/42/part2/div2/sec36aa

Lands Acquisition Act 1989 (Cth) pt V div 2 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2016C00827

Land Title Act 1994 (Qld) s 18A (Austl.). http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/qld/consol_act/lta1994109/s18a.html

Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/asmade/act-2017-008

When an act does not have a short title, the long title should be used.
Capitalise the names of Acts when referring to them in-text and in reference list.
If referring to the Act as a whole, or citing multiple sections in text, do not give section numbers in the reference list.
Where multiple abbreviations and numbers are needed, no comma should be used between them, for example: pt III div 2
Subdivisions of acts and corresponding abbreviations include the following:

With subdivison/s

Parenthetical.

(Short title including year (jurisdiction abbreviation), subdivision/s).

'Subdivision/s' discusses ... (Short title including year (jurisdiction)).

'Subdivision/s' of the Short title including year (jurisdiction).

Without subdivison/s

(Short title including year (jurisdiction)).

... according to short title including year (jurisdiction).

(Australian Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Authority Regulation 2009 (Cth), s 6).

Section 6 of the regulations outline the handling of patient information (Australian Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Authority Regulation 2009 (Cth)).

According to part 4 of the Victims of Crime Assistance and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2017 (Qld)...

(Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017 (Qld)).

... as outlined in the Victims of Crime Assistance Act 2017 (Qld).

Title of the Bill Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) s Subdivision number - if applicable (Country abbreviation if not evident from context). https://xxxx

Marriage Act Amendment (Recognition of Foreign Marriages for Same-Sex Couples) Bill 2013 (Cth) (Austl.). https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013B00115

University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) ch 2 pt 3 (Austl.). https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/html/bill.first/bill-2016-002#ch.2-pt.3

Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) (Austl.). LawOne.

Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic) (Austl.).

Titles of bills are not italicized.

...(University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld), ch 2 pt 3)

Chapter 2 part 3 highlights ...... (University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld)).

Chapter 2 part 3 of the University Legislation Amendment Bill 2017 (Qld) discusses...

...(The Disability Services Safeguards Bill 2018 (Vic)).

The Interactive Gambling Amendment (Lottery Betting) Bill 2018 (Cth) extends this to...

First Named Plaintiff v First Named Defendant (Year) Volume Law Report Title Abbreviation First page number, Pinpoint page number (if required) (Country abbreviation if not evident from context).

Mabo v Queensland (1989) 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration v Khawar (2002) 187 ALR 574 (Austl.).

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017) 260 CLR 367 (Austl.).

DPP (Vic) v Stanojlovic and Another (2017) 53 VR 90 (Austl.). Lexis Advance Pacific Research.

Only the name of the first plaintiff and first defendant should be cited.
Where there are multiple proceedings between same parties include the decision number in square brackets.
All case names are in italics
The abbreviation "v" for "versus" is not followed by a full stop.
Where the Attorney-General and Department of Public Prosecutions are listed parties cite as "A-G" and "DPP" followed by the relevant jurisdiction short abbreviations in parentheses, for example: DPP (Vic)
The Crown is abbreviated as "R" except as a respondent, when it is cited as either "The Queen" or "The King".
A pinpoint page number should be separated from the First page number by a comma for example: Mabo v Queensland [No. 2] (1992) 175 CLR 1, 5 (Austl.).
For in-text citations, subdivision references should appear as paragraph or page numbers as shown in the decision or report.

( Name v Name , Year, subdivision/s).

Name v Name (Year, subdivision/s).

Subdivision/s ... ( Name v Name , Year).

Subdivision/s of Name v Name (Year).

( Name v Name , Year).

Name v Name (Year).

( Quarmby v Keating , 2009, para. 11).

In Quarmby v Keating (2009, para. 11) rules …

Paragraph 11 breaks down … ( Quarmby v Keating , 2009).

Paragraph 11 in Quarmby v Keating (2009) highlights …

It was reported in Ross v Chambers (1956) “...” (p. 2).

( Mabo v Queensland , 1989).

... case such as Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Kumar (2017).

Image, table, lecture, unpublished

Title of Diagram/Map/Chart/Plot/Photo/Image

From journal

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Title of Journal, Volume (issue), p. xx. (https://xxx). Copyright [Year] by Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or Adapted] with permission.

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Book (Edition/Volume, p. xx), by A. Author and B. Author, Year, Publisher. (https://xxxx). In the public domain.

From website

Note . Any information needed to explain the figure/image. From [or Adapted from] Title of Web Document/Site/Image, by A. A. Author/Organisation, Year (https://xxxx). Creative commons license abbreviation eg. CC BY-SA.

Map of Australia

Note. This map highlights where the state of Queensland is within Australia. From Maps of Australia , 2008, ( https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maps_of_Australia ). In the public domain.

Figure # (bold) appears before the title. The figure number starts at 1 and increments for each figure used.
Figure Title is italicized and uses headline case, for example: Mean Regression Slopes in Experiment 1
Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the figure to describe content such as copyright attribution, abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included in the legend or defined anywhere else.
Figures can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
If figure is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
Copyright attribution is required for a figure (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
Use headline case for copyright attribution of the source title, for example: From: "Retrieval Monitoring and Ansognosia in Alzheimer's Disease," by D. A. Gallo, & J. M. Chen, 2007, Neuropsychology , 21, p. 560.
Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the figure.
Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.22, p. 225) on preparing figures for more detailed instructions.
Refer to a figure in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

Title of Table

Note. Brief description of the contents of the table. From "Title: Subtitle", by A. A. Author, & B. B. Author, Year, Source Title , Page (https://xxxx). Copyright Year by the Publisher name.

Table # (bold) appears before the title. The table number starts at 1 and increments for each table used.
Table Title is italicized and uses headline case for example: Details of Experimental Procedure
Note. (italicized heading only) appears below the table to describe content such as abbreviations, definitions and symbols not included or defined anywhere else.
Tables can be embedded in the text of your assignment or on a new page after the reference list.
If table is reproduced from another source include it in your reference list.
Copyright attribution is required for a table (reprinted or adapted) indicating its origin.
Copyright permission may also need to be obtained from the copyright holder to reproduce the table.
Consult the manual, chapter 7 tables and figures (p. 195) and section (7.8, p. 199) on preparing tables for more detailed instructions.
This fictional example was adapted from Reingold, E. (2008). APA: Tables and figures. Retrieved from http://psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/resources/handouts_apa/TablesFigures1.pdf
Refer to a table in the text of your assignment in the following ways:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx

Center for Disease Control. (2016). Malaria lifecycle [Image]. https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/images/graphs/life_cycle/malaria_lifecycle.gif

Weston Arnold, K. (2018). [Bike short fashion] [Photograph]. Vogue. https://assets.vogue.com/photos/59caa0b318ac15238b3290f0/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/KIM_1101.jpg

Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or copyright attribution may be necessary.
When citing idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo use an in-text citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
For including an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo in your writing see the "Figures" section for details.

Lecture notes

Lecturer, A. A. (Year). Title: Subtitle [Format]. Publisher. https://xxxx

Tiralongo, J. (2019). 3992NSC_Y1 & Y2 Science capstone: Science capstone structure [Lecture recording]. Learning University. https://bblearn.griffith.edu.au/

If slides or lecture notes come from a classroom website or learning management system (Learning@griffith) and you are writing for an audience with access to the resource, provide the name of the site and its URL (use the login page URL).

Personal communication

Private letters, memos, emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations and the like are cited in-text only, providing name of source, method of communication, place, date and other pertinent information.
Details can be provided in running text or in parentheses.
They are not included in the reference list.

An email (A. Davis, personal communication, July 2, 2018) confirming that report has been submitted...

Unpublished material

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of manuscript . [Unpublished manuscript, or Manuscript submitted for publication, or Manuscript in preparation]. University Name. https://xxxx

Parker, T. (2002). Style notes for typescripts in the social sciences. [Unpublished manuscript]. Australian National University.

Unpublished work includes work that is in progress, has been submitted for publication, or has been completed but not submitted for publication.
This includes work that has not been formally published but it is available on institutional website.
If the work is available in an electronic archive, give this information at the end.

Archive material

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of Repository, Location.

Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller Archive Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.

Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or corporate documents and other documents.
This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific information to locate materials.
Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the interviewer's name in the description.

In-text citations

Acknowledge authors using the following formats:

When acknowledging multiple authors in the text of a sentence precede the final name with the word "and"
When acknowledging multiple authors in the parentheses and reference list precede the final name with an ampersand "&"

Place the reference list on a new page at the end of your assignment and centre and bold the heading "References".

In your reference list:

add a reference for every source cited in your work.
sort references alphabetically (A-Z) by surname of the first author of the work, if no author sort under the first significant word of the title
use a hanging indent the second line and subsequent lines of a reference are indented tabbed space or 1.27cm
double space references throughout the list
write titles using sentence case - capitalise the first word of the title, the first word after a colon or dash, and proper names.
italicise titles of books, journals, films, videos, and web sites but not book chapters and journal article titles.
write journal titles and corporate authors' names out in full, no abbreviations

Sample referencing list

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Research and experimental development, higher education organisations, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/technology-and-innovation/research-and-experimental-development-higher-education-organisations-australia/2016

Behrendt, L. (2012). Indigenous Australia for dummies . Eualeyai, Kamillaroi, North-Western New South Wales. Wiley. https://www.perlego.com/book/1013920/indigenous-australia-for-dummies-pdf

Britten, B. (Composer), Piper, M. (Librettist), & Matthews, C. (Piano reduction). (1975). Death in Venice: An opera in two acts, Op.88 [Vocal score]. Faber Music.

Greig, A., Taylor, J., & MacKay, T. (2013). Doing research with children: A practical guide (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526402219

Griffith University Library [@GriffithLibrary]. (2019, August 6). First trimester student [Tweet]. Twitter. Retrieved December 19, 2019, from https://twitter.com/griffithlibrary

Nganampa Health Council. (1991). Anangu way . Anangu Pitjantjatjara, North-Western South Australia.

Quinnan. T. (1997). Adult students "at-risk": Culture bias in higher education (2nd ed.). Bergin & Garvey. http://www.netlibrary.com

Severin, A. (2016, September 13). Medical animation: Peritoneal dialysis [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/182605222

Vessenes, P. M. (2001). Delegation of authority. Journal of Financial Planning, 14 (8), 42-45. https://www.onefpa.org/journal/Pages/default.aspx

Consult the official manual and style blog for more information.

Publication manual of the APA

APA style blog

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Referencing information is provided as a guide only and is based on the official manual or other authoritative sources where available. You should confirm referencing requirements for your course and consult the manual directly for more information.

First Peoples materials information has been adapted from the University of Technology Sydney library APA Interactive Guide and work originally developed by Danièle Hromek and Sophie Herbert and TAFE Queensland Library Network guide to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Resources and Materials and the University of Queensland's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander referencing guide under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License .

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Knowledge Base
Referencing
APA Referencing (7th Ed.) Quick Guide | In-text Citations & References

APA Referencing (7th Ed.) Quick Guide | In-text Citations & References

Published on 18 January 2021 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on 17 January 2024.

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition , MLA Style , and Chicago Style .

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Apa in-text citations, apa references, formatting the apa reference page, free lecture slides.

In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words.

An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170) .

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.

Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Generate APA citations for free

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centred). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

Double spacing (within and between references)
Hanging indent of ½ inch
Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
Page number in the top-right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

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Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). APA Referencing (7th Ed.) Quick Guide | In-text Citations & References. Scribbr. Retrieved 29 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/apa-style/

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APA Style 7th Edition

Student Paper
Professional Paper
In-Text Citations
Reference Citations
Additional Resources

Audio Recording

Album • Track • Radio • Spoken Word

See also Podcasts .

Needed Information

If no artist, author, or speaker is listed move the title of the work of art into the place of the author (before the date).
If there is no date associated with the work use the designation 'n.d.' in place of the date
If the work is untitled, in square brackets give a description of the work
Type of work - album, song, audiobook, audio track, interview, speech audio recording
Label, publisher, website, content holder
If the item is in physical format give the location (generally city, state, nation)
If the item is online give the URL

Barnum, P. T. (2011). The art of money getting [Audiobook]. LibriVox. (Original work published in 1880) https://librivox.org/the-art-of-money-getting-by-p-t-barnum/

Bob Marley and the Wailers. (1984). Legend [Album]. Island; Tuff Gong.

Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work, tough conversations, whole hearts [Audiobook]. Random House Audio.

Mozart, W. A. (2008). Mozart: The symphonies [Album recorded by the Prague Chamber Orchestra]. Telarc. (Original works composed 1764-1778)

Panrucker, S. (2015). Hello my name is Simon Panrucker [Album]. Free Music Archive. https://freemusicarchive.org/music/Simon_Panrucker/Hello_My_Name_Is_Simon_Panrucker

van Schalkwyk, W. (Pianist), & Faganel, G. (Cellist). (2018, February 7). Faculty recital [Album]. University of Northern Colorado.

Verdi, G. (2015). Requiem mass [Album recorded by the UNC Symphony Orchestra & Choirs]. University of Northern Colorado. (Original work composed ca. 1874)

Wonder, S. (1976). Songs in the key of life [Album]. Tamla.

Beyoncé. (2020). Black parade [Song]. Park; Columbia.

Creedence Clearwater Revival. (1969). Fortunate son [Song]. On Willy and the poor boys . Fantasy.

Manson, M. (2016). The tyranny of exceptionalism [Audio track] . In The subtle art of not giving a f*ck: A counterintuitive approach to living a good life . HarperCollins; Blackstone Audio.

Roberts, D. (2021). Race [Audio track]. In N. Hannah-Jones, C. Roper, I. Silverman, & J. Silverstein (Eds.), The 1619 project . One World.

Xavier Cugat and His Orchestra. (1953). Mi prieta [Song]. On Mambo . Mercury; Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/lp_mambo_xavier-cugat-and-his-orchestra

Coates, E. J. (2019, August 20). Audio recording of interview with Elaine J. Coates [Interview]. University of Maryland Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives. https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/digital_objects/18120

Saunders, V. (1990, December 1). The living memory of the Jewish community: Saunders, Vernon (Part 3) [Interview]. British Library Sounds. https://sounds.bl.uk/Oral-history/Jewish-Holocaust-survivors/021M-C0410X0101XX-0300V0

Scroggins, B. (n.d.). Bessie Scroggins [Interview]. University of Northern Colorado, Archives & Special Collections @ Digital UNC. https://digarch.unco.edu/islandora/object/cogru:4095

Wynne, S. W. (1931, November 30). Diet and health with Dr. Shirley W. Wynne, health commissioner [Interview]. WYNC, NYPR Archive Collections. https://www.wnyc.org/story/1140-a-m-diet-and-health-dr-shirley-w-wynne-health-commissioner

Gore, K. (2000). [Kristen Gore, daughter of Tipper Gore, gives a speech about her mother] [Speech audio recording]. Michigan State University Libraries, East Lansing, MI, United States.

Harding, W. G. (1920). National and Americanism [Speech audio recording]. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2004650664/

Poehler, A. (2011, May 26). Harvard University class day commencement address [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/amypoehlerharvardcommencement.htm

Ruth, G. H., Jr. (1947, April 27). Dying Babe Ruth addresses fans [Speech audio recording]. History. https://www.history.com/speeches/dying-babe-ruth-addresses-fans

Truman, H. S. (1934, July 28). Judge Harry S. Truman Speech, Springfield, Missouri (SR84-1) [Speech audio recording]. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, Independence, MO, United States.

When discussing an entire blog in your paper (and not indicating a specific idea, fact, or document) it is acceptable to simply include the URL of the website in parentheses within your writing. If you are referring to a specific piece of information or directly quoting information on a blog, a text and reference citation are required .

The blog Just a Colorado Gal (http://www.justacoloradogal.com/) covers not only hiking gear, routes, basics, and specifics, but also follow’s the life of the blogger.

Authors of academic papers can find useful tips and answers to APA questions not covered in the Publication Manual on the APA Style Blog (http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/).

With the tag line 'writer. professor. part-time hippie.' the Stacia L. Brown blog (http://stacialbrown.com/) offers readers current news topics with a human element and a humane eye.

Adventures of a Labor Nurse: The Highs and Lows of Labor and Delivery blog (http://adventuresofalabornurse.com/) looks at the nursing profession and the people with humor and grace.

Information Needed

Date of Post (Year, Month Day)
Title of Post
Title of Blog

Hoffman, C. (2022, March 3). Your wif-fi is in Google and Microsoft's databases: Should you care? How-To Geek . https://www.howtogeek.com/788837/your-wi-fi-info-is-in-google-and-microsofts-databases-should-you-care/

McAdoo, T. (2020, March 16). How to create an APA Style reference for a canceled conference presentation. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/canceled-conferences

Our fave podcasts + audio books for holiday travel. (2019, November 19). Love Sweat Fitness. https://lovesweatfitness.com/our-fave-podcasts-audio-books-for-holiday-travel/

Comment on Blog Entry

Author screenname/username or proper name
Date of comment (Year, Month Day)
Title of comment or first 20 words of comment
Title of blog

Azavedo, M. (2021, March 2). Your approach excites me, is what I too do. I really want to get my hands on the book you [Comment on the article “Creative writing for social research”]. The Research Whisperer. https://researchwhisperer.org/2021/03/02/creative-writing-for-social-research/

Jonathan. (2013, January 6). It’s not that work is less important, but that you can get it done efficiently, the right way [Comment on the article “Do you have an overwork problem?”]. Get a life, PhD. http://getalifephd.blogspot.com/2013/01/do-you-have-overwork-problem.html

Woshiernog. (2022, March 16). Why are people so gung-ho about talking about sexual things to K-3 rd graders and hiding those thing from the student parents? [Comment on the article “Marvel Studio denounces ‘Don’t Say Gay’ bill as Disney employees plan walkout”]. Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/marvel-studios-disney-florida-lgbtq-bill-backlash-1848660759

Authored Book • Edited Book • Anthology • Book Edition • eBook with DOI • eBook from Library Dat abase • Other eBooks

If citing only a chapter from an edited book, see examples for chapters in edited books .

Author(s) or editor(s)
Year of publication
Title of book
Publisher Name (if the author and the publisher is the same, omit the publisher)
If not the first edition of a book: Edition number
If part of a multi-volume set: Volume number
If an ebook: DOI or URL, unless ebook is from library database

Authored Book

Cabaniss, A. (1970). Liturgy and literature: Selected Essays . University of Alabama Press.

Chandler, D., & Werther, W. B., Jr. (2014). Strategic corporate social responsibility: Stakeholders, globalization, and sustainable value creation (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Rhodes, C. (2020). Disturbing business ethics: Emmanuel Levinas and the politics of organization . Routledge.

Edited Book

Felker, G. M., & Mann, D. L. (Eds.). (2020). Heart failure: A companion to Braunwald's heart disease . Elsevier.

Garnett, S., Latch, P., Lindenmayer, D., & Woinarski, J. (Eds.). (2018). Recovering threatened species: A book of hope . CSIRO Publishing.

Pappas, G., & Guajardo, M. (Eds.). (1993). Colorado Hispanics: A report of selected social concerns . Latin American Research and Service Agency.

125th anniversary anthology, 1839-1964: A sampling of reading tastes from the lists of an American publisher with a brief historical commentary. (1964). Dodd, Mead & Co.

Garnett, R., Valle'e, L., & Brandl, A. (Eds.). (1902). The universal anthology: A collection of the best literature, ancient, medieval and modern, with biographical and explanatory notes (Westminster Ed., Vol. 33). Merrill & Baker.

Gates, H. L., Jr., & Smith, V. (Eds.). (2014). The Norton anthology of African American literature (3rd ed., Vol. 2). W. W. Norton & Company.

Book Edition

Finkelnburg, W. (1964). Structure of matter (W. Finkenburg & O. Matossi-Riechmeier, Trans., 9th/10th ed.). Springer.

Reid, A., Tu, S., Port, K. L. (2018). Fundamentals of United States intellectual property law: Copyright, patent, and trademark (6th ed.). Kluwer Law International.

Turekian, K. K. (2010). Marine chemistry and geochemistry: A derivative of encyclopedia of ocean sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.

eBook with DOI

Goldman, M. B., Troisi, R., & Rexrode, K. M. (2013). Women and health (2nd ed.). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-01962-X

Jones, P., Miles, D., & Gopalkrishnan, N. (2019). Intercultural learning: Critical preparation for international student travel. UTS ePRESS. https://doi.org/10.5130/978-0-9945039-9-2

Kersten, F. (1997). Galileo and the 'invention' of opera: A study in the phenomenology of consciousness . Springer: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8931-4

eBook from Library Database

Other eBooks (no DOI, not from a library database)

Curnow, K. (2018). The bright continent: African art history . MSL Academic Endeavors. https://pressbooks.ulib.csuohio.edu/bright-continent/

Doyle, G. R., & McCuthcheon, J. A. (2015). Clinical procedures for safer patient care . British Columbia Institute of Technology. https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills/

Vatsyayana. (2009). The kama sutra of Vatsyayana: Translated from the Sanscrit in seven parts with preface, introduction and concluding remarks (S. P. Bhide, R. F. Burton, & B. Indrajit, Trans.). Project Gutenberg. (Original work published in 1883) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27827

Book Chapter ♦ Reference Work Entry

Book Chapter • Handbook Section/Chapter • Dictionary Entry • Encyclopedia Entry • Wikipedia Entry

Generally, only cite book chapters when the book has editors and chapters are by different authors or groups of authors. When citing a book with authors but no editors, cite the whole book in the reference list and, if appropriate, give the chapter number in the text citation.

Chapter author(s)
Title of chapter, section, or author
Book editor(s)
Page numbers of chapter, section, or author

For information of when to use a DOI, URL, or neither, see the Book section.

Edited Book Chapter

Fasina, A. (2015). Case 3: Altered mental status. In Y. Okuda & B. P. Nelson (Eds.), Emergency medicine oral board review illustrated (2nd ed., pp. 47-50). Cambridge University Press. https://amzn.to/2yFID2P

Pegoraro, A., Scott, O., & Burch, L. M. (2017). Strategic use of Facebook to build brand awareness: A case study of two national sport organizations. In Information Resources Management Association (Ed.), Sports, media, marketing, and management: Breakthroughs in research and practice (pp. 97-118). IGI Global.

Handbook Section/Chapter

Lin, W. (2020). Participatory geographic information systems in visual research. In L. Pauwels & D. Mannay (Eds)., The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (2nd ed., pp. 173-185). SAGE Publications.

For online reference works that are continuously updated , such as the online version of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the publication date should be recorded as n.d. (no date) and the date you looked at the online article is placed before the URL in the citation.

Dictionary entry examples: #1 and #2
Encyclopedia entry examples: #1 and #3

Even some more 'official' dictionaries and encyclopedias are updated in an on-going basis and should follow the rule above. For instance, the first example under Encyclopedias is called a 'living edition' even though it has a DOI, ISBN, and publisher. Therefore, the citation requires that 'no date' be indicated in the publication date and retrieval information is included before the URL.

Because Wikipedia keeps copies of each version of each article, do not use 'no date' in place of the publication date, nor include retrieval date information.

Dictionary Entry

Encyclopedia Entry

Reynolds, C. R., Vannest, K. J., & Fletcher-Janzen, E. (2014). Visual-motor and visual-perceptual problems. In Encyclopedia of special education, Vol. 4: A reference for the education of children, adolescents, and adults with disabilities and other exceptional individuals (4th ed., pp. 2727-2728). Wiley.

Wikipedia Entry

To find the date of the article you wish to cite, click on " View History " in the top, right-hand corner of the Wikipedia page, and select the most current version of the article by clicking on the most current date. The URL will now have a series of numbers at the end, indicating an archived version of the Wikipedia article that gives reference to the exact version of the article you accessed.

Title of systematic review

Foxcroft, D. R., Moreira, M. T., Almeida Santimano, N. M. L., & Smith, L. A. (2015). Social norms information for alcohol misuse in university and college students. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4

Molyneaux, E., Howard, L. M., McGeown, H. R., Karia, A. M., & Trevillion, K. (2014). Antidepressant treatment for postnatal depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002018.pub2

Pellicori, P., Doolub, G., Wong, C. M., Lee, K. S., Mangion, K., Ahmad, M., Berry, C., Squire, I., Lambiase, P. D., Lyon, A., McConnachie, A., Taylor, R. S., & Cleland, J. G. F. (2021). COVID-19 and its cardiovascular effects: A systematic review of prevalence studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013879

If citing a canceled presentation or a conference that was planned for in-person attendance but changed to virtual, see the APA Blog article How to Create an APA Style Reference for a Canceled Conference Presentation .

Presenter(s)
Dates of conference (generally Year, Month Day-Day)
Title of session
Type of session (Conference session, Paper presentation, Poster presentation, Plenary session, Keynote, Workshop, etc.)
Name of conference
Generally City, State, Nation or equivalent
If a completely virtual conference, do not include a location
URL (if available)

Conference Session - In-Person or Hybrid Conference

Blackman, C., Fore, I., & Skinner, K. (2016, May 16-19). A new dimension for team science – individual and system elements in collaboration [Workshop]. Science of Team Science (SciTS) 2016 Conference. https://bit.ly/3Il0gmn

Gustetic, J. (2019, September 21-24). Opening session [Keynote]. 2019 ASTC Annual Conference. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://www.astc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2019ASTCAnnualConferenceProgram.pdf

Radford, M. L., Kitzie, V., Mikitish, S., Floegel, D., & Silipigni Connaway, L. (2019, April 10-13). Trending now: Recasting services to support scholarly identity work [Paper presentation]. ACRL 2019. Cleveland, OH, United States. https://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/ala.org.acrl/files/content/conferences/confsandpreconfs/2019/acrl2019_program.pdf

Sablan, J., Edwards, K., Wiles, L. J., Guillen, C., & Bai, Z. (2018, March 3-7). Collaboration across units: Lessons shared in support of undergraduate and graduate student transitional experiences [Poster presentation]. 2018 NASPA Annual Conference. Philadelphia, PA, United States. https://conference.naspa.org/images/uploads/2018-NASPA-book-web.pdf

Smith, K. (2016, June 6-7). Libraries & copyright: The past and present [Conference session]. Kraemer Copyright Conference. Colorado Springs, CO, United States. https://copyright.uccs.edu/kraemerconference/archives/sessions2016

Conference Session - Virtual Only Conference

Chow, K. (2022, January 31-February). Propelling Java at Alibaba scale [Plenary session]. CMG IMPACT 2022. https://cmgimpact.com/schedule2022/

Hacker, D. (2022, February 24-25). Deprived at both ends: Women under secular and religious family law [Keynote]. Fifth International Conference on the Future of Women. https://futurewomenconference.com/#

Many, A., Parks, J., Zaback, K., & Zinth, J. (2021, October 18-19). Building OER capacity in the Midwest: Supporting grassroots efforts and statewide collaboration [Conference session]. Open Education Conference. https://opened21.sched.com/

Ybarra, J., Anderson, J., & Karr, S. (2021, April 18). The mediating role of self-efficacy on the math anxiety-performance relationship [Poster presentation]. University of Northern Colorado Research Day 2021. https://www.unco.edu/honors-scholars-leadership/aew/researchdayposters.aspx

Year of publication/year of posting/year of release
Title of data set
Version number, if given
DOI or URL, if an online data set

Bywater-Reyes, S., Diehl, R. M., & Wilcox, A. C. (2018). T he influence of a vegetated bar on channel-bend flow dynamics (no. 5) [Data set]. University of Northern Colorado, Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/esd_data_2018/16/

Doornwaard, S. M., ter Bogt, T. F. M., Reitz, E., & van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M. (2016). Sex-related online behaviors, perceived peer norms and adolescents’ experience with sexual behavior: Testing an integrative model [Data set]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.96bc0

National Center for State Courts. (1984). Criminal case processing in metropolitan courts, 1976 [Data set]. University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research.

National Oceanographic Data Center. (1988). Environmental buoy data [Data set]. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Pastor, D., Patterson, C., & Goldberg, A. (2021). Anticipated future political participation: A college student sample (Version 1) [Data set, code book, and instrument]. ICPSR. https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/134261

A digital object identifier (DOI) is an alphanumeric code that is assigned to content to provide a persistent identifier (like a social security number for articles and chapters and other content). A DOI acts as a locator - helping individuals find articles and chapters cited in bibliographies. DOIs are preferable to URLs because even if the URL for an article breaks in the future, the DOI will remain constant.

DOIs and APA Style

In APA-style reference citations, always express the DOI as a URL ( see below ). This may sound confusing (after all, DOIs different than URLS), but expressing a DOI as a URL allows readers to more easily access the document you cited. DOIs are commonly seen on born-digital content, but may also be included in the print version of content. DOIs always begin with 10; however, a DOI can be expressed as a URL, where https://doi.org/ appears in front of the DOI. If you find a DOI on a source you are citing that does not include https://doi.org/ as a prefix, add it to the DOI for the APA citation. It is best to copy and paste the DOI from digital content to your bibliography so that there are no transcription errors - but don't forget to change the font and font size to match the rest of your paper!

DOI without URL prefix 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00193.x

same DOI with URL prefix added https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00193.x

1. The DOI should be listed on the first page of a journal article . It is sometimes more difficult to find a DOI on a book or book chapter – check the title page verso . The DOI may or may not be prefaced with the letters DOI.

DOI on the Article First Page - Example 1 DOI on the Article First Page - Example 2

2. DOIs are often included in database records . Thus, when searching a library database like Academic Search Premier, SpringerLink, or Summon, if a DOI is assigned to an article, book, or book chapter, the DOI will be included in the database record.

DOI in a Database Record - Example 1 DOI in a Database Record - Example 2

3. DOIs may also be found in the bibliography of an article – as authors are now using DOIs as a citation tool. If you find a DOI in a bibliography and want to find the actual article, book, or book chapter (or at least further citation information), you need to use a DOI resolver ( see http://dx.doi.org/ ).

Film, Television & Video

Feature Film • Documentary Film • Educational Film • Television Series • Television Episode • TED Talks • YouTube • Vimeo • Webinar

Feature Film

Director(s)
Year of release
Film title - if non-English film, include both the title in the original language and the English version of title)
Format type - it is not incorrect to include the format type always; but it is necessary to include the format type if the format provides additional content, such as a DVD with commentary or extras.
Production company/companies

Anders, A., Rockwell, A., Rodriguez, R., & Tarantino, Q. (Directors). (1995). Four rooms [Film]. A Band Apart.

Capra, F. (Director). (1946). It’s a wonderful life [Film]. Liberty Films.

Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Gilliam, T. (Director). (1998). Fear and loathing in Las Vegas (Criterion Collection ed.) [Film; Blu-ray disc]. Rhino Films; Summit Entertainment.

Kurosawa, A. (Director). (1954). Shichinin no samurai [Seven samurai] [Film]. Toho.

Renoir, J. (Director). (1950). La règle du jeu [The rules of the game] [Film]. Nouvelle Éditions Française.

Documentary Film

Film title - if non-English film, include both the title in the original language and the English version of title)

Flaherty, R. J. (Director). (1922). Nanook of the north [Film; documentary]. Pathé Exchange.

Morris, E. (Director). (1988). The thin blue line [Film; documentary]. Miramax Films.

Neville, M. (Director). (2018). Won’t you be my neighbor [Film; documentary]. Tremolo Productions; Impact Partners; Independent Lens.

Peck, R. (Director). (2016). I am not your Negro [Film; documentary DVD]. Velvet Film; Artemis Productions; Close Up Films.

Zhangke, J. (Director). (2020). Yí zhi yóu dào hǎi shuǐ biàn Ián [Swimming out till the sea turns blue] [Film; documentary]. Xstream Pictures.

Educational Film

Name of database or collection if film is only available through a specific database or collection

Newman, R. D., & Nightingale, J. (Producers). (2012). Videofluoroscopic review of swallowing: Biomechanics, physiology, pathology [Film; educational DVD]. Vision Four Video; Plural Publishing.

McIlwain, C., Fisherkeller, J., Dietrich, E., & Benson, R. (Speakers). (2006). Qualitative research: Methods in the social sciences [Film; educational video]. SAGE Research Methods Video.

Prince, K. (Director). (2019). Some like it hip hop [Theatrical production recording]. ZooNation: The Kate Prince Company. Retrieved from Digital Theatre Plus.

Sartore, J. (Speaker). (2013). The art of travel photography: Six expert lessons [Film; educational DVD]. Teaching Company.

Television Series

Executive producer(s)
Years of production - if the series in ongoing, use the word "present" for the latter date
Title of television series - if non-English film, include both the title in the original language and the English version of title)

Cho, H.-j., & Kim, S.-h. (Executive Producers). (2018-2019). Alhambeura goongjeonui chooeok [Memories of the Alhambra] [TV series]. Chorokbaem Media; Studio Dragon.

Kohan, J., Friedman, L, Hess, S., Herrmann, T., Vinnecour, L, Tannenbaum, N. K., & Burley, M. A. (Executive Producers). Orange is the new black [Netflix TV series]. Titled Productions; Lionsgate Television.

Maher, B. (Creator & Presenter). (2003-present). Real time with Bill Maher [TV series]. Bill Maher Productions; Grad Grey Television; Home Box Office.

Sheldon, L. (Executive Producer). (1961-1966). The Dick Van Dyke show [TV series]. Calvada Productions.

Television Episode

Writer(s) and Director(s)
Original air date
Episode Title
Season number, episode number
Title of television series - if non-English film, include both the title in the original language and the English version of title)

Dueñas, M. (Writer), Grondona, A. (Writer), Rubio, S. L. (Writer), & Peñafiel, I. (Director). (2013, November 18). El sol siempre vuelve a salir (Season 1, Episode 5) [TV series episode]. In E. Pina & R. Baltanás (Executive Producers), El tiempo entre costuras [The time in between]. Boomerang TV; Atresmedia.

Parker, T. (Writer), Stone, M. (Writer), Goodman, D. R. (Writer), & Stough, E. (Director). (2001, July 11). Scott Tenorman must die [TV series episode]. In T. Parker, M. Stone, B. Graden, D. Liebling, F. C. Agnone, II, B. Howell, & A. Garefino (Executive Producers) South Park . Celluloid Studios; MTV Entertainment Studios; Comedy Parnters.

Williams, R. (Writer), & Bucksey, C. (Director). (2016, December 16). The road less traveled (Season 2, Episode 2) [Amazon Prime TV episode]. In R. Scott, F. Spotnitz, C. Baute, I. D. Hackett, S. Mackinnon, & C. Tricarico (Executive Producers), The man in the high castle . Amazon Studios; Scott Free Productions; Electric Shepherd Productions; Headline Pictures; Bight Light Productions; Picrow; Reunion Pictures.

If the TED Talk recording is found on YouTube, cite as a YouTube video (see examples below).

Speaker - or the entity posting the video if found on YouTube
Date - year and month if found on TED website or year, month, and day if found on YouTube
Title of talk - include the speaker's name if found on YouTube

Robinson, K. (2006, February). Do schools kill creativity? [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity ?

TED. (2015, March 20). Monica Lewinski: The price of shame [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_8y0WLm78U

TED. (2015, April 3). Bill Gates: The next outbreak? We’re not read y [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/6Af6b_wyiwI

Urban, T. (2016, February). Inside the mind of a master procrastinator [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_urban_inside_the_mind_of_a_master_procrastinator

Name of person or entity posting the video (if known)
Screenname or username of entity posting the video
Date video was posted (year, month, day)
Title of video

Drost, H. [Drost Video]. (2017, July 3). How to find your most watched YouTube videos [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_HrNWPThiA

Ghate, J. (2020, April 16). How to paint big dot mandala step by step tutorial [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/sSCPMuOoHJo

Kjellberg, F. A. U. [PewDiePie]. (2021, November 5). People break their legs on purpose. Why? [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/H_HrNWPThiA

Pinkfong Baby Shark – Kids’ Songs & Stories. (2016, June 17). Baby shark dance [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/XqZsoesa55w

University of Northern Colorado, University Libraries [UNCLibraries]. (2020, June 12]. APA style 7 th edition: Formatting an APA style paper – student paper in Microsoft Word [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/wBQz_FHhbRg

Art Gallery of Western Australia. (n.d.). Hannah Gadsby at AGWA: E Phillips Fox [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/243261903

Brass, M. (2011, August 12). Rocky Mountain National Park [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/27620090

Montana Office of Tourism. (n.d.). Indian nations: Cippewa Cree [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/74474155

Wolf, M. (2020, August 31). Another hayride [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/453421514

If the Webinar recording is found on YouTube, cite as a YouTube video (see example below).

Speaker(s) - or the entity posting the video if found on YouTube
Date - year, month, day
Title of webinar
Name of entity responsible for recording/posting the webinar if not found on YouTube

Association of Clinicians for the Underserved. (2021, June 30). Managing in the time of COVID-19 & beyond – diversity, equity, & inclusion [Webinar]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/x5lg_BD-hDA

Hess, D., Hunter, J., Ascher, A., & Bishop, T. (2021, September 1). Understanding the Initial Preventive Physical Examination (IPPE), the Annual Well Visit (AWV) and cognitive assessments and care plan services [Webinar]. Novitas Solutions. https://bit.ly/3CLc5Bg

McCartin, L. (2020, March 18). Prioritizing curriculum during emergency remote teaching [Webinar]. University of Northern Colorado, Center for the Enhancement of Teaching & Learning, Teaching, Learning & Assessment. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/tla/37/

Pudewa, A. (2018, July 2). Strategies for winning the college writing game [Webinar]. Institute for Excellence in Writing. https://excellenceinwriting.adobeconnect.com/_a946750274/pfkfwvkpj194/

An single person,
Multiple people,
A group author (an institution or organization), or
Multiple group authors.
Look for whomever takes credit or responsibility for the information.
If there is no individual or group author associated with the information, move the title into the place of author (before the date).
the copyright date or
the date of last update.
Do not use a copyright date from a website footer as this does not give any indication of when the information was written; if no other date is available, us the rules of no date.
For journal articles that have been accepted by a journal but not yet published, use the notation (In press).
Use circa (abbreviated ca.) for approximate dates, as in (ca. 1930).
If there is no date associated with the information, use the notation of n.d., for no date, as in (n.d.).
entire standalone works (e.g., books, journals, albums, etc.) and
works that a part of a greater whole (e.g., book chapters, journal articles, songs, etc.).
For works that are not books, journal/journal articles, magazine/magazine articles, or newspaper/newspaper articles include a description of the type of work directly after the title and before ending punctuation inside square brackets.
Source information varies by type, format, and retrieval method of source. For example, a print newspaper article has different source information than an online book. See examples on this page and the Publication Manual (pp.293-301).
Generally a group author, but may be a mix of group and individual authors
Date of publication
Title of report
Report number or designation (sometimes an alphanumeric code)
Publisher name or organization (if different than the author)
URL - if an online report

Government Report Online

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, April). HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among transgender women (HIV Surveillance Report No. 27). https://bit.ly/3N2xWZJ

Department of Regulatory Agencies & Department of Health Care Policy and Financing. (2019, November 15). Final report for Colorado’s public opinion. State of Colorado. https://bit.ly/37umoOm

Internet Crime Complaint Center. (n.d.). 2020 internet crime report. Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.ic3.gov/Media/PDF/AnnualReport/2020_IC3Report.pdf

United States International Trade Commission. (2019, April). U.S.-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement: Likely impact on the U.S. economy and specific industry sectors (Report 4889 TPA 105-003). https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/pub4889.pdf

Government Report Print

Colorado Department of Human Services. (1999, March 1). Assessment of community consolidated child care pilot program: Technical report submitted to the Colorado General Assembly .

Harmon, K. R. (1986, February). Telecommunications study for Colorado libraries: Executive summary report. Colorado Department of Education.

United States General Accounting Office. (1991, June). Professional military education at the four intermediate service schools: Report to the Chairman, Panel on Military Education, Committee on the Armed Services, House of Representatives (GAO/NSAID-91-182). Department of Defense.

Visher, M. G., & Hudis, P. M. (1999, October). Aiming high: Strategies to promote high standards in high schools – interim report. New American High Schools; U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education.

Principal investigator
Year grant begins
Year grant ends
Title of grant
Grant number (if there is one)
Granting agency
URL - if grant abstract is online

Berg, M. (Principal Investigator). (2021-2022). Graduate content literacy for diverse learners, EDRD 515 [Grant]. University of Northern Colorado OER Committee. https://bit.ly/3JpO05w

Burns, P. (Principal Investigator). (2021-2025). Influence of fish oil on corpus luteum function (Grant No. 2021-67016-33839) [Grant]. United States Department of Agriculture. https://portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/1024909-influence-of-fish-oil-on-corpus-luteum-function.html

Cheung, P. W. (Principal Investigator). (2018-2021). Characterization of novel signaling pathways involved in water balance disorders (Project No. 3K08DK115901-03S1) [Grant]. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10165964

Mayer, J. (Principal Investigator). (2018-2019). OER awareness and infrastructure building at the University of Northern Colorado [Grant]. Colorado Department of Higher Education. https://highered.colorado.gov/Publications/Reports/Legislative/OER/OER_Report_2019_Final.pdf

Grey literature basically refers to the wealth of information sources that are not published through traditional publishing houses. This basically includes any information source that is not a book, journal, magazine, or newspaper.

Grey Literature includes materials that are generally

not published commercially and/or
not generally accessible and
can include ephemera

According to the Twelfth International Conference on Grey Literature, the definition is as follows:

"Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected by intellectual property rights, of sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by libraries and institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers; i.e., where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body" (for more information see Towards a Prague Definition of Grey Literature - PDF ).

...paint ings, pamphlets, patents, patient care sheets, plans, podcas ts, post cards, posters, practice guidelines, policies, PowerPoints , preprints, press release, Prezis , proceedings...

Determining How to Cite Grey Literature

Check the Reference Citations on this Guide.
Consult the Publication Manual 7th Edition .
Consult the APA Style Blog .
Investing for life [Brochure] .
How to create online continuing education classes [Webinar] .
Anatomical model
Annual report
Apparatus and data file
Blog comment
Blu-ray disc
Book review
CD recording
Conference presentation
Committee report
Computer software
Database record
Demographic map
Electronic mailing list comment
Facebook page
Facebook post
Lecture notes
Letter to the editor
Measurement instrument
Mission statement
Mobile application software
Motion picture
Online forum comment
Organizational standards
Physiological specimens
Podcast transcript
Policy documents
Policy statements
PowerPoint presentation
PowerPoint slides
Practice guidelines
Press release
Prezi presentation
Product catalog
Questionnaire
Research notes
Research proposal
Scientific protocol
Tape recording
Television series episode
Television series webisode
Topographic map
Twitter update

Journal Article

with DOI • Print Version • with URL • in Library Databases • with Article Number • with Page Numbers • Advance Online Publication • In Press

Year of Publication
Title of Article
Title of Journal
Volume Number
Issue Number
Page Numbers or Article Number

Journal Articles with DOI

Freeze, J. G., Kelly, H. R., & Batista, V. S. (2019). Search for catalysts by inverse design: Artificial intelligence, mountain climbers, and alchemists. Chemical Reviews, 119 (11), 6595-6612. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00759

Katada, S. N. (2013). Financial crisis fatigue? Politics behind Japan’s post-global financial crisis economic contractions. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 14 (2), 223-242. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109913000042

Parsons, S. (2009). Sontag’s lament: Emotions, ethics, and photography. Photography and Culture, 2 (3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.2752/175145109X12532077132356

Journal Articles Print Version

Meeker, M. (2001). Behind the mask of respectability: Reconsidering the Mattachine Society and male homophile practice, 1950s and 1960s. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 10 (1), 78-116.

Wechsler, H., Lee, J. E., Kuo, M., & Lee, H. (2000). College binge drinking in the 1990s: A continuing problem – results of the Harvard School of Public Health 1999 college alcohol study. College Health, 48 (5), 199-2010.

Wester, F. R. (1953). A technique for the measurement of race attitudes. American Sociological Review, 18 (1), 73-78.

Journal Articles with URL

Hopsicker, P. M. (2014). Racing to death: The not-so-ordinary happenings of the 1932 Lake Placid Olympic bobsled events. Journal of Sport History, 41 (1), 73-93. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/544501/pdf

Moskalik , T., Borz , S. A., Dvořák , J., Ferencik , M., Glushkov , S., Muiste , P., Lazdiņš , A., & Styranivsky , O. (2017). Timber harvesting methods in Eastern European countries: A review. Croatian Journal of Forest Engineering, 38 (2), 231-241. https://bit.ly/376dRgA

Rashidi, Z., Azadbakht, M., Amini, A., & Karimi, I. (2014). Timber harvesting methods in Eastern European countries: A Review. Cell Journal, 15 (4), 282-293. https://celljournal.org/journal/article/abstract/591

Journal Articles in Library Databases

Journal Articles with Article Number

Cucuzzella, C., Chupin, J.-P., & Hammond, C. (2020). Eco-didacticism in art and architecture: Design as means for raising awareness. Cities, 102 , Article 102728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102728

Rothan, H. A., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. Journal of Autoimmunity, 109 , Article 102433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433

Urada, L. A., Rusakova, M., Odinokova, V., Tsuyuki, K., Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2019). Sexual exploitation as a minor, violence, and HIV/STI risk among women trading sex in St. Petersburg and Orenburg, Russia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (22), Article 4343. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224343

Journal Articles with Page Numbers

Meadwell, J., Paxman-Clarke, L., Terris, D., & Ford, P. (2019). In search of a performing seal: Rethinking the design of tight-fitting respiratory protective equipment facepieces for users with facial hair. Safety and Health at Work, 10 (3), 275-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2019.05.001

Taddei, C., Zhou, B., Bixby, H., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Danaei, G., Jackson, R. T., Farzadfar, F., Sophiea, M. K., Di Cesaire, M., Caminia lurilli, M. L., Rodriguez Martinez, A., Ashgari, G., Dhana, K., Gulayin, P., Kakarmath, S., Santero, M., Voortman, Riley, L. M., Cowan, M. J.,…Ezzati, M. (2020). Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol. Nature, 582 (7810), 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1

Zhong, Y.-P., Shen, X.-T., Ying, Y., Wu, H.-T., Li, J., Qi, Q., Zhou, C.-Q., & Zhuang, G.-L. (2012). Impact of transitory hyperprolactinemia on clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Journal of Medical Biochemistry, 31 (1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10011-011-0039-x

Journal Articles, Advance Online Publication

Esposito, E., Li, W., Mandeville, E. T., Park, J.-H., Şencan, I., Guo, S., Shi, J., Lan, J., Hayakawa, K., Sakadžić, S., Ji, X., & Lo, E. H. (2020). Potential circadian effects on translational failure for neuroprotection. Nature. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2348-z

Jose, K., MacDonald, F., Vandenberg, M., Williams, J., Abbott-Chapman, J., Venn, A., & Smith, K. J. (2020). School breakfast club programs in Australian primary schools, not just addressing food insecurity: A qualitative study. Health Education & Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi-org.unco.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1090198120920193

Rűber, I. E., & Janmaat, J. G. (2020). Does participation in adult education increase volunteering? An analysis of British longitudinal data. Adult Education Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi-org.unco.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/0741713620927348

Journal Articles in Press

In press articles are also called Journal Pre-Proofs.

In press articles are articles are manuscripts that have been submitted to and accepted by a journal, but are still in the process of final production; therefore, it is possible mistakes are included in this version of the article that will be caught and corrected before the final version. It is important to note in citation when working with an in press article, so that the reader knows the version of the article any information came from. Not all journals put in press articles online for others to see. It is generally journals in the sciences that offer access to articles before the final version is completed. In general, in press articles will not have a volume, issue, or page numbers; they may or may not be assigned a DOI.

Magazine Articles

Magazine Article Print Version • Magazine Article from Library Database • Magazine Article on Open Web

If no author is listed, move the magazine article title into the place of the author
Date of publication
Title of article
Title of magazine
Volume, issue, and page numbers are often not available for online magazine articles; if they are not available omit the numbers
Magazine articles are not always on sequential page numbers; if an article appears non-sequentially give the first page or page range followed by a comma followed by the second page or page range, and so on
URL - for online magazine articles

Magazine Article Print Version

Malcolm, J. (2018, October 29). Six glimpses of the past: Photography and memory. The New Yorker, 94 (34), 18-26.

Shah, S., & El-Sayed, A. (2022, January). Medical algorithms need better regulations. Scientific American, 326 (1), 10-11.

Spradley, N. (2016, December). Strokes of genius. Essence, 47 (8), 45-46, 48, 50.

What you should know about AirPods. (2022, March). Consumer Reports, 87 (3), 14-15.

Magazine Article in Library Database

Magazine Article on Open Web

Berinato, S. (2022, January-February). When people listen to happy songs, the market outperforms. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2022/01/when-people-listen-to-happy-songs-the-market-outperforms

Boyes, A., Esposito, L., Gillihan, S., & Leyba, E. (2021, May 4). The high cost of calm. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/202105/the-high-cost-calm

Faber, T. (Author), Lai, A. (Photographer), & Tao, K. (Stylist). (2022, March 15). David Erritzoe: On the mind-bending potential of psychedelics. Kinfold, 43 . https://www.kinfolk.com/david-erritzoe/

Howley, E. K. (2021, June 4). COVID-19 vaccines for children: Timing, side effects and more. U.S. News & World Report. https://health.usnews.com/conditions/coronavirus-and-your-health/articles/covid-19-vaccines-for-children-timing-side-effects-and-more

If citing a new source from a newspaper , magazine , blog , or video site like YouTube , see examples under these types of sources. For news sources on websites such as ABC News, CBS News, CNN, HuffPost, MSNBC, NBC News, NPR, Reuters, Salon, Vox, etc., site as examples given below.

If there is no author, move the title of the news article before the date element.
News site name

News Site - Article with Author(s)

Fulcher, M. P. (2022, March 20). Boulder prepares to mark a painful milestone – a year since the King Soopers Shooting . CPR News. https://www.cpr.org/2022/03/20/boulder-prepares-to-mark-a-painful-milestone-a-year-since-the-king-soopers-shooting/

Karanth, S. (2022, March 16). 1 year after Atlanta spa shootings, Asian American women still face hate and violence. HuffPost. https://bit.ly/3qmU8nq

Sneed, T., & de Vogue, A. (2022, March 21). What Ketanji Brown Jackson might be grilled about her Supreme Court confirmation hearings . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/21/politics/what-to-expect-ketanji-brown-jackson-confirmation-hearings/index.html

Thrash, R. (2022, March 21). 2 Pennsylvania troopers hit by a car and killed as they helped man on interstate, police say. CBSNews. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/two-pennsylvania-troopers-three-hit-car-killed-95-rcna20820

Website, Author and Publisher Are Same

Chinese Boeing jet crashes in mountains with 132 on board, no sign of survivors . (2022, March 21). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-eastern-airlines-passenger-jet-has-accident-guangxi-state-media-says-2022-03-21/

Marine pilot killed in Osprey crash in Norway was a native on Leominster. (2022, March 21). WCVB Boston. https://www.wcvb.com/article/marines-pilot-capt-ross-reynolds-killed-in-norway-osprey-crash-was-a-native-of-leominster/39485562

Newspaper Articles

Newspaper Article Print Version • Newspaper Article from Library Database • Newspaper Article on Open Web

Author(s) - if no author is listed, move the newspaper article title into the place of the author
If citing something without a title (such as an advertisement), write a description of the piece inside square brackets.
If the title of newspaper lends itself to ambiguity (such as a common title such as The Daily Sentinel) place the city and state of the newspaper in square brackets after the title of the newspaper.
Page numbers are often not available for online newspaper articles; if they are not available omit them
Newspaper articles are not always on sequential pages; if an article appears non-sequentially give the first page or page range followed by a comma followed by the second page or page range, and so on
URL - for online newspaper articles

Newspaper Article Print Version

Coyotes around Nunn numerous and bold. (1916, May 10). Greeley Daily Tribune , 6.

Hindi, S. (2018, May 3). Defense lawyer releases video from body camera. Fort Collins Coloradoan , A1, A3.

Klomhaus, S. (2022, February 10). Assessment finds Mesa County is lacking in available child care. The Daily Sentinel [Grand Junction, Colorado], A3.

[Advertisement for Saks & Company women’s wraps, capes, and coat sale with prices]. (1920, May 11). The New York Times , 5.

Newspaper Article in Library Database

Newspaper Article on Open Web

Carlson, M. (2022, January 2). Betty White obituary. The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/jan/02/betty-white-obituary

Casanova, S., & Sweeney, A. (2021, July 28). Violence spike of 2020 widened familiar safety gap between city neighborhoods, University of Chicago Crime Lab analysis shows. Chicago Tribune . https://bit.ly/3JmCeso

Dickerson, B. (2022, March 16). Opinion: Zelenskyy is the leader of the free world now. Detroit Free Press . https://bit.ly/3qdVnW1

Kafer, K. (2021, November 17). Denver talk show host is in hot water for false election fraud claims. The Denver Post . https://www.denverpost.com/2021/11/17/randy-corporon-talk-show-host-defamation-lawsuit-dominion-election-fraud/

Personal Communications

Emails • Text Messages • Private Letters • Online Chats • Direct Messages • Memos • Telephone Conversations • Unrecorded Classroom Lectures • Personal Conference Notes • Live Speeches

Personal communications are only cited with an In-Text Citation. Do not give a Reference Citation.

Personal Communications are unpublished information sources that are not recoverable by the greater population (readers). For published communications, use the corresponding published format for citation examples ( i.e. , for letters published in a book, cite a book; personal communications may be published in journal articles, books, book chapters, blogs, websites, et cetera ).

Name of the person the information came from
Date of the communication - Month, Day and Year
If possible, give context within your writing as to the type of source you are citing (compare the Letter example - where context is given - with the Memo Letter, in which no context is given)
Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (R. J. Rymill, personal communication, January 12, 1936)
Narrative In-Text Citation: R. J. Rymill (personal communication, January 12, 1936)

In a letter written by Wyoming State Senator Robert J. Rymill ( personal communication, January 12, 1936) to his brother W. L. Rymill, the senator stated, “Serving on city and county school boards is the most successful avenue to changing education."

Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (C. Okafor, personal communication, July 7, 2017)
Narrative In-Text Citation: C. Okafor (personal communication, July 7, 2017)

Chief Operating Officer Cecelia Okafor ( personal communication, July 7, 2017 ) advised the Board of Trustees of the necessity of managing human capital costs and cross-training efforts .

Conversation (Personal)

Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (C. Myers, personal communication, June 10, 2017)
Narrative In-Text Citation: C. Myers (personal communication, June 10, 2017)

One presenter, at a recent copyright conference, stated, “My best advice regarding the amount used is to consider the amount needed to serve the purpose in relation to the work being used” ( C. Myers, personal communication, June 10, 2017 ).

Text Message

The following example is for a text message from an unknown source. Generally, the author of a text message is known and both Parenthetical and Narrative In-Text Citations will include the author's name.

Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (personal communication, May 27, 2020)

A text message sent from an unknown source ( personal communication, May 27, 2020 ) stated, "Some who came into contact with you tested positive or has shown symptoms for COVID-19 & recommends you self-isolate/get tested." Cable News Network (CNN, 2020) later reported that individuals across the United States received the same or similar text messages that including a link that - if activated - downloaded malware onto the recipient's computer.

Parenthetical In-Text Citation: (G. Hampson, personal communication, April 20, 2020)
Narrative In-Text Citation: G. Hampson (personal communication, April 20, 2020)

In an email, G. Hampson ( personal communication, April 20,2020 ) expressed his opinion on commercial (for-profit) entities' involvement in open access as follows:

I think we can build a very effective future on this common ground instead of continuing along the path where we divide our community into those whose motives are “pure,” and those who also look to do this work in a sustainable business manner.

Classroom Lecture (Unrecorded)

Parenthetical In-Text Citation: ( S. P. Mackessy , personal communication, January 21, 2020)
Narrative In-Text Citation: S. P. Mackessy (personal communication, January 21 , 2020 )

During a session of a human anatomy course at the University of Northern Colorado, Professor S. P. Mackessy ( personal communication, January 21,2020 ) referenced a forensic investigation in which snake venom was used as a poison in the death of a two-year-old.

A note on keeping a personal Dark Archive for Personal Communications used in research.

The Society of American Archivists defines a Dark Archive as " a repository that stores archival resources for future use but is accessible only to its custodian" or a " collection of materials preserved for future use but with no current access."

Generally, a Dark Archive is not necessary or advisable for student papers; however, for theses, dissertations, and formally published works, a Dark Archive of Personal Communications is recommended. Thus, if you cite an email in a journal article, keep that email so that if anyone asks you about the information in the email or questions the veracity of the information, you still have that information accessible.

Podcast Series

Years of Podcast Activity - this will generally be a range of years; the beginning year is the year in which the first episode was produced and the last year is the year in which the last year of the podcast was produced; if the podcast is still producing episodes, the latter part of the date range is noted as 'present'
Title of Podcast
Type of Podcast - audio or video
Production Company

DJ Envy, Yee, A., & Charlamagne tha God (Hosts). (2010-present). The breakfast club [Audio podcast]. iHeartRadio. https://www.iheart.com/podcast/the-breakfast-club-24992238/

Rogan, J. (Hosts). (2009-present). The Joe Rogan experience [Video podcast]. Spotify. https://open.spotify.com/show/4rOoJ6Egrf8K2IrywzwOMk

Shepard, D., & Padman, M. (Hosts). (2018-present). Armchair expert with Dax Shepard [Audio podcast]. Simplecast. https://armchairexpertpod.com/

Podcast Episode

Date of Episode (Year, Month Day)
Title of Episode
Type of Podcast
URL - if the episode is accessed through an app, the URL can be omitted)

Abumrad, J. (Host). (2019, November 19). The only one for me, Jolene [Audio podcast episode]. In Dolly Parton’s America . WNYC Studios. https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/dolly-partons-america/episodes

Eagan, D. (Host). (2021, April 2). Elevators: Terror and death in a 6 by 6 foot box (No. 3) [Audio podcast episode]. In Strange and unexplained . Obsessed Network. https://www.strangeandunexplainedpod.com/post/episode-3-elevator-stories

Ko, C., & Miller, N. (Hosts). (2021, December 9). Matt Damon ruins your Saturday (No. 217) [Video podcast episode]. In Tiny meat game podcast . TMG Studios. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_aUaq1mYds

If no author is given, move the title of the slide deck to the first element position in the citation.
If no date is given, use n.d. in place of a date to indicate "no date"
For various online slide software, it may be necessary to to figure out where this information is located (for example, for Google Slides select File>>Document Details which gives the creation date for the Google slide deck)
Title of slide deck
Publisher or host website
If the slide deck is behind a firewall (e.g., Canvas, Blackboard, a company intranet) and the main audience of the slide deck is within the organization that has access to materials behind the firewall, provide the name of the platform and the URL of the platform sign-on page.
If the slide deck is behind a firewall and the main audience does NOT have access to materials behind the firewall, cite the slide deck as a personal communication.

Davenport, B. (2015, May 17). 20 stress-free ways to declutter your home [Slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/bbdavenport/20-stressfree-ways-to-declutter-your-home

Denny, M. (2021, April 20). Setting writing goals & staying motivated [Google slides]. Google. https://bit.ly/37Lg05v

Mayer, J., & Webber, N. (2017, November 9). Showcase your impact as an author/creator and tell your research story [PowerPoint slides]. University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/workshops/1/

Wei, L. (n.d.). Multilingualism, social cognition, and creativity [PowerPoint slides]. Stony Brook University. https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/mic/_pdf/LiWeiSlides.ppt

Wiegand, S. (2018, Fall). Asking an answerable question, part III [Slides]. University of Northern Colorado Canvas Learning Management System. https://www.unco.edu/canvas/

Yohe, E. (2021, February 25). What you need to know about paid leave law [Slides]. Colorado Department of Labor and Employment. https://cdle.colorado.gov/sites/cdle/files/documents/CLDE_DLSS_Webinar_PresenationDeck_Web.pdf

Research instruments are sometimes referred to as tests. They are scales, inventories, questionnaires, and measurement tools used to collect data.

Individual(s) and/or Group(s)
If no year is associated with the instrument, give the notation for no date (n.d.)
If no title is associated with the instrument, give a description of the instrument in square brackets
Publisher, if available
Database name, if citing at database record
DOI or URL, if available

Manual for Research Instrument

Kerby, M. L. (1980). Kerby learning modality test: Manual (Rev. Ed.). Western Psychological Services.

Messer, B., & Harter, S. (2012). The self-perception profile for adults: Manual and questionnaires. University of Denver, Department of Psychology. https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/225566

Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. N., Jr. (1984). Grief experience inventory: Manual. Consulting Psychologists Press.

Research Instrument - Test, Scale, Questionnaire

Alliance for the Study of School Climate. (n.d.). School climate assessment instrument (SCAI): Elementary teacher version (Version 2016 7.2.3). California State University-Los Angeles. https://web.calstatela.edu/centers/schoolclimate/pdf/assessment/ASSC-SCAI-E-G.pdf

American Chronic Pain Association. (n.d.). Quality of life scale: A measure of function for people with pain. https://health.gov/hcq/trainings/pathways/assets/pdfs/QOL_scale.pdf

Cohen, S. (n.d.). Perceived stress scale: 10 item . https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/psychology/stress-immunity-disease-lab/scales/html/pss.html

Mart, E. G. (2011). The practical assessment of testamentary capacity and undue influence in the elderly . Professional Resource Express.

Database Record for Research Instrument

Mind Garden. (1977). Ways of coping questionnaire [Database record]. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/cinahl-plus-full-text

Peterson, J. C. (2016). Stress management questionnaire (Rev. Ed.) [Database record]. Mental Measurements Yearbook with Tests in Print. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/mental-measurements-yearbook-tests-print

Zeitlin, S, Williamson, G. G., & Szczepanski, M. (n.d.). Early coping inventories: A measure of adaptive behavior, observation and self-rated forms [Database record]. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t12063-000

Social Media

Facebook • DeviantArt • Instagram • LinkedIn • Twitter • and many more...

Social Media defined by Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary : F orms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos).

Cite social media information only when it is original information. For example, if a Facebook post links you to an article on the UNICEF website, site only the UNICEF site and not the Facebook post; however, if the Facebook post offers original information, such as a Facebook post by a parent expressing the need for face mask exemptions for students in primary school, this is original information and you cite the Facebook post.

Author - Real name, screenname, username
Date - Day, month, and year
Regular title
Content of the post up to the first 20 words
If audiovisuals, give the type of audiovisual in square brackets
Site or platform title
URL - if the content is changing and updating (such as on a wiki) give the retrieval date

For examples of citing YouTube and TikTok videos, see .

Butko, B. [lincoln_highway]. (2020, August 20). A derecho storm with winds up to 140 mph has devastated Iowa, damaging or destroying 13 million acres of crops [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CEHq1J_lcCc/

National Portrait Gallery [nationalportraitgallery]. (2022, February 16). Today's #portraitoftheday is none other than Oscar Wilde [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CaCn4yjMoPJ/

University of Northern Colorado [unc_colorado]. (2022, February 10). Great careers start in bear country. Yours can too! Network with alumni working in careers you want to pursue [Video]. https://www.instagram.com/p/CZziObQBFy8/

Feinstein, A. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. Retrieved March 7, 2022, from https://www.linkedin.com/in/andyfeinstein/

Morse, A. (2022, March 5). It was great having Sara Frederic of Mississippi State University join us in our University of Northern Colorado of sport [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:6905657650567032832/

University of Northern Colorado. (2021, May 7). UNC track and field student-athlete and new grad Armanni Portee '21 connected with alumnus and former football player Jonathan Martin [Video attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/university-of-northern-colorado_uncbears-alumni-connections-activity-6800803462264303616-QoEh

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2022, March 3). The Ukrainian people need our help. If you're looking for a way to make a difference, here are some organizations [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1499505056126808068

Musk, E. [@elonmusk]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved March 8, 2022, https://twitter.com/elonmusk

Rocky Mountain National Park [@RockyNPS]. (2015, November 17). The next time someone tells you to take a hike, head to #RMNP! #TakeAHikeDay [Image attached] [Tweet]. https://twitter.com/RockyNPS/status/666668053522960384

Woodson, J. [@JackieWoodson]. (2022, March 4). This happened tonight. #HansChristianAndersenMedal 'for the most distinguished contribution to international children's literature' #IBBY2022 [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/JackieWoodson/status/1499994495760449540

Student Work

Action Research Projects • Capstones • Dissertations • Master's Theses • Undergraduate Honors Theses

Published student work refers to students works that are available online through a commercial database (such as ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global , through an institutional repository (such as Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC ), on a personal website, or other source. Unpublished student work refers to student works that are kept by a university but are only available in print.

Title of work
Type of work
Name of institution awarding an associated degree
If published: name of database, institutional repository, archive, or website
If published, but not in a commercial database: URL

Action Research Project

Felder, A. (2020). The impact of research workbooks on assessment [Action research project, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/arp/25/

Fiumara, D. A. (2016). The effects of motivational strategies to increase teachers' commitment and enthusiasm [Action research project, St. Catherine University]. Sophia, the St. Catherine University Repository. https://sophia.stkate.edu/maed/136/

Mousel, S. (2006). Bad medicine: Homework or headache? Responsibility and accountability for middle level mathematics students [Action research project, University of Nebraska Lincoln]. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska-Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/mathmidactionresearch/51/

Senn, K. (2018). Evidence-based tuberculosis screening and testing clinical protocol for public health and primary care providers [Doctoral capstone, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/capstones/38/

Wu, T. (2019). Give me a good reason: Exploring tightness-looseness as a framework for norms-nudges [Master's capstone, University of Pennsylvania]. ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/mbds/15/

Doctoral Dissertation

Beaumont, E. (2004). An empirical study of family group visitors to a millennium art gallery in the UK (Publication No. 2561899289) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Salford]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Becker, D. (2021). From babysitting to teaching - Latina childcare providers acquiring effective teaching strategies: A grounded theory of transformative professional development [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/dissertations/789/

DeFries Gallagher, A. (2021). A qualitative analysis of the recommended implementation and replication of the cure violence model according to New York City and Chicago program staff interviews [Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University]. JScholarship. http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/66850

Lebsack, R. R. (1976). Identifying facilitative characteristics of major advisers by normative judgment analysis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Northern Colorado.

Williams, K. J. (2018). The structure of models of second-order set theories [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York]. Kameryn J. Williams. http://kamerynjw.net/research/pubs/diss/kwilliams-diss.pdf

Master's Thesis

Baretta, M. (2021). Exploring communication strategies used by speech-language pathologists and nursing professionals prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic [Master's thesis, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/theses/213/

Gallagher, W. J. (1990). The effect of altitude induced hypoxia on visual evoked potentials [Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Northern Colorado.

Han, M. N. (1994). State succession by Ukraine: Territories and armed forces from the former USSR [Master's thesis, Central Michigan University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Undergraduate Honors Thesis

Ardovino, A. (2013). Heroes of rock: A design post mortem exploring the video game design process as it relates to player satisfaction [Undergraduate honors thesis, University of Utah]. USpace Institutional Repository. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/ark:/87278/s6611f5q

Brown, S. A. (2021). Understanding how high levels of noise affect the equine auditory system [Undergraduate honors thesis, University of Northern Colorado]. Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/honors/48/

Chuor, B. N. (2018). Asian-American political participation: The consequences of social invisibility and political alienation [Senior honors thesis, University of Houston]. University of Houston Institutional Repository. https://uh-ir.tdl.org/handle/10657/4308

Title of UpToDate article
Retrieval date
change https:/ /www-uptodate-com .unco.idm.oclc.org /contents/homesickness ?search=homesickness&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~1&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
to https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homesickness

Chou, R. (2022). Subacute and chronic low back pain: Nonsurgical interventional treatment. UpToDate . Retrieved February 1, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/subacute-and-chronic-low-back-pain-nonsurgical-interventional-treatment

Cohen, P. (2022). COVID-19: Outpatient evaluation and management of acute illness in adults. UpToDate . Retrieved March 5, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/covid-19-outpatient-evaluation-and-management-of-acute-illness-in-adults

Thurber, C. A., & Walton, E. (2022). Homesickness. UpToDate . Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/homesickness

Visual Works

Artwork in Museum • Artwork on Museum Website • Clip Art, Illustration, Stock Image, & Vector Image • Exhibition • in Library Databases • Infographic • Installation • Map • Mixed Media • Painting • Photograph • Sculpture • Slides

If no author is listed, move the title of the work of art into the place of the author (before the date).
Date of creation, installation, publication
If citing a work of art without a title, write a description of the piece inside square brackets in place of the title element.
Type of art/format
Include building if appropriate
Generally includes city, state, nation
If visual work is found in a database, give the database name instead
If the visual work was viewed in place, do not give a URL
If the visual work was viewed online (such as through a museum website or through a database) give the URL
If the visual work was viewed through a proprietary database, give the homepage of the database instead of a direct URL to the work within the database

Artwork in Museum

Birritjama, D. (n.d.). Cat and crow legend [Painting]. Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Escher, M. C. (1935). Hand with reflecting sphere [Lithograph]. Detroit Institute of Arts Museum, Detroit, MI, United States.

Savage, E. (1796). The Washington family [Painting]. National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States.

Kestrel, S. (1989). Spectre of ancient pathways [Sculpture]. Benson Sculpture Garden, Loveland, CO, United States.

Russin, R. (1959). Abraham Lincoln memorial monument [Sculpture]. Summit Rest Area, Interstate 80, WY, United States.

Weimer, D. (2004). Northern vision [Sculpture]. University of Northern Colorado University Center, Greeley, CO, United States.

Artwork on Museum Website

Ducrollay, J. (1744). Snuff box [Object]. The Wallace Collection, London, United Kingdom. https://bit.ly/3iHcxr7

Macalister, M. (1966). Victim [Sculpture]. Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, Auckland, New Zealand. https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artwork/3360/victim

Meucci, A. (ca. 1825). Mrs. Pierre Toussaint [Painting]. New York Historical Society Museum & Library, New York, NY, United States. https://bit.ly/3wq9efG

Vigée Le Brun, L.-É . (1780). La paix ramenant l’abondance [Peace bringing abundance] [Painting]. The Louvre, Paris, France. https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ark:/53355/cl010061985

Artwork in Library Database

Bourke-White, M. (1936). Wind tunnel construction, Fort Peck Dam, Montana [Photograph]. ArtStor. https://www.artstor.org/

Donald Trump – make America hate again . [Political sticker]. (2015-2016). ArtStor. https://www.artstor.org/

Murakami, T., & Louis Vuitton Design House. (2003). Bag (iid-bfl-141508) [Purse]. Bloomsbury Fashion Central. https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/

Oscar de la Renta. (ca. 1984). Dress (iid-bfl-141595) [Clothing]. Bloomsbury Fashion Central. https://www.bloomsburyfashioncentral.com/

Clip Art, Illustration, Stock Image, & Vector Image

bniique. (2021, June 2]. [Photograph of close-up of eye with reflection of window]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/photos/eyes-look-face-eye-cat-girl-5248678/

Boulart, G. (1877). Exocoetus volitans [Illustration]. Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exocoetus_volitans.jpg

grmarcstock. (n.d.). Diversity skins of black women and men cartoons [Vector image]. Vecteezy. https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/1760631-diversity-skins-of-black-women-and-man-cartoons

Prado, L. (2019, October 24). Dancer [Clip art]. The Noun Project. https://thenounproject.com/icon/dancer-3462518/

Crooks, J. (Curator). (2021, September 1-2022, February 21). Fragments of epic memory [Exhibition; Photographs]. Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https://ago.ca/exhibitions/fragments-epic-memory

Mangat, T. H. (Artist). (2021, October 8-2022, April 23). Capturing the moment: Works by Terrie Mangat [Exhibition; Quilts]. International Quilt Museum at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States.

Oliver, V. C. (Curator). (2021, November 5-2022, February 6). The dirty south: Contemporary art, material culture, and the sonic impulse [Exhibition; Mixed media]. Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston, TX, United States.

Infographic

Bernander, P. (n.d.). Social capital and global health: What trusting relationships tell us about the global burden of disease [Infographic]. https://bit.ly/36etoP6

Cash, I. (n.d.). Infographic of infographics [Infographic]. http://www.ivan.cash/infographic-of-infographics/

León, W., Martinez, J. D., Ramos, C., Saab, Z., & Pacific Rubiales Energy. (2013). History of life as we know it [Infographic]. Bēhance. https://www.behance.net/gallery/10901127/History-of-Life

Installation

Beuys, J. (1983-1985). The end of the Twentieth Century [Installation]. Tate Modern, Bankside London, United Kingdom. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/beuys-the-end-of-the-twentieth-century-t05855

Christo. (2021, September 18-October 3). L’Arc de Triomphe, wrapped [Installation]. L’Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France. https://christojeanneclaude.net/artworks/arc-de-triomphe-wrapped/

Cummins, P., & Piper, T. (2014, July-November). Blood swept lands and seas of red [Installation]. Tower of London, London, United Kingdom.

Kusama, Y. (2013). Infinity mirrored room – the souls of millions of light years [Installation]. The Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Clark, W., & Lewis, S. (1814). A map of Lewis and Clark’s track, across the western portion of North America from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean by order of the executive on the United States [Map]. Wikipedia. https://bit.ly/3iyHwW5

Google Maps. (n.d.). [Terrain map of Pawnee Buttes Trailhead in Colorado]. Retrieved March 24, 2022, https://bit.ly/3Jz1jk2

Humphreys, A. A., & Egloffstein, F. W. (1858). Rio Colorado of the West (No.2) [Map]. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, DC, United States.

International Gay & Lesbian Aquatics. (2020, December). Sexual orientation laws in the world: From criminalisation of consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults to protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation [Map]. Retrieved from https://ilga.org/sites/default/files/downloads/ENG_ILGA_World_map_sexual_orientation_laws_dec2020.png

National Geospatial Technical Operations Center. (2022, March 14). US topo 7.5-minute map for Clarkville SE, CO [Map]. United States Geological Survey. https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/623a7c15d34e915b67cdf824

United States Forest Service. (2020). Winter motor vehicle use map: White River National Forest, Dillon Ranger District, Colorado, effective dates Nov. 23-May 20 [Map]. University of Northern Colorado James A. Michener Library, Greeley, CO, United States.

Mixed Media

Anatsui, E. (2005). Fading cloth [Mixed media artwork]. Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO, United States. https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/48425/

Bradford, M. (2007). Helter skelter I [Mixed media artwork]. The Broad, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Kokin, L. (2003). Approximation #3 [Mixed media artwork]. Boise Art Museum, Boise, ID, United States. http://www.boiseartmuseum.org/exhibition/bam-unpacked-for-kids/

Pindell, H. (1990). Autobiography: Scapegoat [Mixed media artwork]. Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, NY, United States.

Dali, S. (1972). Mae West lips sofa [Furniture]. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Netherlands. https://www.boijmans.nl/en/collection/artworks/122647/mae-west-lips-sofa

Oscar Heyman Brothers. (1929). Marjorie Merriweather post brooch [Jewelry]. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, United States. https://bit.ly/3wtwaLe

Tiffany, L. C. (ca. 1910-1920). Hibiscus and parrots [Stained glass window]. The Met, New York, NY, United States.

United States Army. (1912-1923). 115 th cavalry WWI corporal garrison uniform [Clothing]. Military Memorial Museum, Cheyenne, WY, United States.

Boardman, S. A. (2011). President Obama, Denver State Commission [Painting; Portrait]. Colorado State Capitol, Denver, CO, United States.

Duesberry, J. (n.d.). Still life with chintz and books [Painting]. University of Northern Colorado Archives & Special Collections @ Digital UNC, Greeley, CO, United States. https://digarch.unco.edu/islandora/object/cogru:119851

Green, W. O. (n.d.). The search for knowledge [Painting; Triptych]. University of Northern Colorado James A. Michener Library, Greeley, CO, United States. https://www.unco.edu/library/about_us/art.aspx

Silva, A., & Kiess, Z. (2020). In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity [Painting; Mural]. 9 th Avenue and 7 th Street, Greeley, CO, United States.

Bell, C. M. (ca. 1849-1893). American Indian man with headdress and bear claw necklace and ornaments [Photograph]. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, United States. https://www.si.edu/object/archives/components/sova-naa-photolot-80-ref540

McClure, L. C. (1927). [Photograph of the view of Voorhies Memorial with Christmas decorations, Civic Center, Denver, Colorado]. Western History Collection, Denver Public Library, Denver, CO, United States.

Vavra, R. (n.d.). Portrait of James A. Michener [Photograph]. University of Northern Colorado Archives & Special Collections @ Digital UNC, Greeley, CO, United States. https://digarch.unco.edu/islandora/object/cogru:125648

Woodman, F. (ca. 1975-1978). [Self-portrait in cemetery with camera in front of face] [Photograph]. Museum of Contemporary Art, Denver, CO, United States. https://mcadenver.org/exhibitions/francesca-woodman

Černý, D. (2007). Metalmorphosis [Sculpture]. Whitehall Corporate Center, Charlotte, NC, United States. https://www.whitehallcorporatecenter.com/metalmorphosis

Kim, M. C. (1998). Sugar Land quan âm [Sculpture]. Vietnamese Buddhist Center, Sugar Land, TX, United States.

Lundeen, G. (1993). The promise of the prairie [Sculpture]. Lincoln Park, Greeley, CO, United States.

Shippen, G. (2016). Sentinel of the Plains [Sculpture]. Brinton Museum, Big Horn, WY, United States. https://thebrintonmuseum.org/collections/sculptures/

When Websites Are NOT Websites When citing the digital version of another type of source, cite it not as a website but as the specific type of source. For example, a digital journal article should be cited as journal article, not a website; a YouTube video should be cited as a video, not a website. This is true for books, book chapters, newspaper articles, magazine articles, dissertations, theses, capstones, grants, podcast, government reports, etc. For more information, refer to the Publication Manual , p. 282, 9.2.

Author(s) (group(s), individual(s), or a combination)
Make sure that the date for the citation refers to the date of the specific content.
Do not use a copyright date from a website footer as is does not reflect the date the information was created/published. If the copyright date in the website footer is the only data on the website, use n.d. in place of a date to indicate 'no date.'
Title
Include a retrieval date only if the website has information that is designed to change over time

Website, Author and Publisher Are Different

Central Intelligence Agency. (2022, March 3). Bolivia . The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia

Mullis, K. (n.d.). Altermune: Chemically programmable immunity . Dr. Kary Banks Mullis 1944-2019. http://www.karymullis.com/altermune.shtml

National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. (2022, January 15). Famotidine . MedlinePlus. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a687011.html

Murray, J. (2021, July 29). What are goji berries? The Spruce Eats. https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-are-goji-berries-3376443

American Red Cross. (n.d.). Building safer communities: Preparing families for disasters around the globe . https://www.redcross.org/about-us/our-work/international-services/building-safer-communities.html

Life Is Good. (n.d.). One van two brothers three simple words: Life is good . https://www.lifeisgood.com/company/about.html

The King Center. (n.d.). The King philosophy – Nonviolence365 . https://thekingcenter.org/about-tkc/the-king-philosophy/

University of Northern Colorado. (2022, January 20). Office of the president: About President Feinstein. https://www.unco.edu/president/about.aspx

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Last Updated: Mar 11, 2024 2:19 PM
URL: https://libguides.unco.edu/apa

MJC Library & Learning Center
Research Guides

Format Your Paper & Cite Your Sources

APA Style, 7th Edition
Citing Sources
Avoid Plagiarism
MLA Style (8th/9th ed.)

APA Tutorial

Formatting your paper, headings organize your paper (2.27), video tutorials, reference list format (9.43).

Elements of a Reference

Reference Examples (Chapter 10)

Dois and urls (9.34-9.36), in-text citations.

In-Text Citations Format
In-Text Citations for Specific Source Types

NoodleTools

Chicago Style
Harvard Style
Other Styles
Annotated Bibliographies
How to Create an Attribution

What is APA Style?

APA style was created by social and behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing. APA style is most often used in:

psychology,
social sciences (sociology, business), and

If you're taking courses in any of these areas, be prepared to use APA style.

For in-depth guidance on using this citation style, refer to Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 7th ed. We have several copies available at the MJC Library at the call number BF 76.7 .P83 2020 .

APA Style, 7th ed.

In October 2019, the American Psychological Association made radical changes its style, especially with regard to the format and citation rules for students writing academic papers. Use this guide to learn how to format and cite your papers using APA Style, 7th edition.

You can start by viewing the video tutorial .

For help on all aspects of formatting your paper in APA Style, see The Essentials page on the APA Style website.

sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point Lucida Sans Unicode, or
serif fonts such as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point Georgia, or normal (10-point) Computer Modern (the default font for LaTeX)
There are exceptions for the title page , tables , figures , footnotes , and displayed equations .
Margins : Use 1-in. margins on every side of the page.
Align the text of an APA Style paper to the left margin . Leave the right margin uneven, or “ragged.”
Do not use full justification for student papers.
Do not insert hyphens (manual breaks) in words at the end of line. However, it is acceptable if your word-processing program automatically inserts breaks in long hyperlinks (such as in a DOI or URL in a reference list entry).
Indent the first line of each paragraph of text 0.5 in . from the left margin. Use the tab key or the automatic paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program to achieve the indentation (the default setting is likely already 0.5 in.). Do not use the space bar to create indentation.
There are exceptions for the title page , section labels , abstract , block quotations , headings , tables and figures , reference list , and appendices .

Paper Elements

Student papers generally include, at a minimum:

Title Page (2.3)
Text (2.11)
References (2.12)

Student papers may include additional elements such as tables and figures depending on the assignment. So, please check with your teacher!

Student papers generally DO NOT include the following unless your teacher specifically requests it:

Running head
Author note

For complete information on the order of pages , see the APA Style website.

Number your pages consecutively starting with page 1. Each section begins on a new page. Put the pages in the following order:

Page 1: Title page
Page 2: Abstract (if your teacher requires an abstract)
Page 3: Text
References begin on a new page after the last page of text
Footnotes begin on a new page after the references (if your teacher requires footnotes)
Tables begin each on a new page after the footnotes (if your teacher requires tables)
Figures begin on a new page after the tables (if your teacher requires figures)
Appendices begin on a new page after the tables and/or figures (if your teacher requires appendices)

Sample Papers With Built-In Instructions

To see what your paper should look like, check out these sample papers with built-in instructions.

APA Style uses five (5) levels of headings to help you organize your paper and allow your audience to identify its key points easily. Levels of headings establish the hierarchy of your sections just like you did in your paper outline.

APA tells us to use "only the number of headings necessary to differentiate distinct section in your paper." Therefore, the number of heading levels you create depends on the length and complexity of your paper.

See the chart below for instructions on formatting your headings:

Use Word to Format Your Paper:

Use Google Docs to Format Your Paper:

Placement: The reference list appears at the end of the paper, on its own page(s). If your research paper ends on page 8, your References begin on page 9.

Heading: Place the section label References in bold at the top of the page, centered.

Arrangement: Alphabetize entries by author's last name. If source has no named author, alphabetize by the title, ignoring A, An, or The. (9.44-9.48)

Spacing: Like the rest of the APA paper, the reference list is double-spaced throughout. Be sure NOT to add extra spaces between citations.

Indentation: To make citations easier to scan, add a hanging indent of 0.5 in. to any citation that runs more than one line. Use the paragraph-formatting function of your word processing program to create your hanging indent.

See Sample References Page (from APA Sample Student Paper):

Elements of Reference List Entries: (Chapter 9)

Where to find reference information for a journal article

References generally have four elements, each of which has a corresponding question for you to answer:

Author: Who is responsible for this work? (9.7-9.12)
Date: When was this work published? (9.13-9.17)
Title: What is this work called? (9.18-9.22)
Source: Where can I retrieve this work? (9.23-9.37)

By using these four elements and answering these four questions, you should be able to create a citation for any type of source.

For complete information on all of these elements, checkout the APA Style website.

This infographic shows the first page of a journal article. The locations of the reference elements are highlighted with different colors and callouts, and the same colors are used in the reference list entry to show how the entry corresponds to the source.

To create your references, you'll simple look for these elements in your source and put them together in your reference list entry.

American Psychological Association. Example of where to find reference information for a journal article [Infographic]. APA Style Center. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/basic-principles

Below you'll find two printable handouts showing APA citation examples. The first is an abbreviated list created by MJC Librarians. The second, which is more comprehensive, is from the APA Style website. Feel free to print these for your convenience or use the links to reference examples below:

APA Citation Examples Created by MJC Librarians for you.
Common References Examples (APA Handout) Printable handout from the American Psychological Association.
APA Style Quick Reference Guide See how to format three typical types of references.
Journal Article
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
Edited Book Chapter
Webpage on a Website

Classroom or Intranet Sources

Classroom Course Pack Materials
How to Cite ChatGPT
Dictionary Entry
Government Report
Legal References (Laws & Cases)
TED Talk References
Religious Works
Open Educational Resources (OER)
Archival Documents and Collections

You can view the entire Reference Examples website below and view a helpful guide to finding useful APA style topics easily:

APA Style: Reference Examples
Navigating the not-so-hidden treasures of the APA Style website
Missing Reference Information

Sometimes you won't be able to find all the elements required for your reference. In that case, see the instructions in Table 9.1 of the APA style manual in section 9.4 or the APA Style website below:

Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers

The DOI or URL is the final component of a reference list entry. Because so much scholarship is available and/or retrieved online, most reference list entries end with either a DOI or a URL.

A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works.
A URL specifies the location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible.

When to Include DOIs and URLs:

Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version.
If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.
For works without DOIs from websites (not including academic research databases), provide a URL in the reference (as long as the URL will work for readers).
For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work.
For works from databases that publish original, proprietary material available only in that database (such as the UpToDate database) or for works of limited circulation in databases (such as monographs in the ERIC database), include the name of the database or archive and the URL of the work. If the URL requires a login or is session-specific (meaning it will not resolve for readers), provide the URL of the database or archive home page or login page instead of the URL for the work. (See APA Section 9.30 for more information).
If the URL is no longer working or no longer provides readers access to the content you intend to cite, try to find an archived version using the Internet Archive , then use the archived URL. If there is no archived URL, do not use that resource.

Format of DOIs and URLs:

Your DOI should look like this:

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040251

Follow these guidelines from the APA Style website.

APA Style uses the author–date citation system , in which a brief in-text citation points your reader to the full reference list entry at the end of your paper. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication. This method enables your reader to locate the corresponding entry in the alphabetical reference list at the end of your paper.

Each work you cite must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) except for the following (See APA, 8.4):

Personal communications (8.9)
General mentions of entire websites, whole periodicals (8.22), and common software and apps (10.10) in the text do not require a citation or reference list entry.
The source of an epigraph does not usually appear in the reference list (8.35)
Quotations from your research participants do not need citations or reference list entries (8.36)
References included in a statistical meta-analysis, which are marked with an asterisk in the reference list, may be cited in the text (or not) at the author’s discretion. This exception is relevant only to authors who are conducting a meta-analysis (9.52).

Formatting Your In-Text Citations

Parenthetical and Narrative Citations: ( See APA Section 8.11)

In APA style you use the author-date citation system for citing references within your paper. You incorporate these references using either a parenthetical or a narrative style.

Parenthetical Citations

In parenthetical citations, the author name and publication date appear in parentheses, separated by a comma. (Jones, 2018)
A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence.
When the parenthetical citation is at the end of the sentence, put the period or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis.
If there is no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry, usually the "Title" of the source: ("Autism," 2008) See APA 8.14
When quoting, always provide the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated materials in the text (Santa Barbara, 2010, p. 243). See APA 8.13
For most citations, the parenthetical reference is placed BEFORE the punctuation: Magnesium can be effective in treating PMS (Haggerty, 2012).

Narrative Citations

In narrative citations, the author name or title of your source appears within your text and the publication date appears in parentheses immediately after the author name.

Santa Barbara (2010) noted a decline in the approval of disciplinary spanking of 26 percentage points from 1968 to 1994.

In-Text Citation Checklist

In-Text Citation Checklist Use this useful checklist from the American Psychological Association to ensure that you've created your in-text citations correctly.

In-Text Citations for Specific Types of Sources

Quotations from Research Participants

Personal Communications

Secondary Sources

Use NoodleTools to Cite Your Sources

NoodleTools can help you create your references and your in-text citations.

NoodleTools Express No sign in required . When you need one or two quick citations in MLA, APA, or Chicago style, simply generate them in NoodleTools Express then copy and paste what you need into your document. Note: Citations are not saved and cannot be exported to a word processor using NoodleTools Express.
NoodleTools (Login Full Database) This link opens in a new window Create and organize your research notes, share and collaborate on research projects, compose and error check citations, and complete your list of works cited in MLA, APA, or Chicago style using the full version of NoodleTools. You'll need to Create a Personal ID and password the first time you use NoodleTools.

See How to Use NoodleTools Express to Create a Citation in APA Format

Additional NoodleTools Help

NoodleTools Help Desk Look up questions and answers on the NoodleTools Web site
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Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 and CC BY-NC 4.0 Licenses .

ACAP LEARNING RESOURCES

Reference in APA 7

Printable Guides & Sample Papers
Headings & Page Order
ACAP Presentation Requirements This link opens in a new window
APA Style Guidelines, Blog & Socials
Paraphrasing
Time Stamps, Verbatim, Transcripts & Personal Comms
Secondary Sources
Tables & Figures
Missing, Same, Repeated, Multiples, Parts & Abbreviations
Reference List Elements
Formatting the Reference List
DOIs, URLs & Hyperlinks
Missing Information
Annotated Bibliographies
Edited, Republished & Translated Books
Reference Works
Diagnostic Manuals (DSM & ICD)
Religious & Ancient Works
Newspaper Articles
Conferences & Theses
Reports, Policies & Grey Literature
YouTube & Other Streaming
Podcasts, TV & Radio
Transcripts
Artwork & Images
Social Media
Legislation
Standards & Patents
Unpublished Works
Statistics, Tests & Data Sets
Generative Artificial Intelligence

Reference Elements: Report Series & Decisions

Name v name (year) volume law report series abbreviation starting page, name v name [year] law report series abbreviation, starting page, name v name [year] unique court identifier judgement number, name v name (court, judge(s), full date).

Volumes of law report series are organised by either year or by volume number. Where a law report series is organised by volume number, the year in which the decision was handed down should appear in round brackets '( )'. Where the volumes of a law report series are organised by year, the year of the volumes in which the case is reported should appear in square brackets '[ ]'. When citing individuals, use only their surnames. Where the case involves more than one action, only the first action should be cited

Reference List Examples

Decisions from a Law Report Series Use this format for reported cases

Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104

Nydam v The Queen [1977] VR 430

Decisions with a Medium Neutral Citation Use this format for cases from AustLII and websites such as the Psychology Board of NSW

Quarmby v Keating [2009] TASSC 80

Health Care Complaints Commission v Wardle (No 2) [2020] NSWCATAD 74

Jones v Psychology Board of Australia [2019] QCAT 162

Re Stone [2007] PRBD (Vic) 8

Unreported Decisions Without a Medium Neutral Citation This format is used for older cases which are not published in a law report series or available online.

Ross v Chambers (Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, Kriewaldt J, 5 April 1956)

In Text Elements: Report Series & Decisions

( name v name , year, pinpoint), name v name (year, pinpoint) .

Where needed, pinpoint references should appear as paragraph or page numbers as shown in the decision or report. When citing individuals, use only their surnames.

In Text Examples

Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Time s (1994)

( Nydam v The Queen, 1977)

( Quarmby v Keating, 2009, para. 11)

Ross v Chambers ( 1956) ... (p. 2)

(Re Stone, 2007)

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APA Citation: Reports, Gray Literature & Case Studies

In-text Citations
Reference List
Books, Book Chapters, Reference Book Entries
Articles and Blogs
Websites & Social Media
Audiovisual Media
Reports, Gray Literature & Case Studies
Conference Sessions & Presentations
Personal communications
Course Materials
Things in presentations
A Citation & My Own Work
Tables, Figures, Images
Business Citations This link opens in a new window
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Reports (government, technical, research, etc.) are part of Gray Literature , which also includes such things ar press releases, codes of ethics, grants, policy briefs, issue briefs, and so on
If a report has a number, include it after the title in regular script and in parentheses: (Report No. 123...)
You may include a description of the type of the gray literature in square brackets, for example [Grant]
If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher information (as in the Statistics Canada example)
Always include the DOI if available (print AND online reports); if there is no DOI , include the URL for reports from an open website, but treat a report from a database that has NO DOI like a print report. Generally, do NOT include the database name; for exceptions, see 9.30 of the manual.
ABOUT THE DOI: the current preferred format for ALL DOI hyperlinks uses https://doi.org/ as the prefix. Older works may use previous formats (e.g., “http:/dx.doi.org/” or “doi:” or “DOI:” before the DOI number). Standardize all your DOI hyperlinks into the current preferred format in your reference list.

CLICK FOR MORE REPORT WITH INDIVIDUAL AUTHORS EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE

CLICK FOR MORE REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title of report: Subtitle (Report # if available). Publisher if different from author.

Author last name, A. A. (year). Title of report: Subtitle (Report # if available). Publisher if different from author. https://doi.org/xxxx OR https://xxxxx

Coote, D. R., & Gregorich, L. R. (Eds.) (2007). The health of our water: Toward sustainable agriculture in Canada. (Catalogue no. A15-2020/2000E). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Coote, D. R., & Gregorich, L. R. (Eds.) (2007). The health of our water: Toward sustainable agriculture in Canada. (Catalogue no. A15-2020/2000E). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/A15-2020-2000E.pdf

Statistics Canada. (2019, December 2). Cybercrime in Canada (Catalogue no. 89-28-0001). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-28-0001/2018001/article/00015-eng.htm

In text citation: ... (Coote & Gregorich, 2007) ... (Statistics Canada, 2019) ...

Note: if quoting also include a page number or other locator

Other Gray Literature

CLICK ON EACH ITEM FOR EXAMPLE CITATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE:

BROCHURES , ETHICS CODE , FACT SHEETS , ISO STANDARDS , PRESS RELEASES , WHITE PAPERS

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title of document: Subtitle [Type of document]. Publisher if different from author.

Author last name, A. A. (year). Title of document: Subtitle [Type of document]. Publisher if different from author. https://doi.org/xxxx OR https://xxxxx

Kwantlen Polytechnic University. (2019). Statement of financial information pursuant to the Financial Information Act for the year ended March 31, 2019. https://www.kpu.ca/sites/default/files/Finance/FY19%20KPU%20SOFI%20SIGNED.pdf

Tesla. (2019, October 23). Tesla releases third quarter 2019 financial results [Press release]. https://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-release-details/tesla-releases-third-quarter-2019-financial-results

Borealis GeoPower Inc. (2018, April 10). Canada’s geothermal village – 'Sustainaville' GeoPark [Grant]. Natural Resources Canada. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-and-data/funding-partnerships/funding-opportunities/current-investments/canadas-geothermal-village-sustainaville-geopark/20923

In text citation: ... (Coote & Gregorich, 2007) ... (Statistics Canada, 2019) ... (Kwantlen Polytechnic University [KPU], 2019) the first time, then ... (KPU, 2019) ... (Tesla, 2019) ... (Borealis GeoPower Inc., 2019)

Case Studies

ABOUT THE DOI: the current preferred format for ALL DOI hyperlinks uses https://doi.org/ as the prefix. Older works may use previous formats (e.g., “http:/dx.doi.org/” or “doi:” or “DOI:” before the DOI number). Standardize all your DOI hyperlinks into the current preferred format in your reference list
Examples below are courtesy of APA Style Guidelines & Examples - NAIT Library

HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL CASE STUDY

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title. HBS No. xxxxx. https://.....

Smith, S. (2003). Leadership. HBS No. 7-806-122. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/cases/

IVEY BUSINESS SCHOOL CASE STUDY

Author last name, A. A. (Date). Title. Ivey ID: xxxxx. https://......

Heisz, M., & Leech, L. (2005). Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002: Understanding the requirements and the Canadian response. Ivey ID: 9B05B009. https://www.iveycases.com/

In text citation: ... (Smith, 2003) ... (Heisz & Leech, 2005)

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Last Updated: Feb 20, 2024 4:46 PM
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APA 7th Edition Citation Examples

Volume and Issue Numbers
Page Numbers
Undated Sources
Citing a Source Within a Source

Citing a Source within a Source

In-Text Citations
Academic Journals
Encyclopedia Articles
Book, Film, and Product Reviews
Online Classroom Materials
Conference Papers
Technical + Research Reports
Court Decisions
Treaties and Other International Agreements
Federal Regulations: I. The Code of Federal Regulations
Federal Regulations: II. The Federal Register
Executive Orders
Charter of the United Nations
Federal Statutes
Dissertations and Theses
Interviews, E-mail Messages + Other Personal Communications
Social Media
Business Sources
PowerPoints
AI: ChatGPT, etc.

Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article, by Klein. You want to cite Klein's article, but you have not read Klein's article itself.

Reference list citation

Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks play? Cognitive Science , 31 (6), 989-1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725

Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article.

In-text citation

Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that...

Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.

See Publication Manual , p. 258.

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Last Updated: Mar 18, 2024 12:55 PM
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APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide

Information for EndNote Users
Authors - Numbers, Rules and Formatting

Everything must match!

Types of citations, in-text citations, quoting, summarising and paraphrasing, example text with in-text referencing, slightly tricky in-text citations, organisation as an author, secondary citation (works referred to in other works), what do i do if there are no page numbers.

Reference List
Books & eBooks
Book chapters
Journal Articles
Conference Papers
Newspaper Articles
Web Pages & Documents
Specialised Health Databases
Using Visual Works in Assignments & Class Presentations
Using Visual Works in Theses and Publications
Using Tables in Assignments & Class Presentations
Custom Textbooks & Books of Readings
ABS AND AIHW
Videos (YouTube), Podcasts & Webinars
Blog Posts and Social Media
First Nations Works
Dictionary and Encyclopedia Entries
Personal Communication
Theses and Dissertations
Film / TV / DVD
Miscellaneous (Generic Reference)
AI software
APA Format for Assignments
What If...?
Other Guides

There are two basic ways to cite someone's work in text.

In narrative citations , the authors are part of the sentence - you are referring to them by name. For example:

Becker (2013) defined gamification as giving the mechanics of principles of a game to other activities.

Cho and Castañeda (2019) noted that game-like activities are frequently used in language classes that adopt mobile and computer technologies.

In parenthetical citations , the authors are not mentioned in the sentence, just the content of their work. Place the citation at the end of the sentence or clause where you have used their information. The author's names are placed in the brackets (parentheses) with the rest of the citation details:

Gamification involves giving the mechanics or principles of a game to another activity (Becker, 2013).

Increasingly, game-like activities are frequently used in language classes that adopt mobile and computer technologies (Cho & Castañeda, 2019).

Using references in text

For APA, you use the authors' surnames only and the year in text. If you are using a direct quote, you will also need to use a page number.

Narrative citations:

If an in-text citation has the authors' names as part of the sentence (that is, outside of brackets) place the year and page numbers in brackets immediately after the name, and use 'and' between the authors' names: Jones and Smith (2020, p. 29)

Parenthetical citations:

If an in-text citation has the authors' names in brackets use "&" between the authors' names : (Jones & Smith, 2020, p. 29).

Note: Some lecturers want page numbers for all citations, while some only want page numbers with direct quotes. Check with your lecturer to see what you need to do for your assignment. If the direct quote starts on one page and finishes on another, include the page range (Jones & Smith, 2020, pp. 29-30).

1 author

Smith (2020) found that "the mice disappeared within minutes" (p. 29).

The author stated "the mice disappeared within minutes" (Smith, 2020, p. 29).

Jones and Smith (2020) found that "the mice disappeared within minutes" (p. 29).

The authors stated "the mice disappeared within minutes" (Jones & Smith, 2020, p. 29).

For 3 or more authors , use the first author and "et al." for all in-text citations

Green et al.'s (2019) findings indicated that the intervention was not based on evidence from clinical trials.

It appears the intervention was not based on evidence from clinical trials (Green et al., 2019).

If you cite more than one work in the same set of brackets in text , your citations will go in the same order in which they will appear in your reference list (i.e. alphabetical order, then oldest to newest for works by the same author) and be separated by a semi-colon. E.g.:

(Corbin, 2015; James & Waterson, 2017; Smith et al., 2016).
(Corbin, 2015; 2018)
(Queensland Health, 2017a; 2017b)
Use only the surnames of your authors in text (e.g., Smith & Brown, 2014) - however, if you have two authors with the same surname who have published in the same year, then you will need to use their initials to distinguish between the two of them (e.g., K. Smith, 2014; N. Smith, 2014). Otherwise, do not use initials in text .

If your author isn't an "author".

Whoever is in the "author" position of the refence in the references list is treated like an author in text. So, for example, if you had an edited book and the editors of the book were in the "author" position at the beginning of the reference, you would treat them exactly the same way as you would an author - do not include any other information. The same applies for works where the "author" is an illustrator, producer, composer, etc.

Summarising
Paraphrasing

It is always a good idea to keep direct quotes to a minimum. Quoting doesn't showcase your writing ability - all it shows is that you can read (plus, lecturers hate reading assignments with a lot of quotes).

You should only use direct quotes if the exact wording is important , otherwise it is better to paraphrase.

If you feel a direct quote is appropriate, try to keep only the most important part of the quote and avoid letting it take up the entire sentence - always start or end the sentence with your own words to tie the quote back into your assignment. Long quotes (more than 40 words) are called "block quotes" and are rarely used in most subject areas (they mostly belong in Literature, History or similar subjects). Each referencing style has rules for setting out a block quote. Check with your style guide .

It has been observed that "pink fairy armadillos seem to be extremely susceptible to stress" (Superina, 2011, p. 6).

NB! Most referencing styles will require a page number to tell readers where to find the original quote.

It is a type of paraphrasing, and you will be using this frequently in your assignments, but note that summarising another person's work or argument isn't showing how you make connections or understand implications. This is preferred to quoting, but where possible try to go beyond simply summarising another person's information without "adding value".

And, remember, the words must be your own words . If you use the exact wording from the original at any time, those words must be treated as a direct quote.

All information must be cited, even if it is in your own words.

Superina (2011) observed a captive pink fairy armadillo, and noticed any variation in its environment could cause great stress.

NB! Some lecturers and citation styles want page numbers for everything you cite, others only want page numbers for direct quotes. Check with your lecturer.

Paraphrasing often involves commenting about the information at the same time, and this is where you can really show your understanding of the topic. You should try to do this within every paragraph in the body of your assignment.

When paraphrasing, it is important to remember that using a thesaurus to change every other word isn't really paraphrasing. It's patchwriting , and it's a kind of plagiarism (as you are not creating original work).

Use your own voice! You sound like you when you write - you have a distinctive style that is all your own, and when your "tone" suddenly changes for a section of your assignment, it looks highly suspicious. Your lecturer starts to wonder if you really wrote that part yourself. Make sure you have genuinely thought about how *you* would write this information, and that the paraphrasing really is in your own words.

Always cite your sources! Even if you have drawn from three different papers to write this one sentence, which is completely in your own words, you still have to cite your sources for that sentence (oh, and excellent work, by the way).

Captive pink fairy armadillos do not respond well to changes in their environment and can be easily stressed (Superina, 2011).

NB! Some lecturers and citation styles want page numbers for all citations, others only want them for direct quotes. Check with your lecturer.

This example paragraph contains mouse-over text. Run your mouse over the paragraph to see notes on formatting.

Excerpt from "The Big Fake Essay"

You can read the entire Big Fake Essay on the Writing Guide. It includes more details about academic writing and the formatting of essays.

The Big Fake Essay
Academic Writing Workshop

When you have multiple authors with the same surname who published in the same year:

If your authors have different initials, then include the initials:

As A. Smith (2016) noted...

...which was confirmed by J.G. Smith's (2016) study.

(A. Smith, 2016; J. G. Smith, 2016).

If your authors have the same initials, then include the name:

As Adam Smith noted...

...which was confirmed by Amy Smith's (2016) study.

(Adam Smith, 2016; Amy Smith, 2016).

Note: In your reference list, you would include the author's first name in [square brackets] after their initials:

Smith, A. [Adam]. (2016)...

Smith, A. [Amy]. (2016)...

When you have multiple works by the same author in the same year:

In your reference list, you will have arranged the works alphabetically by title (see the page on Reference Lists for more information). This decides which reference is "a", "b", "c", and so on. You cite them in text accordingly:

Asthma is the most common disease affecting the Queensland population (Queensland Health, 2017b). However, many people do not know how to manage their asthma symptoms (Queensland Health, 2017a).

When you have multiple works by the same author in different years:

Asthma is the most common disease affecting the Queensland population (Queensland Health, 2017, 2018).

When you do not have an author, and your reference list entry begins with the title:

Use the title in place of the author's name, and place it in "quotation marks" if it is the title of an article or book chapter, or in italics if the title would go in italics in your reference list:

During the 2017 presidential inauguration, there were some moments of awkwardness ("Mrs. Obama Says ‘Lovely Frame’", 2018).

Note: You do not need to use the entire title, but a reasonable portion so that it does not end too abruptly - "Mrs. Obama Says" would be too abrupt, but the full title "Mrs. Obama Says 'Lovely Frame' in Box During Awkward Handoff" is unecessarily long. You should also use title case for titles when referring to them in the text of your work.

If there are no page numbers, you can include any of the following in the in-text citation:

"On Australia Day 1938 William Cooper ... joined forces with Jack Patten and William Ferguson ... to hold a Day of Mourning to draw attention to the losses suffered by Aboriginal people at the hands of the whiteman" (National Museum of Australia, n.d., para. 4).
"in 1957 news of a report by the Western Australian government provided the catalyst for a reform movement" (National Museum of Australia, n.d., The catalyst for change section, para. 1)
"By the end of this year of intense activity over 100,000 signatures had been collected" (National Museum of Australia, n.d., "petition gathering", para. 1).

When you are citing a classical work, like the Bible or the Quran:

References to works of scripture or other classical works are treated differently to regular citations. See the APA Blog's entry for more details:

Happy Holiday Citing: Citation of Classical Works . (Please note, this document is from the 6th edition of APA).

In text citation:

If the name of the organisation first appears in a narrative citation, include the abbreviation before the year in brackets, separated with a comma. Use the official acronym/abreviation if you can find it. Otherwise check with your lecturer for permission to create your own acronyms.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS, 2013) shows that...

The Queensland Department of Education (DoE, 2020) encourages students to... (please note, Queensland isn't part of the department's name, it is used in the sentence to provide clarity)

If the name of the organisation first appears in a citation in brackets, include the abbreviation in square brackets.

(Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2013)

(Department of Education [DoE], 2020)

In the second and subsequent citations, only include the abbreviation or acronym

ABS (2013) found that ...

DoE (2020) instructs teachers to...

This is disputed ( ABS , 2013).

Resources are designed to support "emotional learning pedagogy" (DoE, 2020)

In the reference list:

Use the full name of the organisation in the reference list.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2017). Australia's welfare 2017 . https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/australias-welfare-2017/contents/table-of-contents

Department of Education. (2020, April 22). Respectful relationships education program . Queensland Government. https://education.qld.gov.au/curriculum/stages-of-schooling/respectful-relationships

Academically, it is better to find the original source and reference that.

If you do have to quote a secondary source:

In the text you must cite the original author of the quote and the year the original quote was written as well as the source you read it in. If you do not know the year the original citation was written, omit the year.
In the reference list you only list the source that you actually read.

Wembley (1997, as cited in Olsen, 1999) argues that impending fuel shortages ...

Wembley claimed that "fuel shortages are likely" (1997, as cited in Olsen, 1999, pp. 10-12).

Some have noted that fuel shortages are probable in the future (Wembley, 1997, as cited in Olsen, 1999).

Olsen, M. (1999). My career. Gallimard.

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Last Updated: May 1, 2024 4:46 PM
URL: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa

APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide1

What is APA?

In-text citations

Reference list
Chapter in an edited book
Journal articles & Databases
Works with multiple authors
Webpages/online & software
General images faqs
Audiovisual media
Personal communication
Study material
New Zealand legislation
Other resources
Tricky health resources
Health books
Health journals
Health web resources
Systematic reviews
Point-of-care resources
Visual health resources
Tricky health FAQs
APA for publication

Referencing legal cases

Guidelines for referencing legal cases:

Include the names of the parties involved in the case—e.g., Smith v Jones
Give the date of the case in square brackets—e.g., [2017]
Provide the New Zealand Law Report (NZLR) or court case number.
When referencing a case from the Courts of New Zealand website, include a retrieval date as the information is held publicly for 28 days only.

For example:

Reference list entries

Crown v Thompson [2013] NZLR 617.

Milner v R [2014] NZCA 366. Retrieved August 1, 2014, from https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/decisions/judgments

Use the name of the case in italics and give the date in square brackets. For example:

Last Updated: May 1, 2024 10:25 AM
URL: https://libguides.wintec.ac.nz/APA7

IMAGES

Citing Cases In Apa
Proper APA Case Study Format with Examples
How to Write a Research Paper in APA Format
Proper APA Case Study Format with Examples
APA Case Study Complete Writing Guide For Students
Reference Page Apa 7Th Edition

VIDEO

How to reference a journal article in APA 7th
APA 7th style references/ Hindi/ Urdu Tutorial/ Formatting APA references & APA reference page
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NPSF User Workshop 2023, Day-2 : Session-1, Session-2 25th July (Tuesday) 10:00 AM-1:15 PM
APA7 Referencing Style
Difference Between APA 6 and APA 7

COMMENTS

Subject Guides: APA Citation Style (7th Edition): Case Studies
General format for citing case studies: Author(s). (Year). Title of case study.Number of case study. URL. Examples: Harvard Business School Case Study
How to Cite a Case Study in APA, MLA or Chicago
When citing a case study, the format in MLA and APA is similar to that of a report, and in Chicago style, it is similar to that of a book. ... The templates and examples below will demonstrate how to cite a case study in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. MLA 9. Structure: Author Last Name, Author First Name.
APA Citation Guide (APA 7th Edition): Case Studies
Reference List Citation: Author's Last Name, Author's First Initial. (Publication Year). Title of case study. Case Study Number (if given). Database URL. Examples. Havard, C. T. (2021). Basketball at the most magical place on Earth: A case study of the NBA's season conclusion at Walt Disney World amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
How do I cite a case study in APA Style?
APA Style (7th ed.) Case study with a DOI. If the case study has an assigned DOI (print or online versions), include the DOI in the reference. Khan, S. (2019).
APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)
Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list ...
APA 7
The American Psychological Association 7th edition (APA 7) is an author-date style, meaning in-text citations (author, year) are used to acknowledge the author (s) of ideas and quotes you have included in the body of your assignment. The details of these citations are then included in a reference list, organised alphabetically, at the end of ...
PDF 7th edition Common Reference Examples Guide
This guide contains examples of common types of APA Style references. Section numbers indicate where to find the examples in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). More information on references and reference examples are in Chapters 9 and 10 of the Publication Manual as well as the Concise Guide to APA ...
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition)
On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: Double spacing (within and between references) Hanging indent of ½ inch.
PDF Reference Guide
Provide the title of the book in which the chapter appears. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. For a two-part title, capitalize the first word
APA Referencing (7th Ed.) Quick Guide
APA in-text citations The basics. In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else's ideas or words.. An APA in-text citation consists of the author's last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system).
PDF Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing
Quick Guide to APA 7 th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 1. APA BASICS. GENERAL. • APA is an in-text referencing style. This means that short referencing information (Author, Date) must be included in the text of your assignment when you quote information from outside sources.
Research Guides: APA Style 7th Edition: Reference Citations
Generally, only cite book chapters when the book has editors and chapters are by different authors or groups of authors. When citing a book with authors but no editors, cite the whole book in the reference list and, if appropriate, give the chapter number in the text citation. Information Needed.
APA Style, 7th Edition
A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence. When the parenthetical citation is at the end of the sentence, put the period or other end punctuation after the closing parenthesis. If there is no author, use the first few words of the reference list entry, usually the "Title" of the source: ("Autism," 2008) See APA 8.14
How to Create or Generate APA Reference Entries (7th edition)
Basic format. In an APA reference, the author's name is inverted: start with the last name, followed by a comma and the initials, separated by a period and space. Treat infixes, such as "Van" or "De", as part of the last name. Don't include personal titles such as Ph.D. or Dr., but do include suffixes. Smith, T. H. J.
How to Cite Court Cases in APA Style
To cite a court case or decision, list the name of the case, the volume and abbreviated name of the reporter, the page number, the name of the court, the year, and optionally the URL. The case name is italicized in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list. In the reference, specify only a single page number—the page where the ...
ACAP Learning Resources: Reference in APA 7: Cases
Reference List Examples. Decisions from a Law Report Series. Use this format for reported cases. Theophanus v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 104. Nydam v The Queen [1977] VR 430. Decisions with a Medium Neutral Citation. Use this format for cases from AustLII and websites such as the Psychology Board of NSW.
APA Citation: Reports, Gray Literature & Case Studies
click for more report with individual authors examples and explanations from the apa style website CLICK FOR MORE REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY EXAMPLES AND EXPLANATIONS FROM THE APA STYLE WEBSITE Author last name, A. A. (Date).
APA 7th Edition Citation Examples
Your Reference list will contain the article you read, by Linhares and Brum. Your Reference list will NOT contain a citation for Klein's article. In-text citation. Klein's study (as cited in Linhares & Brum, 2007) found that... Your in-text citation gives credit to Klein and shows the source in which you found Klein's ideas.
In-Text Citations
In-text citations. Using references in text. For APA, you use the authors' surnames only and the year in text. If you are using a direct quote, you will also need to use a page number. Narrative citations: If an in-text citation has the authors' names as part of the sentence (that is, outside of brackets) place the year and page numbers in ...
APA Legal References
State statutes are published in their own state-specific publication. The elements of a statute reference list entry are as follows, in order: name of the act. title, source (check the Bluebook for abbreviations), and section number of the statute; the publication date of the compilation you used to find the statute, in parentheses.
PDF Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition
Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
LibGuides: APA 7th Edition Referencing Guide1: Cases
Guidelines for referencing legal cases: Include the names of the parties involved in the case—e.g., Smith v Jones. Give the date of the case in square brackets—e.g., [2017] Provide the New Zealand Law Report (NZLR) or court case number. When referencing a case from the Courts of New Zealand website, include a retrieval date as the ...
The interpersonal structure of "good" versus "bad" group counseling
Selected "good" and "bad" sessions from 3 short-term personal growth groups with 20 clients on the basis of group members' ratings of session depth and engagement. Multidimensional scaling provided a map of the latent structure of the speaking turns within these sessions. A two-dimensional solution provided the best fit for the data for each of the 6 sessions examined (i.e., a good and a bad ...
EMDR as an integrative therapeutic approach for the treatment of
This case study reports the use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) and family therapy for a 10-year-old boy with severe separation anxiety disorder (SAD). It illustrates how the use of the standard EMDR protocol for the boy and his mother combined with family therapy, led to symptom alleviation and restored appropriate developmental functioning as evidenced by behavioral ...
Citing Tables and Figures in APA Style
Tables and figures taken from other sources are numbered and presented in the same format as your other tables and figures. Refer to them as Table 1, Figure 3, etc., but include an in-text citation after you mention them to acknowledge the source. In-text citation example. The results in Table 1 (Ajzen, 1991, p. 179) show that ….
PDF APA Style and MLA Style References Comparison Guide
APA Style and MLA Style Reference Comparison Guide This guide compares APA Style and MLA style references for four common sources: journal articles, books, edited book chapters, and webpages. Format varies depending on the number of authors; the templates match the examples and show variations for one, two, and three or more authors.
Assessing the relationship between teachers' perceptions and their
Furthermore, Basizew (Citation 2017), Mulugeta (Citation 2018), and Kitaw and Fentaye (Citation 2020) conducted the study in the same area. Basizew (Citation 2017) conducted an experimental study on 'Teacher Vocabulary Teaching Strategies: The Case of Selamber Primary School, Benishangul-Gumuz Region, Assosa' to identify and analyze ...
"I am incompetent—I just can't cope"—A case study in depression
This chapter describes the treatment of a 41-year-old female (Naomi) with major depressive disorder and symptoms of anxiety and stress following a stressful workplace event. Naomi endorsed a range of dysfunctional appraisals which contributed to the maintenance of her symptoms; they centred around themes of her incompetence and inability to cope at work, and beliefs that she should be able to ...
Posttraumatic growth experiences of North Korean ...
Objective: This study aimed to explore the posttraumatic growth (PTG) experiences of North Korean adolescent refugees. The qualitative context of PTG experiences and influencing factors was explored based on the experiences vividly described by North Korean adolescent refugees. Method: I recruited participants for a qualitative case study, targeting "high-growth type" and "low-growth ...

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