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Indian Independence and Partition

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Presentation on theme: "Indian Independence and Partition"— Presentation transcript:

What is now India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka.

Chapter 9: South Asia in Transition Section 1: Freedom and Partition.

34.1 Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom

Objectives Explain what motivated the Indian independence movement after World War I. Analyze how Mohandas Gandhi influenced the independence movement.

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom

Nationalism post WWI TurkeyIndiaKenya. Turkey Mustafa Kemal Mustafa Kemal changed name to Kemal Ataturk (father of Turks) Fought against an invasion by.

HWH UNIT 13 CHAPTER  Review  British East India Company  Sepy Rebellion  The “Jewel in the Crown”  The Indian National Congress (Congress Party)

Objectives Understand why independence brought partition to South Asia. Describe how Indian leaders built a new nation. Summarize how Pakistan and Bangladesh.

 After WWI, increasing nationalism in India led to harsher laws that limited rights  General Reginald Dyer banned all public gatherings after five British.

Mohandas K. GANDHI Mohandas K. GANDHI and Indian Independence.

The Indian Nationalist Movement and Gandhi

The Road to Independence

Indian Independence. Amritsar Massacre ► Indian nationalist increase their demands for freedom. ► Britain began limiting freedoms (press, speech)

India’s Struggle for Independence. Early independence movements A. Indian National Congress founded 1885 B. Muslim League formed 1907 C. During W.W.I.

INDIA’S INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. INDIA AS A COLONY OF GREAT BRITAIN  For most of the Nineteenth Century, India was ruled by the British. India was considered.

Indian Nationalism & Nation-building

Indian Independence Growing Unrest In 1919, new laws from Britain Limited freedom of the press and other rights Protested by nationalists Five.

The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence

FREEDOM AND PARTITION.

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• Modern History

Indian Independence and the Partition explained

On August 15th, 1947, India finally gained its independence from British rule after decades of struggle.

This event is one of the most important in Indian history, and it had a huge impact on the region as a whole. However, it was not a smooth transition. 

On August 14th, just one day before India's independence, the Muslim state of Pakistan also gained its independence from British rule.

This was in comparison to India, which was predominantly Hindu.

This was accomplished through the partition of India into two separate countries. The consequences of this partition were devastating.

Over the course of just a few months, millions of people were killed and displaced in what is considered to be one of the worst humanitarian disasters in history. 

The background of Indian independence and partition dates back to the 18th century when the British first began to colonise India. 

For centuries, India had been ruled by a number of different dynasties and empires.

The British East India Company was established in 1600 and slowly began to take control of more and more territory.

The East India Company eventually dominated regions of the Indian subcontinent beginning in 1757, when it began ruling Bengal, a time period known as Company Rule or Company Raj.

In 1858, after the Sepoy Rebellion , the British Crown took over direct rule of India from the East India Company.

From that point on, India was effectively a colony of Britain.

Rise of Sectarianism

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a growing movement for Indian independence from British rule.

This was led by figures such as Mahatma Gandhi who believed in nonviolent resistance. However, not all Indians wanted independence.

There were also those who wanted to maintain the British Raj because they believed it was a stabilising force in the region.

In the late 19th century, there was also a growing movement among Indian Muslims for a separate Muslim state.

This was in response to fears that Hindus would dominate an independent India.

In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress was founded to fight for Indian independence from British rule.

At first, the Muslim minority in India was not supportive of the Congress's goals. However, this changed when Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a lawyer and politician, joined the Congress in 1906. 

The British divided electoral districts among different religious groups in 1909, which resulted in sectarianism hardening of boundaries.

The colonial regime emphasised these distinctions by, for example, having separate toilet and water facilities for Muslims and Hindus at railway terminals.

Jinnah advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity and helped to found the All-India Muslim League in 1912.

The Muslim League's goal was to protect the rights of Muslims within India. 

The World Wars

During World War I, India was formally a part of the British Empire. This meant that Indian soldiers were fighting for Britain in Europe and the Middle East.

At the same time, Muslims in India felt a sense of loyalty to the Ottoman Empire which was also fighting against Britain.

This led to tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India.

In exchange for the service of over a million Indian soldiers in the British Army during WWI, Indians expected political concessions as far as, and including, independence.

However, after the conflict, Britain made no such offers.

At the time, Mahatma Gandhi was referred to as "The Father of the Nation," and he became the most prominent figure in Congress.

Although he pushed for a unified Hindu and Muslim India with equal rights for all people, other members of Congress were less eager to cooperate with Muslims against the British.

As a result, the Muslim League began formulating separatist plans.

During World War II, India once more contributed to the conflict as part of the British Empire.

However, this time there was much greater support for independence among Indians.

In response to this, Britain promised independence to India after the war, if they fought on their side.

At the end of the Second World War, the Labour Party was voted into office in Britain, and they pushed for Indian independence.

Labour sought almost immediate independence for India, as well as a slower schedule for decolonisation of other British imperial possessions.

Separate Muslim State

With Indian independence finally a possibility, Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, began a public battle in support of a separate Muslim state as well, while Jawaharlal Nehru of the Congress suggested a unified India.

The country was on the verge of a sectarian civil war as independence approached. Despite Gandhi's calls for Indians to come together in peaceful resistance to British rule, the Muslim League scheduled "Direct Action Day" for August 16, 1946.

This was meant to be a day of peaceful protest, calling for a separate Muslim state.

However, the day saw violence from Muslim crowds against Hindus. By the end of the day, approximately 3,500 Hindus and Sikhs had been killed in Calcutta.

The next day, there were reports of Hindu reprisal attacks, with some 400 Muslims killed.

The Indian Independence Act of 1947 was an act passed by the British Parliament that granted independence to India.

The act came into effect on August 15th, 1947, making August 15th the official date of Indian independence.

The Radcliffe Line

The Radcliffe Line was the boundary line between India and Pakistan that was drawn up by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe.

The line was intended to be a fair and impartial division of the country, but it ended up being highly controversial.

The Award was a report published by the British government in August 1947 that proposed the partition of India into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The Award was highly controversial as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

The problem was severe in the fertile and prosperous Punjab, where Hindus and Muslims lived nearly side by side.

Both sides refused to give up this valuable real estate, and religious animosity was strong.

The Partition of India

The partition of India was the division of the country into two separate states: India and Pakistan.

The partition took place on August 14th, 1947 and led to mass violence and displacement as millions of Hindus and Muslims were forced to leave their homes and cross the border into either India or Pakistan.

Around 10 million people escaped north or south, depending on their religion. An estimated 500,000 people were killed in fighting. 

The partition also led to the division of families, with some members going to India while others went to Pakistan.

The partition was a difficult and traumatic experience for many people.

On January 30, 1948, Mohandas Gandhi was murdered by a Hindu extremist opposed to his goal of building a secular state.

The assassin, Nathuram Godse, was motivated by his belief that Gandhi was appeasing Muslims at the expense of Hindus.

Burma and Ceylon gained independence from Britain in 1948, and Bangladesh separated from Pakistan in 1971.

Since August 1947, India and Pakistan have been engaged in three major conflicts and one minor conflict regarding border issues.

Also, the demarcation of the borders in Jammu and Kashmir remains a major issue.

Today, the partition is still a highly sensitive issue. The events of 1947 continue to have a profound impact on the lives of people in India and Pakistan.

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Indian Independence and Partition

Aug 16, 2014

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Indian Independence and Partition. India: Indian National Congress. Goals: Democracy, Local Self-Rule (BCW), Prevent mass peasant uprising (like China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders. India: The Muslim League Forms. Goals:

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• religious conflict
• middle class leaders
• congress government
• middle class
• muslim league forms

Presentation Transcript

India: Indian National Congress Goals: Democracy, Local Self-Rule (BCW), Prevent mass peasant uprising (like China) by keeping power centered on middle class leaders.

India: The Muslim League Forms Goals: Protect the interests, liberties and rights of Muslims Promote an understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians - discourage violence. Educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government

WWI: 1914-1919 Britain promises India self-rule if they help fight in the war Gandhi supports war effort in hopes of achieving self-rule for India When war ends, Britain made a few reforms and refused to grant India self-government Major Events

The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 Major Events How did the Amritsar massacre change the attitude and goal of the Indian National Congress and Muslim League? General Dyer

Gandhi said, “Cooperation in any shape or form with this satanic government is sinful.”

Civil Disobedience is the refusing to obey unjust laws and purposely breaking them Passive resistance is non-violent protests using two major aspects: Satyagraha Ahimsa Mohandas K. Gandhi, The “Mahatma” or Great Soul “Satyagraha is a weapon of the strong; it admits of no violence under any circumstance whatsoever; and it ever insists upon truth.”

According to Gandhi, what are his three goals to win independence from Great Britain? Message to the Masses 1. Hindu-Muslim Unity 2. Must end “untouchability” 3. Must defy the British – Not through violence

Boycotts British goods Goes on Hunger strikes in prison and to stop violent protests. Gandhi Leads Non-Violent Protests

The Salt March • British law claimed that the British had sole right to produce and sell salt in India • Gandhi wrote to Viceroy stating his intent to break the law • With 78 followers he marched 240 miles to the sea. By the time he reached the sea, thousands of people had joined the march

The Salt March 4. Gandhi and others harvested salt from the sea and were arrested 5. Reporters around the world reported the incident. The event embarrassed the British government who prided themselves on their democratic traditions. March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 78 male satyagrahis started their 23-day-long journey

Muhammad Ali Jinnah A. Middle Class lawyer educated in Britain B. First supported Hindu-Muslim Unity – called “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” C. Proposed Lucknow Pact

Muhammad Ali Jinnah D. Disagreement with Gandhi led to Muslim- Congress split E. Jinnah began to fear Hindu domination of Congress – A “Hindu Raj” F. Began to support the idea for an independent Muslim homeland, Pakistan or “land of the pure”.

India Independence and Partition Grants full Independence to India in 1947 Partitions India by creating East and West Pakistan to avoid religious conflict – Gandhi not pleased Jinnah planned to say a joke when he met Lady Mountbatten when he said, “A rose between two thorns.” However, he thought she would be in the middle. Jinnah was able to get equal say at negotiations and refused to accept living under “Hindu Rule.”

Indian Independence and Partition India was, therefore, partitioned into two nations: Indiain the center and Pakistan to the west and east. Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) became independent the following year.

India Independence and Partition Why was Pakistan created with such odd borders? Muslims Hindus Hindus What do you think will happen with the Muslims in India and the Hindus in Pakistan? Muslims

Golden Temple of the Sikhs

Indian Independence and Partition Due to this Hindu-Muslim split, a Great Migration occurred where Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India left their homes in an attempt to go where they felt accepted. Unfortunately, this led to horrendous violence that killed millions of people.

Indian Independence and Partition Nehru led the developing nations in practicing Non-alignment with the Superpowers and thus, received enormous aid from both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

Indian Independence and Partition Religious and political conflict remained a problem. In the 1980s, Sikhs demanded an independent state of Punjab and assassinated Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi (Nehru’s Daughter) in 1984.

Indian Independence and Partition Other Developments in the region: After fierce fighting, Bangladesh (East Pakistan) split from West Pakistan in 1971. In 1983, an endless war erupted in Sri Lanka with Hindu Tamils, the minority who wanted their own independent nation, fighting against the majority BuddhistSinhalese. In the first of these clashes, India sent troops to restore order. As a result, the Terrorist group known as the Tamil Tigers assassinated Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi(Indira Gandhi’s son) in 1991. Terrorism continues there today.

Indian Independence and Partition Relations between Pakistan and India remain unstable. Both nations want to control the Jammu and Kasmir regions near the Pakistan-India border. Tensions based on religious and ethnic claims continued to increase after both India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998.

Indian Independence and Partition In 1992, Hindu fundamentalists supported by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) stormed the Babri Masjid mosque and razed it because it was said to be built on the site of a former Hindu temple. The incident sparked violent clashes that claimed dozens of Hindu and Muslim lives. The Congress government, which had ruled India almost uninterrupted for four decades, began to face increasing voter resentment for policies that failed. In 1998, the BJP has dominated the coalition government in New Delhi and has challenged Pakistan to a fourth and final war.

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