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2: Case Study #1- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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• 2.1: Learning Objectives
• 2.2: Patient- Erin Johns
• 2.3: At Home
• 2.4: Emergency Room

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COPD 101 is an overview of key clinical concepts for COPD, including risk factors, epidemiology, screening and diagnostics, and treatment strategies. This presentation is the starting point for anyone new to COPD or seeking to improve overall care for their COPD population. Patient education materials, created specifically to assist clear communication of disease management concepts, are also included to help optimize therapy plans.

Copd 101 is available in basic pdf, enhanced pdf (including speaker notes), and full powerpoint (presentation-ready) formats., copd 101 basic.

COPD 101 (basic): This PDF version of COPD 101 covers the core concepts (including patient-facing materials) and is suitable for viewing on all platforms.

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COPD 101 (enhanced): This PDF version of COPD 101 includes additional information and context for educational purposes. It is best viewed using a standalone PDF program, such as Adobe Acrobat.

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This page was reviewed on February 7, 2023 by the COPD Foundation Content Review and Evaluation Committee .

Major Case Study: COPD

Feb 20, 2012

400 likes | 892 Views

Major Case Study: COPD. Emily Brantley Dietetic Intern Andrews University. Patient’s Initials: NM Primary Problem & other medical conditions: COPD , DM, IBS, Pneumonia, IgA deficiency Height: 160.02 Weight: 107.2 Age: 62 years old Sex: Female. Introduction. Introduction.

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Presentation Transcript

Major Case Study: COPD Emily Brantley Dietetic Intern Andrews University

Patient’s Initials: NM Primary Problem & other medical conditions: COPD, DM, IBS, Pneumonia, IgA deficiency Height: 160.02 Weight: 107.2 Age: 62 years old Sex: Female Introduction

Introduction • Reason patient was chosen for case study: • NM was chosen because of the multiple complications that she faces. • Date the study began and ended • December 5, 2013 – December 6, 2013 • Focus of this study: • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) • NM has other comorbidities, however, NM is most often admitted to the hospital for exacerbation of COPD.

Social History • NM is a Christian woman who lives at home with her husband and pet parakeet. • She is currently on Medicare. • Retired RN. • Her three children are all adults and live within the region. • NM is a former smoker • Medical records indicate that she does not smoke or drink alcohol anymore.

Normal Anatomy and Physiology of Applicable Body Functions • COPD is characterized by slow, progressive obstruction of the airways. • There are two physical conditions that make up COPD. • Emphysema • Characterized by abnormal, permanent enlargement and destruction of the alveoli • Chronic Bronchitis • A progressive cough with inflammation of bronchi and other lung changes • Frequently, both illnesses coexist as part of this disorder. • In both cases, the disease limits the airflow 1&2

Past Medical History

Past Medical History • NM initially received the diagnosis of COPD in 1997. • American Thoracic Society states comorbidities such as cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and psychological disorders are commonly reported in patients with COPD, but with great variability in reported prevalence.

Past Medical History • Pneumonia • NM has been hospitalized six times within the past year for episodes of pneumonia. • COPD is more frequently associated with pneumonia. • Corticosteroids are standard of care for acute exacerbations of COPD, but their role in the management of patients with COPD with pneumonia is less defined. 3 • Diabetes Mellitus. • The evidence for an interaction between diabetes and COPD is supported by studies that demonstrate reduced lung function as a risk factor for the development of diabetes. • Smoking has been established as a risk factor for both COPD and Diabetes Mellitus. 3 • Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). • An increased prevalence of GERD has been reported in patients with COPD. A study of 421 patients with severe COPD using 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring showed that 62% had pathological GERD, and 58% of the patients reported no symptoms of GERD.3

Past Medical History • Bronchial Asthma • Adrenal Insufficiency • Coronary Artery Disease • Trachaeomalacia • Addison’s disease • Hypothyroidism • Bipolar Disorder • Irritable Bowel syndrome • Vascular stent placement • Hyperlipidemia • Hyperthyroidism • Anemia

Present Medical Status and Treatment

Theoretical Discussion of Disease Condition • COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in America. COPD is also more prevalent in women.3&4 • The primary risk factor in the development of COPD is smoking. • Beyond the cessation of smoking, it has been shown that the inflammatory stress continues to damage the lung tissue. • Other risk factors include air pollution, secondhand smoke, history of childhood infections, and occupational exposure to certain industrial pollutants.

Theoretical Discussion of Disease Condition • Although normal lung function gradually declines with age, individuals who are smokers have a more rapid decline—twice the rate of nonsmokers. • Low body weight has also been shown to be a risk factor for the development of COPD even after adjusting for other potential risk factors including smoking and age.2 • Malnourished patients with COPD experience worsened respiratory muscle strength, decreased ventilator drive and response to hypoxia, and altered immune function.1,5&6

Usual Treatment of the Condition • An early and accurate diagnosis of COPD is the key to treatment. • Quitting smoking is the single most important thing that can be done to help treat COPD.7 • The usual treatment of COPD is composed of four main goals for effective management: • 1. Assess and monitor the disease • 2. Reduce risk factors • 3. Maintain stable COPD and respiratory status • 4. Manage any exacerbations • Once the disease progresses, rehabilitation programs along with oxygen therapy are used as treatment. • Medications include bronchodilators, glucocorticosteroids, mucolytic agents, and antibiotics to treat infections. • In cases where COPD may be advanced, there is an option for surgical intervention, such as a lung transplant.1

Patient’s Symptoms upon Admission Leading to Present Diagnosis • NM was admitted with shortness of breath, cough, diarrhea, hypokalemia and fever. • She revealed that one of the possible causes of her diarrhea may be the fact that she had “been around a couple of people with Clostridium Difficile.” • NM also showed symptoms of hyperlipidemia and hypertension • High blood pressure is a complication of COPD.6 • Hyperglycemia is a side effect of steroid therapy for COPD. • Steroids can increase the blood sugar making diabetes harder to control.8

Laboratory Findings and Interpretation

Current Medications • Depakote ER (Valproic Acid) • Lexapro (Escitaloprem) • Florinef (Fludrocortison Acitate) • Fluticasone- salmeterol • Metronidazole Flagyl • Insulin Lispro (Humalog) • Misoprostal (Cytotec) • Monelukast (Singulair) • Pantaprazole (Protonix oral) • Potassium Chloride • RisperiDONE (RisperDAL) • Rosuvastatin (Crestor) • NaCl • Tolterodine • Voriconazole

Observable Physical and Psychological Changes in Patient • NM physically looked well nourished. • She did not appear to have difficulty breathing until after she spoke for a long period of time. • She did have a severe cough that she tried to conceal. • NM was a very agreeable patient for both psychological interviews. • In spite of her COPD diagnosis and all of the multiple medical comorbidities that NM faced, she still presented a positive attitude and spoke openly about her faith.

Treatment • NM received a chest x ray that revealed consolidation in the left lung and midline lung level. • Once this was identified, she was admitted to the hospital from the Emergency room for treatment. • She was started on IV steroids, IV antibiotics, flagyl and nebulizers around the clock to see how she progressed.

Medical Nutrition Therapy

Nutrition History • Beginning in March 2012, NM began intentionally losing weight by following a PCP prescribed commercial diet known as Optifast. • Optifast offers shakes, protein bars and soups. • With this regimen, NM has lost 70 pounds since March 2012. • At home, NM usually sticks to her Optifast food items for breakfast, lunch and snacks between meals. • For dinner, she shares a meal with her husband. • He is a professional chef who is control of purchasing groceries and prepares dinner most nights.

Analysis of Previous Diet: 24 hour recall

Current Prescribed Diet • NM was on steroid therapy to treat her COPD. • Because of the steroid therapy, NM was admitted with consistently high blood glucose levels. • For this reason, doctor’s orders were given for an Average Diabetic Diet for the duration of her stay at Winter Park Memorial Hospital. • An Average Diabetic Diet provides a consistent 60-75 grams of carbohydrates for each meal. • NM’s diet order remained the same for her entire stay.

Objectives of Dietary Treatment • The objective of the Average Diabetic diet is to maintain NM’s blood sugars within normal limits or as close as possible to normal levels. • Steroid therapy that NM was undergoing to treat her COPD helps keep blood sugars high • Finger-stick blood sugar levels referred to as “Accuchecks” ranged inconsistently from 130 to 289 as seen on the lab values table above.

Patient’s Physical and Psychological Response to Diet • At home, NM followed an eating pattern similar to that of the Average Diabetic Diet but with the addition of snacks in between meals. • She denied facing vomiting or constipation while on this diet. • She did admit to experiencing diarrhea and nausea upon admission to the hospital. • As previously mentioned, NM believed she was exposed to Clostridium Difficile, to which she attributes to the cause of having diarrhea.

List nutrition-related problems with supporting evidence • COPD: Increased energy expenditure related to increased energy requirements during COPD exacerbation as evidenced by measured resting energy expenditure greater than predicted needs.

Evaluation of Present Nutritional Status • According to the diet analysis table, NM was meeting her increased caloric needs for COPD. • Her diarrhea subsided by day two of hospitalization. • Per lab values as those noted above in the table, there did not appear to be any indication of dehydration.

Calorie and Protein Guidelines • Nutritional needs are often increased in COPD due to the increased work of breathing. • Optimal nutritional status plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the respiratory system and in allowing maximal participation in daily living.1 • Caloric requirements for COPD individually determined based on: • Patient age, weight and gender, the extent of protein energy malnutrition loss of lean body mass, current medications and other acute or chronic medical conditions. • The Mifflin St. Jeor equation may underestimate the caloric requirements of patient’s with COPD because of the caloric increase from metabolically active tissue. • To compensate for this underestimation, a stress activity factor may be added according to the degree of stress. • In most cases the total calorie intake of the COPD patient is more important than the source from calories.

Calorie and Protein Guidelines • For maintenance 1.33 x REE or 25/35 calories per kilogram is appropriate for the needs of the COPD patient. • Protein is recommended at 1.0-1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight for maintenance.1 • Below is a chart of how NM’s needs were clinically calculated during her hospital admission on December 5th through the 6th.

Need for Alternative Feeding Methods and the Patient’s Nutrition Education Process • NM was in fact meeting the additional needs required for COPD, I do not believe that there was any need for alternative feedings such as tube feeding. • Moreover, in explaining the prescribed diabetic diet to NM, no type of barrier to learning was identified.

Prognosis • NM expressed her motivation to continue to follow a diet similar to that of the Average Diabetic Diet upon her return home as long as her increased COPD needs were met. • She was aware of the effects of steroid therapy on her blood sugar levels. • NM clearly verbalized her understanding on the use of steroids, their effects on increasing blood sugar levels and the importance of meal planning especially around carbohydrates. • This was more of a motivating factor for her to continue monitoring her diet on discharge.

Summary • From this study, I learned how very serious COPD is. • It was once explained to me some time ago that COPD was like a gradual suffocating in a pillow. • Seeing NM experiencing shortness of breath during the interviews or when speaking to me during the interviews made me realize that even the slightest amount of energy requires oxygen. • Imagine not being able to breathe to conduct the simplest activities of daily living! • In addition to other medical issues as NM had, it made me realize how important nutrition energy is needed for healing.

Thank You!

References • Mahan LK, Escott-Stump S, Raymond JL. Krause’s Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 13th Edition, Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier; 2012 • Nelms M, Sucher KP, Lacey K, Roth SL. Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology, 2nd Edition. Cengage Learning, Inc: 2010. • Chatila WM, Thomashow BM, Make BJ. Comorbidities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Journal of the American Thoracic Society. 2008 May 1; 5(4): 549-555 • Centers for Disease Control. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Data and Statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/copd/data.htm. Accessed December 29, 2013. • American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Disease-Related Malnutrition and Enteral Nutrition Therapy. Available at: http://www.nutritioncare.org/index.aspx?id=5696. Accessed January 5, 2014. • Mayo Clinic. Disease and Conditions: COPD. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seo/basics/symptoms/con-20032017. Accessed January 8, 2014. • National Institutes of Health: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. How Is COPD Treated? Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/treatment.html. Accessed January 8, 2014. • British Lung Foundation. Steroids. Available at: http://www.blf.org.uk/Page/Steroids. Accessed December 29, 2013. • MedlinePlus: A service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine From the National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health. Drugs and Supplements. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/drug_Ca.html • U.S. National Library of Medicine. Drug Information from the National Library of Medicine. Available at: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/learn-about-drugs.html. Accessed January 8, 2014. • Optifast. Product Information. Available at: http://www.optifast.com/Pages/index.aspx. Accessed January 7, 2014

References: Images • http://sciencelife.uchospitals.edu/2013/05/07/qa-dr-christopher-wigfield-on-the-future-of-lung-transplantation/ • http://www.guidantwealth.com/Goal-early-retirement.html • http://www.recessionista.com • http://www.everydayhealth.com • https://www.spiriva.com/?sc=SPRACQWEBPGOGBS1105034&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=spiriva&utm_campaign=Branded&MTD=2&ENG=1 • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19376.htm • http://www.cdc.gov/copd/data.htm • http://www.www.kingcounty.gov • http://www.www.anactivelife.com • http://www.optifast.com/Pages/index.aspx • www.fairmed.at • www. Eatright.org • http://www.alltheweigh.com

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COPD Case Study: Patient Diagnosis and Treatment (2024)

by John Landry, BS, RRT | Updated: May 16, 2024

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that affects millions of people around the world. It is primarily caused by smoking and is characterized by a persistent obstruction of airflow that worsens over time.

COPD can lead to a range of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, which can significantly impact a person’s quality of life.

This case study will review the diagnosis and treatment of an adult patient who presented with signs and symptoms of this condition.

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COPD Clinical Scenario

A 56-year-old male patient is in the ER with increased work of breathing. He felt mildly short of breath after waking this morning but became extremely dyspneic after climbing a few flights of stairs. He is even too short of breath to finish full sentences. His wife is present in the room and revealed that the patient has a history of liver failure, is allergic to penicillin, and has a 15-pack-year smoking history. She also stated that he builds cabinets for a living and is constantly required to work around a lot of fine dust and debris.

Physical Findings

On physical examination, the patient showed the following signs and symptoms:

• His pupils are equal and reactive to light.
• He is alert and oriented.
• He is breathing through pursed lips.
• His trachea is positioned in the midline, and no jugular venous distention is present.

Vital Signs

• Heart rate: 92 beats/min
• Respiratory rate: 22 breaths/min

Chest Assessment

• He has a larger-than-normal anterior-posterior chest diameter.
• He demonstrates bilateral chest expansion.
• He demonstrates a prolonged expiratory phase and diminished breath sounds during auscultation.
• He is showing signs of subcostal retractions.
• Chest palpation reveals no tactile fremitus.
• Chest percussion reveals increased resonance.
• His abdomen is soft and tender.
• No distention is present.

Extremities

• His capillary refill time is two seconds.
• Digital clubbing is present in his fingertips.
• There are no signs of pedal edema.
• His skin appears to have a yellow tint.

Lab and Radiology Results

• ABG results: pH 7.35 mmHg, PaCO2 59 mmHg, HCO3 30 mEq/L, and PaO2 64 mmHg.
• Chest x-ray: Flat diaphragm, increased retrosternal space, dark lung fields, slight hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and a narrow heart.
• Blood work: RBC 6.5 mill/m3, Hb 19 g/100 mL, and Hct 57%.

Based on the information given, the patient likely has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .

The key findings that point to this diagnosis include:

• Barrel chest
• A long expiratory time
• Diminished breath sounds
• Use of accessory muscles while breathing
• Digital clubbing
• Pursed lip breathing
• History of smoking
• Exposure to dust from work

What Findings are Relevant to the Patient’s COPD Diagnosis?

The patient’s chest x-ray showed classic signs of chronic COPD, which include hyperexpansion, dark lung fields, and a narrow heart.

This patient does not have a history of cor pulmonale ; however, the findings revealed hypertrophy of the right ventricle. This is something that should be further investigated as right-sided heart failure is common in patients with COPD.

The lab values that suggest the patient has COPD include increased RBC, Hct, and Hb levels, which are signs of chronic hypoxemia.

Furthermore, the patient’s ABG results indicate COPD is present because the interpretation reveals compensated respiratory acidosis with mild hypoxemia. Compensated blood gases indicate an issue that has been present for an extended period of time.

What Tests Could Further Support This Diagnosis?

A series of pulmonary function tests (PFT) would be useful for assessing the patient’s lung volumes and capacities. This would help confirm the diagnosis of COPD and inform you of the severity.

Note: COPD patients typically have an FEV1/FVC ratio of < 70%, with an FEV1 that is < 80%.

The initial treatment for this patient should involve the administration of low-flow oxygen to treat or prevent hypoxemia .

It’s acceptable to start with a nasal cannula at 1-2 L/min. However, it’s often recommended to use an air-entrainment mask on COPD patients in order to provide an exact FiO2.

Either way, you should start with the lowest possible FiO2 that can maintain adequate oxygenation and titrate based on the patient’s response.

Example: Let’s say you start the patient with an FiO2 of 28% via air-entrainment mask but increase it to 32% due to no improvement. The SpO2 originally was 84% but now has decreased to 80%, and his retractions are worsening. This patient is sitting in the tripod position and continues to demonstrate pursed-lip breathing. Another blood gas was collected, and the results show a PaCO2 of 65 mmHg and a PaO2 of 59 mmHg.

What Do You Recommend?

The patient has an increased work of breathing, and their condition is clearly getting worse. The latest ABG results confirmed this with an increased PaCO2 and a PaO2 that is decreasing.

This indicates that the patient needs further assistance with both ventilation and oxygenation .

Note: In general, mechanical ventilation should be avoided in patients with COPD (if possible) because they are often difficult to wean from the machine.

Therefore, at this time, the most appropriate treatment method is noninvasive ventilation (e.g., BiPAP).

Initial BiPAP Settings

In general, the most commonly recommended initial BiPAP settings for an adult patient include this following:

• IPAP: 8–12 cmH2O
• EPAP: 5–8 cmH2O
• Rate: 10–12 breaths/min
• FiO2: Whatever they were previously on

For example, let’s say you initiate BiPAP with an IPAP of 10 cmH20, an EPAP of 5 cmH2O, a rate of 12, and an FiO2 of 32% (since that is what he was previously getting).

After 30 minutes on the machine, the physician requested another ABG to be drawn, which revealed acute respiratory acidosis with mild hypoxemia.

What Adjustments to BiPAP Settings Would You Recommend?

The latest ABG results indicate that two parameters must be corrected:

• Increased PaCO2
• Decreased PaO2

You can address the PaO2 by increasing either the FiO2 or EPAP setting. EPAP functions as PEEP, which is effective in increasing oxygenation.

The PaCO2 can be lowered by increasing the IPAP setting. By doing so, it helps to increase the patient’s tidal volume, which increased their expired CO2.

Note: In general, when making adjustments to a patient’s BiPAP settings, it’s acceptable to increase the pressure in increments of 2 cmH2O and the FiO2 setting in 5% increments.

Oxygenation

To improve the patient’s oxygenation , you can increase the EPAP setting to 7 cmH2O. This would decrease the pressure support by 2 cmH2O because it’s essentially the difference between the IPAP and EPAP.

Therefore, if you increase the EPAP, you must also increase the IPAP by the same amount to maintain the same pressure support level.

Ventilation

However, this patient also has an increased PaCO2 , which means that you must increase the IPAP setting to blow off more CO2. Therefore, you can adjust the pressure settings on the machine as follows:

• IPAP: 14 cmH2O
• EPAP: 7 cmH2O

After making these changes and performing an assessment , you can see that the patient’s condition is improving.

Two days later, the patient has been successfully weaned off the BiPAP machine and no longer needs oxygen support. He is now ready to be discharged.

The doctor wants you to recommend home therapy and treatment modalities that could benefit this patient.

What Home Therapy Would You Recommend?

You can recommend home oxygen therapy if the patient’s PaO2 drops below 55 mmHg or their SpO2 drops below 88% more than twice in a three-week period.

Remember: You must use a conservative approach when administering oxygen to a patient with COPD.

Pharmacology

You may also consider the following pharmacological agents:

• Short-acting bronchodilators (e.g., Albuterol)
• Long-acting bronchodilators (e.g., Formoterol)
• Anticholinergic agents (e.g., Ipratropium bromide)
• Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., Budesonide)
• Methylxanthine agents (e.g., Theophylline)

In addition, education on smoking cessation is also important for patients who smoke. Nicotine replacement therapy may also be indicated.

In some cases, bronchial hygiene therapy should be recommended to help with secretion clearance (e.g., positive expiratory pressure (PEP) therapy).

It’s also important to instruct the patient to stay active, maintain a healthy diet, avoid infections, and get an annual flu vaccine. Lastly, some COPD patients may benefit from cardiopulmonary rehabilitation .

By taking all of these factors into consideration, you can better manage this patient’s COPD and improve their quality of life.

Final Thoughts

There are two key points to remember when treating a patient with COPD. First, you must always be mindful of the amount of oxygen being delivered to keep the FiO2 as low as possible.

Second, you should use noninvasive ventilation, if possible, before performing intubation and conventional mechanical ventilation . Too much oxygen can knock out the patient’s drive to breathe, and once intubated, these patients can be difficult to wean from the ventilator .

Furthermore, once the patient is ready to be discharged, you must ensure that you are sending them home with the proper medications and home treatments to avoid readmission.

Written by:

John Landry is a registered respiratory therapist from Memphis, TN, and has a bachelor's degree in kinesiology. He enjoys using evidence-based research to help others breathe easier and live a healthier life.

• Faarc, Kacmarek Robert PhD Rrt, et al. Egan’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care. 12th ed., Mosby, 2020.
• Chang, David. Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation . 4th ed., Cengage Learning, 2013.
• Rrt, Cairo J. PhD. Pilbeam’s Mechanical Ventilation: Physiological and Clinical Applications. 7th ed., Mosby, 2019.
• Faarc, Gardenhire Douglas EdD Rrt-Nps. Rau’s Respiratory Care Pharmacology. 10th ed., Mosby, 2019.
• Faarc, Heuer Al PhD Mba Rrt Rpft. Wilkins’ Clinical Assessment in Respiratory Care. 8th ed., Mosby, 2017.
• Rrt, Des Terry Jardins MEd, and Burton George Md Facp Fccp Faarc. Clinical Manifestations and Assessment of Respiratory Disease. 8th ed., Mosby, 2019.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Comprehensive Case Study - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Comprehensive Case Study

Case study on copd (chronic observatory pulmonary disease). know the effects and symptoms. get essential awareness tips from experts and learn the diagnosis steps as well – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• The COPD Awareness Day on November 19 attempts to raise awareness regarding COPD and what can be done in order to prevent it. The theme for 2014 is early detection and prevention of COPD. In this article, we take a close look at the disease, its symptoms and its treatment.
• What is COPD?
• As the name suggests, it is a chronic disease (i.e. a disease that is persistent over a longer period of time) of the lungs which is characterized by obstructive airflow. It is sometimes known as chronic obstructive lung disease or chronic obstructive airway disease.
• To explain COPD, we must first understand how our lungs function. The air that we breathe in passes through our windpipes called bronchial tubes or airways. They, then branch out into smaller and thinner tubes called bronchioles. These tubes are attached to small air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen passes through the walls of the air sacs into the blood while carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air sacs. This is called gas exchange. Sometimes the air sacs lose their elasticity due to smoking and pollution. Further airways may be filled with mucus and the walls of the airways may be inflamed. All these lead to reduced gas exchange. When this happens, the person concerned complains of difficulty in breathing. This condition is called COPD.
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• Understanding COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (or COPD) is a lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe.

COPD is a long-term disease that often gets worse over time and is characterized by inflammation and severe limitation of air flow in and out of the lungs.

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Long-term exposure to second-hand smoke or irritants such as air pollution, dust or workplace fumes, and biomass exposure (such as wood smoke) can also contribute to COPD.

An un-common genetic disorder called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is sometimes associated with COPD.

Although respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia do not cause COPD, they can make people with COPD very sick. Therefore, it is very important to keep these vaccinations up to date.

At first, COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease progresses, common symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness – especially with exercise, and an ongoing cough – often with a lot of mucus.

As COPD symptoms worsen, breathing requires much more energy and it can get harder to exercise or do routine activities like getting dressed or climbing stairs. This may lead to fatigue, weight loss, and muscle loss.

People with COPD can experience a variety of symptoms. Different stages of COPD range from mild, to moderate, to severe.

In normal functioning lungs, when air is inhaled, it travels down the windpipe and into the airways (or bronchial tubes) of the lungs. Inside the lungs, the airways branch out into smaller and smaller tubes (called bronchioles) that are rich in blood supply. At the end of these tubes are billions of tiny air sacs (called alveoli).

Normally, the walls of the airways and air sacs are elastic and flexible in nature. Inhaling causes each air sac to fill with air. Exhaling causes each air sac to deflate. Efficient uptake of air into the lungs provides oxygen to the blood which is then carried to all parts of the body.

COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States and affects more than 13.5 million Americans.

It is predominantly diagnosed in middle-aged individuals older than 40 years and is present in both women and men.

Although COPD is more common in men, more women die from this disease each year than men.

The rate of COPD continues to increase worldwide due to smoking and worsening air pollution.

While there is no cure for COPD, you can take steps to feel better, stay more active, and slow disease progression.

COPD can be managed by consulting early with your healthcare provider, seeking diagnosis and intervention therapies, and adopting lifestyle changes that include quitting smoking, pulmonary rehabilitation, healthy eating and exercise, and maintaining a positive outlook.

Slide Show - Understanding COPD

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Diagnosis and Evaluation of COPD

Management and Treatment of COPD

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as COPD, encompasses a group of diseases that cause problems with breathing. In the United States alone it affects about 16 million people. If you are preparing a presentation about it you can use this Slidesgo proposal. It has a simple style, with a white background and light blue waves and lines, which convey elegance and serenity. In addition, we have included a multitude of resources that you can edit to convey your information, such as graphics, map, infographics, etc.

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