psychology research study questions

61 intriguing psychology research topics to explore

Last updated

11 January 2024

Reviewed by

Brittany Ferri, PhD, OTR/L

Psychology is an incredibly diverse, critical, and ever-changing area of study in the medical and health industries. Because of this, it’s a common area of study for students and healthcare professionals.

We’re walking you through picking the perfect topic for your upcoming paper or study. Keep reading for plenty of example topics to pique your interest and curiosity.

How to choose a psychology research topic

Exploring a psychology-based topic for your research project? You need to pick a specific area of interest to collect compelling data.

Use these tips to help you narrow down which psychology topics to research:

Focus on a particular area of psychology

The most effective psychological research focuses on a smaller, niche concept or disorder within the scope of a study.

Psychology is a broad and fascinating area of science, including everything from diagnosed mental health disorders to sports performance mindset assessments.

This gives you plenty of different avenues to explore. Having a hard time choosing? Check out our list of 61 ideas further down in this article to get started.

Read the latest clinical studies

Once you’ve picked a more niche topic to explore, you need to do your due diligence and explore other research projects on the same topic.

This practice will help you learn more about your chosen topic, ask more specific questions, and avoid covering existing projects.

For the best results, we recommend creating a research folder of associated published papers to reference throughout your project. This makes it much easier to cite direct references and find inspiration down the line.

Find a topic you enjoy and ask questions

Once you’ve spent time researching and collecting references for your study, you finally get to explore.

Whether this research project is for work, school, or just for fun, having a passion for your research will make the project much more enjoyable. (Trust us, there will be times when that is the only thing that keeps you going.)

Now you’ve decided on the topic, ask more nuanced questions you might want to explore.

If you can, pick the direction that interests you the most to make the research process much more enjoyable.

61 psychology topics to research in 2024

Need some extra help starting your psychology research project on the right foot? Explore our list of 61 cutting-edge, in-demand psychology research topics to use as a starting point for your research journey.

Psychology research topics for university students

As a university student, it can be hard to pick a research topic that fits the scope of your classes and is still compelling and unique.

Here are a few exciting topics we recommend exploring for your next assigned research project:

Mental health in post-secondary students

Seeking post-secondary education is a stressful and overwhelming experience for most students, making this topic a great choice to explore for your in-class research paper.

Examples of post-secondary mental health research topics include:

Student mental health status during exam season

Mental health disorder prevalence based on study major

The impact of chronic school stress on overall quality of life

The impacts of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying can occur at all ages, starting as early as elementary school and carrying through into professional workplaces.

Examples of cyberbullying-based research topics you can study include:

The impact of cyberbullying on self-esteem

Common reasons people engage in cyberbullying

Cyberbullying themes and commonly used terms

Cyberbullying habits in children vs. adults

The long-term effects of cyberbullying

Clinical psychology research topics

If you’re looking to take a more clinical approach to your next project, here are a few topics that involve direct patient assessment for you to consider:

Chronic pain and mental health

Living with chronic pain dramatically impacts every aspect of a person’s life, including their mental and emotional health.

Here are a few examples of in-demand pain-related psychology research topics:

The connection between diabetic neuropathy and depression

Neurological pain and its connection to mental health disorders

Efficacy of meditation and mindfulness for pain management

The long-term effects of insomnia

Insomnia is where you have difficulty falling or staying asleep. It’s a common health concern that impacts millions of people worldwide.

This is an excellent topic because insomnia can have a variety of causes, offering many research possibilities.

Here are a few compelling psychology research topics about insomnia you could investigate:

The prevalence of insomnia based on age, gender, and ethnicity

Insomnia and its impact on workplace productivity

The connection between insomnia and mental health disorders

Efficacy and use of melatonin supplements for insomnia

The risks and benefits of prescription insomnia medications

Lifestyle options for managing insomnia symptoms

The efficacy of mental health treatment options

Management and treatment of mental health conditions is an ever-changing area of study. If you can witness or participate in mental health therapies, this can make a great research project.

Examples of mental health treatment-related psychology research topics include:

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with severe anxiety

The benefits and drawbacks of group vs. individual therapy sessions

Music therapy for mental health disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients with depression

Controversial psychology research paper topics

If you are looking to explore a more cutting-edge or modern psychology topic, you can delve into a variety of controversial and topical options:

The impact of social media and digital platforms

Ever since access to internet forums and video games became more commonplace, there’s been growing concern about the impact these digital platforms have on mental health.

Examples of social media and video game-related psychology research topics include:

The effect of edited images on self-confidence

How social media platforms impact social behavior

Video games and their impact on teenage anger and violence

Digital communication and the rapid spread of misinformation

The development of digital friendships

Psychotropic medications for mental health

In recent years, the interest in using psychoactive medications to treat and manage health conditions has increased despite their inherently controversial nature.

Examples of psychotropic medication-related research topics include:

The risks and benefits of using psilocybin mushrooms for managing anxiety

The impact of marijuana on early-onset psychosis

Childhood marijuana use and related prevalence of mental health conditions

Ketamine and its use for complex PTSD (C-PTSD) symptom management

The effect of long-term psychedelic use and mental health conditions

Mental health disorder research topics

As one of the most popular subsections of psychology, studying mental health disorders and how they impact quality of life is an essential and impactful area of research.

While studies in these areas are common, there’s always room for additional exploration, including the following hot-button topics:

Anxiety and depression disorders

Anxiety and depression are well-known and heavily researched mental health disorders.

Despite this, we still don’t know many things about these conditions, making them great candidates for psychology research projects:

Social anxiety and its connection to chronic loneliness

C-PTSD symptoms and causes

The development of phobias

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) behaviors and symptoms

Depression triggers and causes

Self-care tools and resources for depression

The prevalence of anxiety and depression in particular age groups or geographic areas

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex and multi-faceted area of psychology research.

Use your research skills to learn more about this condition and its impact by choosing any of the following topics:

Early signs of bipolar disorder

The incidence of bipolar disorder in young adults

The efficacy of existing bipolar treatment options

Bipolar medication side effects

Cognitive behavioral therapy for people with bipolar

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizoaffective disorder is often stigmatized, and less common mental health disorders are a hotbed for new and exciting research.

Here are a few examples of interesting research topics related to this mental health disorder:

The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder by certain age groups or geographic locations

Risk factors for developing schizoaffective disorder

The prevalence and content of auditory and visual hallucinations

Alternative therapies for schizoaffective disorder

Societal and systematic psychology research topics

Modern society’s impact is deeply enmeshed in our mental and emotional health on a personal and community level.

Here are a few examples of societal and systemic psychology research topics to explore in more detail:

Access to mental health services

While mental health awareness has risen over the past few decades, access to quality mental health treatment and resources is still not equitable.

This can significantly impact the severity of a person’s mental health symptoms, which can result in worse health outcomes if left untreated.

Explore this crucial issue and provide information about the need for improved mental health resource access by studying any of the following topics:

Rural vs. urban access to mental health resources

Access to crisis lines by location

Wait times for emergency mental health services

Inequities in mental health access based on income and location

Insurance coverage for mental health services

Systemic racism and mental health

Societal systems and the prevalence of systemic racism heavily impact every aspect of a person’s overall health.

Researching these topics draws attention to existing problems and contributes valuable insights into ways to improve access to care moving forward.

Examples of systemic racism-related psychology research topics include:

Access to mental health resources based on race

The prevalence of BIPOC mental health therapists in a chosen area

The impact of systemic racism on mental health and self-worth

Racism training for mental health workers

The prevalence of mental health disorders in discriminated groups

LGBTQIA+ mental health concerns

Research about LGBTQIA+ people and their mental health needs is a unique area of study to explore for your next research project. It’s a commonly overlooked and underserved community.

Examples of LGBTQIA+ psychology research topics to consider include:

Mental health supports for queer teens and children

The impact of queer safe spaces on mental health

The prevalence of mental health disorders in the LGBTQIA+ community

The benefits of queer mentorship and found family

Substance misuse in LQBTQIA+ youth and adults

Collect data and identify trends with Dovetail

Psychology research is an exciting and competitive study area, making it the perfect choice for projects or papers.

Take the headache out of analyzing your data and instantly access the insights you need to complete your next psychology research project by teaming up with Dovetail today.

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2.2 Generating Good Research Questions

Learning objectives.

Describe some common sources of research ideas and generate research ideas using those sources.
Describe some techniques for turning research ideas into empirical research questions and use those techniques to generate questions.
Explain what makes a research question interesting and evaluate research questions in terms of their interestingness.

Good research must begin with a good research question. Yet coming up with good research questions is something that novice researchers often find difficult and stressful. One reason is that this is a creative process that can appear mysterious—even magical—with experienced researchers seeming to pull interesting research questions out of thin air. However, psychological research on creativity has shown that it is neither as mysterious nor as magical as it appears. It is largely the product of ordinary thinking strategies and persistence (Weisberg, 1993). This section covers some fairly simple strategies for finding general research ideas, turning those ideas into empirically testable research questions, and finally evaluating those questions in terms of how interesting they are and how feasible they would be to answer.

Finding Inspiration

Research questions often begin as more general research ideas—usually focusing on some behavior or psychological characteristic: talkativeness, memory for touches, depression, bungee jumping, and so on. Before looking at how to turn such ideas into empirically testable research questions, it is worth looking at where such ideas come from in the first place. Three of the most common sources of inspiration are informal observations, practical problems, and previous research.

Informal observations include direct observations of our own and others’ behavior as well as secondhand observations from nonscientific sources such as newspapers, books, and so on. For example, you might notice that you always seem to be in the slowest moving line at the grocery store. Could it be that most people think the same thing? Or you might read in the local newspaper about people donating money and food to a local family whose house has burned down and begin to wonder about who makes such donations and why. Some of the most famous research in psychology has been inspired by informal observations. Stanley Milgram’s famous research on obedience, for example, was inspired in part by journalistic reports of the trials of accused Nazi war criminals—many of whom claimed that they were only obeying orders. This led him to wonder about the extent to which ordinary people will commit immoral acts simply because they are ordered to do so by an authority figure (Milgram, 1963).

Practical problems can also inspire research ideas, leading directly to applied research in such domains as law, health, education, and sports. Can human figure drawings help children remember details about being physically or sexually abused? How effective is psychotherapy for depression compared to drug therapy? To what extent do cell phones impair people’s driving ability? How can we teach children to read more efficiently? What is the best mental preparation for running a marathon?

Probably the most common inspiration for new research ideas, however, is previous research. Recall that science is a kind of large-scale collaboration in which many different researchers read and evaluate each other’s work and conduct new studies to build on it. Of course, experienced researchers are familiar with previous research in their area of expertise and probably have a long list of ideas. This suggests that novice researchers can find inspiration by consulting with a more experienced researcher (e.g., students can consult a faculty member). But they can also find inspiration by picking up a copy of almost any professional journal and reading the titles and abstracts. In one typical issue of Psychological Science , for example, you can find articles on the perception of shapes, anti-Semitism, police lineups, the meaning of death, second-language learning, people who seek negative emotional experiences, and many other topics. If you can narrow your interests down to a particular topic (e.g., memory) or domain (e.g., health care), you can also look through more specific journals, such as Memory & Cognition or Health Psychology .

Generating Empirically Testable Research Questions

Once you have a research idea, you need to use it to generate one or more empirically testable research questions, that is, questions expressed in terms of a single variable or relationship between variables. One way to do this is to look closely at the discussion section in a recent research article on the topic. This is the last major section of the article, in which the researchers summarize their results, interpret them in the context of past research, and suggest directions for future research. These suggestions often take the form of specific research questions, which you can then try to answer with additional research. This can be a good strategy because it is likely that the suggested questions have already been identified as interesting and important by experienced researchers.

But you may also want to generate your own research questions. How can you do this? First, if you have a particular behavior or psychological characteristic in mind, you can simply conceptualize it as a variable and ask how frequent or intense it is. How many words on average do people speak per day? How accurate are children’s memories of being touched? What percentage of people have sought professional help for depression? If the question has never been studied scientifically—which is something that you will learn in your literature review—then it might be interesting and worth pursuing.

If scientific research has already answered the question of how frequent or intense the behavior or characteristic is, then you should consider turning it into a question about a statistical relationship between that behavior or characteristic and some other variable. One way to do this is to ask yourself the following series of more general questions and write down all the answers you can think of.

What are some possible causes of the behavior or characteristic?
What are some possible effects of the behavior or characteristic?
What types of people might exhibit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?
What types of situations might elicit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?

In general, each answer you write down can be conceptualized as a second variable, suggesting a question about a statistical relationship. If you were interested in talkativeness, for example, it might occur to you that a possible cause of this psychological characteristic is family size. Is there a statistical relationship between family size and talkativeness? Or it might occur to you that people seem to be more talkative in same-sex groups than mixed-sex groups. Is there a difference in the average level of talkativeness of people in same-sex groups and people in mixed-sex groups? This approach should allow you to generate many different empirically testable questions about almost any behavior or psychological characteristic.

If through this process you generate a question that has never been studied scientifically—which again is something that you will learn in your literature review—then it might be interesting and worth pursuing. But what if you find that it has been studied scientifically? Although novice researchers often want to give up and move on to a new question at this point, this is not necessarily a good strategy. For one thing, the fact that the question has been studied scientifically and the research published suggests that it is of interest to the scientific community. For another, the question can almost certainly be refined so that its answer will still contribute something new to the research literature. Again, asking yourself a series of more general questions about the statistical relationship is a good strategy.

Are there other ways to operationally define the variables?
Are there types of people for whom the statistical relationship might be stronger or weaker?
Are there situations in which the statistical relationship might be stronger or weaker—including situations with practical importance?

For example, research has shown that women and men speak about the same number of words per day—but this was when talkativeness was measured in terms of the number of words spoken per day among college students in the United States and Mexico. We can still ask whether other ways of measuring talkativeness—perhaps the number of different people spoken to each day—produce the same result. Or we can ask whether studying elderly people or people from other cultures produces the same result. Again, this approach should help you generate many different research questions about almost any statistical relationship.

Evaluating Research Questions

Researchers usually generate many more research questions than they ever attempt to answer. This means they must have some way of evaluating the research questions they generate so that they can choose which ones to pursue. In this section, we consider two criteria for evaluating research questions: the interestingness of the question and the feasibility of answering it.

Interestingness

How often do people tie their shoes? Do people feel pain when you punch them in the jaw? Are women more likely to wear makeup than men? Do people prefer vanilla or chocolate ice cream? Although it would be a fairly simple matter to design a study and collect data to answer these questions, you probably would not want to because they are not interesting. We are not talking here about whether a research question is interesting to us personally but whether it is interesting to people more generally and, especially, to the scientific community. But what makes a research question interesting in this sense? Here we look at three factors that affect the interestingness of a research question: the answer is in doubt, the answer fills a gap in the research literature, and the answer has important practical implications.

First, a research question is interesting to the extent that its answer is in doubt. Obviously, questions that have been answered by scientific research are no longer interesting as the subject of new empirical research. But the fact that a question has not been answered by scientific research does not necessarily make it interesting. There has to be some reasonable chance that the answer to the question will be something that we did not already know. But how can you assess this before actually collecting data? One approach is to try to think of reasons to expect different answers to the question—especially ones that seem to conflict with common sense. If you can think of reasons to expect at least two different answers, then the question might be interesting. If you can think of reasons to expect only one answer, then it probably is not. The question of whether women are more talkative than men is interesting because there are reasons to expect both answers. The existence of the stereotype itself suggests the answer could be yes, but the fact that women’s and men’s verbal abilities are fairly similar suggests the answer could be no. The question of whether people feel pain when you punch them in the jaw is not interesting because there is absolutely no reason to think that the answer could be anything other than a resounding yes.

A second important factor to consider when deciding if a research question is interesting is whether answering it will fill a gap in the research literature. Again, this means in part that the question has not already been answered by scientific research. But it also means that the question is in some sense a natural one for people who are familiar with the research literature. For example, the question of whether human figure drawings can help children recall touch information would be likely to occur to anyone who was familiar with research on the unreliability of eyewitness memory (especially in children) and the ineffectiveness of some alternative interviewing techniques.

A final factor to consider when deciding whether a research question is interesting is whether its answer has important practical implications. Again, the question of whether human figure drawings help children recall information about being touched has important implications for how children are interviewed in physical and sexual abuse cases. The question of whether cell phone use impairs driving is interesting because it is relevant to the personal safety of everyone who travels by car and to the debate over whether cell phone use should be restricted by law.

Feasibility

A second important criterion for evaluating research questions is the feasibility of successfully answering them. There are many factors that affect feasibility, including time, money, equipment and materials, technical knowledge and skill, and access to research participants. Clearly, researchers need to take these factors into account so that they do not waste time and effort pursuing research that they cannot complete successfully.

Looking through a sample of professional journals in psychology will reveal many studies that are complicated and difficult to carry out. These include longitudinal designs in which participants are tracked over many years, neuroimaging studies in which participants’ brain activity is measured while they carry out various mental tasks, and complex nonexperimental studies involving several variables and complicated statistical analyses. Keep in mind, though, that such research tends to be carried out by teams of highly trained researchers whose work is often supported in part by government and private grants. Keep in mind also that research does not have to be complicated or difficult to produce interesting and important results. Looking through a sample of professional journals will also reveal studies that are relatively simple and easy to carry out—perhaps involving a convenience sample of college students and a paper-and-pencil task.

A final point here is that it is generally good practice to use methods that have already been used successfully by other researchers. For example, if you want to manipulate people’s moods to make some of them happy, it would be a good idea to use one of the many approaches that have been used successfully by other researchers (e.g., paying them a compliment). This is good not only for the sake of feasibility—the approach is “tried and true”—but also because it provides greater continuity with previous research. This makes it easier to compare your results with those of other researchers and to understand the implications of their research for yours, and vice versa.

Key Takeaways

Research ideas can come from a variety of sources, including informal observations, practical problems, and previous research.
Research questions expressed in terms of variables and relationships between variables can be suggested by other researchers or generated by asking a series of more general questions about the behavior or psychological characteristic of interest.
It is important to evaluate how interesting a research question is before designing a study and collecting data to answer it. Factors that affect interestingness are the extent to which the answer is in doubt, whether it fills a gap in the research literature, and whether it has important practical implications.
It is also important to evaluate how feasible a research question will be to answer. Factors that affect feasibility include time, money, technical knowledge and skill, and access to special equipment and research participants.
Practice: Generate five research ideas based on each of the following: informal observations, practical problems, and topics discussed in recent issues of professional journals.
Practice: Generate five empirical research questions about each of the following behaviors or psychological characteristics: long-distance running, getting tattooed, social anxiety, bullying, and memory for early childhood events.
Practice: Evaluate each of the research questions you generated in Exercise 2 in terms of its interestingness based on the criteria discussed in this section.
Practice: Find an issue of a journal that publishes short empirical research reports (e.g., Psychological Science , Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ). Pick three studies, and rate each one in terms of how feasible it would be for you to replicate it with the resources available to you right now. Use the following rating scale: (1) You could replicate it essentially as reported. (2) You could replicate it with some simplifications. (3) You could not replicate it. Explain each rating.

Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 , 371–378.

Weisberg, R. W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius . New York, NY: Freeman.

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2016 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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A research question is a statement that defines what is to be studied. It is the core of the research project, study, or literature review. Your research question focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.

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Overview of the Scientific Method

Learning Objectives

Describe some techniques for turning research ideas into empirical research questions and use those techniques to generate questions.
Explain what makes a research question interesting and evaluate research questions in terms of their interestingness.

Generating Empirically Testable Research Questions

But you may also want to generate your own research questions. How can you do this? First, if you have a particular behavior or psychological characteristic in mind, you can simply conceptualize it as a variable and ask how frequent or intense it is. How many words on average do people speak per day? How accurate are our memories of traumatic events? What percentage of people have sought professional help for depression? If the question has never been studied scientifically—which is something that you will learn when you conduct your literature review—then it might be interesting and worth pursuing.

If scientific research has already answered the question of how frequent or intense the behavior or characteristic is, then you should consider turning it into a question about a relationship between that behavior or characteristic and some other variable. One way to do this is to ask yourself the following series of more general questions and write down all the answers you can think of.

What are some possible causes of the behavior or characteristic?
What are some possible effects of the behavior or characteristic?
What types of people might exhibit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?
What types of situations might elicit more or less of the behavior or characteristic?

In general, each answer you write down can be conceptualized as a second variable, suggesting a question about a relationship. If you were interested in talkativeness, for example, it might occur to you that a possible cause of this psychological characteristic is family size. Is there a relationship between family size and talkativeness? Or it might occur to you that people seem to be more talkative in same-sex groups than mixed-sex groups. Is there a difference in the average level of talkativeness of people in same-sex groups and people in mixed-sex groups? This approach should allow you to generate many different empirically testable questions about almost any behavior or psychological characteristic.

Are there other ways to define and measure the variables?
Are there types of people for whom the relationship might be stronger or weaker?
Are there situations in which the relationship might be stronger or weaker—including situations with practical importance?

For example, research has shown that women and men speak about the same number of words per day—but this was when talkativeness was measured in terms of the number of words spoken per day among university students in the United States and Mexico. We can still ask whether other ways of measuring talkativeness—perhaps the number of different people spoken to each day—produce the same result. Or we can ask whether studying elderly people or people from other cultures produces the same result. Again, this approach should help you generate many different research questions about almost any relationship.

Evaluating Research Questions

Interestingness

A second important factor to consider when deciding if a research question is interesting is whether answering it will fill a gap in the research literature. Again, this means in part that the question has not already been answered by scientific research. But it also means that the question is in some sense a natural one for people who are familiar with the research literature. For example, the question of whether taking lecture notes by hand can help improve students’ exam performance would be likely to occur to anyone who was familiar with research on note taking and the ineffectiveness of shallow processing on learning.

A final factor to consider when deciding whether a research question is interesting is whether its answer has important practical implications. Again, the question of whether taking notes by hand improves learning has important implications for education, including classroom policies concerning technology use. The question of whether cell phone use impairs driving is interesting because it is relevant to the personal safety of everyone who travels by car and to the debate over whether cell phone use should be restricted by law.

Feasibility

Looking through a sample of professional journals in psychology will reveal many studies that are complicated and difficult to carry out. These include longitudinal designs in which participants are tracked over many years, neuroimaging studies in which participants’ brain activity is measured while they carry out various mental tasks, and complex non-experimental studies involving several variables and complicated statistical analyses. Keep in mind, though, that such research tends to be carried out by teams of highly trained researchers whose work is often supported in part by government and private grants. Also, keep in mind that research does not have to be complicated or difficult to produce interesting and important results. Looking through a sample of professional journals will also reveal studies that are relatively simple and easy to carry out—perhaps involving a convenience sample of university students and a paper-and-pencil task.

How interesting the question is to people generally or the scientific community. Three things need to be considered: Is the answer in doubt, fills a gap in research literature, and has important practical implications.

How likely is the research question going to be successfully answered depending on the amount of time, money, equipment and materials, technical knowledge and skill, and access to research participants there will be.

Research Methods in Psychology Copyright © 2019 by Rajiv S. Jhangiani, I-Chant A. Chiang, Carrie Cuttler, & Dana C. Leighton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Home » 500+ Psychology Research Topic Ideas

500+ Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Table of Contents

Psychology is a vast field that encompasses a wide range of topics and research areas. From the study of cognition and behavior to the exploration of mental health disorders, there are countless avenues for researchers to explore within this field. Whether you are a college student, graduate student, or professional in the field of psychology, selecting a research topic can be a daunting task. To help guide your research endeavors, we have compiled a list of 500+ unique psychology research topic ideas across various subfields of psychology. These research topics range from the study of abnormal psychology and cognitive psychology to military psychology and education. With this extensive list, we hope to provide you with inspiration and ideas to jumpstart your research journey.

Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Psychology Research Topic Ideas are as follows:

The effects of social media on self-esteem in adolescents
The role of parenting styles in shaping children’s personality development
The impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in adults
The influence of music on mood and emotional regulation
The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning
The relationship between personality traits and job satisfaction
The effects of physical exercise on mental health
The role of culture in shaping social identity and behavior
The impact of peer pressure on decision-making in adolescents
The effects of childhood trauma on adult attachment styles
The influence of personality on romantic relationships
The effects of bullying on mental health in children and adolescents
The role of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating anxiety disorders
The impact of positive psychology interventions on well-being
The effects of social support on coping with stress
The relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement
The effects of technology use on cognitive functioning
The influence of gender roles on social behavior
The effects of pet ownership on mental health
The role of attachment styles in parent-child relationships
The impact of social comparison on body dissatisfaction in women
The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on chronic pain management
The relationship between personality disorders and criminal behavior
The effects of stereotype threat on academic performance
The influence of self-esteem on romantic relationships
The effects of environmental factors on cognitive development in children
The role of resilience in coping with trauma
The effects of gaming on cognitive functioning and addiction
The impact of mindfulness interventions on workplace productivity
The relationship between social support and physical health.
The relationship between self-compassion and mental health
The impact of cognitive biases on decision-making
The role of attachment styles in romantic relationships
The effects of social isolation on mental health
The influence of cultural values on parenting practices
The relationship between social media use and body image dissatisfaction
The effects of childhood obesity on mental health and well-being
The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on addiction recovery
The role of personality in predicting job performance and success
The effects of sleep quality on academic achievement
The influence of social identity on intergroup conflict
The effects of nature exposure on stress reduction
The impact of meditation on empathy and compassion
The role of emotion regulation in coping with chronic illness
The effects of gratitude interventions on well-being and life satisfaction
The relationship between personality traits and leadership effectiveness
The impact of trauma on brain development in children
The role of social norms in shaping behavior
The effects of mindfulness interventions on eating disorders
The influence of cultural factors on mental health stigma
The effects of emotional intelligence on workplace relationships and team effectiveness
The relationship between self-esteem and academic achievement
The impact of exercise on cognitive aging and dementia prevention
The role of empathy in moral decision-making
The effects of social comparison on academic motivation
The influence of cultural factors on the perception of mental illness
The effects of childhood bullying on long-term mental health outcomes
The role of personality in romantic partner selection and satisfaction
The impact of parental divorce on children’s emotional and behavioral outcomes
The relationship between personality traits and coping strategies in stressful situations.
The impact of personality disorders on interpersonal relationships
The effects of mindfulness interventions on workplace stress and burnout
The role of emotional intelligence in romantic relationships
The effects of cultural factors on the development of eating disorders
The relationship between attachment styles and emotional regulation
The impact of early childhood education on cognitive development
The effects of exposure to violence on mental health outcomes
The role of motivation in academic achievement and success
The influence of culture on the perception of intelligence and academic achievement
The effects of technology use on social skills and communication
The relationship between self-esteem and social anxiety
The impact of trauma on memory processing and recall
The role of parental involvement in academic achievement
The effects of exercise on mental health outcomes in older adults
The influence of cultural factors on romantic attraction and mate selection
The effects of mindfulness interventions on depression and anxiety
The relationship between personality traits and substance abuse
The impact of environmental factors on child development
The role of motivation in workplace productivity and job satisfaction
The effects of social media use on sleep quality and quantity
The influence of cultural factors on the perception and treatment of addiction
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder
The relationship between personality traits and risk-taking behavior
The impact of prenatal stress on child development and behavior
The role of emotional intelligence in leadership effectiveness
The effects of meditation on attention and focus
The influence of cultural factors on mental health treatment-seeking behavior
The effects of traumatic events on personal growth and resilience
The relationship between personality traits and creativity
The impact of mindfulness interventions on emotion dysregulation in children and adolescents.
The effects of social comparison on body dissatisfaction
The impact of parental stress on child behavior and development
The role of mindfulness in stress management during pregnancy
The effects of cultural factors on the development of social anxiety disorder
The relationship between personality traits and procrastination
The impact of trauma on addiction and substance abuse
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health treatment
The effects of exercise on self-esteem and body image
The influence of personality traits on the development of eating disorders
The relationship between childhood trauma and adult mental health outcomes
The impact of meditation on academic performance and focus
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards body image and appearance
The effects of mindfulness interventions on chronic pain management
The relationship between personality traits and moral decision-making
The impact of early childhood attachment on romantic relationships
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards sexuality and sexual behavior
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in older adults
The influence of personality traits on the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder
The relationship between childhood bullying and adult mental health outcomes
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on panic disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards substance use and addiction
The effects of mindfulness interventions on insomnia and sleep quality
The relationship between personality traits and social comparison behavior
The impact of parental divorce on romantic relationship outcomes
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards aging and age-related changes
The effects of social support on stress management in college students
The influence of personality traits on the development of anxiety disorders
The relationship between childhood trauma and romantic relationship outcomes
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards masculinity and femininity
The effects of mindfulness interventions on work-related stress
The relationship between personality traits and forgiveness
The impact of peer pressure on adolescent substance abuse
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health stigma
The effects of social support on stress management in healthcare workers
The influence of personality traits on the development of depression
The relationship between childhood trauma and substance abuse
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards body modification and cosmetic surgery
The effects of mindfulness interventions on emotional regulation in adolescents.
The effects of social media on self-esteem and body image in adolescent girls
The impact of parental emotional neglect on adult mental health outcomes
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards gender and sexual orientation identity
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder
The relationship between personality traits and attachment styles in romantic relationships
The impact of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic illness
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards disability and ableism
The effects of mindfulness interventions on emotional eating and food addiction
The influence of personality traits on the development of borderline personality disorder
The relationship between childhood adversity and adult mental health outcomes
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on generalized anxiety disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards aging and dementia
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain
The relationship between personality traits and coping strategies in response to stress
The impact of maternal mental health on child behavior and development
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health in the workplace
The effects of mindfulness interventions on stress and burnout in healthcare professionals
The influence of personality traits on the development of narcissistic personality disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and sleep disorders
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on bipolar disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards diversity and inclusion
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in refugees and immigrants
The relationship between personality traits and empathy
The impact of social comparison on academic performance and motivation
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health in the military
The effects of mindfulness interventions on addiction recovery and relapse prevention
The influence of personality traits on the development of antisocial personality disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social skills and communication in autism spectrum disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health in the LGBTQ+ community
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with substance use disorder
The relationship between personality traits and creativity in the arts and sciences
The impact of early childhood exposure to violence on adult mental health outcomes
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and aging in rural communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and self-care
The influence of personality traits on the development of schizophrenia
The relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative identity disorder
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety in children and adolescents
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and spirituality
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic stress.
The impact of personality traits on job performance and satisfaction
The relationship between childhood trauma and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The effects of exposure therapy on phobias and anxiety disorders
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health in minority communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in caregivers of individuals with chronic illness or disability
The relationship between cognitive flexibility and problem-solving abilities
The impact of psychoeducation on stigma reduction towards mental illness
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and substance use in college students
The effects of mindfulness interventions on academic performance and stress in college students
The influence of personality traits on the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
The relationship between childhood trauma and depression in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression and anxiety in cancer patients
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and body image in men
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome
The relationship between resilience and post-traumatic growth
The impact of music therapy on mental health outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and motherhood
The effects of mindfulness interventions on emotional regulation and mood disorders in adolescents
The influence of personality traits on the development of hoarding disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and substance use disorder in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on insomnia and sleep disorders
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and masculinity
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic migraines
The relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness
The impact of group therapy on social skills and communication in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and aging in urban communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on compassion and empathy in healthcare professionals
The influence of personality traits on the development of postpartum depression
The relationship between childhood trauma and bipolar disorder in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-esteem and body image in individuals with eating disorders
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and family dynamics in immigrant families
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic gastrointestinal disorders
The relationship between personality traits and self-compassion
The impact of play therapy on social-emotional development in children with autism spectrum disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and aging in LGBTQ+ communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on anxiety and depression in individuals with chronic pain
The relationship between childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder symptoms in adolescence
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents.
The effects of physical exercise on mood and anxiety in older adults
The relationship between childhood trauma and attachment styles in romantic relationships
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on body dysmorphic disorder symptoms
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and spirituality in indigenous communities
The relationship between personality traits and risky behavior in adolescence
The influence of parental bonding on the development of borderline personality disorder in young adults
The impact of mindfulness interventions on stress and burnout in healthcare professionals
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and disability in rural communities
The effects of psychotherapy on self-compassion in individuals with depression
The relationship between childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors in Asian American communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
The influence of family functioning on the development of substance use disorders in adolescents
The impact of expressive writing on emotional processing in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in survivors of domestic violence
The relationship between childhood trauma and disordered eating behaviors in young adults
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on panic disorder symptoms in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community support in refugee populations
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
The relationship between personality traits and romantic relationship satisfaction
The influence of childhood attachment on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder in adulthood
The impact of group therapy on social skills and self-esteem in individuals with social anxiety disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and faith-based support in African American communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on emotion regulation and coping skills in individuals with borderline personality disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and anxiety sensitivity in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on health anxiety symptoms in individuals with chronic illnesses
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and social stigma in Hispanic/Latino communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic hepatitis C
The relationship between personality traits and decision-making processes
The influence of parent-child communication on the development of eating disorders in adolescents
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on gambling disorder symptoms
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and access to care in rural communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with bipolar disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and rumination in adulthood
The impact of group therapy on self-esteem and assertiveness in individuals with avoidant personality disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Native American populations.
The effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and decision-making
The relationship between personality traits and addiction susceptibility
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on hoarding disorder symptoms
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and spirituality in Hispanic/Latino communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with multiple sclerosis
The relationship between childhood trauma and emotional regulation in adulthood
The influence of social media on body image and self-esteem in adolescents
The impact of mindfulness interventions on impulsivity and self-control in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors in LGBTQ+ communities
The effects of cognitive training on cognitive performance and brain structure in older adults
The relationship between personality traits and risk-taking behaviors in college students
The impact of family therapy on communication and conflict resolution in families with a history of domestic violence
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Asian American communities
The relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal functioning in adulthood
The influence of cultural identity on mental health outcomes in immigrant populations
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on eating disorder symptoms in individuals with type 1 diabetes
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and stigma in Arab American communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
The relationship between childhood trauma and attachment styles in adulthood friendships
The impact of expressive writing on stress and immune function in caregivers of individuals with dementia
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in rural Native American communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain and depression
The relationship between personality traits and emotional intelligence
The influence of parental warmth and discipline on the development of anxiety disorders in children
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on postpartum depression symptoms
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and access to care in South Asian communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with borderline personality disorder
The relationship between childhood trauma and resilience in adulthood
The impact of group therapy on social anxiety and loneliness in individuals with hearing loss
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community support in Pacific Islander communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression
The relationship between personality traits and leadership styles
The influence of peer relationships on the development of depressive symptoms in adolescents
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on body image and self-esteem in individuals with gender dysphoria
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Middle Eastern communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and addiction
The relationship between childhood trauma and substance use disorders in adulthood
The impact of group therapy on emotion regulation and self-esteem in individuals with personality disorders
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in immigrant and refugee communities.
Sure, here are 40 more psychology research topic ideas:
The effects of meditation on creativity and divergent thinking
The relationship between personality traits and career satisfaction
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on sleep disturbances in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors in Black communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
The relationship between childhood trauma and attachment styles in romantic relationships in adulthood
The influence of social norms on substance use behaviors in college students
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety symptoms in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Indigenous communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with chronic pain
The impact of group therapy on emotion regulation and social connectedness in individuals with eating disorders
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in African immigrant communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI)
The relationship between childhood trauma and the development of eating disorders in adulthood
The influence of social identity on stereotype threat and academic performance in college students
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in individuals with Parkinson’s disease
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors in Southeast Asian communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
The relationship between personality traits and coping strategies in individuals with chronic pain
The impact of group therapy on emotion regulation and social support in individuals with borderline personality disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Muslim communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and depression
The relationship between childhood trauma and emotional intelligence in adulthood
The influence of attachment styles on romantic relationship satisfaction in adults
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on social anxiety symptoms in individuals with social communication disorder (SCD)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in refugee communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with substance use disorders
The relationship between personality traits and resilience in individuals with chronic illnesses
The impact of group therapy on emotion regulation and social skills in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Caribbean communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with fibromyalgia and depression
The influence of social comparison on body dissatisfaction and eating disorder behaviors in adolescents
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression symptoms in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Native Hawaiian communities
The relationship between personality traits and coping strategies in individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
The impact of group therapy on social anxiety symptoms in individuals with intellectual disabilities
The role of social comparison in body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors in men
The effects of parental attachment on romantic relationships in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety symptoms in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS)
The relationship between cultural values and parenting practices in Latino families
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and anxiety
The role of social norms in shaping attitudes towards mental health and help-seeking behaviors in South Asian communities
The influence of personality traits on academic achievement in college students
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on depression symptoms in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
The relationship between attachment styles and romantic relationship satisfaction in same-sex couples
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with schizophrenia
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Arab communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with chronic pain and anxiety
The relationship between childhood adversity and substance use disorders in adulthood
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety symptoms in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The role of cultural beliefs about mental illness and stigma in Latino communities
The effects of social identity on stereotype threat and academic achievement in minority college students
The relationship between personality traits and coping strategies in caregivers of individuals with dementia
The impact of group therapy on depression symptoms in individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in LGBTQ+ communities
The relationship between attachment styles and romantic relationship satisfaction in individuals with chronic illnesses
The influence of personality traits on stress and coping in police officers
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety symptoms in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD)
The role of cultural beliefs about mental illness and stigma in Asian communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and depression
The relationship between childhood trauma and interpersonal relationships in adulthood
The impact of group therapy on anxiety symptoms in individuals with social phobia
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Native American communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with postpartum depression
The relationship between personality traits and burnout in healthcare professionals
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anxiety symptoms in individuals with chronic pain and fibromyalgia
The role of cultural beliefs about mental illness and stigma in African American communities
The effects of social support on mental health outcomes in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and anxiety
The relationship between childhood trauma and emotional regulation in adolescence
The influence of personality traits on well-being and life satisfaction in older adults
The impact of group therapy on depression symptoms in individuals with borderline personality disorder
The role of culture in shaping attitudes towards mental health and community resources in Hispanic/Latino communities
The effects of mindfulness interventions on self-compassion and emotional regulation in individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
The relationship between attachment styles and emotional regulation in individuals with substance use disorders

Psychology Research Topic Ideas College Students

The effects of virtual reality exposure therapy on anxiety and phobias among college students
The relationship between attachment styles and romantic relationship satisfaction among college students
The impact of social norms on substance use among college students
The effects of cultural identity on mental health and academic achievement among college students
The role of self-compassion in reducing burnout among college students
The relationship between social media use and FOMO (fear of missing out) among college students
The impact of environmental factors on mental health and well-being among college students
The effects of self-esteem on social anxiety and social skills among college students
The role of positive psychology interventions in promoting well-being and academic success among college students
The relationship between gender identity and mental health outcomes among college students
The impact of parental communication on mental health and academic performance among college students
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on PTSD symptoms among college students
The relationship between personality traits and academic procrastination among college students
The role of humor in reducing stress and promoting well-being among college students
The impact of social identity on academic motivation and achievement among college students
The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on academic performance and mental health among college students
The relationship between academic stress and substance use among college students
The role of cultural competence in promoting diversity and inclusion on college campuses
The impact of emotional intelligence on academic success and career readiness among college students
The effects of peer mentoring programs on academic motivation and success among college students
The relationship between exercise and cognitive functioning in college students
The role of optimism in promoting resilience and well-being among college students
The impact of music therapy on anxiety and depression among college students
The effects of exposure to nature on mental health and well-being among college students
The relationship between parental involvement and emotional regulation among college students
The role of forgiveness in promoting well-being and interpersonal relationships among college students
The impact of social comparison on body image and self-esteem among college students
The effects of attachment styles on coping with stress among college students
The relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic performance among college students
The role of grit in promoting academic perseverance and achievement among college students
The impact of COVID-19 on mental health and well-being among college students
The effects of peer pressure on substance use and risky behaviors among college students
The relationship between social support and academic engagement among college students
The role of cognitive biases in promoting or hindering academic success among college students
The impact of physical activity on mental health and well-being among college students
The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on academic motivation and success among college students
The relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout among college students
The role of parental support in promoting academic resilience and success among college students with disabilities
The impact of diversity education on promoting empathy and reducing prejudice among college students
The effects of assertiveness training on communication skills and interpersonal relationships among college students.

Graduate Psychology Research Topic Ideas

The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in clinical populations
The role of self-compassion in promoting emotional well-being among adults with chronic illness
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on PTSD symptoms in military veterans
The relationship between sleep quality and cognitive functioning in aging populations
The impact of positive psychology interventions on well-being and resilience among individuals with chronic pain
The role of emotion regulation in reducing symptoms of borderline personality disorder
The effects of virtual reality exposure therapy on social anxiety in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
The relationship between executive functioning and academic achievement in children with ADHD
The impact of family-based interventions on reducing symptoms of substance use disorders among adolescents
The role of mindfulness in promoting emotional regulation and stress management in healthcare professionals
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy on cognitive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia
The relationship between attachment styles and therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy
The impact of cultural factors on the manifestation and treatment of eating disorders
The role of emotion regulation in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety in postpartum women
The effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing symptoms of OCD
The relationship between childhood ADHD and adult executive functioning and academic achievement
The impact of animal-assisted therapy on reducing symptoms of PTSD in veterans
The role of social support in promoting resilience and well-being among individuals with chronic illness
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy on reducing negative symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia
The relationship between executive functioning and social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing symptoms of hoarding disorder
The role of emotion regulation in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder
The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing symptoms of burnout among healthcare professionals
The relationship between social support and quality of life in individuals with multiple sclerosis
The impact of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder
The role of mindfulness in promoting well-being and emotional regulation in individuals with chronic pain
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy on reducing negative symptoms in individuals with bipolar disorder
The relationship between executive functioning and academic achievement in children with learning disabilities
The impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing symptoms of social anxiety disorder
The role of emotion regulation in reducing symptoms of borderline personality disorder in adolescents
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing symptoms of panic disorder
The relationship between social support and depression in individuals with HIV/AIDS
The impact of cognitive remediation therapy on reducing symptoms of ADHD in adults
The role of mindfulness in promoting well-being and emotional regulation in individuals with depression
The effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing symptoms of substance use disorders in individuals with co-occurring PTSD
The relationship between executive functioning and quality of life in individuals with traumatic brain injury
The impact of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder
The role of emotion regulation in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents with chronic illness
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy on reducing cognitive impairment in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Military Psychology Research Topic Ideas

The impact of military deployment on the mental health and well-being of service members
The role of resilience in promoting posttraumatic growth among military personnel
The effects of combat exposure on emotional regulation and decision-making abilities
The relationship between military leadership styles and team cohesion
The impact of military culture on help-seeking behaviors among service members with mental health concerns
The role of perceived social support in promoting resilience among military spouses during deployment
The effects of military service on identity formation and self-concept
The relationship between deployment-related stress and marital satisfaction among military couples
The impact of military sexual trauma on mental health outcomes and treatment seeking behaviors among service members
The role of mindfulness in reducing symptoms of PTSD among military personnel
The effects of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on reducing symptoms of PTSD among military veterans
The relationship between military deployment and substance use disorders
The impact of military deployment on parent-child relationships and child outcomes
The role of perceived organizational support in promoting job satisfaction and retention among military personnel
The effects of exposure therapy on reducing combat-related nightmares and sleep disturbances among military personnel
The relationship between military service and risk-taking behaviors
The impact of military culture on mental health stigma and treatment seeking behaviors among service members
The role of positive psychology interventions in promoting resilience and well-being among military personnel and their families
The effects of virtual reality exposure therapy on reducing symptoms of specific phobias among military personnel
The relationship between military service and traumatic brain injury
The impact of deployment on career development and job satisfaction among military personnel
The role of cognitive appraisal in the stress and coping process among military personnel
The effects of a peer support program on reducing symptoms of PTSD among military personnel
The relationship between military service and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization
The impact of military deployment on parenting practices and child outcomes among military families
The role of perceived organizational justice in promoting job satisfaction and retention among military personnel
The effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety among military personnel
The relationship between military service and suicidal ideation and behavior
The impact of military deployment on social support networks and social integration
The role of perceived unit cohesion in promoting resilience and mental health among military personnel
The effects of cognitive remediation therapy on improving cognitive functioning and job performance among military personnel with traumatic brain injury
The relationship between military service and alcohol misuse and addiction
The impact of military deployment on sibling relationships and family functioning
The role of perceived leadership support in promoting job satisfaction and retention among military personnel
The effects of exposure therapy on reducing symptoms of phobic avoidance among military personnel
The relationship between military service and eating disorders
The impact of military deployment on community reintegration and social support among veterans
The role of perceived control in the stress and coping process among military personnel
The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety among military spouses during deployment
The relationship between military service and personality disorders.

Psychology Research Topic Ideas in Education

The effects of mindfulness practices on student well-being and academic performance
The impact of classroom diversity on student attitudes and academic achievement
The role of parent-teacher communication in promoting student success
The effects of differentiated instruction on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between school climate and student mental health outcomes
The impact of technology integration on student learning outcomes
The role of teacher-student relationships in promoting student engagement and academic success
The effects of social-emotional learning programs on student behavior and academic performance
The relationship between academic self-concept and academic achievement
The impact of peer tutoring on student academic performance
The role of motivation in promoting student academic success
The effects of educational gaming on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between parental involvement and student academic achievement
The impact of teacher expectations on student academic performance
The role of goal-setting in promoting student academic success
The effects of growth mindset interventions on student motivation and academic achievement
The relationship between teacher burnout and student academic outcomes
The impact of teacher diversity on student attitudes and academic achievement
The role of classroom management in promoting student engagement and academic success
The effects of student-centered learning on student academic performance
The relationship between teacher empathy and student academic outcomes
The impact of school-based mental health services on student mental health outcomes and academic achievement
The role of parental involvement in homework on student academic success
The effects of project-based learning on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between student motivation and academic achievement in STEM fields
The impact of teacher professional development on student academic outcomes
The role of teacher feedback in promoting student academic success
The effects of cooperative learning on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between classroom climate and student academic outcomes
The impact of restorative justice practices on student behavior and academic achievement
The role of teacher support in promoting student academic success
The effects of flipped classrooms on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between teacher autonomy and student academic outcomes
The impact of teacher collaboration on student academic performance
The role of metacognition in promoting student academic success
The effects of active learning on student engagement and academic achievement
The relationship between student engagement and academic achievement in language learning
The impact of teacher coaching on student academic outcomes
The role of self-regulated learning in promoting student academic success
The effects of outdoor learning on student engagement and academic achievement.

Cognitive Psychology Research Topic Ideas

The role of attention in perception and memory
The effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning
The relationship between creativity and cognitive flexibility
The cognitive processes involved in decision-making
The impact of stress on cognitive performance
The role of working memory in problem-solving
The cognitive factors involved in language acquisition
The relationship between attention and executive functions
The effect of aging on cognitive abilities
The role of attention in visual perception
The cognitive processes involved in learning and memory
The impact of technology on cognitive development
The relationship between cognition and emotion
The effect of anxiety on cognitive performance
The cognitive processes involved in attentional control
The role of executive functions in decision-making
The effect of mindfulness practices on cognitive functioning
The relationship between language and cognition
The cognitive processes involved in reading comprehension
The impact of nutrition on cognitive development
The role of working memory in language processing
The effect of exercise on cognitive performance
The cognitive processes involved in mental rotation tasks
The relationship between cognitive load and learning
The effect of multitasking on cognitive performance
The cognitive processes involved in problem-solving
The role of executive functions in goal-directed behavior
The impact of cognitive training on cognitive abilities
The relationship between attention and perception
The effect of music on cognitive performance
The cognitive processes involved in decision-making under uncertainty
The role of cognitive control in self-regulation
The impact of bilingualism on cognitive development
The relationship between cognitive biases and decision-making
The effect of caffeine on cognitive performance
The cognitive processes involved in face recognition
The role of cognitive dissonance in attitude change
The impact of mindfulness-based interventions on cognitive functioning
The relationship between cognitive styles and problem-solving
The cognitive processes involved in mental imagery.

Forensic Psychology Research Topic Ideas

The impact of childhood trauma on criminal behavior
The effectiveness of forensic psychological evaluations in court proceedings
The role of mental illness in criminal behavior
The effect of substance abuse on criminal behavior
The impact of eyewitness testimony on legal outcomes
The role of psychopathy in criminal behavior
The effectiveness of restorative justice practices
The relationship between socioeconomic status and criminal behavior
The effect of media coverage on public perceptions of crime
The impact of prison environment on offender rehabilitation
The role of the insanity defense in criminal cases
The effectiveness of sex offender treatment programs
The relationship between domestic violence and homicide
The effect of legal representation on trial outcomes
The impact of juvenile delinquency prevention programs
The role of cultural factors in criminal behavior
The effectiveness of parole and probation programs
The relationship between mental illness and violence
The effect of polygraph testing on legal outcomes
The impact of criminal profiling on law enforcement investigations
The role of victim impact statements in sentencing
The effectiveness of correctional education programs
The relationship between childhood attachment styles and criminal behavior
The effect of cognitive biases in legal decision-making
The impact of witness identification procedures on accuracy
The role of forensic hypnosis in criminal investigations
The effectiveness of drug court programs
The relationship between alcohol use and criminal behavior
The effect of societal stereotypes on criminal sentencing
The impact of prison overcrowding on offender rehabilitation
The role of cultural competence in forensic assessments
The effectiveness of diversion programs for juvenile offenders
The relationship between trauma and criminal behavior in women
The effect of plea bargaining on legal outcomes
The impact of social support on offender rehabilitation
The role of forensic psychology in counterterrorism efforts
The effectiveness of offender reentry programs
The relationship between intellectual disability and criminal behavior
The effect of forensic testimony on jury decision-making.

Abnormal psychology research topic ideas

The effects of childhood trauma on the development of anxiety disorders
The relationship between depression and sleep disturbances
The effectiveness of psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder
The impact of social media on body image and eating disorders
The role of genetics in the development of schizophrenia
The effect of early intervention on the progression of psychosis
The impact of stigma on help-seeking behaviors for mental health disorders
The relationship between substance use disorders and mental health
The effect of exercise on symptoms of depression and anxiety
The impact of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on post-traumatic stress disorder
The role of attachment styles in the development of personality disorders
The effectiveness of cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia
The relationship between childhood ADHD and the development of anxiety disorders
The effect of mindfulness meditation on symptoms of depression and anxiety
The impact of cultural factors on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders
The role of neuroplasticity in the treatment of addiction
The effectiveness of exposure therapy for specific phobias
The effect of stress on the development of mental health disorders
The impact of sleep disturbances on the onset of bipolar disorder
The role of trauma in the development of dissociative disorders
The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
The relationship between childhood abuse and the development of borderline personality disorder
The effect of peer support on the recovery of individuals with mental health disorders
The impact of cultural differences on the presentation of mental health symptoms
The role of cognitive biases in the maintenance of anxiety disorders
The effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder
The relationship between early life stressors and the development of depression
The effect of nutrition on mental health
The impact of virtual reality exposure therapy on phobia treatment
The role of genetics in the development of mood disorders
The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders
The relationship between childhood trauma and the development of dissociative identity disorder
The effect of stigma on treatment outcomes for individuals with mental health disorders
The impact of childhood adversity on the development of personality disorders
The role of emotional regulation in the treatment of borderline personality disorder
The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy for depression
The relationship between sleep disturbances and the development of anxiety disorders
The effect of stigma on mental health professionals’ treatment decisions
The impact of cultural factors on the expression of bipolar disorder symptoms.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

200+ Funny Research Topics

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Research Question Examples 🧑🏻‍🏫

25+ Practical Examples & Ideas To Help You Get Started

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | October 2023

A well-crafted research question (or set of questions) sets the stage for a robust study and meaningful insights. But, if you’re new to research, it’s not always clear what exactly constitutes a good research question. In this post, we’ll provide you with clear examples of quality research questions across various disciplines, so that you can approach your research project with confidence!

Research Question Examples

Psychology research questions
Business research questions
Education research questions
Healthcare research questions
Computer science research questions

Examples: Psychology

Let’s start by looking at some examples of research questions that you might encounter within the discipline of psychology.

How does sleep quality affect academic performance in university students?

This question is specific to a population (university students) and looks at a direct relationship between sleep and academic performance, both of which are quantifiable and measurable variables.

What factors contribute to the onset of anxiety disorders in adolescents?

The question narrows down the age group and focuses on identifying multiple contributing factors. There are various ways in which it could be approached from a methodological standpoint, including both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Do mindfulness techniques improve emotional well-being?

This is a focused research question aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific intervention.

How does early childhood trauma impact adult relationships?

This research question targets a clear cause-and-effect relationship over a long timescale, making it focused but comprehensive.

Is there a correlation between screen time and depression in teenagers?

This research question focuses on an in-demand current issue and a specific demographic, allowing for a focused investigation. The key variables are clearly stated within the question and can be measured and analysed (i.e., high feasibility).

Free Webinar: How To Find A Dissertation Research Topic

Examples: Business/Management

Next, let’s look at some examples of well-articulated research questions within the business and management realm.

How do leadership styles impact employee retention?

This is an example of a strong research question because it directly looks at the effect of one variable (leadership styles) on another (employee retention), allowing from a strongly aligned methodological approach.

What role does corporate social responsibility play in consumer choice?

Current and precise, this research question can reveal how social concerns are influencing buying behaviour by way of a qualitative exploration.

Does remote work increase or decrease productivity in tech companies?

Focused on a particular industry and a hot topic, this research question could yield timely, actionable insights that would have high practical value in the real world.

How do economic downturns affect small businesses in the homebuilding industry?

Vital for policy-making, this highly specific research question aims to uncover the challenges faced by small businesses within a certain industry.

Which employee benefits have the greatest impact on job satisfaction?

By being straightforward and specific, answering this research question could provide tangible insights to employers.

Examples: Education

Next, let’s look at some potential research questions within the education, training and development domain.

How does class size affect students’ academic performance in primary schools?

This example research question targets two clearly defined variables, which can be measured and analysed relatively easily.

Do online courses result in better retention of material than traditional courses?

Timely, specific and focused, answering this research question can help inform educational policy and personal choices about learning formats.

What impact do US public school lunches have on student health?

Targeting a specific, well-defined context, the research could lead to direct changes in public health policies.

To what degree does parental involvement improve academic outcomes in secondary education in the Midwest?

This research question focuses on a specific context (secondary education in the Midwest) and has clearly defined constructs.

What are the negative effects of standardised tests on student learning within Oklahoma primary schools?

This research question has a clear focus (negative outcomes) and is narrowed into a very specific context.

Need a helping hand?

Examples: Healthcare

Shifting to a different field, let’s look at some examples of research questions within the healthcare space.

What are the most effective treatments for chronic back pain amongst UK senior males?

Specific and solution-oriented, this research question focuses on clear variables and a well-defined context (senior males within the UK).

How do different healthcare policies affect patient satisfaction in public hospitals in South Africa?

This question is has clearly defined variables and is narrowly focused in terms of context.

Which factors contribute to obesity rates in urban areas within California?

This question is focused yet broad, aiming to reveal several contributing factors for targeted interventions.

Does telemedicine provide the same perceived quality of care as in-person visits for diabetes patients?

Ideal for a qualitative study, this research question explores a single construct (perceived quality of care) within a well-defined sample (diabetes patients).

Which lifestyle factors have the greatest affect on the risk of heart disease?

This research question aims to uncover modifiable factors, offering preventive health recommendations.

Examples: Computer Science

Last but certainly not least, let’s look at a few examples of research questions within the computer science world.

What are the perceived risks of cloud-based storage systems?

Highly relevant in our digital age, this research question would align well with a qualitative interview approach to better understand what users feel the key risks of cloud storage are.

Which factors affect the energy efficiency of data centres in Ohio?

With a clear focus, this research question lays a firm foundation for a quantitative study.

How do TikTok algorithms impact user behaviour amongst new graduates?

While this research question is more open-ended, it could form the basis for a qualitative investigation.

What are the perceived risk and benefits of open-source software software within the web design industry?

Practical and straightforward, the results could guide both developers and end-users in their choices.

Remember, these are just examples…

In this post, we’ve tried to provide a wide range of research question examples to help you get a feel for what research questions look like in practice. That said, it’s important to remember that these are just examples and don’t necessarily equate to good research topics . If you’re still trying to find a topic, check out our topic megalist for inspiration.

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This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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Understanding Methods for Research in Psychology

A Psychology Research Methods Study Guide

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Types of Research in Psychology

Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Research
Reliability and Validity

Glossary of Terms

Research in psychology focuses on a variety of topics , ranging from the development of infants to the behavior of social groups. Psychologists use the scientific method to investigate questions both systematically and empirically.

Research in psychology is important because it provides us with valuable information that helps to improve human lives. By learning more about the brain, cognition, behavior, and mental health conditions, researchers are able to solve real-world problems that affect our day-to-day lives.

At a Glance

Knowing more about how research in psychology is conducted can give you a better understanding of what those findings might mean to you. Psychology experiments can range from simple to complex, but there are some basic terms and concepts that all psychology students should understand.

Start your studies by learning more about the different types of research, the basics of experimental design, and the relationships between variables.

Research in Psychology: The Basics

The first step in your review should include a basic introduction to psychology research methods . Psychology research can have a variety of goals. What researchers learn can be used to describe, explain, predict, or change human behavior.

Psychologists use the scientific method to conduct studies and research in psychology. The basic process of conducting psychology research involves asking a question, designing a study, collecting data, analyzing results, reaching conclusions, and sharing the findings.

The Scientific Method in Psychology Research

The steps of the scientific method in psychology research are:

Make an observation
Ask a research question and make predictions about what you expect to find
Test your hypothesis and gather data
Examine the results and form conclusions
Report your findings

Research in psychology can take several different forms. It can describe a phenomenon, explore the causes of a phenomenon, or look at relationships between one or more variables. Three of the main types of psychological research focus on:

Descriptive Studies

This type of research can tell us more about what is happening in a specific population. It relies on techniques such as observation, surveys, and case studies.

Correlational Studies

Correlational research is frequently used in psychology to look for relationships between variables. While research look at how variables are related, they do not manipulate any of the variables.

While correlational studies can suggest a relationship between two variables, finding a correlation does not prove that one variable causes a change in another. In other words, correlation does not equal causation.

Experimental Research Methods

Experiments are a research method that can look at whether changes in one variable cause changes in another. The simple experiment is one of the most basic methods of determining if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

A simple experiment utilizes a control group of participants who receive no treatment and an experimental group of participants who receive the treatment.

Experimenters then compare the results of the two groups to determine if the treatment had an effect.

Cross-Sectional vs. Longitudinal Research in Psychology

Research in psychology can also involve collecting data at a single point in time, or gathering information at several points over a period of time.

Cross-Sectional Research

In a cross-sectional study , researchers collect data from participants at a single point in time. These are descriptive type of research and cannot be used to determine cause and effect because researchers do not manipulate the independent variables.

However, cross-sectional research does allow researchers to look at the characteristics of the population and explore relationships between different variables at a single point in time.

Longitudinal Research

A longitudinal study is a type of research in psychology that involves looking at the same group of participants over a period of time. Researchers start by collecting initial data that serves as a baseline, and then collect follow-up data at certain intervals. These studies can last days, months, or years.

The longest longitudinal study in psychology was started in 1921 and the study is planned to continue until the last participant dies or withdraws. As of 2003, more than 200 of the partipants were still alive.

The Reliability and Validity of Research in Psychology

Reliability and validity are two concepts that are also critical in psychology research. In order to trust the results, we need to know if the findings are consistent (reliability) and that we are actually measuring what we think we are measuring (validity).

Reliability

Reliability is a vital component of a valid psychological test. What is reliability? How do we measure it? Simply put, reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly.

When determining the merits of a psychological test, validity is one of the most important factors to consider. What exactly is validity? One of the greatest concerns when creating a psychological test is whether or not it actually measures what we think it is measuring.

For example, a test might be designed to measure a stable personality trait but instead measures transitory emotions generated by situational or environmental conditions. A valid test ensures that the results accurately reflect the dimension undergoing assessment.

Review some of the key terms that you should know and understand about psychology research methods. Spend some time studying these terms and definitions before your exam. Some key terms that you should know include:

Correlation
Demand characteristic
Dependent variable
Hawthorne effect
Independent variable
Naturalistic observation
Placebo effect
Random assignment
Replication
Selective attrition

Erol A. How to conduct scientific research ? Noro Psikiyatr Ars . 2017;54(2):97-98. doi:10.5152/npa.2017.0120102

Aggarwal R, Ranganathan P. Study designs: Part 2 - Descriptive studies . Perspect Clin Res . 2019;10(1):34-36. doi:10.4103/picr.PICR_154_18

Curtis EA, Comiskey C, Dempsey O. Importance and use of correlational research . Nurse Res . 2016;23(6):20-25. doi:10.7748/nr.2016.e1382

Wang X, Cheng Z. Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations . Chest . 2020;158(1S):S65-S71. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012

Caruana EJ, Roman M, Hernández-Sánchez J, Solli P. Longitudinal studies . J Thorac Dis . 2015;7(11):E537-E540. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.10.63

Stanford Magazine. The vexing legacy of Lewis Terman .

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Psychology Research Methods: Creating a Research Question

Creating a Research Question
Search Terms
Search Strategies
Recording Your Research
Finding Articles
Finding Books
Journal Articles
Books & Other Sources
Publisher URL

Choosing a Topic

Sometimes the most difficult part of the research process is choosing a topic. Here are some tips for selecting a research question that you will enjoy learning about and will ultimately lead to a good grade.

Read through your assignment. Professors design an assignment outline for a reason. Make sure your topic can and will adhere to their requirements and guidelines.
Choose a topic you are interested in. If you don't like what you're researching, chances are you won't learn a whole lot or enjoy the process. And really, what's the point of that?
Browse resources that relate to your course work. Look through a newspaper, magazine, or database for current events or hot topics. Browsing can spark a lot of great ideas and can help you refine your topic.
Ask for help! There is nothing wrong with asking your professor or a librarian to help you brainstorm ideas.

Where to Start

The links below are great places to start in developing a research question. Browsing current events and hot topics can spark your interest and inspire a topic.

Alvernia's "Opposing Viewpoints" Collection
Alvernia's Reference Collection
Google Trends
Health & Medicine
Hot Paper Topics
Hot Topics for Research Papers
National Library of Medicine
New York Times
NPR Research News
Pew Research Center
Psychology Encyclopedias - eBooks
Psychology Encyclopedias - print
Public Agenda's Programs and Reports
MedLinePlus This link opens in a new window
Opposing Viewpoints in Context This link opens in a new window

APA PsycINFO Guides

These APA PsycINFO guides include suggested subject terms to aid you in your research.

Behavioral Economics
Child Development
Computers & the Internet
Gerontology
Grief & Trauma Counseling
Integrative Medicine
Marketing & Advertising
Military Psychology
Neuroscience
Psychology and The Law
Public Health
Religion & Spirituality
Sexuality & Gender Identity
Social Work

Helpful Tools

bubbl.us - Brainstorming Made Simple
Critical Thinking Model
Glean Comparison Search
Thesis Builder

How to Formulate an Answerable Clinical Question

P opulation/patients

I ntervention/indicator

C omparator/control

P I C O: Formulate an Answerable Question
Formulating Answerable Clinical Questions

Developing your Research Question

Creating a Research Question Helps you to write a narrow, focused research question.

Try asking yourself these questions to help develop a research question:

Topic: Obesity

Who? teenagers

What? consumption of high fat foods

Where? school cafeterias

Question : How does the consumption of high fat foods in school cafeterias contribute to teenager obesity?

Topic: Smoke Exposure

Who? children exposed to smoke

What? developmental abilities

Question : How does smoke exposure alter the developmental abilities of children?

Below is worksheet which will help illustrate how a research question develops from a broad topic to a focused question. This could be a helpful resource for you during the process of creating your research question.

Translating Your Research Question into a Search

Research Question:

Does the rate of medication compliance change when the number of prescribed medications increase for older adults?

1. Identify the main concepts

Does the rate of medication compliance change when the number of prescribed medications increase for older adults ?

2. Add related terms or synonyms

Things to consider Example

synonyms drugs OR medications

antonyms adherence OR nonadherence

Use terms you would expect professionals to use in published articles
Browse psychology encyclopedia articles for terms
Check PsycINFO Guides

3. Connect related terms with OR. Connect concepts with AND

(medication OR drugs) AND (compliance OR adherence OR nonadherence) AND (multiple OR polypharmacy) AND (elderly OR aged)

<< Previous: Research Help
Next: Search Terms >>
Last Updated: Aug 18, 2023 3:22 PM
URL: https://alvernia.libguides.com/psychology_research

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Overview of the Scientific Method

8 Finding a Research Topic

Learning objectives.

Learn some common sources of research ideas.
Define the research literature in psychology and give examples of sources that are part of the research literature and sources that are not.
Describe and use several methods for finding previous research on a particular research idea or question.

Good research must begin with a good research question. Yet coming up with good research questions is something that novice researchers often find difficult and stressful. One reason is that this is a creative process that can appear mysterious—even magical—with experienced researchers seeming to pull interesting research questions out of thin air. However, psychological research on creativity has shown that it is neither as mysterious nor as magical as it appears. It is largely the product of ordinary thinking strategies and persistence (Weisberg, 1993) [1] . This section covers some fairly simple strategies for finding general research ideas, turning those ideas into empirically testable research questions, and finally evaluating those questions in terms of how interesting they are and how feasible they would be to answer.

Finding Inspiration

Research questions often begin as more general research ideas—usually focusing on some behavior or psychological characteristic: talkativeness, learning, depression, bungee jumping, and so on. Before looking at how to turn such ideas into empirically testable research questions, it is worth looking at where such ideas come from in the first place. Three of the most common sources of inspiration are informal observations, practical problems, and previous research.

Informal observations include direct observations of our own and others’ behavior as well as secondhand observations from non-scientific sources such as newspapers, books, blogs, and so on. For example, you might notice that you always seem to be in the slowest moving line at the grocery store. Could it be that most people think the same thing? Or you might read in a local newspaper about people donating money and food to a local family whose house has burned down and begin to wonder about who makes such donations and why. Some of the most famous research in psychology has been inspired by informal observations. Stanley Milgram’s famous research on obedience to authority, for example, was inspired in part by journalistic reports of the trials of accused Nazi war criminals—many of whom claimed that they were only obeying orders. This led him to wonder about the extent to which ordinary people will commit immoral acts simply because they are ordered to do so by an authority figure (Milgram, 1963) [2] .

Practical problems can also inspire research ideas, leading directly to applied research in such domains as law, health, education, and sports. Does taking lecture notes by hand improve students’ exam performance? How effective is psychotherapy for depression compared to drug therapy? To what extent do cell phones impair people’s driving ability? How can we teach children to read more efficiently? What is the best mental preparation for running a marathon?

Reviewing the Research Literature

QR code that links to Research Topic video

Once again, one of the most common sources of inspiration is previous research. Therefore, it is important to review the literature early in the research process. The research literature in any field is all the published research in that field. Reviewing the research literature means finding, reading, and summarizing the published research relevant to your topic of interest. In addition to helping you discover new research questions, reviewing the literature early in the research process can help you in several other ways.

It can tell you if a research question has already been answered.
It can help you evaluate the interestingness of a research question.
It can give you ideas for how to conduct your own study.
It can tell you how your study fits into the research literature.

The research literature in psychology is enormous—including millions of scholarly articles and books dating to the beginning of the field—and it continues to grow. Although its boundaries are somewhat fuzzy, the research literature definitely does not include self-help and other pop psychology books, dictionary and encyclopedia entries, websites, and similar sources that are intended mainly for the general public. These are considered unreliable because they are not reviewed by other researchers and are often based on little more than common sense or personal experience. Wikipedia contains much valuable information, but because its authors are anonymous and may not have any formal training or expertise in that subject area, and its content continually changes it is unsuitable as a basis of sound scientific research. For our purposes, it helps to define the research literature as consisting almost entirely of two types of sources: articles in professional journals, and scholarly books in psychology and related fields.

Professional Journals

Professional journals are periodicals that publish original research articles. There are thousands of professional journals that publish research in psychology and related fields. They are usually published monthly or quarterly in individual issues, each of which contains several articles. The issues are organized into volumes, which usually consist of all the issues for a calendar year. Some journals are published in hard copy only, others in both hard copy and electronic form, and still others in electronic form only.

Most articles in professional journals are one of two basic types: empirical research reports and review articles. Empirical research reports describe one or more new empirical studies conducted by the authors. They introduce a research question, explain why it is interesting, review previous research, describe their method and results, and draw their conclusions. Review articles summarize previously published research on a topic and usually present new ways to organize or explain the results. When a review article is devoted primarily to presenting a new theory, it is often referred to as a theoretical article . When a review article provides a statistical summary of all of the previous results it is referred to as a meta-analysis .

Figure 2.2 Small Sample of the Thousands of Professional Journals That Publish Research in Psychology and Related Fields

Most professional journals in psychology undergo a process of double-blind peer review . Researchers who want to publish their work in the journal submit a manuscript to the editor—who is generally an established researcher too—who in turn sends it to two or three experts on the topic. Each reviewer reads the manuscript, writes a critical but constructive review, and sends the review back to the editor along with recommendations about whether the manuscript should be published or not. The editor then decides whether to accept the article for publication, ask the authors to make changes and resubmit it for further consideration, or reject it outright. In any case, the editor forwards the reviewers’ written comments to the researchers so that they can revise their manuscript accordingly. This entire process is double-blind, as the reviewers do not know the identity of the researcher(s) and vice versa. Double-blind peer review is helpful because it ensures that the work meets basic standards of the field before it can enter the research literature. However, in order to increase transparency and accountability, some newer open access journals (e.g., Frontiers in Psychology ) utilize an open peer review process wherein the identities of the reviewers (which remain concealed during the peer review process) are published alongside the journal article.

Scholarly Books

Scholarly books are books written by researchers and practitioners mainly for use by other researchers and practitioners. A monograph is written by a single author or a small group of authors and usually, gives a coherent presentation of a topic much like an extended review article. Edited volumes have an editor or a small group of editors who recruit many authors to write separate chapters on different aspects of the same topic. Although edited volumes can also give a coherent presentation of the topic, it is not unusual for each chapter to take a different perspective or even for the authors of different chapters to openly disagree with each other. In general, scholarly books undergo a peer review process similar to that used by professional journals.

Literature Search Strategies

Using psycinfo and other databases.

The primary method used to search the research literature involves using one or more electronic databases. These include Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, and ProQuest for all academic disciplines, ERIC for education, and PubMed for medicine and related fields. The most important for our purposes, however, is PsycINFO, which is produced by the American Psychological Association (APA). PsycINFO is so comprehensive—covering thousands of professional journals and scholarly books going back more than 100 years—that for most purposes its content is synonymous with the research literature in psychology. Like most such databases, PsycINFO is usually available through your university library.

PsycINFO consists of individual records for each article, book chapter, or book in the database. Each record includes basic publication information, an abstract or summary of the work (like the one presented at the start of this chapter), and a list of other works cited by that work. A computer interface allows entering one or more search terms and returns any records that contain those search terms. (These interfaces are provided by different vendors and therefore can look somewhat different depending on the library you use.) Each record also contains lists of keywords that describe the content of the work and also a list of index terms. The index terms are especially helpful because they are standardized. Research on differences between females and males, for example, is always indexed under “Human Sex Differences.” Research on note-taking is always indexed under the term “Learning Strategies.” If you do not know the appropriate index terms, PsycINFO includes a thesaurus that can help you find them.

Given that there are nearly four million records in PsycINFO, you may have to try a variety of search terms in different combinations and at different levels of specificity before you find what you are looking for. Imagine, for example, that you are interested in the question of whether males and females differ in terms of their ability to recall experiences from when they were very young. If you were to enter the search term “memory,” it would return far too many records to look through individually. This is where the thesaurus helps. Entering “memory” into the thesaurus provides several more specific index terms—one of which is “early memories.” While searching for “early memories” among the index terms still returns too many to look through individually—combining it with “human sex differences” as a second search term returns fewer articles, many of which are highly relevant to the topic.

Depending on the vendor that provides the interface to PsycINFO, you may be able to save, print, or e-mail the relevant PsycINFO records. The records might even contain links to full-text copies of the works themselves. (PsycARTICLES is a database that provides full-text access to articles in all journals published by the APA.) If not, and you want a copy of the work, you will have to find out if your library carries the journal or has the book and the hard copy on the library shelves. Be sure to ask a librarian if you need help.

Using Other Search Techniques

In addition to entering search terms into PsycINFO and other databases, there are several other techniques you can use to search the research literature. First, if you have one good article or book chapter on your topic—a recent review article is best—you can look through the reference list of that article for other relevant articles, books, and book chapters. In fact, you should do this with any relevant article or book chapter you find. You can also start with a classic article or book chapter on your topic, find its record in PsycINFO (by entering the author’s name or article’s title as a search term), and link from there to a list of other works in PsycINFO that cite that classic article. This works because other researchers working on your topic are likely to be aware of the classic article and cite it in their own work. You can also do a general Internet search using search terms related to your topic or the name of a researcher who conducts research on your topic. This might lead you directly to works that are part of the research literature (e.g., articles in open-access journals or posted on researchers’ own websites). The search engine Google Scholar is especially useful for this purpose. A general Internet search might also lead you to websites that are not part of the research literature but might provide references to works that are. Finally, you can talk to people (e.g., your instructor or other faculty members in psychology) who know something about your topic and can suggest relevant articles and book chapters.

What to Search For

QR code that links to Google Scholar video

When you do a literature review, you need to be selective. Not every article, book chapter, and book that relates to your research idea or question will be worth obtaining, reading, and integrating into your review. Instead, you want to focus on sources that help you do four basic things: (a) refine your research question, (b) identify appropriate research methods, (c) place your research in the context of previous research, and (d) write an effective research report. Several basic principles can help you find the most useful sources.

First, it is best to focus on recent research, keeping in mind that what counts as recent depends on the topic. For newer topics that are actively being studied, “recent” might mean published in the past year or two. For older topics that are receiving less attention right now, “recent” might mean within the past 10 years. You will get a feel for what counts as recent for your topic when you start your literature search. A good general rule, however, is to start with sources published in the past five years. The main exception to this rule would be classic articles that turn up in the reference list of nearly every other source. If other researchers think that this work is important, even though it is old, then, by all means, you should include it in your review.

Second, you should look for review articles on your topic because they will provide a useful overview of it—often discussing important definitions, results, theories, trends, and controversies—giving you a good sense of where your own research fits into the literature. You should also look for empirical research reports addressing your question or similar questions, which can give you ideas about how to measure your variables and collect your data. As a general rule, it is good to use methods that others have already used successfully unless you have good reasons not to. Finally, you should look for sources that provide information that can help you argue for the interestingness of your research question. For a study on the effects of cell phone use on driving ability, for example, you might look for information about how widespread cell phone use is, how frequent and costly motor vehicle crashes are, and so on.

How many sources are enough for your literature review? This is a difficult question because it depends on how extensively your topic has been studied and also on your own goals. One study found that across a variety of professional journals in psychology, the average number of sources cited per article was about 50 (Adair & Vohra, 2003) [3] . This gives a rough idea of what professional researchers consider to be adequate. As a student, you might be assigned a much lower minimum number of references to include, but the principles for selecting the most useful ones remain the same.

Video Attributions

“ How to Develop a Good Research Topic ” by KStateLibraries . CC BY (Attribution)
“ Sample PsycINFO Search on EBSCOhost ” by APA Publishing Training . Standard YouTube Licence.
“ Using Google Scholar (CLIP) ” by clipinfolit . CC BY (Attribution)
Weisberg, R. W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius . New York, NY: Freeman. ↵
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67 , 371–378. ↵
Adair, J. G., & Vohra, N. (2003). The explosion of knowledge, references, and citations: Psychology’s unique response to a crisis. American Psychologist, 58 , 15–23. ↵

All the published research in that field.

Are periodicals that publish original research articles.

Research reports that describe one or more new empirical studies conducted by the authors.

Articles that summarize previously published research on a topic and usually present new ways to organize or explain the results.

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A review article that provides a statistical summary of all of the previous results.

A process in which the reviewers of a research article do not know the identity of the researcher(s) and vice versa.

Books written by researchers and practitioners mainly for use by other researchers and practitioners.

A coherent written presentation of a topic much like an extended review article written by a single author or a small group of authors.

Books that are collections of chapters written by different authors on different aspects of the same topic, and overseen by one or more editors.

A comprehensive electronic database covering thousands of professional journals and scholarly books going back more than 100 years—that for most purposes its content is synonymous with the research literature in psychology.

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The Interview Method In Psychology

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

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Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Interviews involve a conversation with a purpose, but have some distinct features compared to ordinary conversation, such as being scheduled in advance, having an asymmetry in outcome goals between interviewer and interviewee, and often following a question-answer format.

Interviews are different from questionnaires as they involve social interaction. Unlike questionnaire methods, researchers need training in interviewing (which costs money).

Multiracial businesswomen talk brainstorm at team meeting discuss business ideas together. Diverse multiethnic female colleagues or partners engaged in discussion. Interview concept

How Do Interviews Work?

Researchers can ask different types of questions, generating different types of data . For example, closed questions provide people with a fixed set of responses, whereas open questions allow people to express what they think in their own words.

The researcher will often record interviews, and the data will be written up as a transcript (a written account of interview questions and answers) which can be analyzed later.

It should be noted that interviews may not be the best method for researching sensitive topics (e.g., truancy in schools, discrimination, etc.) as people may feel more comfortable completing a questionnaire in private.

There are different types of interviews, with a key distinction being the extent of structure. Semi-structured is most common in psychology research. Unstructured interviews have a free-flowing style, while structured interviews involve preset questions asked in a particular order.

Structured Interview

A structured interview is a quantitative research method where the interviewer a set of prepared closed-ended questions in the form of an interview schedule, which he/she reads out exactly as worded.

Interviews schedules have a standardized format, meaning the same questions are asked to each interviewee in the same order (see Fig. 1).

Figure 1. An example of an interview schedule

The interviewer will not deviate from the interview schedule (except to clarify the meaning of the question) or probe beyond the answers received. Replies are recorded on a questionnaire, and the order and wording of questions, and sometimes the range of alternative answers, is preset by the researcher.

A structured interview is also known as a formal interview (like a job interview).

Structured interviews are easy to replicate as a fixed set of closed questions are used, which are easy to quantify – this means it is easy to test for reliability .
Structured interviews are fairly quick to conduct which means that many interviews can take place within a short amount of time. This means a large sample can be obtained, resulting in the findings being representative and having the ability to be generalized to a large population.

Limitations

Structured interviews are not flexible. This means new questions cannot be asked impromptu (i.e., during the interview), as an interview schedule must be followed.
The answers from structured interviews lack detail as only closed questions are asked, which generates quantitative data . This means a researcher won’t know why a person behaves a certain way.

Unstructured Interview

Unstructured interviews do not use any set questions, instead, the interviewer asks open-ended questions based on a specific research topic, and will try to let the interview flow like a natural conversation. The interviewer modifies his or her questions to suit the candidate’s specific experiences.

Unstructured interviews are sometimes referred to as ‘discovery interviews’ and are more like a ‘guided conservation’ than a strictly structured interview. They are sometimes called informal interviews.

Unstructured interviews are most useful in qualitative research to analyze attitudes and values. Though they rarely provide a valid basis for generalization, their main advantage is that they enable the researcher to probe social actors’ subjective points of view.

Interviewer Self-Disclosure

Interviewer self-disclosure involves the interviewer revealing personal information or opinions during the research interview. This may increase rapport but risks changing dynamics away from a focus on facilitating the interviewee’s account.

In unstructured interviews, the informal conversational style may deliberately include elements of interviewer self-disclosure, mirroring ordinary conversation dynamics.

Interviewer self-disclosure risks changing the dynamics away from facilitation of interviewee accounts. It should not be ruled out entirely but requires skillful handling informed by reflection.

An informal interviewing style with some interviewer self-disclosure may increase rapport and participant openness. However, it also increases the chance of the participant converging opinions with the interviewer.
Complete interviewer neutrality is unlikely. However, excessive informality and self-disclosure risk the interview becoming more of an ordinary conversation and producing consensus accounts.
Overly personal disclosures could also be seen as irrelevant and intrusive by participants. They may invite increased intimacy on uncomfortable topics.
The safest approach seems to be to avoid interviewer self-disclosures in most cases. Where an informal style is used, disclosures require careful judgment and substantial interviewing experience.
If asked for personal opinions during an interview, the interviewer could highlight the defined roles and defer that discussion until after the interview.
Unstructured interviews are more flexible as questions can be adapted and changed depending on the respondents’ answers. The interview can deviate from the interview schedule.
Unstructured interviews generate qualitative data through the use of open questions. This allows the respondent to talk in some depth, choosing their own words. This helps the researcher develop a real sense of a person’s understanding of a situation.
They also have increased validity because it gives the interviewer the opportunity to probe for a deeper understanding, ask for clarification & allow the interviewee to steer the direction of the interview, etc. Interviewers have the chance to clarify any questions of participants during the interview.
It can be time-consuming to conduct an unstructured interview and analyze the qualitative data (using methods such as thematic analysis).
Employing and training interviewers is expensive and not as cheap as collecting data via questionnaires . For example, certain skills may be needed by the interviewer. These include the ability to establish rapport and knowing when to probe.
Interviews inevitably co-construct data through researchers’ agenda-setting and question-framing. Techniques like open questions provide only limited remedies.

Focus Group Interview

Focus group interview is a qualitative approach where a group of respondents are interviewed together, used to gain an in‐depth understanding of social issues.

This type of interview is often referred to as a focus group because the job of the interviewer ( or moderator ) is to bring the group to focus on the issue at hand. Initially, the goal was to reach a consensus among the group, but with the development of techniques for analyzing group qualitative data, there is less emphasis on consensus building.

The method aims to obtain data from a purposely selected group of individuals rather than from a statistically representative sample of a broader population.

The role of the interview moderator is to make sure the group interacts with each other and do not drift off-topic. Ideally, the moderator will be similar to the participants in terms of appearance, have adequate knowledge of the topic being discussed, and exercise mild unobtrusive control over dominant talkers and shy participants.

A researcher must be highly skilled to conduct a focus group interview. For example, the moderator may need certain skills, including the ability to establish rapport and know when to probe.

Group interviews generate qualitative narrative data through the use of open questions. This allows the respondents to talk in some depth, choosing their own words. This helps the researcher develop a real sense of a person’s understanding of a situation. Qualitative data also includes observational data, such as body language and facial expressions.
Group responses are helpful when you want to elicit perspectives on a collective experience, encourage diversity of thought, reduce researcher bias, and gather a wider range of contextualized views.
They also have increased validity because some participants may feel more comfortable being with others as they are used to talking in groups in real life (i.e., it’s more natural).
When participants have common experiences, focus groups allow them to build on each other’s comments to provide richer contextual data representing a wider range of views than individual interviews.
Focus groups are a type of group interview method used in market research and consumer psychology that are cost – effective for gathering the views of consumers .
The researcher must ensure that they keep all the interviewees” details confidential and respect their privacy. This is difficult when using a group interview. For example, the researcher cannot guarantee that the other people in the group will keep information private.
Group interviews are less reliable as they use open questions and may deviate from the interview schedule, making them difficult to repeat.
It is important to note that there are some potential pitfalls of focus groups, such as conformity, social desirability, and oppositional behavior, that can reduce the usefulness of the data collected.

For example, group interviews may sometimes lack validity as participants may lie to impress the other group members. They may conform to peer pressure and give false answers.

To avoid these pitfalls, the interviewer needs to have a good understanding of how people function in groups as well as how to lead the group in a productive discussion.

Semi-Structured Interview

Semi-structured interviews lie between structured and unstructured interviews. The interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. Additional questions might be asked during the interview to clarify or expand certain issues.

In semi-structured interviews, the interviewer has more freedom to digress and probe beyond the answers. The interview guide contains a list of questions and topics that need to be covered during the conversation, usually in a particular order.

Semi-structured interviews are most useful to address the ‘what’, ‘how’, and ‘why’ research questions. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses can be performed on data collected during semi-structured interviews.

Semi-structured interviews allow respondents to answer more on their terms in an informal setting yet provide uniform information making them ideal for qualitative analysis.
The flexible nature of semi-structured interviews allows ideas to be introduced and explored during the interview based on the respondents’ answers.
Semi-structured interviews can provide reliable and comparable qualitative data. Allows the interviewer to probe answers, where the interviewee is asked to clarify or expand on the answers provided.
The data generated remain fundamentally shaped by the interview context itself. Analysis rarely acknowledges this endemic co-construction.
They are more time-consuming (to conduct, transcribe, and analyze) than structured interviews.
The quality of findings is more dependent on the individual skills of the interviewer than in structured interviews. Skill is required to probe effectively while avoiding biasing responses.

The Interviewer Effect

Face-to-face interviews raise methodological problems. These stem from the fact that interviewers are themselves role players, and their perceived status may influence the replies of the respondents.

Because an interview is a social interaction, the interviewer’s appearance or behavior may influence the respondent’s answers. This is a problem as it can bias the results of the study and make them invalid.

For example, the gender, ethnicity, body language, age, and social status of the interview can all create an interviewer effect. If there is a perceived status disparity between the interviewer and the interviewee, the results of interviews have to be interpreted with care. This is pertinent for sensitive topics such as health.

For example, if a researcher was investigating sexism amongst males, would a female interview be preferable to a male? It is possible that if a female interviewer was used, male participants might lie (i.e., pretend they are not sexist) to impress the interviewer, thus creating an interviewer effect.

Flooding interviews with researcher’s agenda

The interactional nature of interviews means the researcher fundamentally shapes the discourse, rather than just neutrally collecting it. This shapes what is talked about and how participants can respond.

The interviewer’s assumptions, interests, and categories don’t just shape the specific interview questions asked. They also shape the framing, task instructions, recruitment, and ongoing responses/prompts.
This flooding of the interview interaction with the researcher’s agenda makes it very difficult to separate out what comes from the participant vs. what is aligned with the interviewer’s concerns.
So the participant’s talk ends up being fundamentally shaped by the interviewer rather than being a more natural reflection of the participant’s own orientations or practices.
This effect is hard to avoid because interviews inherently involve the researcher setting an agenda. But it does mean the talk extracted may say more about the interview process than the reality it is supposed to reflect.

Interview Design

First, you must choose whether to use a structured or non-structured interview.

Characteristics of Interviewers

Next, you must consider who will be the interviewer, and this will depend on what type of person is being interviewed. There are several variables to consider:

Gender and age : This can greatly affect respondents’ answers, particularly on personal issues.
Personal characteristics : Some people are easier to get on with than others. Also, the interviewer’s accent and appearance (e.g., clothing) can affect the rapport between the interviewer and interviewee.
Language : The interviewer’s language should be appropriate to the vocabulary of the group of people being studied. For example, the researcher must change the questions’ language to match the respondents’ social background” age / educational level / social class/ethnicity, etc.
Ethnicity : People may have difficulty interviewing people from different ethnic groups.
Interviewer expertise should match research sensitivity – inexperienced students should avoid interviewing highly vulnerable groups.

Interview Location

The location of a research interview can influence the way in which the interviewer and interviewee relate and may exaggerate a power dynamic in one direction or another. It is usual to offer interviewees a choice of location as part of facilitating their comfort and encouraging participation.

However, the safety of the interviewer is an overriding consideration and, as mentioned, a minimal requirement should be that a responsible person knows where the interviewer has gone and when they are due back.

Remote Interviews

The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated remote interviewing for research continuity. However online interview platforms provide increased flexibility even under normal conditions.

They enable access to participant groups across geographical distances without travel costs or arrangements. Online interviews can be efficiently scheduled to align with researcher and interviewee availability.

There are practical considerations in setting up remote interviews. Interviewees require access to internet and an online platform such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams or Skype through which to connect.

Certain modifications help build initial rapport in the remote format. Allowing time at the start of the interview for casual conversation while testing audio/video quality helps participants settle in. Minor delays can disrupt turn-taking flow, so alerting participants to speak slightly slower than usual minimizes accidental interruptions.

Keeping remote interviews under an hour avoids fatigue for stare at a screen. Seeking advanced ethical clearance for verbal consent at the interview start saves participant time. Adapting to the remote context shows care for interviewees and aids rich discussion.

However, it remains important to critically reflect on how removing in-person dynamics may shape the co-created data. Perhaps some nuances of trust and disclosure differ over video.

Vulnerable Groups

The interviewer must ensure that they take special care when interviewing vulnerable groups, such as children. For example, children have a limited attention span, so lengthy interviews should be avoided.

Developing an Interview Schedule

An interview schedule is a list of pre-planned, structured questions that have been prepared, to serve as a guide for interviewers, researchers and investigators in collecting information or data about a specific topic or issue.

List the key themes or topics that must be covered to address your research questions. This will form the basic content.
Organize the content logically, such as chronologically following the interviewee’s experiences. Place more sensitive topics later in the interview.
Develop the list of content into actual questions and prompts. Carefully word each question – keep them open-ended, non-leading, and focused on examples.
Add prompts to remind you to cover areas of interest.
Pilot test the interview schedule to check it generates useful data and revise as needed.
Be prepared to refine the schedule throughout data collection as you learn which questions work better.
Practice skills like asking follow-up questions to get depth and detail. Stay flexible to depart from the schedule when needed.
Keep questions brief and clear. Avoid multi-part questions that risk confusing interviewees.
Listen actively during interviews to determine which pre-planned questions can be skipped based on information the participant has already provided.

The key is balancing preparation with the flexibility to adapt questions based on each interview interaction. With practice, you’ll gain skills to conduct productive interviews that obtain rich qualitative data.

The Power of Silence

Strategic use of silence is a key technique to generate interviewee-led data, but it requires judgment about appropriate timing and duration to maintain mutual understanding.

Unlike ordinary conversation, the interviewer aims to facilitate the interviewee’s contribution without interrupting. This often means resisting the urge to speak at the end of the interviewee’s turn construction units (TCUs).
Leaving a silence after a TCU encourages the interviewee to provide more material without being led by the interviewer. However, this simple technique requires confidence, as silence can feel socially awkward.
Allowing longer silences (e.g. 24 seconds) later in interviews can work well, but early on even short silences may disrupt rapport if they cause misalignment between speakers.
Silence also allows interviewees time to think before answering. Rushing to re-ask or amend questions can limit responses.
Blunt backchannels like “mm hm” also avoid interrupting flow. Interruptions, especially to finish an interviewee’s turn, are problematic as they make the ownership of perspectives unclear.
If interviewers incorrectly complete turns, an upside is it can produce extended interviewee narratives correcting the record. However, silence would have been better to let interviewees shape their own accounts.

Recording & Transcription

Design choices.

Design choices around recording and engaging closely with transcripts influence analytic insights, as well as practical feasibility. Weighing up relevant tradeoffs is key.

Audio recording is standard, but video better captures contextual details, which is useful for some topics/analysis approaches. Participants may find video invasive for sensitive research.
Digital formats enable the sharing of anonymized clips. Additional microphones reduce audio issues.
Doing all transcription is time-consuming. Outsourcing can save researcher effort but needs confidentiality assurances. Always carefully check outsourced transcripts.
Online platform auto-captioning can facilitate rapid analysis, but accuracy limitations mean full transcripts remain ideal. Software cleans up caption file formatting.
Verbatim transcripts best capture nuanced meaning, but the level of detail needed depends on the analysis approach. Referring back to recordings is still advisable during analysis.
Transcripts versus recordings highlight different interaction elements. Transcripts make overt disagreements clearer through the wording itself. Recordings better convey tone affiliativeness.

Transcribing Interviews & Focus Groups

Here are the steps for transcribing interviews:

Play back audio/video files to develop an overall understanding of the interview
Format the transcription document:
Add line numbers
Separate interviewer questions and interviewee responses
Use formatting like bold, italics, etc. to highlight key passages
Provide sentence-level clarity in the interviewee’s responses while preserving their authentic voice and word choices
Break longer passages into smaller paragraphs to help with coding
If translating the interview to another language, use qualified translators and back-translate where possible
Select a notation system to indicate pauses, emphasis, laughter, interruptions, etc., and adapt it as needed for your data
Insert screenshots, photos, or documents discussed in the interview at the relevant point in the transcript
Read through multiple times, revising formatting and notations
Double-check the accuracy of transcription against audio/videos
De-identify transcript by removing identifying participant details

The goal is to produce a formatted written record of the verbal interview exchange that captures the meaning and highlights important passages ready for the coding process. Careful transcription is the vital first step in analysis.

Coding Transcripts

The goal of transcription and coding is to systematically transform interview responses into a set of codes and themes that capture key concepts, experiences and beliefs expressed by participants. Taking care with transcription and coding procedures enhances the validity of qualitative analysis .

Read through the transcript multiple times to become immersed in the details
Identify manifest/obvious codes and latent/underlying meaning codes
Highlight insightful participant quotes that capture key concepts (in vivo codes)
Create a codebook to organize and define codes with examples
Use an iterative cycle of inductive (data-driven) coding and deductive (theory-driven) coding
Refine codebook with clear definitions and examples as you code more transcripts
Collaborate with other coders to establish the reliability of codes

Ethical Issues

Informed consent.

The participant information sheet must give potential interviewees a good idea of what is involved if taking part in the research.

This will include the general topics covered in the interview, where the interview might take place, how long it is expected to last, how it will be recorded, the ways in which participants’ anonymity will be managed, and incentives offered.

It might be considered good practice to consider true informed consent in interview research to require two distinguishable stages:

Consent to undertake and record the interview and
Consent to use the material in research after the interview has been conducted and the content known, or even after the interviewee has seen a copy of the transcript and has had a chance to remove sections, if desired.

Power and Vulnerability

Early feminist views that sensitivity could equalize power differences are likely naive. The interviewer and interviewee inhabit different knowledge spheres and social categories, indicating structural disparities.
Power fluctuates within interviews. Researchers rely on participation, yet interviewees control openness and can undermine data collection. Assumptions should be avoided.
Interviews on sensitive topics may feel like quasi-counseling. Interviewers must refrain from dual roles, instead supplying support service details to all participants.
Interviewees recruited for trauma experiences may reveal more than anticipated. While generating analytic insights, this risks leaving them feeling exposed.
Ultimately, power balances resist reconciliation. But reflexively analyzing operations of power serves to qualify rather than nullify situtated qualitative accounts.

Some groups, like those with mental health issues, extreme views, or criminal backgrounds, risk being discredited – treated skeptically by researchers.

This creates tensions with qualitative approaches, often having an empathetic ethos seeking to center subjective perspectives. Analysis should balance openness to offered accounts with critically examining stakes and motivations behind them.

Potter, J., & Hepburn, A. (2005). Qualitative interviews in psychology: Problems and possibilities. Qualitative research in Psychology , 2 (4), 281-307.

Houtkoop-Steenstra, H. (2000). Interaction and the standardized survey interview: The living questionnaire . Cambridge University Press

Madill, A. (2011). Interaction in the semi-structured interview: A comparative analysis of the use of and response to indirect complaints. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8 (4), 333–353.

Maryudi, A., & Fisher, M. (2020). The power in the interview: A practical guide for identifying the critical role of actor interests in environment research. Forest and Society, 4 (1), 142–150

O’Key, V., Hugh-Jones, S., & Madill, A. (2009). Recruiting and engaging with people in deprived locales: Interviewing families about their eating patterns. Social Psychological Review, 11 (20), 30–35.

Puchta, C., & Potter, J. (2004). Focus group practice . Sage.

Schaeffer, N. C. (1991). Conversation with a purpose— Or conversation? Interaction in the standardized interview. In P. P. Biemer, R. M. Groves, L. E. Lyberg, & N. A. Mathiowetz (Eds.), Measurement errors in surveys (pp. 367–391). Wiley.

Silverman, D. (1973). Interview talk: Bringing off a research instrument. Sociology, 7 (1), 31–48.

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Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology

Student resources, multiple choice questions.

Revise your knowledge with these multiple choice quiz questions.

Chapter 2: Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals

Chapter 3: Research Methods

Chapter 4: Experimental Design

Chapter 5: Survey Design

Chapter 6: Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 7: Some Principles of Statistical Inference

Chapter 8: Examining Differences between Means: The t -test

Chapter 9: Examining Relationships between Variables: Correlation

Chapter 10: Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA

Chapter 11: Analysing Other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests

Chapter 12: Classical Qualitative Methods

Chapter 13: Contextual Qualitative Methods

Chapter 14: Research Ethics

Chapter 15: Conclusion: Managing Uncertainty in Psychological Research

A-Level AQA Psychology Questions by Topic

Filter by paper, core content, 1. social influence, 3. attachment, 4 . psychopathology, 5 . approaches in psychology, 6. biopsychology, 7 . research methods, 8. issues and debates in psychology, 9. relationships, 11. cognition and development, 12. schizophrenia, 13. eating behaviour, 15. aggression, 16. forensic psychology, 17. addiction.

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Generating Empirically Testable Research Questions

Evaluating Research Questions

Interestingness

Feasibility

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Research Topics

Addictive Behaviors

Computational Approaches

Decision Science

Developmental Approaches

Interventions

Learning & Memory

Mathematical Cognition

Meaning & Mental Representation

Motivation & Emotion

Neuroimaging

Plasticity & Change

Psychopathology & Risk

Reasoning & Problem Solving

Self & Identity

Self-Regulation & Control

Social Cognition

Stereotyping & Stereotype Threat

Vision Science

Words & Categories

500+ Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Psychology Research Topic Ideas College Students

Graduate Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Military Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Psychology Research Topic Ideas in Education

Cognitive Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Forensic Psychology Research Topic Ideas

Abnormal psychology research topic ideas

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

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Research Question Examples 🧑🏻‍🏫

Research Question Examples

Examples: Psychology

Examples: Business/Management

Examples: Education

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