definition of written communication in education

What is Written Communication: Definition, Examples & Skills

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Written word plays an increasingly important role whether sending emails, texting, or writing reports, we are constantly using written communication to convey our thoughts to others. But what exactly is written communication?

In this blog post, we’ll explore everything about written communication starting from the definition, types, importance, principles, and much more. So whether you’re a student, a professional, or simply looking to improve your communication skills, th is post is for you.

Definition of written communication 

“Written communication is the art of conveying information or ideas through the written word. It is a form of expression that can be used to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire.” – William Zinsser , On Writing Well,

What is written communication?

Written communication refers to the process of exchanging information or messages through written words. It can take many forms, including emails, letters, articles, social media posts, and even text messages. In written communication, the sender conveys a message to the receiver using written language, which can be understood and interpreted by the recipient. 

This mode of communication is usually used when the sender and receiver are physically distant, or when a record of the communication is needed for future reference. Effective written communication involves using clear and concise language, organizing information logically, and considering the needs of the audience.

Nature of written communication

The nature of written communication is characterized by the use of written words to convey information, ideas, and messages. Written communication is typically more formal and structured than verbal communication.

The accessibility of written communication also allows for a wider audience to receive the message, regardless of time or distance. However, written communication can lack immediate feedback and emotional cues. 

Scope of written communication

The scope of written communication is extensive, including various forms and purposes across many different fields. In the business context, written communication plays a crucial role in internal and external communication, including emails, proposals, and presentations.

 In personal and social contexts, written communication is used for expressing emotions, sharing ideas, and building relationships through letters, and social media posts. Overall the scope of written communication is constantly evolving with the development of new technologies and mediums, making it an essential skill for effective communication. 

What are the objectives of written communication?

Written communication is a critical tool for effectively conveying messages and achieving desired outcomes. Whether it’s for conveying information, persuading readers,  or building relationships, the objectives of written communication are diverse. In this section, we will explore some common objectives of written communication that can help you communicate more effectively.

1/ Conveying information: The primary objective of written communication is to convey information or ideas clearly and effectively. This includes sharing facts, instructions, data, reports, or any other relevant details that need to be communicated effectively.

2/ Record-Keeping: A crucial objective of written communication is to maintain a permanent record of information or transactions. This can be important for legal or professional purposes, or simply to ensure that important details are not forgotten.

3/ Persuasion: Written communication can be a powerful tool for persuasion, whether in a marketing context or in advocacy work. This objective is common in advertising, marketing, and sales, where the goal is to convince the recipient to take a specific action

4/ Building relationships: Written communication can also be used to build and maintain relationships, whether in a personal or professional context. This can involve expressing gratitude, offering encouragement, or sharing personal insights.

5/ Informing and Educating: Written communication can be used to educate or inform readers about specific topics, whether through informative articles, textbooks, or instructional materials.

6/ Establishing Clarity: Written communication aims to eliminate ambiguity and ensure clarity in conveying messages. This objective involves using precise and well-structured language to avoid misunderstandings or misinterpretations.

Usage of written communication 

The primary usage of written communication in business and professional settings are as follows:

• Advertising and Marketing: Written communication is essential in advertising and marketing, where it is used to promote products, services
• Legal Documentation: Written communication plays a critical role in legal contexts, where it is used for drafting legal documents, such as contracts and agreements. 
• Business Communication: Written communication is extensively utilized for various business purposes. This includes writing emails, business reports, proposals, sales letters , and presentations. 
• Social Media and Online Communication: With the rise of social media and digital platforms, written communication has become essential for online interactions.

What are the features of written communication?

Written communication has several unique features that make it an effective and adaptable method of conveying messages. Understanding the objectives of written communication can help you craft messages that are well-received and achieve your desired outcomes. In the following section, we will explore some common objectives of written communication

1/ Permanence: Written communication is typically a permanent record of the message being conveyed, which means it can be referred back to later for clarification. 

2/ Clarity: One of the primary features of written communication is its ability to convey a message clearly. The writer can take the time to craft their message in a precise and structured manner, avoiding any confusion.

3/ Formality: Written communication is often more formal and structured than verbal communication. It usually follows a particular format or style guide, depending on the context and audience.

4/ Absence of Non-Verbal Cues: Unlike face-to-face or oral communication, written communication lacks the presence of non-verbal cues such as body language, tone of voice, or facial expressions.

5/ Audience-specific: Written communication can be tailored to specific audiences, using language and tone appropriate for the intended reader. 

6/ Flexibility: Written communication can take many forms, including letters, reports, memos, emails, and texts, making it a versatile communication tool.

4 Types of written communication 

Various types of written communication are utilized to facilitate effective communication and ensure smooth operations. Here are some common types of written communication in the workplace:

1/ Emails: Email communication is a fundamental type of written communication in the workplace. It is used for a wide range of purposes, including sending project updates, requesting information, sharing files,  and communicating with colleagues. 

Related Reading: Advantages of emailing at work 

2/ Business Letters: Business letters are professionally written correspondences that are typically sent to external stakeholders, including clients or partners, aiming to maintain formal communication and establish professional relationships. They are used for various purposes, such as making inquiries, submitting proposals, or issuing official communications.

3/ Instant Messaging: In the workplace instant messaging platforms like Slack or Microsoft Teams are frequently utilized for casual and informal written communication .

4/ Reports: Reports are formal documents that present detailed information, analysis, or findings on a specific topic or project. They are commonly used in the workplace to provide updates on project progress.

Form of written communication in the office Demi official letter Office memorandum Telegram Express letters Formal and informal letters Office order FAX

Examples of written communication at the workplace

1/ Newsletters: Newsletters are written publications that are distributed to employees or customers. They are used to share company news, updates on projects or products, and other important information.

2/ Job Descriptions: Job descriptions are written documents that describe the duties and responsibilities of a particular job. 

Template of Job-Description  Job Description – Marketing Manager Reports to: [Manager’s Name] Department: Marketing Job Purpose: The Marketing Manager is responsible for developing and executing marketing strategies to support the company’s goals. This position requires a strong understanding of market trends, consumer behavior, and marketing channels. Key Responsibilities: Develop and execute marketing strategies and campaigns to promote company products or services Conduct market research and analyze consumer behavior to inform marketing strategies Qualifications: Bachelor’s degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field 5+ years of experience in marketing or related field

4/ Policies and Procedures: Policies and procedures are written documents that outline the rules and regulations of an organization. They are used to ensure consistency, communicate expectations, and provide a basis for performance evaluations.

5/ Feedback Forms: Feedback forms are written documents that ask for feedback from employees, customers, or clients. They are used to gather information on the quality of a product or service, customer satisfaction, and employee engagement.

Importance of written communication

Written communication plays a crucial role in conveying information effectively in both personal and professional contexts. It helps to document important details and ensure clarity and accuracy of information. 

In a professional context, written communication is often used for formal correspondence, such as business letters, reports, and proposals. These forms of communication are essential for conducting business, sharing information, and making decisions, and they require a high level of professionalism and attention to detail. 

In personal contexts, written communication can take various forms, such as text messages, social media posts, or emails. Such types of communication help in connecting individuals despite geographical boundaries and differences in time zones.

Process of formal written communication 

Formal written communication typically follows a structured process to ensure accuracy, clarity, and professionalism. Here are the key steps in the process of good formal written communication:

1/ Planning: This involves identifying the purpose and audience of the message, gathering relevant information, and outlining the main points to be addressed in the message.

2/ Drafting: This step involves composing the message by organizing the information gathered during the planning phase into a coherent and logical sequence. The choice of language should be suitable for the intended audience, ensuring a formal and professional tone is maintained.

3/ Reviewing: Once the message has been written, it is crucial to review it for accuracy, clarity, and completeness, which includes checking for mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and formatting. It is recommended to have another person review the message for a fresh perspective.

4/ Revising: Based on feedback from the review, revisions should be made to the message to ensure that it is concise, clear, and effective in achieving its intended purpose.

5/ Editing: This involves making final adjustments to the message, checking for any remaining errors, and ensuring that it complies with the organization’s style and formatting guidelines.

6/ Proofreading: This is the final step in the process, which involves a careful reading of the message to ensure that it is error-free and ready for distribution.

By following these steps, the process of formal written communication ensures that the message is well-planned, and well-received by its intended audience.

Principles of written communication

The principles of written communication are guidelines that help ensure effective and impactful communication through written means. Here are some key principles:

1/ Clarity: The message should be clear and easy to understand, with a well-organized structure and coherent flow of ideas.

2/ Conciseness: The message should be brief and focused, avoiding unwanted details or repetitive information.

3/ Correctness: The message should have proper grammar, accurate spelling, punctuation, and formatting.

4/ Completeness: The message should be comprehensive, ensuring it includes all essential information related to the topic, including relevant background or context when necessary.

5/ Consideration of Audience: Customize your writing to align with the requirements and expectations of your intended audience, taking into account their knowledge, background, and familiarity with the subject matter.

6/ Courtesy: Maintain a respectful and professional tone in your writing. Use polite and considerate language, and avoid any offensive remarks.

7/ Consistency: Maintain consistency in tone, style, and formatting throughout the document. This contributes to establishing a professional impression.

Extra leanings:  8 Rules of Good Quality written communication in social work practice Provide a clear and focused structure, outlining key ideas in the introduction. Develop a unique and relevant argument to stand out. Support statements with evidence and logical reasoning. Understand and use the language of your audience. Use active voice for stronger statements. Avoid repetition and present points in a logical order. Check punctuation, and spelling, and utilize available tools. Edit your work and seek feedback for improvement. These rules emphasize clarity, evidence-based communication, and effective editing to enhance the quality of written messages. ( Source )

Elements of written communication

The elements of writing work together to create effective written communication. A clear understanding and application of the following elements can help ensure that the message is delivered and received in the intended manner.

• Sender: The sender is the person or entity initiating the communication. They have a specific message or information to convey through written form.
• Message: The message refers to the content or information that the sender intends to convey. It can include facts, ideas, opinions, instructions, or any other relevant information.
• Medium: The medium refers to the channel or platform through which written communication is transmitted. It can be in the form of memos, reports, presentations, or any other written format.
• Audience/Recipient: The audience or recipient is the intended receiver of the written communication. 
• Purpose: The purpose of written communication is the specific goal or objective the sender aims to achieve. It can be to inform, instruct, request, or any other desired outcome.
• Structure and Organization: Written communication should possess a structure that is clear and logically organized. It should follow a logical flow, with ideas presented in a well-organized manner, using headings, paragraphs, bullet points, or other formatting techniques.
• Tone and Style: The tone and style of written communication are influenced by the purpose, audience, and context in which it is used. It should be appropriate and consistent throughout the message.
• Language and Clarity: The choice of language and clarity are crucial elements of written communication. It should use clear, concise, and precise language, avoiding jargon, or unnecessary complexity. 
• Feedback and Response: Written communication allows for feedback and response from the recipient. Encouraging a feedback loop helps to ensure understanding, clarify any questions or concerns, and facilitate effective communication.

What are written communication skills? 

Written communication skills refer to the abilities and competencies required to effectively convey ideas through written form. These skills encompass various aspects. Here is a brief overview of key components of written communication skills:

1/ Clarity: The ability to express ideas and information clearly and concisely, ensuring that the message is easily understood by the intended audience.

2/ Grammar and Language: Expertise in using correct grammar, punctuation, and spelling to ensure accuracy and precision in written communication. 

3/ Vocabulary: A rich and varied vocabulary enables effective communication by selecting the appropriate words to convey meaning accurately, enhance clarity, and engage the reader.

4/ Tone and Style: The ability to adapt the tone and style of writing to suit the audience, purpose, and context.

5/ Adaptability to Formats: Skilled written communicators can adapt their writing style to various formats, such as emails, or essays. 

6/ Editing and Proofreading: Strong written communication skills include the ability to revise, edit, and proofread written work for clarity, grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. 

7/ Research and Referencing: Proficient written communicators can conduct research, gather relevant information, and appropriately incorporate references to support their claims. 

Purpose of written communication skills 

The purpose of written communication skills is to effectively convey ideas,  through written form. Strong written communication skills enable individuals to express themselves clearly and precisely, ensuring that their intended meaning is accurately conveyed to the reader.

By mastering written communication skills, individuals can create documents, reports, emails, and other written resources that are organized, leading to successful communication.

Importance of grammar, spelling, and punctuation

The importance of grammar, spelling, and punctuation cannot be overstated when it comes to written communication. These elements are essential in conveying clear and precise messages that are easily understood by the reader.

Proper grammar ensures that sentences are structured correctly, with appropriate subject-verb agreement and consistent use of tenses. Correct spelling avoids confusion and misinterpretation of words, while punctuation aids in creating clear and concise sentences that flow logically.

Tips for organizing and structuring written content Start with a clear introduction that outlines the main ideas. Use headings and subheadings to organize content into logical sections. Follow a coherent flow of ideas, transitioning smoothly between paragraphs. Use bullet points or numbered lists for presenting information concisely. Summarize key points in a conclusion or a concluding paragraph. Consider the use of visual aids like charts or diagrams to enhance organization. Use appropriate formatting techniques to enhance readability and clarity.

Difference between verbal and written communication 

Difference between oral and written communication, similarities between written and oral communication .

• Medium: Both involve a specific medium through which communication takes place.
• Written communication utilizes texts, emails, letters, reports, etc.
• Oral communication occurs through face-to-face conversations, phone calls, speeches, etc.
• Language: Both require the use of language as a means of expression.
• Written and oral communication rely on grammar, vocabulary, and syntax to convey messages effectively.
• Purpose: Both serve the purpose of conveying information, ideas, and thoughts.
• Written and oral communication are used to inform, persuade, entertain, educate, or express emotions.
• Context: Both are influenced by the context in which communication occurs.
• Written and oral communication are shaped by the environment, relationships between individuals, and cultural factors.
• Clarity: Both require clear and coherent expression to ensure understanding.
• Both forms of communication necessitate organizing thoughts and ideas in a logical and understandable manner.
• Audience: Both target an audience or recipient(s) for effective communication.
• In written and oral communication, the message is directed toward specific individuals or groups.
• Adaptability: Both can be adapted to suit different communication purposes and styles.
• Written and oral communication can be adjusted to accommodate various contexts, audiences, and communication goals.
• Feedback: Both allow for feedback and response from the recipient(s).
• In both forms, the communicator receives responses, questions, or comments that contribute to the exchange of information.
• Communication Skills: Both require effective communication skills for successful interaction.
• Active listening, clear expression, empathy, and understanding are essential skills for both written and oral communication.
• Structure: Both can benefit from organizing ideas logically and using appropriate formatting.
• Whether in writing or speaking, structuring information enhances clarity, coherence, and overall effectiveness.

To know more check out our detailed article on: What are the similarities and differences between oral and written communication?

Advantages and disadvantages of written communication 

Advantages of written communication:.

1/ Permanent record: Written communication creates a  record of the message, offering a valuable point of reference or potential evidence, especially in legal or business settings.

2/ Clarity and precision: Writing allows the author to choose their words carefully, providing a clear and precise message that is less likely to be misunderstood.

3/ Accessibility: Written communication can be accessed at any time, allowing the recipient to read and review the message at their own pace.

4/ Documentation: Written communication can be used to document policies, procedures, and other important information that can be easily shared and referenced by others.

5/ Professionalism: Written communication is often viewed as more professional than oral communication, particularly in formal contexts such as business or academia.

Disadvantages of Written Communication:

1/ Lack of immediate feedback: Unlike oral communication, written communication lacks receiving instant feedback or real-time clarification. This can lead to misunderstandings or delays in resolving issues.

2/ Lack of personal touch: The effectiveness of conveying emotions or fostering relationships through written communication may be limited due to its lack of personal touch.

3/ Time-consuming: Effective writing of a message requires a certain level of skill and can be time-consuming.

4/ Language barriers: Written communication can be difficult for individuals who are not proficient in the language used, which can limit its effectiveness in a diverse workplace. 

5/ Lack of nonverbal cues: Nonverbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language, which are present in oral communication, are lacking in written communication.

To know more check out our detailed article on: Strengths and Weaknesses of written communication

What are the advantages of written communication over verbal communication? 

The advantages of written communication over verbal communication include the ability to carefully craft and revise messages for clarity and accuracy. Additionally, written communication also allows for thoughtful reflection and consideration of messages, and is well-suited for conveying complex or technical information. However, it may lack the personal connection and immediate feedback of verbal communication. 

Related Reading : Strengths and Weaknesses of verbal communication

Benefits of face-to-face communication over written communication 

The benefits of face-to-face communication over written communication include the ability to establish a personal connection and receive immediate feedback and responses. In addition, the use of non-verbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language, allows for greater context and clarity.

What are the barriers to written communication? 

Understanding the barriers can help individuals develop strategies to reduce their impact and enhance the effectiveness of written communication. This may involve clear and concise writing, and utilizing appropriate tools and platforms to enhance communication.

1/Poor grammar and spelling: Intended messages can be distracted and misinterpreted due to poor grammar and spelling.  It can also undermine the credibility and professionalism of the sender.

2/Technical jargon: The use of technical jargon or specialized language can be confusing for recipients who are not familiar with the terminology used, leading to a breakdown in communication.

3/Lack of clarity: Written messages that are unclear or lengthy can be difficult to understand and may result in confusion or misunderstanding.

4/Lack of Non-Verbal Cues: Written communication lacks non-verbal cues, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language, which are important for conveying emotions, intention, and context. 

5/Lack of Clarification: Unlike verbal communication, written communication does not offer immediate opportunities for recipients to seek clarification or ask questions in real time. 

6/Information Overload: Written communication can sometimes overwhelm recipients with excessive or complex information. Lengthy emails, dense reports, or complex language can make it difficult for readers to extract key messages

What are the factors to consider when choosing written communication 

Choosing the right approach and tone is crucial, particularly when dealing with different audiences or situations. In this context, there are several factors to keep in check when drafting written communication. 

These factors range from defining your purpose, knowing your audience, organizing your message, and selecting the appropriate channel. In this way, understanding the factors that influence effective written communication can help you convey your message accurately, build trust and achieve your desired outcomes. The following are the 6 primary factors to consider when choosing written communication : 

• Purpose & Goals: Clearly define the purpose of your communication. Are you conveying information, making a request, persuading, or documenting? To determine the most appropriate form and tone for your written communication, it is helpful to have a clear understanding of your objective.
• Audience: Consider the characteristics of your audience, such as their knowledge, background, language proficiency, and communication preferences.
• Channel Selection: Select the appropriate channel for your written communication. Consider factors such as the urgency of the message, the nature of the content, and the preferences of your audience.
• Tone and Style: Choose a tone and writing style that aligns with the purpose and the intended audience. Consider the formality or informality required, and adapt your language and tone accordingly. 
• Visual Presentation: Pay attention to the visual elements of your written communication. Utilize formatting techniques such as headings, bullet points, and numbered lists to improve readability and understanding.
• Proofreading and Editing: Always review and edit your written communication before sending it. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

Ways to improve written communication 

There are many challenges in crafting well-written messages that accurately convey our intentions. To overcome these hurdles and enhance our written communication skills, it’s crucial to employ various strategies and best practices.

By following a few key principles mentioned below we can significantly improve our written communication and ensure that our messages are well-received and understood. 

1/ Think about Your Audience: Understanding your audience’s needs, interests, and level of expertise is crucial when writing effective communication. 

2/ Choose the Right Words: Selecting the appropriate words and phrases is critical in ensuring that your message is understood and well received. Use simple and direct language, avoid jargon or technical terms, and stay focused on your main message.

 The following actionable framework on improving writing skills by Havard.edu can help you avoid wordy Prepositional Phrases: 

•  In the amount of = for 
• In order to = to 
•  Due to the fact that = because   
• In the event that = if  
• During the time that = when or while

3/ Grammar and Language Skills: Enhance your grammar and language skills by familiarizing yourself with proper grammar rules , punctuation, and sentence structure. Regularly review grammar resources and practice writing to improve your command of the language.

4/ Include Active and Engaging Writing: Employ active writing techniques to make your message more engaging. Use strong verbs, avoid passive voice, and vary sentence structure to maintain reader interest.

5/ Practice Organizing Your Message: A well-organized message makes it easier for the reader to understand your points. Use headings, bullet points, and numbered lists to break down complex ideas into manageable sections.

6/ Edit and Proofread: Make sure to review and edit your writing for errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Ensure that your message flows smoothly, and check for any inconsistencies.

7/ Get Feedback: To ensure that your message is clear and concise, it can be beneficial to ask a colleague or friend for feedback on your writing. This can help you identify areas for improvement.

Frequently Ask Questions

Q1) what are written communication examples .

Ans: Written communication examples include emails, memos, letters, reports, articles, blogs, social media posts, and any other form of communication that relies on written language to convey information or messages.

Q2) Why is written communication easy?

Ans: Written communication is often considered easier because It provides time for careful thought and planning, allows for revision and editing, and eliminates the pressure of immediate response.

Q3) What is effective oral and written communication? 

Ans: Effective oral communication refers to the ability to convey messages, ideas, or information verbally in a clear, engaging, and persuasive manner. Effective written communication, on the other hand, involves conveying messages through written words in a clear, concise, and organized manner, considering the needs and understanding of the intended audience.

Related Reading: What are the advantage and limitation of oral communication explain with examples

Q4) What is verbal communication? 

Ans: The exchange of information, ideas, or messages through spoken words is referred to as verbal communication . It involves using language, tone of voice, and vocal cues to convey meaning and interact with others.

Q5) What is non-verbal communication? 

Ans: Non-verbal communication refers to the transmission of messages or information without the use of words. It includes facial expressions, gestures, body language, eye contact, and other non-verbal cues that convey meaning, emotions, and attitudes.

Q6) What is visual communication? 

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Assessing Written Communication in Higher Education: Review and Recommendations for Next-Generation Assessment

Written communication is considered one of the most critical competencies for academic and career success, as evident in surveys of stakeholders from higher education and the workforce. Emphasis on writing skills suggests the need for next-generation assessments of writing proficiency to inform curricular and instructional improvement. This article presents a comprehensive review of definitions of writing proficiency from key higher education and workforce frameworks; the strengths and weaknesses of existing assessments; and challenges related to designing, implementing, and interpreting such assessments. Consistent with extant frameworks, we propose an operational definition including 4 strands of skills: (a) social and rhetorical knowledge, (b) domain knowledge and conceptual strategies, (c) language use and conventions, and (d) the writing process. Measuring these aspects of writing requires multiple assessment formats (including selected-response [SR] and constructed-response [CR] tasks) to balance construct coverage and test reliability. Next-generation assessments should balance authenticity (e.g., realistic writing tasks) and psychometric quality (e.g., desirable measurement properties), while providing institutions and faculty with actionable data. The review and operational definition presented here should serve as an important resource for institutions that seek to either adopt or design an assessment of students' writing proficiency.

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Verbal messages primarily in the form of writing (usually hand-written, typed, or printed) but which can also include images and other graphical elements. One of the two modes of communication through language, the other being oral communication. This includes synchronous communication (such as instant messaging), asynchronous communication (such as postal mail and email), and forms which blur the boundaries (such as SMS text messages).

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Instructional Communication

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Instructional Communication by Scott A. Myers LAST REVIEWED: 25 August 2021 LAST MODIFIED: 25 August 2021 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199756841-0177

Instructional communication is a discipline that centers on the role that communication plays in the teaching-learning process independent of the type of student learner, the subject matter, or the instructional setting. Since its formal recognition as an area of academic study in 1972 by the International Communication Association, instructional communication researchers examine how several factors—such as instructor teaching strategies and preferences, student learning styles and orientations, instructor classroom management practices, instructor and student characteristics, and the development of communication relationships—not only influence how and why students interact with their instructors and their peers, but also the ways in which students respond favorably to the learning environment.

Several overviews provide insight into the history of the instructional communication discipline. Priess and Wheeless 2014 reviews the development of the instructional communication discipline. Staton 1989 distinguishes between the study of instructional communication and the study of communication education, whereas Nussbaum and Friedrich 2005 explains how the study of instructional communication differs from the study of developmental communication. Friedrich 1989 offers several ideas on the practical nature of conducting instructional communication research. Staton-Spicer and Wulff 1984 ; Myers, et al. 2016 ; Waldeck and LaBelle 2016 ; and Conley and Yun 2017 offer content analyses of the research conducted by instructional communication researchers. Beebe and Mottet 2009 introduces the rhetorical and relational perspectives to the study of instructional communication and reviews the methods instructional communication researchers employ. Engleberg, et al. 2017 identifies seven core communication competencies students enrolled in introductory communication courses should master.

Beebe, Steven A., and Timothy P. Mottet. 2009. Students and teachers. In 21st century communication: A reference handbook . Vol. 1. Edited by William F. Eadie, 349–357. Los Angeles: SAGE.

The authors offer an introduction to the field of instructional communication. They preview the rhetorical and relational approaches to instructional communication, explain the quantitative and qualitative research methods instructional communication researchers use, and review several widely studied teacher communication behaviors.

Conley, Nino Andre, and Kimo Ah Yun. 2017. A survey of instructional communication: 15 years of research in review. Communication Education 66.4: 451–466.

DOI: 10.1080/03634523.2017.1348611

The authors conduct a content analysis of articles published in Communication Education from 2000 to 2016, identifying the most frequently referenced theories, data collection methods, and research topics. They also identify the most published instructional communication scholars in Communication Education during this time period.

Engleberg, Isa N., Susan M. Ward, Lynn M. Disbrow, James A. Katt, Scott A. Myers, and Patricia O’Keefe. 2017. The development of a set of core communication competencies for introductory communication courses. Communication Education 66. 1: 1–18.

DOI: 10.1080/03634523.2016.1159316

The authors identify a set of core communication competencies applicable to introductory communication courses within and across oral, written, and mediated communication contexts. These competencies are monitoring and presenting yourself, practicing communication ethics, adapting to others, practicing effective listening, expressing messages, identifying and explaining fundamental communication practices, and creating and analyzing message strategies.

Friedrich, Gus W. 1989. A view from the office of the SCA president. Communication Education 38:297–302.

DOI: 10.1080/0363452890909278767

In his role as the then-president of the Speech Communication Association, the author discusses how the practical nature of the communication discipline can be applied to the instructional communication discipline. He posits that instructional communication researchers can assist educational organizations in meeting the instructional and learning needs of K–12 students.

Myers, Scott A., Melissa F. Tindage, and Jordan Atkinson. 2016. The evolution of instructional communication research. In Communication and learning . Edited by Paul L. Witt, 13–42. Boston and Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

DOI: 10.1515/9781501502446-003

The authors present the results of their content analysis of the 1269 articles published in Communication Education from 1976 to 2014. These articles are empirical studies, commentaries/essays, literature reviews, or instructional practices, with the empirical studies articles focusing largely on instructor classroom behaviors and student classroom behaviors, characteristics, and learning outcomes. The authors also note that the dominant research methodology used in these articles is survey-based, quantitative work with samples comprised of domestic undergraduate students.

Nussbaum, Jon F., and Gustav Friedrich. 2005. Instructional/developmental communication: Current theory, research, and future trends. Journal of Communication 55:578–593.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02686.x

The authors briefly review the development of the International Communication Association’s Division 7, which was the first formal academic group established to promote the study of communication in learning environments and the life span. They then provide an overview of the research conducted by instructional communication and developmental communication scholars.

Priess, Raymond W., and Lawrence R. Wheeless. 2014. Perspectives on instructional communication’s historical path to the future. Communication Education 63:308–328.

DOI: 10.1080/03634523.2014.910605

The authors trace the origins of the instructional communication discipline. They pay particular attention to the Source-Channel-Message-Receiver model of communication that influenced much of the research conducted during the discipline’s earlier years.

Staton, Ann Q. 1989. The interface of communication and instruction: Conceptual considerations and programmatic manifestations. Communication Education 38:364–371.

DOI: 10.1080/03634528909378777

The author differentiates between the terms “communication” and “instruction”; in doing so, she provides a clear distinction between the purposes and aims of “communication education” and “instructional communication.” She explains how the then-graduate program in speech communication at the University of Washington represents the interface between communication and instruction.

Staton-Spicer, Ann Q., and Donald H. Wulff. 1984. Research in communication and instruction: Categorization and synthesis. Communication Education 33:377–391.

DOI: 10.1080/03634528409384767

The authors provide a review of 186 instructional communication articles published in communication journals from 1974 to 1982. They identify six categories of research: teacher characteristics, student characteristics, teaching strategies, speech criticism and student evaluation, speech content, and speech communication programs. They conclude by posing several questions for future research within each category.

Waldeck, Jennifer H., and Sara LaBelle. 2016. Theoretical and methodological approaches to instructional communication. In Communication and learning . Edited by Paul L. Witt, 67–101. Boston and Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

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The authors identify and explore fifteen instructional communication theoretical frameworks and two theoretical/statistical models guiding the study of instructional communication, including the more recently developed rhetorical and relational goals theory. They then identify and review several research design and measurement issues facing the discipline and highlight some design and measurement research exemplars.

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Written Language

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Written communication

Written language is the written form of communication which includes both reading and writing. Although written language may at first be considered to simply be oral language in its written form, the two are quite different in that oral language rules are innate whereas written language is acquired through explicit education.

Written language, whether reading or writing, requires basic language abilities. These include phonological processing (understanding that words are made of discrete sounds, then associating letters with these sounds, i.e., decoding), vocabulary, and syntax (grammar). Skilled reading and writing further require an awareness of what is being read or written in order to construct meaning. Given characteristic and varying difficulties in language in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the bidirectional relationship between oral and written language poses challenges to written language development.

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References and Readings

Berninger, V. W., & Winn, W. D. (2006). Implications of advancements in brain research and technology for writing development, writing instruction, and educational evolution. In C. MacArthur, S. Graham, & J. Fitzgerald (Eds.), The writing handbook (pp. 96–114). New York: The Guilford Press.

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Brown, H. M., & Klein, P. D. (2011). Writing, Asperger Syndrome and theory of mind. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1 (1/5), 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1168-7.

Hooper, S. R. (2009). Biological processes underlying written language acquisition . Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp. 1–9). London, ON: Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network. Retrieved July 26, 2011, from http://www.literacyencyclopedia.ca/pdfs/topic.php?topId=288

Kushki, A., Chau, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2011). Handwriting difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: A scoping review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1 (2/25), 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1206-0.

Nation, K., Clarke, P., Wright, B., & Williams, C. (2006). Patterns of reading ability in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36 (7), 911–919. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0130-1.

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Newman, D.B. (2013). Written Language. In: Volkmar, F.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_1125

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• Career Advice
• Written Communication Guide:...

Written Communication Guide: Types, Examples, and Tips

9 min read · Updated on August 16, 2023

The power of words inspires change, evokes emotions, and fosters connections

We live in a world where the words you write hold the key to unlocking new opportunities. It doesn't matter if you're writing formal business correspondence or a personal letter to your best friend, writing has the power to take readers on a profound journey through your thoughts. 

The types of written communication are as diverse as the purposes they serve and can allow you to excel at work, engage academically, and be more expressive and eloquent. This written communication guide will lead you down a path to discover different types of written communication and will provide examples and tips to ensure that you write exactly what you mean. 

Definition of written communication

At its core, written communication is the art of transmitting messages, thoughts, and ideas through the written word. It serves as a bridge that connects individuals across time and space, allowing for the seamless exchange of information, emotions, and knowledge. Whether etched onto parchment centuries ago or typed onto a digital screen today, written communication has withstood the test of time as a powerful means of expression.

In a fast-paced world where information travels at the speed of light, written communication holds its ground as a tangible record of human interaction. Unlike its oral counterpart , written communication transcends temporal boundaries, leaving an indelible mark that can be revisited and analyzed. It's this permanence that lends written communication a significant place in personal correspondence, professional documentation, and academic discourse.

In personal realms, heartfelt letters and carefully crafted emails capture emotions and sentiments that words spoken aloud might fail to convey

Within professional settings, written communication takes the form of reports, proposals, and emails, each meticulously composed to ensure clarity and precision

Academia finds its treasure trove in research papers, essays, and presentations, where written communication serves as the cornerstone of knowledge dissemination

Yet, amidst this sophistication lies a distinction: written communication lacks the immediate feedback and nuances present in oral discourse. This difference demands attention to detail and precise articulation, to ensure the intended message is accurately received. The immediate feedback present in oral communication allows you to instantly adjust your rhetoric, but that opportunity isn't always present in written communication. 

Types of written communication

We've briefly explored the concept that written communication can be found in personal, professional, and academic settings. But its reach extends far beyond those three realms. Each type of written communication wields a unique power, catering to different purposes and audiences. Understanding the four types of written communication – formal, informal, academic, and creative – will empower you to communicate effectively across a wide spectrum of contexts. 

1. Formal communication

In the corporate arena, formal written communication is the backbone of professional interactions. This type of writing demands precision, clarity, and adherence to established norms. Written communication in the workplace encompasses emails, memos, reports, and official documents. These documents serve as a lasting record of decisions, proposals, and agreements, emphasizing the need for accuracy and professionalism. Examples of formal written communication include:

Formal business emails: These messages are structured, concise, and adhere to a specific etiquette. For instance, sending a well-constructed email to a prospective client introducing your company's services demonstrates effective formal communication. The tone should remain respectful and informative, reflecting the sender's professionalism.

Office memos: Memos serve as succinct internal communication tools within organizations. These documents address specific topics, provide instructions, or announce updates. An example of formal communication through a memo is when a department head distributes a memo outlining the upcoming changes to company policies. 

Business reports: Reports are comprehensive documents that analyze data, present findings, and offer recommendations. A formal business report might involve an in-depth analysis of market trends, financial performance, or project outcomes. Such reports are meticulously structured, featuring headings, subheadings, and references. A quarterly financial report submitted to company stakeholders is an example of formal written communication in the form of a report. The language employed is precise and backed by evidence, maintaining an authoritative tone.

2. Informal communication

Stepping away from corporate rigidity, informal written communication captures the casual essence of everyday life. Informal communication embraces text messages, social media posts, and personal letters. It encourages self-expression and authenticity, enabling individuals to communicate in a more relaxed and relatable manner. Balancing the informal tone while maintaining appropriate communication standards is essential in this type of communication. Some examples of informal communication are:

Text messages: Text messages are characterized by their casual tone, use of abbreviations, and emojis. The language used is relaxed and often mirrors spoken language, fostering a sense of familiarity and ease.

Social media posts: From Facebook statuses to Twitter updates and Instagram captions, these informal writing opportunities allow you to express yourself freely. The language is personal, engaging, and may include humor or personal anecdotes that boost your personal brand .

Personal letters: Although originally rather formal, personal letters have transitioned into the realm of informality. Letters written to friends or family members often showcase a mix of personal anecdotes, emotions, and everyday language. The language is warm, reflective of personal connections, and might include elements of nostalgia or shared experiences.

3. Academic writing

Within educational institutions, academic writing reigns as the conduit of knowledge dissemination. This type of writing includes essays, research papers, and presentations. Academic writing upholds a formal tone, requiring proper citation and adherence to established formats. The objective is to convey complex concepts coherently and objectively, fostering critical thinking and intellectual growth. Here are a few examples of academic writing:

Essays: Essays are fundamental forms of academic writing that require students to analyze and present arguments on specific topics. The essay is structured with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion, all aimed at conveying a well-organized argument supported by evidence.

Research papers: Research papers dive deeper into specific subjects, often requiring extensive investigation and citation of sources. They should be organized with specific sections such as an introduction, literature review, methodology, findings, and conclusion. This type of academic writing focuses on presenting original insights backed by thorough research.

Presentations: While presentations involve spoken communication, their accompanying slides often feature written content. Academic presentations might include a slide deck explaining the findings of a research study. Each slide contains concise written points that support the speaker's verbal explanations. Effective academic presentation writing ensures clarity and conciseness, to aid the audience's understanding.

4. Creative writing

Creative writing introduces a touch of artistry to written communication. Poetry, short stories, and blog posts exemplify this style. Creative writing explores the depths of human imagination, invoking emotions and vivid imagery. This type of writing encourages personal flair, allowing individuals to experiment with language, style, and narrative structure. While the examples of creative writing are vast, we'd like to share a few examples with you.

Poetry: Poetry is an artistic form of written communication that emphasizes rhythm, imagery, and emotions. In such works, words are carefully chosen to evoke feelings and paint vivid mental pictures, allowing readers to experience a heightened emotional connection.

Short stories: Short stories are concise narratives that capture a moment, an emotion, or a complete tale in a limited space. An example of creative writing as a short story could be a suspenseful narrative that unfolds over a few pages, engaging readers with its characters, plot twists, and resolution. Creative short stories often explore themes of human nature and provide a glimpse into unique worlds or experiences.

Novels: Novels stand as an epitome of creative writing, offering a more extensive canvas for storytelling. Novels delve deep into emotions, relationships, and the complexities of human existence, allowing readers to immerse themselves in fictional realms with remarkable depth.

Tips for improving your written communication skills

Believe it or not, writing is one of those skills that many people struggle with. The question of whether writing is a skill or a talent has long sparked debates among linguists, educators, and writers themselves. Whether effective written communication is something that you're naturally good at or something that you struggle with, everyone can benefit from some tips on being a better writer. 

Clarity: Clarity is arguably the cornerstone of good writing. It ensures your message is understood by eliminating ambiguity, confusion, and misinterpretation. Prioritize simplicity over complexity, using clear and concise sentences to deliver your message effectively. Avoid unnecessary jargon and convoluted phrases, aiming to convey ideas in a straightforward manner.

Understand your audience: It's critical to consider who will be reading what you write. Think about their knowledge, interests, and expectations when crafting your message. Adjust your tone, style, and choice of words to resonate with your intended readers. This ensures that your message is relatable and engaging, enhancing its impact.

Grammar and spelling: If there's one thing that will turn people off your writing, it's improper grammar and bad spelling. Maintaining proper grammar and spelling reflects professionalism and attention to detail. Proofread your work meticulously or use online tools to catch errors.

Practice and learn: Even if you're an expert writer, writing is a skill that evolves. Stephen King – the “king of writing” – asserts that every writer should read . Regular reading exposes you to diverse writing styles and perspectives that expand your knowledge of presenting the written word. 

Embrace the power of words

Through clear communication, tailored messages, and continuous practice, you can harness the art of written expression to connect, inspire, and leave a lasting impact. The power of words is always within your grasp.

Your resume is another place that requires exceptional writing skills. Let our team of expert resume writers unlock the door to your professional success by showcasing your exceptional writing skills on the most important career marketing tool you have. Send your resume for a free review today ! 

Recommended reading:

The Essential Steps of Your Communication Process

4 Types of Communication Style – What's Yours?

Improve your Powers of Persuasion With These Rhetorical Choices!

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What Is Effective Communication? Skills for Work, School, and Life

Discover how improving your communication skills can benefit your career, education, and personal life.

Communication is a part of everyday life, whether we communicate in person or on the countless digital platforms available to us. But how much of our communication actually reaches the intended audience or person the way we hoped? Effective communication requires us to be clear and complete in what we are trying to express.

Being an effective communicator in our professional and personal lives involves learning the skills to exchange information with clarity, empathy, and understanding. In this article, we’ll define what effective communication looks like, discuss its benefits, and offer ways to improve your communication skills.

What is effective communication?

Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose. When we communicate effectively, both the sender and receiver feel satisfied.

Communication occurs in many forms, including verbal and non-verbal, written, visual, and listening. It can occur in person, on the internet (on forums, social media, and websites), over the phone (through apps, calls, and video), or by mail.

For communication to be effective, it must be clear , correct , complete , concise , and compassionate . We consider these to be the 5 Cs of communication, though they may vary depending on who you’re asking. 

While the effectiveness of communication can be difficult to measure, its impact is hard to deny. According to one study, surveyed companies in the United States and United Kingdom with at least 100,000 employees lost $62.4 million per year on average due to poor communication. On the flip side, companies led by effective communicators had nearly 50 percent higher total returns to shareholders over companies with less effective communicators at the helm [ 1 ].

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Benefits of effective communication

The benefits of communication effectiveness can be witnessed in the workplace, in an educational setting, and in your personal life. Learning how to communicate well can be a boon in each of these areas.

In the workplace, effective communication can help you: 

Manage employees and build teams

Grow your organization more rapidly and retain employees

Benefit from enhanced creativity and innovation

Become a better public speaker

Build strong relationships and attract more opportunities for you or your organization

Read more: Why Is Workplace Communication Important? + How to Improve It

In your personal life, effective communication can lead to:

Improved social, emotional, and mental health

Deeper connections with people you care about

New bonds based on trust and transparency

Better problem–solving and conflict resolution skills

Say it with your body

In face-to-face conversation, body language plays an important role. Communication is 55 percent non-verbal, 38 percent vocal (tone and inflection), and 7 percent words, according to Albert Mehrabian, a researcher who pioneered studies on body language [ 2 ]. Up to 93 percent of communication, then, does not involve what you are actually saying. 

Positive body language is open—your posture is upright and receptive, your palms are open, you lean in when speaking or listening, and nod encouragingly. Negative body language can include biting your lip nervously, looking bored, crossing your arms, putting your hands on your hips, or tapping your foot impatiently.

How to improve your communication skills

Communication, like any other skill, is one you can improve upon with practice. Here are a few ways to start improving your communication skills, whether at home or on the job.

1. Consider your audience.

Who are you communicating with? Make sure you are aware of your audience—those you intend to communicate with may differ from those who actually receive your messages. Knowing your audience can be key to delivering the right messages effectively. Their age, race, ethnicity, gender, marital status, income, education level, subject knowledge, and professional experience can all affect how they’ll receive your message. 

If you’re advertising a fast food restaurant, for example, you might want to deliver your message to an audience that’s likely to be hungry. This could be a billboard on the side of a busy highway that shows a giant cheeseburger and informs drivers that the closest location is just two miles away. 

Or suppose you’re announcing your engagement to your family. You might host a gathering afterwards to celebrate, send them photos of the engagement in a group chat, surprise them in conversation over dinner, or tag your family members in your announcement on social media. Your chosen form of communication will depend on your family dynamics.

2. Practice active listening.

Active listening is the practice of giving your full attention in a communication exchange. 

Some techniques include paying attention to body language, giving encouraging verbal cues, asking questions, and practicing non-judgment. Before executing your communication, be sure to consider your audience and practice active listening to get to the heart of their needs and desires. This way, you can improve your communication as a counselor, social worker, marketer, professor, colleague, or friend. 

Here are some examples of active listening in practice:

If you work in marketing, you might engage in social listening to gather consumer data on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok. 

If you are a professor, you might take advantage of end-of-semester feedback forms and act on your students' needs by hosting one-on-one meetings during office hours. Likewise, your students might choose to participate in discussions after your lecture or at least sit attentively and ask questions.

If you are a team leader, you might read Slack messages from your teammates, gauge that they are frustrated with the workload, and respond by resetting priorities for the next few weeks. This communicates to the team that their voices are heard.

If you are a parent, you might have a disagreement with your child about finishing their homework, but if you probe deeper with open communication, they may confess that their teacher made a discouraging comment that left them unmotivated.

Read more: What Is Active Listening and How Can You Improve This Key Skill?

3. Make your message as clear as possible.

Once you have successfully identified your audience and listened to their intentions, needs, and desires, you may have something to communicate. To do this effectively, turn to the 5 Cs of communication to ensure your message is:

Compassionate

Prepare to communicate in a way that achieves most of these characteristics.

4. Use the right medium or platform.

Using the right medium or platform to communicate matters. Effective communication requires you to consider whether you need to meet in person or if Zoom would suffice. Is your message casual enough to use WhatsApp, or would a formal email be more efficient and thorough? If you are catching up with a friend, do you two prefer to talk on the phone or via old-fashioned letters? Whatever you choose should be intuitive and appropriate for you and your current situation.

You might assess the priority level and the type of communication needed. In a marketing campaign, is there a visual component on Instagram or is it a spoken podcast ad? Will the platform be a Facebook post, product placement in a film, or a printed poster hung in cafes? For a university lecture, do students prefer to be online or meet in person? Will there be a discussion afterward, and would it be fruitful to conduct it in a pub, cafe, or in a field outdoors? 

By considering your audience, practicing active listening, clarifying your communication, and choosing the right medium or environment, you are well on your way to exercising communication effectiveness.

Effective communication starts here

Start building better communication with Improving your Communication Skills from the University of Pennsylvania, Successful Negotiation: Essential Strategies and Skills from the University of Michigan, or Effective Communication: Writing, Design, and Presentation from the University of Colorado Boulder. 

Article sources

PRovoke Media. " The Cost Of Poor Communications , https://www.provokemedia.com/latest/article/the-cost-of-poor-communications." Accessed January 17, 2024.

The University of Texas Permian Basin. " How Much of Communication Is Nonverbal? , https://online.utpb.edu/about-us/articles/communication/how-much-of-communication-is-nonverbal/." Accessed January 17, 2024.

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Effective Written Communication Skills

Did you know that 75% of millennials would rather text than talk on the phone? Studies show that texting and other…

Did you know that 75% of millennials would rather text than talk on the phone?  Studies show that texting and other forms of written communication have become widely popular among smartphone users. Written communication enables you to communicate at your own pace as you can think and take time before writing a message. It’s more effective than verbal communication because it helps recall information with greater efficiency. Writing also helps communicate complex ideas more easily.

Let’s explore the meaning and benefits of effective written communication and see why it’s one of the best forms of self-expression.

What Is Written Communication?

Before we set out to define written communication, let’s look at what ‘communication’ means and entails. In a nutshell, communication is the process of exchanging ideas, information or concepts between a sender (who creates and sends the information) and the receiver (who receives and interprets the information). This exchange takes place through a medium or a channel— it could be verbal, nonverbal, visual and written.

Written communication is the process of exchanging messages (information, thoughts or concepts) between a sender and receiver(s) by making use of the written word. Effective written communication is important for businesses as it helps to bring everybody on the same page regarding overall goals and objectives. In this day and age, everybody is expected to navigate emails, bulletins, reports, circulars and office memos.

Here are a few examples of written communication that will highlight its importance in professional settings:

Imagine that a new client is interested in collaborating with your organization. You are likely to give them a snapshot of the history and success of your organization and how it has overcome challenges. A business deck or brochure is an effective way of communicating important as well as attractive details about the organization. Not only will it help you provide a summary, but also persuade your client to work with you.

Organizations often use business memorandums (memos) for internal communication. Although a majority of memos are now communicated via emails, it’s an effective tool to give instructions or remind people of events, actions or observance. If you want to broadcast a message to a large number of people, memos are the way to go.

What Are The Types Of Written Communication?

Different types of written communication are used in different contexts and needs.

Transactional

When you communicate something only to get a response from your receiver, it is known as transactional communication. The online medium is the most effective way to send your message quickly, and emails or texting platforms work wonderfully. Since you expect a response, you need to be careful about the way you frame your message. Be mindful of the tone, language and style. Some examples of transactional communication are asking for a favor, scheduling a meeting or requesting a quick clarification.

Informational

When you communicate something for the benefit of the reader or to inform them about something, the message is known as informational communication. The onus is on you to deliver the message and the receiver doesn’t have any role to play, except for raising doubts or asking for clarifications, if any. You need to communicate clearly, avoid complex terms and be direct so that your readers can understand the message easily. Memos are excellent examples of informational communication. They are a quick and efficient form of internal communication .

Instructional

When your communication is meant to instruct or direct someone to do a specific task, it’s called instructional communication. These messages should be detailed, giving the reader a fair idea about the topic. It should be easy to follow and should clearly instruct the reader what’s expected of them. The most crucial aspect of instructional communication is the format. Using bullet points to lay down the instructions step by step can help. Using smaller paragraphs or short sentences are a powerful way to help your reader understand your instructions.

What Are Written Communication Skills?

You have probably come across the phrase “we require excellent written communication skills” in several job descriptions and advertisements. Employers value written communication skills because it’s instrumental in driving professional relationships, brand image, and business goals. Written communication skills refer to the ability to effectively get your point across through the written word. Anyone can develop these skills with adequate practice and attention to detail. Here are a few examples of written communication tips that can help you develop good written communication skills and enhance the quality of your business writing:

Use active voice so that readers follow your writing at a quicker pace

Use the appropriate tone, also known as the voice, which will indicate the degree of formality or friendliness

Use the correct grammar and punctuation to ensure that your point is sent across the way you intend it to; poor grammar reflects badly on you as well as the organization

Be precise; it helps you to not divulge too much or too little information when communicating your main agenda

Keep it simple; it will prevent you from confusing your readers

Written communication skills are essential for every stage of career development. Whether you are applying for a new job or building new professional networks, you need to showcase your writing skills at every stage. For example, you need to learn how to be precise when building your resume so that your strengths and accomplishments are highlighted. Even during presentations, you can’t dump all your data on the slides and expect the audience to follow everything. All your written communication should be easy to read and should contain appropriate terms that get your message across.

The Five Cs of Written Communication

In some ways, written communication is more important than verbal communication. It helps you record information and refer to it in the future. It creates accountability and establishes a powerful channel to engage your audience. Effective written communication depends on various factors. You can remember them through these five Cs.

Connection  

It is the way you connect with your readers or audience and engage them through written communication.

You should have clarity of thought while engaging in written communication—it shouldn’t confuse your reader.

Before you write something down, ask yourself what it is that you want to convey. Your goal or purpose should be clear to you as well as your reader. If there are any actionable items, they should also be laid out clearly.

Conciseness  

Written communication is effective when it is direct and to the point. You need to be clear and put forward your points succinctly.

Correctness  

Always use appropriate grammar, inoffensive language and the proper tone while communicating. Always proofread what you have written. ( Xanax xr )

How To Write Proficiently

Now that you know the importance of written communication in business, let’s look at how you can improve your approach. Here are some questions that you need to ask yourself to write and communicate proficiently:

What Is My Goal?

Having an end-goal in mind helps you focus on the things you want to communicate. For example, if you want someone to take action after reading your email, you need to communicate that objective clearly. Often, emails begin with the main purpose or the big idea so that the reader knows exactly what the communication is about. Irrespective of what format you use, organize your message so that your main idea is communicated even if the reader simply skims through the message.

Is My Message Clear?

After you have identified your purpose and written your first draft, you should check for a few things:

Whether your message contains unnecessary details, and if extra words or sentences can be removed

Whether the message is direct and leaves no room for misinterpretation, and if there are words that can be replaced with more accessible ones

A useful trick to organize your thoughts is to use an outline. Organize information in a logical order, ensuring that you have covered all the major points. This is especially helpful in communicating large chunks of information. For example, you can summarize complicated business reports by outlining the introduction, body and conclusion.

How Do I Maintain Professionalism?

Whether it’s an email to a client or a close work-friend, it’s safe to assume that all written communication will be shared with others or forwarded. Before hitting ‘send’, check whether the content is free of inappropriate and insensitive information. What you think is a harmless joke can hurt someone’s sentiments.

Written communication in business is tricky. Sometimes, we may come off as condescending even if we didn’t intend to. We must pay close attention to our tone, style and language and keep our messages respectful. Proofreading and editing are good ways to ensure that the information has been double-checked.

Master The Art!

To write clearly, concisely and compellingly is an art. But anybody can learn how to master the art of effective written communication! Harappa Education’s tried-and-tested methods will teach you how to improve your business communication in ways that everyone will sit up and take notice. The  Writing Proficiently course will help you structure your thoughts better and deliver your ideas with precision. The GRT (Goal, Recipient and Tone) Framework will guide you in determining your readers and purpose. The PREP (Point, Reason, Example and Point) Model will help you write with clarity and conciseness. Your words will not only convince but also impress others!

Explore Harappa Diaries to learn more about topics & skills related to the COMMUNICATE Habit such as  Writing Skills ,  Report Writing , How to Take Effective  Meeting Minutes ,  What is a Memo  & How to Write a  Follow-Up Email  to polish your written communication skills.

Effective Written Communication and Its Importance

Written communication can be an important part of both your personal and professional life. Even if you work in an office that doesn't have you communicating with people daily, having the right kind of written communication skills can help you get promotions and jobs, as well as succeed at school or college.

To make sure that you’re always communicating the right way, it’s important to know what kinds of written communication you should be using—and how those different types differ from each other. Here are eight of the main types of written communication skills that every modern person should have in their arsenal.

Types of Written Communication: The 8 Types You Need to Know

1) persuasive.

A persuasive essay is an argumentative piece that aims to convince the reader that your opinion or idea is the best. There are many types of persuasive essays, but all have one purpose- persuading the reader that you're right.

Persuasive essays can take different forms, but each one typically has five parts: introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion, evidence, and a call-to-action (aka what you want the reader to do).

While any persuasive essay needs to have these five parts in order, it's up to you how they're structured. For example, if you're arguing against a specific policy or law, your introduction might read In our society today... and your conclusion might ask readers not just to agree with you but also take action.

2) Informative

There are many different types of written communication , each with its purpose. Knowing which type you need for your situation can help you create a better outcome. Below is a list of common types and what they are typically used for.

Personal letter- personal letters are often written when someone wants to write something that will be shared with one person or a small group. Personal letters can also be used for apologies, congratulations, condolences, or other sentimental communications between close friends and family members.

3) Instructional

The types of written communication are cover letters, business letters, emails, memos, proposals, research reports, and speeches.

A cover letter is a document that you include with your resume when applying for a job. It's the first chance you have to make an impression on the employer and it should show your interest in the position and why you would be a good fit for the company.

A business letter is typically written by an individual who wants to make an inquiry or provide feedback about a product or service. An email is one of the most common forms of communication today and can be used for anything from sending birthday wishes to coworkers to asking clients for payment.

4) Narrative

If you want to communicate with people, you are going to need some form of written communication.

There are many different types of written communication , but for this post, we will focus on four that are most common and relevant. These are emails, text messages, social media posts, and letters.

While all four have advantages and disadvantages and may be better suited for certain contexts than others, they each deserve a mention because they can help you get your point across in a way that is best suited for the situation.

5) Descriptive

Written communication is necessary for every type of project, job, and profession. There are many different types of written communication , from professional memos to social media posts. Here are the types you need to know.

• Memo- a short note that may be informal or formal, which could serve as an introduction or summary
• Letter- a longer note with more detail that is typically sent via postal service
• Email- messages sent over the internet in an email account such as Gmail
• Meme- humorous pictures with words overlaid on them
• Tweet- brief status updates on social media sites like Twitter or Facebook

6) Definition

There are many different types of written communication . Some examples are formal, informal, and persuasive. Formal written communication is when you write in a very formal style with a lot of professional jargon.

Informal written communication is when you write more like you would speak to someone face-to-face; for example, using slang or misspellings. Persuasive written communication is when the writer's goal is to persuade the reader by providing facts and evidence to back up their argument.

7) Compare and Contrast

The four types of written communication are formal, informal, memoranda and proposals. Formal writing is used for business purposes and meetings. Informal writing is a casual way to communicate with friends or family members.

Memos are shorter messages that are intended to be read by a few people. Proposals are used when you need approval from someone before moving forward with an idea or project. Memos are usually more detailed than emails because they can provide more background information on the topic at hand.

8) Cause and Effect

To write effectively, you need to know the different types of written communication . The first type is persuasive writing, which is writing that tries to convince the reader or listener to adopt a particular point of view or take an action.

Persuasive writing is often used in sales and marketing materials because it can encourage someone to purchase a product. Another type of written communication is informative writing.

This type of writing provides information so that the reader can make informed decisions about a subject. Informative articles are often found in newspapers and magazines but are also used on sites such as Wikipedia.

The third type of written communication is narrative-based writing, which tells a story about an event or person's life using description and dialogue.

Reasons Why Written Communication Is Important

Everyone knows that talking to people in person (or on the phone) can be effective. But what about communicating with them through text?

There are plenty of people who think that written communication is sub-par compared to face-to-face interactions, but there are just as many reasons why written communication should be considered important, even in 2016 and beyond! Here are 10 reasons why written communication is important no matter what your industry or career path may be.

1) Helps to Get the Message Across Clearly

Written communication is important because it helps you get your message across more clearly. Whether you are sending an email, text, or writing a letter, written communication is a great way to express yourself with words on paper.

You can take your time and not worry about being interrupted or having someone else talk over you. You can even stop and go back if need be. Plus, you know that the person reading it will have time to think about what they just read rather than having the information thrown at them all at once in a meeting or phone call.

2) Helps to Keep a Record of What Was Communicated

Communicating in written form is important for many reasons, including the ability to keep a record of what was said or agreed upon. For example, if two people agree on a certain date and time to meet, it's often helpful to write this information down.

It also helps when you want to make sure that you're interpreting things correctly. If one person says It's going to be hot tomorrow. while the other says It's going to be cold tomorrow. then they may need to clarify their messages by adding more detail.

3) Helps Avoid Misunderstandings

Written communication is crucial because it helps avoid misunderstandings. If you are having a conversation with someone and they don’t understand what you mean, the conversation will stop until you can find a way to clarify your message.

When writing a message, however, there is time to reword sentences or find other ways of communicating the same idea so that both people understand what's being said. This leads to less confusion and frustration on both sides.

Written messages also save time because there's no need for back-and-forth conversations; one person sends the message, then another person responds with a response or reply.

4) Helps Save Time

Written communication is a great way to save time. In the modern world, many different types of written messages can be sent back and forth. For example, with email, it is possible to type out what you want to say and then hit send.

Then your message will be delivered in a matter of seconds! Messages like this allow people to communicate quickly without having to spend any more time than they need on their phones or computer.

Additionally, not only do messages like this save a person's time but they also conserve their resources. When sending an email someone doesn't have to talk on the phone or use any paper which saves them money.

5) Helps to Communicate Complex Ideas

Written communication can be very helpful in situations when verbal communication is difficult. For example, written language can more accurately communicate complex ideas than verbal speech. It also helps to reduce misunderstanding and assure that all parties are on the same page.

Plus, written communication allows you to more thoroughly explain your thoughts and put them out there without having the pressure of being interrupted or worrying about how someone will react if they don't like what you're saying. To make sure a message gets across effectively, it's important to be specific and straightforward - which is much easier in written form because you have time to edit your work.

6) Helps Reduce Ambiguity

Written communication is important because it helps reduce ambiguity. In the business world, ambiguity can lead to miscommunication and costly mistakes. For example, if you are running a company and have hired someone to be a part of your team but they never said they were interested in the position, you may find yourself without a vital part of your organization.

That's why written communication is so important - it ensures that everyone is on the same page and there's never any confusion. It also allows for records to exist that people can refer back to later. Plus, writing out what you want someone to do means you won't forget it when they're not around or ask them again over email when time is precious.

However, while writing can help reduce ambiguity at times, some people think that writing has the opposite effect. They say verbal communication conveys more emotion than writing does and can convey intent better than an email ever could. But even these naysayers agree that having good verbal communication skills will always help in many different situations as well as give others a clearer understanding of what is being communicated.

7) Can Be Reviewed and Revised

Communication is important in all walks of life, and it's even more important in business. When you communicate with your employees and clients, you need to make sure that they understand what you're trying to say. This is where written communication comes in handy. It makes it easier for people to read and comprehend what's being said.

Plus, it helps eliminate any misunderstanding or misinterpretation that might occur during a verbal conversation. It also allows you to review and revise before sending your message.

What would happen if an employee sent out an email without double-checking the content? The information could be off-base, confusing, or just plain wrong! Using a method like an email, blog post, or social media post, allows us the opportunity to edit our message before hitting send.

8) Can Be Shared Easily

Written communication is important because it is easy to share, it can be saved for later, and it can be read at your convenience. The most obvious reason why written communication is important is that you don't have to worry about mispronouncing a word or forgetting what you want to say.

It also makes communicating in different languages easier since the words are spelled out for you. And since written communication can be saved for later, you can refer back to it if needed. Finally, written communication allows people from all over the world to understand each other without any barriers to understanding through language or culture.

9) Allows for Standardization

Written communication is important because it allows for standardization, which can lead to more effective interactions.

One of the benefits of written communication is that it provides a quick and easy way for people who might not be in the same location to communicate with each other. It also makes it possible for people to store information in a centralized location and access it at any time.

Finally, written communication makes it possible for people who speak different languages to communicate as long as they both have access to the same writing system. It has been used by organizations such as the United Nations (UN) to facilitate international relations between nations that don't share a commonly spoken language.

10) Improves Communications Skills

Written communication is often more formal and concise than verbal communication. For example, you might be able to get a point across more effectively in an email or text than you would during a phone call. Plus, written documents are easier for people to refer back to later.

You can also communicate with people who don't speak your language by using Google Translate or other translation tools. In this way, many people around the world will be able to understand what you have to say.

• Keeps Record of Ideas: Writing something down means that it won't just disappear into the ether if you forget about it - the document will remain on your computer or device until you delete it.
• Saves Time: If someone else needs clarification about something that was discussed at work, they can read through all of the documentation from previous meetings and conference calls. It's much faster than having everyone meet again just to go over things one more time!

In this day and age, it's almost impossible to run a business without using any type of written communication. From email to memos, to sign-in sheets and beyond, you need to be able to write to stay connected with other people in your field of work. Today we're going to discuss the importance of written communication and explain why it’s such an integral part of doing business in the 21st century. Let’s get started!

SoME develop and delivers impactful transformative Communication programs for the 21st-century post-pandemic workplace. Effective, assertive, and empathetic Communication skills are key to learners presenting themselves confidently, better managing conflicts, working well with others, and becoming tomorrow's professional leaders.

We provide an inclusive environment where all backgrounds are welcome, providing a safe space to explore ideas and share experiences to develop these skills within our students. At SoME we believe that there is no right or wrong way to communicate as long as it's done with honesty and integrity. Our aim is for our students to leave feeling empowered with tools that can be used in any situation whether it be at home or work with colleagues or even family members!

What is effective written communication?

Effective written communication is clear, concise, and follows a logical progression. It is one that the reader can easily follow and understand with little effort. The importance of written communication should be grammatically correct and free of any spelling errors. When writing an email, for example, an effective email will have the subject line in bold letters at the top of the email to make it easy to find when someone goes looking through their inbox.

What is an important element of effective written communication?

An important element or importance of written communication of effective written communication is that it's clear, concise, and to the point. Another part of effective written communication is providing enough information for the reader to get what you're trying to say without being too wordy or vague. Effective written communication also needs to be respectful and professional when it's addressing a person in a different position than yours.

Why effective written communication is important in the workplace?

Effective written communication is important in the workplace because it can help build relationships and open up new opportunities. By writing professionally, you can show that you're knowledgeable and competent in your field. Sending a personalized email to someone will often lead to an invitation for a face-to-face meeting, which could lead to the beginning of a great business relationship.

In addition to building relationships, effective communication can also help you find employment.

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Chapter 1. What is Literacy? Multiple Perspectives on Literacy

Constance Beecher

“Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.” – Frederick Douglass

Download Tar Beach – Faith Ringgold Video Transcript [DOC]

Keywords: literacy, digital literacy, critical literacy, community-based literacies

Definitions of literacy from multiple perspectives

Literacy is the cornerstone of education by any definition. Literacy refers to the ability of people to read and write (UNESCO, 2017). Reading and writing in turn are about encoding and decoding information between written symbols and sound (Resnick, 1983; Tyner, 1998). More specifically, literacy is the ability to understand the relationship between sounds and written words such that one may read, say, and understand them (UNESCO, 2004; Vlieghe, 2015). About 67 percent of children nationwide, and more than 80 percent of those from families with low incomes, are not proficient readers by the end of third grade ( The Nation Assessment for Educational Progress; NAEP 2022 ).  Children who are not reading on grade level by third grade are 4 times more likely to drop out of school than their peers who are reading on grade level. A large body of research clearly demonstrates that Americans with fewer years of education have poorer health and shorter lives. In fact, since the 1990s, life expectancy has fallen for people without a high school education. Completing more years of education creates better access to health insurance, medical care, and the resources for living a healthier life (Saha, 2006). Americans with less education face higher rates of illness, higher rates of disability, and shorter life expectancies. In the U.S., 25-year-olds without a high school diploma can expect to die 9 years sooner than college graduates. For example, by 2011, the prevalence of diabetes had reached 15% for adults without a high -school education, compared with 7% for college graduates (Zimmerman et al., 2018).

Thus, literacy is a goal of utmost importance to society. But what does it mean to be literate, or to be able to read? What counts as literacy?

Learning Objectives

• Describe two or more definitions of literacy and the differences between them.
• Define digital and critical literacy.
• Distinguish between digital literacy, critical literacy, and community-based literacies.
• Explain multiple perspectives on literacy.

Here are some definitions to consider:

“Literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society.” – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

“The ability to understand, use, and respond appropriately to written texts.” – National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), citing the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)

“An individual’s ability to read, write, and speak in English, compute, and solve problems, at levels of proficiency necessary to function on the job, in the family of the individual, and in society.” – Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA), Section 203

“The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society.” – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), as cited by the American Library Association’s Committee on Literacy

“Using printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one’s goals, and to develop one’s knowledge and potential.” – Kutner, Greenberg, Jin, Boyle, Hsu, & Dunleavy (2007). Literacy in Everyday Life: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NCES 2007-480)

Which one of these above definitions resonates with you? Why?

New literacy practices as meaning-making practices

In the 21 st century, literacy increasingly includes understanding the roles of digital media and technology in literacy. In 1996, the New London Group coined the term “multiliteracies” or “new literacies” to describe a modern view of literacy that reflected multiple communication forms and contexts of cultural and linguistic diversity within a globalized society. They defined multiliteracies as a combination of multiple ways of communicating and making meaning, including such modes as visual, audio, spatial, behavioral, and gestural (New London Group, 1996). Most of the text’s students come across today are digital (like this textbook!). Instead of books and magazines, students are reading blogs and text messages.

For a short video on the importance of digital literacy, watch The New Media Literacies .

The National Council for Teachers of English (NCTE, 2019) makes it clear that our definitions of literacy must continue to evolve and grow ( NCTE definition of digital literacy ).

“Literacy has always been a collection of communicative and sociocultural practices shared among communities. As society and technology change, so does literacy. The world demands that a literate person possess and intentionally apply a wide range of skills, competencies, and dispositions. These literacies are interconnected, dynamic, and malleable. As in the past, they are inextricably linked with histories, narratives, life possibilities, and social trajectories of all individuals and groups. Active, successful participants in a global society must be able to:

• participate effectively and critically in a networked world.
• explore and engage critically and thoughtfully across a wide variety of inclusive texts and tools/modalities.
• consume, curate, and create actively across contexts.
• advocate for equitable access to and accessibility of texts, tools, and information.
• build and sustain intentional global and cross-cultural connections and relationships with others to pose and solve problems collaboratively and strengthen independent thought.
• promote culturally sustaining communication and recognize the bias and privilege present in the interactions.
• examine the rights, responsibilities, and ethical implications of the use and creation of information.
• determine how and to what extent texts and tools amplify one’s own and others’ narratives as well as counterproductive narratives.
• recognize and honor the multilingual literacy identities and culture experiences individuals bring to learning environments, and provide opportunities to promote, amplify, and encourage these variations of language (e.g., dialect, jargon, and register).”

In other words, literacy is not just the ability to read and write. It is also being able to effectively use digital technology to find and analyze information. Students who are digitally literate know how to do research, find reliable sources, and make judgments about what they read online and in print. Next, we will learn more about digital literacy.

• Malleable : can be changed.
• Culturally sustaining : the pedagogical preservation of the cultural and linguistic competence of young people pertaining to their communities of origin while simultaneously affording dominant-culture competence.
• Bias : a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others, usually resulting in unfair treatment.
• Privilege : a right or benefit that is given to some people and not to others.
• Unproductive narrative : negative commonly held beliefs such as “all students from low-income backgrounds will struggle in school.” (Narratives are phrases or ideas that are repeated over and over and become “shared narratives.” You can spot them in common expressions and stories that almost everyone knows and holds as ingrained values or beliefs.)

Literacy in the digital age

The Iowa Core recognizes that today, literacy includes technology. The goal for students who graduate from the public education system in Iowa is:

“Each Iowa student will be empowered with the technological knowledge and skills to learn effectively and live productively. This vision, developed by the Iowa Core 21st Century Skills Committee, reflects the fact that Iowans in the 21st century live in a global environment marked by a high use of technology, giving citizens and workers the ability to collaborate and make individual contributions as never before. Iowa’s students live in a media-suffused environment, marked by access to an abundance of information and rapidly changing technological tools useful for critical thinking and problem-solving processes. Therefore, technological literacy supports preparation of students as global citizens capable of self-directed learning in preparation for an ever-changing world” (Iowa Core Standards 21 st Century Skills, n.d.).

NOTE: The essential concepts and skills of technology literacy are taken from the International Society for Technology in Education’s National Educational Technology Standards for Students: Grades K-2 | Technology Literacy Standards

Literacy in any context is defined as the ability “ to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, and create information in order to function in a knowledge society” (ICT Literacy Panel, 2002). “ When we teach only for facts (specifics)… rather than for how to go beyond facts, we teach students how to get out of date ” (Sternberg, 2008). This statement is particularly significant when applied to technology literacy. The Iowa essential concepts for technology literacy reflect broad, universal processes and skills.

Unlike the previous generations, learning in the digital age is marked using rapidly evolving technology, a deluge of information, and a highly networked global community (Dede, 2010). In such a dynamic environment, learners need skills beyond the basic cognitive ability to consume and process language. To understand the characteristics of the digital age, and what this means for how people learn in this new and changing landscape, one may turn to the evolving discussion of literacy or, as one might say now, of digital literacy. The history of literacy contextualizes digital literacy and illustrates changes in literacy over time. By looking at literacy as an evolving historical phenomenon, we can glean the fundamental characteristics of the digital age. These characteristics in turn illuminate the skills needed to take advantage of digital environments. The following discussion is an overview of digital literacy, its essential components, and why it is important for learning in the digital age.

Literacy is often considered a skill or competency. Children and adults alike can spend years developing the appropriate skills for encoding and decoding information. Over the course of thousands of years, literacy has become much more common and widespread, with a global literacy rate ranging from 81% to 90% depending on age and gender (UNESCO, 2016). From a time when literacy was the domain of an elite few, it has grown to include huge swaths of the global population. There are several reasons for this, not the least of which are some of the advantages the written word can provide. Kaestle (1985) tells us that “literacy makes it possible to preserve information as a snapshot in time, allows for recording, tracking and remembering information, and sharing information more easily across distances among others” (p. 16). In short, literacy led “to the replacement of myth by history and the replacement of magic by skepticism and science.”

If literacy involves the skills of reading and writing, digital literacy requires the ability to extend those skills to effectively take advantage of the digital world (American Library Association [ALA], 2013). More general definitions express digital literacy as the ability to read and understand information from digital sources as well as to create information in various digital formats (Bawden, 2008; Gilster, 1997; Tyner, 1998; UNESCO, 2004). Developing digital skills allows digital learners to manage a vast array of rapidly changing information and is key to both learning and working in the evolving digital landscape (Dede, 2010; Koltay, 2011; Mohammadyari & Singh, 2015). As such, it is important for people to develop certain competencies specifically for handling digital content.

ALA Digital Literacy Framework

To fully understand the many digital literacies, we will look at the American Library Association (ALA) framework. The ALA framework is laid out in terms of basic functions with enough specificity to make it easy to understand and remember but broad enough to cover a wide range of skills. The ALA framework includes the following areas:

• understanding,
• evaluating,
• creating, and
• communicating (American Library Association, 2013).

Finding information in a digital environment represents a significant departure from the way human beings have searched for information for centuries. The learner must abandon older linear or sequential approaches to finding information such as reading a book, using a card catalog, index, or table of contents, and instead use more horizontal approaches like natural language searches, hypermedia text, keywords, search engines, online databases and so on (Dede, 2010; Eshet, 2002). The shift involves developing the ability to create meaningful search limits (SCONUL, 2016). Previously, finding the information would have meant simply looking up page numbers based on an index or sorting through a card catalog. Although finding information may depend to some degree on the search tool being used (library, internet search engine, online database, etc.) the search results also depend on how well a person is able to generate appropriate keywords and construct useful Boolean searches. Failure in these two areas could easily return too many results to be helpful, vague, or generic results, or potentially no useful results at all (Hangen, 2015).

Part of the challenge of finding information is the ability to manage the results. Because there is so much data, changing so quickly, in so many different formats, it can be challenging to organize and store them in such a way as to be useful. SCONUL (2016) talks about this as the ability to organize, store, manage, and cite digital resources, while the Educational Testing Service also specifically mentions the skills of accessing and managing information. Some ways to accomplish these tasks is using social bookmarking tools such as Diigo, clipping and organizing software such as Evernote and OneNote, and bibliographic software. Many sites, such as YouTube, allow individuals with an account to bookmark videos, as well as create channels or collections of videos for specific topics or uses. Other websites have similar features.

Understanding

Understanding in the context of digital literacy perhaps most closely resembles traditional literacy because it is the ability to read and interpret text (Jones-Kavalier & Flannigan, 2006). In the digital age, however, the ability to read and understand extends much further than text alone. For example, searches may return results with any combination of text, video, sound, and audio, as well as still and moving pictures. As the internet has evolved, a whole host of visual languages have also evolved, such as moving images, emoticons, icons, data visualizations, videos, and combinations of all the above. Lankshear & Knoble (2008) refer to these modes of communication as “post typographic textual practice.” Understanding the variety of modes of digital material may also be referred to as multimedia literacy (Jones-Kavalier & Flannigan, 2006), visual literacy (Tyner, 1998), or digital literacy (Buckingham, 2006).

Evaluating digital media requires competencies ranging from assessing the importance of a piece of information to determining its accuracy and source. Evaluating information is not new to the digital age, but the nature of digital information can make it more difficult to understand who the source of information is and whether it can be trusted (Jenkins, 2018). When there are abundant and rapidly changing data across heavily populated networks, anyone with access can generate information online. This results in the learner needing to make decisions about its authenticity, trustworthiness, relevance, and significance. Learning evaluative digital skills means learning to ask questions about who is writing the information, why they are writing it, and who the intended audience is (Buckingham, 2006). Developing critical thinking skills is part of the literacy of evaluating and assessing the suitability for use of a specific piece of information (SCONUL, 2016).

Creating in the digital world makes the production of knowledge and ideas in digital formats explicit. While writing is a critical component of traditional literacy, it is not the only creative tool in the digital toolbox. Other tools are available and include creative activities such as podcasting, making audio-visual presentations, building data visualizations, 3D printing, and writing blogs. Tools that haven’t been thought of before are constantly appearing. In short, a digitally literate individual will want to be able to use all formats in which digital information may be conveyed in the creation of a product. A key component of creating with digital tools is understanding what constitutes fair use and what is considered plagiarism. While this is not new to the digital age, it may be more challenging these days to find the line between copying and extending someone else’s work.

In part, the reason for the increased difficulty in discerning between plagiarism and new work is the “cut and paste culture” of the Internet, referred to as “reproduction literacy” (Eshet 2002, p.4), or appropriation in Jenkins’ New Media Literacies (Jenkins, 2018). The question is, what kind and how much change is required to avoid the accusation of plagiarism? This skill requires the ability to think critically, evaluate a work, and make appropriate decisions. There are tools and information to help understand and find those answers, such as the Creative Commons. Learning about such resources and how to use them is part of digital literacy.

Communicating

Communicating is the final category of digital skills in the ALA digital framework. The capacity to connect with individuals all over the world creates unique opportunities for learning and sharing information, for which developing digital communication skills is vital. Some of the skills required for communicating in the digital environment include digital citizenship, collaboration, and cultural awareness. This is not to say that one does not need to develop communication skills outside of the digital environment, but that the skills required for digital communication go beyond what is required in a non-digital environment. Most of us are adept at personal, face- to-face communication, but digital communication needs the ability to engage in asynchronous environments such as email, online forums, blogs, social media, and learning platforms where what is written may not be deleted and may be misinterpreted. Add that to an environment where people number in the millions and the opportunities for misunderstanding and cultural miscues are likely.

The communication category of digital literacies covers an extensive array of skills above and beyond what one might need for face-to-face interactions. It is comprised of competencies around ethical and moral behavior, responsible communication for engagement in social and civic activities (Adam Becker et al., 2017), an awareness of audience, and an ability to evaluate the potential impact of one’s online actions. It also includes skills for handling privacy and security in online environments. These activities fall into two main categories: digital citizenship and collaboration.

Digital citizenship refers to one’s ability to interact effectively in the digital world. Part of this skill is good manners, often referred to as “netiquette.” There is a level of context which is often missing in digital communication due to physical distance, lack of personal familiarity with the people online, and the sheer volume of the people who may encounter our words. People who know us well may understand exactly what we mean when we say something sarcastic or ironic, but people online do not know us, and vocal and facial cues are missing in most digital communication, making it more likely we will be misunderstood. Furthermore, we are more likely to misunderstand or be misunderstood if we are unaware of cultural differences. So, digital citizenship includes an awareness of who we are, what we intend to say, and how it might be perceived by other people we do not know (Buckingham, 2006). It is also a process of learning to communicate clearly in ways that help others understand what we mean.

Another key digital skill is collaboration, and it is essential for effective participation in digital projects via the Internet. The Internet allows people to engage with others they may never see in person and work towards common goals, be they social, civic, or business oriented. Creating a community and working together requires a degree of trust and familiarity that can be difficult to build when there is physical distance between the participants. Greater effort must be made to be inclusive , and to overcome perceived or actual distance and disconnectedness. So, while the potential of digital technology for connecting people is impressive, it is not automatic or effortless, and it requires new skills.

Literacy narratives are stories about reading or composing a message in any form or context. They often include poignant memories that involve a personal experience with literacy. Digital literacy narratives can sometimes be categorized as ones that focus on how the writer came to understand the importance of technology in their life or pedagogy. More often, they are simply narratives that use a medium beyond the print-based essay to tell the story:

Create your own literacy narrative that tells of a significant experience you had with digital literacy. Use a multi-modal tool that includes audio and images or video. Share it with your classmates and discuss the most important ideas you notice in each other’s narratives.

Critical literacy

Literacy scholars recognize that although literacy is a cognitive skill, it is also a set of practices that communities and people participate in. Next, we turn to another perspective on literacy – critical literacy. “Critical” here is not meant as having a negative point of view, but rather using an analytic lens that detects power, privilege, and representation to understand different ways of looking at texts. For example, when groups or individuals stage a protest, do the media refer to them as “protesters” or “rioters?” What is the reason for choosing the label they do, and what are the consequences? 

Critical literacy does not have a set definition or typical history of use, but the following key tenets have been described in the literature, which will vary in their application based on the individual social context (Vasquez, 2019). Table 1 presents some key aspects of critical literacy, but this area of literacy research is growing and evolving rapidly, so this is not an exhaustive list.

An important component of critical literacy is the adoption of culturally responsive and sustaining pedagogy. One definition comes from Dr. Django Paris (2012), who stated that Culturally Responsive-Sustaining (CR-S) education recognizes that cultural differences (including racial, ethnic, linguistic, gender, sexuality, and ability ones) should be treated as assets for teaching and learning. Culturally sustaining pedagogy requires teachers to support multilingualism and multiculturalism in their practice. That is, culturally sustaining pedagogy seeks to perpetuate and foster—to sustain—linguistic, literary, and cultural pluralism as part of the democratic project of schooling.

For more, see the Culturally Responsive and Sustaining F ramework . The framework helps educators to think about how to create student-centered learning environments that uphold racial, linguistic, and cultural identities. It prepares students for rigorous independent learning, develops their abilities to connect across lines of difference, elevates historically marginalized voices, and empowers them as agents of social change. CR-S education explores the relationships between historical and contemporary conditions of inequality and the ideas that shape access, participation, and outcomes for learners.

• What can you do to learn more about your students’ cultures?
• How can you build and sustain relationships with your students?
• How do the instructional materials you use affirm your students’ identities?

Community-based literacies

You may have noticed that communities are a big part of critical literacy – we understand that our environment and culture impact what we read and how we understand the world. Now think about the possible differences among three Iowa communities: a neighborhood in the middle of Des Moines, the rural community of New Hartford, and Coralville, a suburb of Iowa City:

You may not have thought about how living in a certain community might contribute to or take away from a child’s ability to learn to read. Dr. Susan Neuman (2001) did. She and her team investigated the differences between two neighborhoods regarding how much access to books and other reading materials children in those neighborhoods had. One middle-to-upper class neighborhood in Philadelphia had large bookstores, toy stores with educational materials, and well-resourced libraries. The other, a low-income neighborhood, had no bookstores or toy stores. There was a library, but it had fewer resources and served a larger number of patrons. In fact, the team found that even the signs on the businesses were harder to read, and there was less environmental printed word. Their findings showed that each child in the middle-class neighborhood had 13 books on average, while in the lower-class neighborhood there was one book per 300 children .

Dr. Neuman and her team (2019) recently revisited this question. This time, they looked at low-income neighborhoods – those where 60% or more of the people are living in poverty . They compared these to borderline neighborhoods – those with 20-40% in poverty – in three cities, Washington, D.C., Detroit, and Los Angeles. Again, they found significantly fewer books in the very low-income areas. The chart represents the preschool books available for sale in each neighborhood. Note that in the lower-income neighborhood of Washington D.C., there were no books for young children to be found at all!

Now watch this video from Campaign for Grade Level Reading. Access to books is one way that children can have new experiences, but it is not the only way!

What is the “summer slide,” and how does it contribute to the differences in children’s reading abilities?

The importance of being literate and how to get there

“Literacy is a bridge from misery to hope” – Kofi Annan, former United Nations Secretary-General.

Our economy is enhanced when citizens have higher literacy levels. Effective literacy skills open the doors to more educational and employment opportunities so that people can lift themselves out of poverty and chronic underemployment. In our increasingly complex and rapidly changing technological world, it is essential that individuals continuously expand their knowledge and learn new skills to keep up with the pace of change. The goal of our public school system in the United States is to “ensure that all students graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life, regardless of where they live.” This is the basis of the Common Core Standards, developed by the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices (NGA Center). These groups felt that education was too inconsistent across the different states, and today’s students are preparing to enter a world in which colleges and businesses are demanding more than ever before. To ensure that all students are ready for success after high school, the Common Core State Standards established clear universal guidelines for what every student should know and be able to do in math and English language arts from kindergarten through 12th grade: “The Common Core State Standards do not tell teachers how to teach, but they do help teachers figure out the knowledge and skills their students should have” (Common Core State Standards Initiative, 2012).

Explore the Core!

Go to iowacore.gov and click on Literacy Standards. Spend some time looking at the K-3 standards. Notice how consistent they are across the grade levels. Each has specific requirements within the categories:

• Reading Standards for Literature
• Reading Standards for Informational Text
• Reading Standards for Foundational Skills
• Writing Standards
• Speaking and Listening Standards
• Language Standards

Download the Iowa Core K-12 Literacy Manual . You will use it as a reference when you are creating lessons.

Next, explore the Subject Area pages and resources. What tools does the state provide to teachers to support their use of the Core?

Describe a resource you found on the website. How will you use this when you are a teacher?

Watch this video about the Iowa Literacy Core Standards:

• Literacy is typically defined as the ability to ingest, understand, and communicate information.
• Literacy has multiple definitions, each with a different point of focus.
• “New literacies,” or multiliteracies, are a combination of multiple ways of communicating and making meaning, including visual, audio, spatial, behavioral, and gestural communication.
• As online communication has become more prevalent, digital literacy has become more important for learners to engage with the wealth of information available online.
• Critical literacy develops learners’ critical thinking by asking them to use an analytic lens that detects power, privilege, and representation to understand different ways of looking at information.
• The Common Core State Standards were established to set clear, universal guidelines for what every student should know after completing high school.

Resources for teacher educators

• Culturally Responsive-Sustaining Education Framework [PDF]
• Common Core State Standards
• Iowa Core Instructional Resources in Literacy

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Methods of Teaching Early Literacy Copyright © 2023 by Constance Beecher is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.