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Essays on Civil Rights Movement

Hook examples for civil rights movement essays, anecdotal hook.

Imagine standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, listening to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. deliver his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. This moment in history epitomized the Civil Rights Movement's power and importance.

Question Hook

What does it mean to fight for civil rights? Explore the complex history, key figures, and lasting impact of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.

Quotation Hook

"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter." — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. How did civil rights activists like King refuse to stay silent and ignite change?

Statistical or Factual Hook

Did you know that in 1964, the Civil Rights Act was signed into law, prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin? Dive into the facts and milestones of the Civil Rights Movement.

Definition Hook

What defines a civil rights movement? Explore the principles, goals, and strategies that distinguish civil rights movements from other social justice movements.

Rhetorical Question Hook

Was the Civil Rights Movement solely about racial equality, or did it pave the way for broader social change and justice? Examine the movement's multifaceted impact.

Historical Hook

Travel back in time to the mid-20th century and uncover the roots of the Civil Rights Movement, from the Jim Crow era to the landmark Supreme Court decisions.

Contrast Hook

Contrast the injustices and systemic racism faced by African Americans prior to the Civil Rights Movement with the progress made through protests, legislation, and activism.

Narrative Hook

Meet Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her bus seat, sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Follow her courageous journey and the ripple effect it had on the Civil Rights Movement.

Controversial Statement Hook

Prepare to explore the controversies within the Civil Rights Movement, such as differing strategies among activists and debates over nonviolence versus militancy.

A Great and Mighty Walk Analysis

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Letter from Birmingham Jail - Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

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Civil Rights Movement and The Struggles of African Americans During Those Times

The impact of martin luther king on civil rights movements, the contradicting outcome of the civil rights movement in america, the role of martin luther king jr. and malcolm x in civil rights movement, get a personalized essay in under 3 hours.

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How The Civil Rights Movement Helped African Americans Achieve Their Rights

Martin luther king jr: influential figure in the civil rights movement, how martin luther king jr, rosa parks and malcolm x organized the civil rights movement, the role of the media in ushering the civil rights movement, development of racial tendencies in the united states, the civil rights movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s, a deeper look at the civil rights movement in america, generation of the civil rights movement, black lives matter in the civil rights movement, the civil rights movement about african american people, the civil rights movement and african american discriminations, a report on the events that helped martin luther king jr.'s prominence in america to push the civil rights movement, the civil rights movement about national indentify, the influence of jazz musicians on the civil rights movement, rosa parks and the civil rights movement, the contribution of local grass-roots activists to the civil rights movement, rosa parks: the lady of the civil rights, brown vs board of education, the way rosa parks leadership style changed the history, rosa parks: how one bold decision made a world leader.

United States

Racism, segregation, disenfranchisement, Jim Crow laws, socioeconomic inequality

W.E.B. Du Bois, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Henry MacNeal Turner, John Oliver Killens

Civil rights movement was a struggle of African Americans and their like-minded allies for social justice in United States that came to national prominence during the mid-1950s. The purpose was to end legalized racial discrimination, disenfranchisement and racial segregation in the United States.

“Jim Crow” laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century with a purpose to separate Black people from white people. Black people couldn’t use the same public facilities as white people or go to the same schools. Although, Jim Crow laws weren’t adopted in northern states, Black people still experienced discrimination.

Forms of protest and civil disobedience included boycotts, such as the most successful Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956) that lasted for 381 days in Alabama; mass marches, such as the Children's Crusade in Birmingham in 1963 and Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) in Alabama; "sit-ins" such as the Greensboro sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina and Nashville sit-ins (1960) in Tennessee.

The Great March on Washington was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. The purpose was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King, Jr., who delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech.

On July 2, 1964, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, and later sexual orientation and gender identity. The act "remains one of the most significant legislative achievements in American history".

The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for two of its leaders. On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally and Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room’s balcony on April 4, 1968.

The Civil Rights Act of 1968 was signed into law by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during the King assassination riots. It prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, and national origin.

The 20th-century civil rights movement produced an enduring transformation of the legal status of African Americans and other victims of discrimination.

Relevant topics

• Manifest Destiny
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Course: US history   >   Unit 8

Introduction to the civil rights movement.

• African American veterans and the Civil Rights Movement
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Emmett Till
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• "Massive Resistance" and the Little Rock Nine
• The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
• SNCC and CORE

Black Power

• The Civil Rights Movement
• The Civil Rights Movement is an umbrella term for the many varieties of activism that sought to secure full political, social, and economic rights for African Americans in the period from 1946 to 1968.
• Civil rights activism involved a diversity of approaches, from bringing lawsuits in court, to lobbying the federal government, to mass direct action, to black power.
• The efforts of civil rights activists resulted in many substantial victories, but also met with the fierce opposition of white supremacists .

The emergence of the Civil Rights Movement

Civil rights and the supreme court, nonviolent protest and civil disobedience, the unfinished business of the civil rights movement, what do you think.

• See Richard S. Newman, The Transformation of American Abolitionism: Fighting Slavery in the Early Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
• See C. Vann Woodward, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955).
• See Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
• See Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State during World War II (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); and Stephen Tuck,  Fog of War: The Second World War and the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
• See Michael J. Klarman, Brown v. Board of Education and the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
• See Peniel E. Joseph, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
• See Michael Eric Dyson, The Black Presidency: Barack Obama and the Politics of Race in America (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016).
• See Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (New York: The New Press, 2010).
• See Tavis Smiley, ed., The Covenant with Black America: Ten Years Later (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc., 2016).

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The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America Essay

The civil rights movement marked the period in American history when African-Americans vehemently fought against white supremacists to demand full legal equality. Prior to the civil rights movement, people of color faced discrimination in employment, housing, education, and transportation in the US, particularly in the South.

Consequently, segregation became a major barrier to unity throughout the Americas during the mid-1950s and 1960s. African-Americans mounted resistant but non-violent campaigns to end racial discrimination with outright strategies such as freedom rides, sit-ins, civil disobedience campaigns, non-violent protests, marches, boycotts, and demonstrations and rallies,” which received national and international recognition as the media aired the tribulations to end racial inequity in America.

In addition, they challenged anti-discrimination legislations through courts of law. This paper will extensively analyze why the “Civil Rights Movement” is considered the most successful and important movement in American history in addition, the paper will ardently explain how the rights movement impacted US history and the lessons we can learn from these freedom movement of the 1960s.

The paper will briefly narrate the major events encountered during the civil rights movement and examine the views of African-Americans and white supremacists. Finally, the paper will look at both the positive and negative achievements of the civil rights movements including an assessment of how the rights movement continues to influence the socio-economic and political aspects of the American society and a brief justification why these changes ought to be considered the most pertinent to emerge during the 21st century.

The history of civil rights movement dates back to the late 19th century when the concept of segregation was born due to deficiency of slaves after the American Civil War. In the South, Majority of the blacks faced absolute discrimination in schools, hospitals and other public places after state legislatures enacted unequal laws famously called ‘black codes’ that sternly curtailed the rights of African-Americans.

These laws severely limited property ownership rights by blacks for example; it was illegal for African-Americans to rent properties in towns and cities. Also during the 19th century even government enacted rules segregating white and black schools, courts, and juries. Ultimately, these laws effectively prevented blacks from sharing the American dream with the whites.

In fact, the blacks’ opposition to segregation laws began during World War I when they started migrating in large numbers from the South to the North. These migration continued through the 1930s and eventually peaked in the 1940s and 50s. After World War II, African-Americans began agitating for reforms to streamline America’s legal and constitutional structure and other measures aimed at ending racial discrimination.

The massive migration of blacks from the South to the North altered the demographic patterns of African-Americans in Northern towns and cities. Many blacks became increasingly urbanized during the second half of the 20th century because their principal objective was to look for better employment opportunities, better schools for their children and to find an environment where they could receive equal treatment with the whites.

The civil rights movement sought for and successfully restored citizenship rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. In fact, “there wasn’t any social and political movement of the 20th century that had a profound effect on America’s legal and political institutions compared to the civil rights movements of the 1960s” (Brenda 56).

In addition, the movement significantly changed the relationship between the state and the federal government since they leaped major achievements including suffrage rights and educational rights for the blacks.

The civil rights movement had profound impacts on the US for instance; state policies and government laws were challenged in the courts. In several occasions, the federal government was forced to intervene and enforce its laws in order to protect black citizens for example; President Dwight Eisenhower was forced to send troops to Central High School to enforce the federal court order demanding non-discrimination in public schools when the state governor defied the court’s ruling and sent black students away.

In addition, the civil rights movement reinvigorated the American justice system as the guardian of constitutional liberties against majority power. Ultimately, the civil rights movements redefined the existing “conceptions of the nature of civil rights and the role of the federal government in safeguarding these rights” (Foner 15).

Most importantly, the civil rights movements secured constitutional amendments that prohibited slavery and re-established the citizen status for African-Americans and other legislations grounded on these amendments such as the 1954 Supreme Court’s ruling on Brown v. Board of Education , the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.”

The Supreme Court’s decision in the Brown lawsuit clearly demonstrated to the movement’s activists that the litigation strategy employed by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) could as well undermine the supremacists’ practices prevalent in the South if blacks boldly stood up and said no to racial discrimination. As a result, this led to the emergence of other organizations ready to oppose state policies and laws undermining the rights of blacks.

In reality, these legal changes brought numerous opportunities for women, disabled people, and other minority groups who had been discriminated against for a long time.

However, these changes did not come on a silver platter because even after he court ruled that school segregation was unconstitutional, rights activists still had to press the government to enforce the ruling and to extend its principles to other areas such as hospitals, taverns, and in the transport sector. Thus, throughout the 50s and 60s, the rights movements, through NCAAP and other organizations sponsored several lawsuits, which sought to broaden social changes in the American society.

Apart from the Brown case, Rosa Parks initiated another major event in the civil rights movements in the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott. Parks was jailed because she refused to give up her seat to a white passengers leading to the city’s bus boycott by blacks that lasted for more than one year.

Her courageous act and subsequent boycott demonstrated the inherent unity and determination of African-Americans resulting in the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; a clergy led organization that advocated for civil rights for blacks. Three years later, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was formed with the aim of ending segregation at lunch counters, a culture that had dominated American taverns and canteens for a long time.

The most profound campaign of the civil rights movement came in 1963 when SCLC launched an intense campaign in Birmingham that eventually culminated in the March to Washington, which attracted more than 250,000 protestors. These demonstrations received significant media coverage, which eventually forced President John F. Kennedy to call upon Congress to pass the civil rights legislation.

Despite the fact that white conservatives vehemently opposed the rising protests, the spirit of the rights activists especially from their leader Martin Luther King Jr. ensured that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. The act prohibited segregation in public places and outlawed racial discrimination in schools and work places. On the other hand, the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee vehemently demanded voting rights and emphasized on black voter registration and an end to segregation laws.

Eventually, President Lyndon B. Johnson heeded the rights activists’ call and he ratified the new voting laws in 1965 that significantly increased the number of southern black voters. In essence, the suffrage rights for African-Americans represented an important step since it gave them the democratic right to elect leaders who could advance their cause.

Nevertheless, it is imperative to understand that that during these non-violent protests several rights participants were injured and some lost their lives as they sought their constitutional rights. White supremacists used the courts to stop protests but demonstrators defied court orders and proceeded with protests.

Sometimes opposing sides formed organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, which terrorized pro-rights leaders. Towards the end of the 60s, the civil rights movement groups faced opposing challenges from newly formed militant organizations particularly the Black Panther’s Party.

Moreover, a few rights proponents regarded the rights reforms as inadequate because they believed they did not address other equally pertinent problems such as the number of rising poor blacks. Rigorous government suppression and multiple assassinations of the civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King and Malcolm X saw the rights movements’ protests decline towards the end of the 60s.

Nevertheless, the rights movement struggles left an indelible mark on America. Five decades later, the achievements realized by the civil rights movement continue to influence today’s socio-economic and political aspects in the American society. For example, explicit forms of racial discrimination and segregation ended and today African-Americans attend same schools with the whites.

Like other movements of the 18th and 19th centuries, the civil rights movement transformed US democracy as blacks began dominating political offices and in fact, today President Barrack Obama, an African-American heads the US. In addition, women and other minority groups immensely benefited from the civil rights movement and today women head high profile jobs in American politics.

The changes realized by the civil rights movement have been vital in remaking America as the beacon of democracy and a hub for the respect of human rights. Whereas racial discrimination is behind us, other equally important “milestones in civil rights laws are on our books for purposes of regulating equal access to public facilities, equal justice, equal housing, educational, and employment opportunities” (Isserman and Kazim 52).

In conclusion, the paper has extensively described how the civil rights movements ended racial discrimination and segregation in America. It has also analyzed why the “Civil Rights Movement” is considered the most successful and important movement in American history, besides the paper has ardently explained how the rights movement influenced US history and the lessons both present and future generations can learn from these movement.

The paper has narrated how the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Birmingham and Washington marches contributed towards the liberation of African-Americans. Finally, the paper has looked at both the positive and negative achievements of the civil rights movements and assed how the rights movement continues to influence the socio-economic and political aspects in the American society.

Works Cited

Brenda Gayle Plummer. Rising Wind: Black Americans and US Foreign Affairs , 1935-1960 Chapel Hill, 1996.

Foner Eric. Give Me Liberty ! An American History, Vol. 2, Second Seagull Edition Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc., 2008.

Isserman Maurice & Kazin Michael. America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s , Third Edition New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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IvyPanda. (2022, March 17). The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-civil-rights-movement/

"The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America." IvyPanda , 17 Mar. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/the-civil-rights-movement/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America'. 17 March.

IvyPanda . 2022. "The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America." March 17, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-civil-rights-movement/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America." March 17, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-civil-rights-movement/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Civil Rights Movement: Ending Racial Discrimination and Segregation in America." March 17, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-civil-rights-movement/.

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The Civil Rights Movement, Research Paper Example

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This paper focuses upon the Civil Rights movement in the USA and the field of ethnic/racial relations.  The paper will be split into four distinct parts:  (1) Introduction and Background to the civil rights movement, the historical perspective  (2) The purpose and objectives of the movement and the aims it seeks to achieve  (3)  The relevance of the early movement today and the importance of civil rights in today’s society  (4) Concluding remarks, racial tensions today and the need for harmony in the context of the global economy.  How far have we progressed today from the early civil rights activists?

Introduction and Background

The Civil Rights Movement was considered to be at its peak in the ten years from 1955-1965. “Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, guaranteeing basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches”  (Cozzens, 1988).  The African community in the USA suffered the indignity of many decades of second-class citizenship.  It was in the 1940s and 1950s that leaders within the black community began to rally the people  and fight back.  Not until  after the end of the Civil War did  the black community start  to enjoy some privileges i.e. the right to vote, the right to schooling and the right to hold public office.  Despite some progress,  life for blacks in the southern states remained a dismal prospect.  In some regards there  was even a continuation of the old practice of slavery.

There was really a catalogue of events in the 1950s that fuelled the civil rights movement.  In 1954 in the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education, the Supreme Court declared school segregation as unconstitutional.  In 1955 in the town of Montgomery, Alabama, a certain ‘Rosa Parks’  refused to sit at the back of the bus, as required by the city ordinance.  A boycott followed and  ultimately this resulted in  bus  segregation being declared as unconstitutional.  In 1956 Southern congressmen formed a coalition  and tried to challenge the rulings of the Supreme Court.  In 1957, the Arkansas government Little Rock attempted to use the National Guard to prevent nine black students from attending the Little Rock high school.  This involved intervention from the president and the dispatch of federal troops to ensure legal compliance.  Essentially, a decade of unrest.

Objectives of the Civil Rights Movement – Dr Martin Luther King

In the 1960s, the most noted civil rights leader was the voice of Dr. Martin Luther King.  It was King who promoted a nonviolent approach to the civil rights movement; having spent time in India, with the followers of Gandhi.  He believed that dialogue was the most powerful weapon in order to end the oppression of the people in their struggle for freedom.  Dr. King compiled many leading academic works on the civil rights movement, but his most famous “I have a dream” speech inspired a nation. (Chew, 1995).

It was in 1963, that Martin Luther King’s letter from a Birmingham Jail, reached out to the growing civil rights campaign.  His goal being to end once and for all time.  The segregation of black people in every aspect of American public life.  In the same year, King led a huge rally to Washington DC.  It is here that he delivered his famous “I have a dream”  speech.  He inspired a nation and placed the civil rights movement clearly at the forefront of the nation’s national agenda.

On April 4th, 1968 King was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis Tennessee.  King was 39 years of age, and he never wavered in his belief that one day African-Americans would attain equal rights in the American justice system.  The real aim of the civil rights movement was to convince the federal government to act against the oppressive Southern states.  The segregationists who controlled the southern states had brutally oppressed any who stood against their views.  This position, had stood firm for over 50 years.  Although the civil rights movement was essentially violent nevertheless, it was an insurgency designed to bring about reform and change.  The key issue being ” significant change was never going to occur within the political system: To be forced”  (Scheier, 2009).

In the 1960s civil rights movement moved into more gender related issues.  The feminist movement focused upon equal rights and number of key importance :  education, social welfare, equality and rights of the female minorities.  The movement carried on through the 1960s to the late 1980s but really came to a head in 1963.  It was here, the activities of Betty Frieder [who later became known as the mother of the movement], formed a female action group, that in 1966 became known as ‘the national organization for women’.  The feminist movement achieved a significant amount of its objectives, and the passage of new laws.  In particular, title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, equal pay act of 1963 and the Supreme Court ruling in 1965.

Not all of the civil rights movement, agreed with the nonviolent philosophies of Dr. Martin Luther King.  A group that called themselves the Black Panthers believed that King’s nonviolent policies have failed.  The Panthers introduced a more violent stance to their  arguments and they argued in favour of a revolutionary war.  They advocated violence in order to meet their demands.  They were not without structure and stated for clear goals: equality in education, housing, employment and civil rights.  They had a 10 point action plan delivered from a party platform.

The Black Panther movement was particularly active at the time of the Vietnam War.  They became the target of the FBI, who was successful in destroying the movement.  It was the then head of the FBI.  J. Edgar Hoover, that described the black panther movement as “the greatest threat to the internal security of the country”.  In 1996 the Chairman of the Black Panther movement Bobby Seale stated :  “They came down on us because we had a grass-roots, real people’s revolution, complete with the programs, complete with the unity, complete with the working coalitions, we were crossing racial lines. That synergetic statement of “All power to all the people,” “Down with the racist pig power structure” — we were not talking about the average white person: we were talking about the corporate money rich and the racist jive politicians and the lackeys, as we used to call them, for the government who perpetuates all this exploitation and racism.”  (Williams, 1968).

The early movement and relevance today

In 2003 author Todd Boyd stated that music and hip-hop culture in the youth were perhaps more relevant in civil rights actions today. ”  I think what black power did and what hip-hop would pick up on later, was a move away from the more passive sense of suffering :   we shall overcome.  Hip-hop is more active, more aggressive, more militant”  (Simon, 2003).  Boyd says that the youth are using the language of hip-hop as a weapon.  Not a violent weapon but that of a thought provocative weapon.  They want people to stop and think about their actions.  He references the derogatory word of ” Nigger” rooted in racism and slavery and how the late rapper ‘Turpah Shaku’ turned the word around to that of n-i-g-g-a ( never ignorant, getting goals accomplished).  So now the word becomes one of powerful affirmation.

The civil rights movement has come a long way in the USA since the 1960s.  Nevertheless, it still remains a lot of work to accomplish in today’s modern society.  Millions of Americans still live in substandard housing.  They are forced into a poverty trap, because they cannot afford to improve the lives or discriminated against.  Although it is against the law to deny someone a house on racial grounds, we still see them was being manipulated in favour of the whites.

Although segregation is being made illegal in the USA.  School attendance is often based upon where you live.  As both black and white communities are often a apart,  it means that there is less opportunity for mixed education classes.  Even when  mixed races do  occur there’s a tendency towards the black kids hanging out with their own kind  and similarly, the white kids staying in white groups. ” If Michael Jackson thinks it doesn’t matter if you’re black or white, he should visit my school – Brian Jarvis (16).

The African-American community have made significant progress in leadership positions.  There are a lot more serving as governors, elected officials, mayors and politicians.  In 1963 or 535 members of the U.S. Congress were white.  Today the numbers of black representation have increased but not significantly.  The concept of racism has not gone away, but is considered to be more persuasive and widespread than previously imagined. ” Since the 1960s, the struggle continues.  Today not only blacks, but many other groups — including women, Hispanics, Asian-Americans, people with disabilities, homosexuals and other minorities are waging civil rights campaigns.”  (Wilmore, 2010).

Kevin McNair, award-winning journalist and educator living in Atlanta, stated — since our arrival in this country are black people have to deal with numerous contact is whilst trying to retain their sense of dignity.  We need to understand the civil rights movement as part of our history, and that in 2008 we did not simply just arrive here.  McNair feels that since the civil rights movement we have been living in a political Ice Age, where society has fostered hatred of stereotypes, who are different from the majority.  He went on to say, the good news is that the ice is beginning to melt and that there is optimism for the future.

Gavin Wright an  economist at Stanford University, states that the civil rights movement was an economic success.  The southern states have benefited considerably in terms of economic improvements and infrastructure.  The success has been somewhat limited to the launch of Metropolitan  areas in the south.  Regrettably, there are still many rural black communities living in poverty.  It was unfortunate that the breakthrough of the black community into the labor market impacted at a time of economic decline; giving rise to a fall in unskilled wages.  Wright considers that we need a new revitalized robust economic growth pattern, if the goal of racial justice is ever going to be a realistic option for the majority.

Today’s civil rights movements are somewhat muted compared to the leaders of the 1950s and 1960s.  With Pres. Obama having the highest office in the land, it is considered that the manifestation of the civil rights dream has been realized.  In some regards.  There are no big battles to overcome, and as such.  There is a lot of relevance in what is becoming a globalized society or village of all the nation communities.  The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s was focused on the plight of the African-American community.  Today the racial landscape is changed far more Latino Americans and Asians entering the community.  In addition, the USA is having to deal with a large number of illegal immigrants entering the country.  Most of these people do not speak English and in addition, exist outside of the normal system.  This means that they cannot get or obtain the benefits of US citizens, i.e. denial of social welfare benefits, healthcare, voting rights, employment entitlements, etc.

Concluding remarks

Whilst in general terms, the civil rights position in the United States is improving.  There is still a lot of work that needs to be done with minority communities and other ethnic groups.  The situation on an international basis is considered to be far more serious.  We are still witnessing the likes of ethnic cleansing.  Even the Western democracies have failed to prevent this from happening within their society, i.e., consider the recent events that took place in Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.  In Africa we have witnessed similar persecution of the people in countries like the Congo, Rwanda and Zimbabwe.  Oddly enough, the situation in Zimbabwe was almost a complete reversal with the persecution being against the white population of the former Crown colony of Rhodesia.  In the other countries it has been a question of denial of human rights in addition to that of civil rights.  The concept of tribalism and rogue governments denying basic rights of the people.

It is important to recognize the work of the international charities, like Amnesty International, that bring aid and relief to areas suffering civil and human rights abuse.  These organizational provide a world  lens of what is taking place in other international countries around the world.  We have all witnessed the plight of the people in the Sudan through the world media.  What is less known is the amount of refugees that have moved into the neighboring country of Chad.  Some 260,000 Sudanese refugees, mostly women and children with an additional  180,000 displaced people.  Most of these people have been suffering appalling human rights violations i.e., violence, rape and humiliation from rebel forces.  The government of Chad has not been able to provide adequate forces to protect them.  Many of the perpetrators of such crimes have never been brought to justice.

Works Cited

Chew, Robin. Dr Martin Luther King jnr. 1 12 1995. 3 3 2010 <http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/96jan/king.html>.

Cozzens, Lisa. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Introduction. 22 6 1988. 2 3 2010 <http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/>.

Scheier, Bruce. US Civil Rights Movement as an insurgency. 15 12 2009. 3 3 2010 <http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2009/12/the_us_civil_ri.html>.

Simon, Scott. Hip Hop: Today’s Civil Rights Movement? 1 2003. 3 3 2010 <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1178621>.

Williams, Shirley. MIA: History: USA: The Black Panther Party . 25 10 1968. 3 3 2010 <http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/>.

Wilmore, Kathy. Civil Rights: How Far Have We Come? 1 2010. 3 3 2010 <http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4794>.

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Civil Rights Movement

By: History.com Editors

Updated: January 22, 2024 | Original: October 27, 2009

The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Black Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United States. The Civil War officially abolished slavery , but it didn’t end discrimination against Black people—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism, especially in the South. By the mid-20th century, Black Americans, along with many other Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that spanned two decades.

Jim Crow Laws

During Reconstruction , Black people took on leadership roles like never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.

In 1868, the 14th Amendment to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the law. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted Black American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the South, were unhappy that people they’d once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.

To marginalize Black people, keep them separate from white people and erase the progress they’d made during Reconstruction, “ Jim Crow ” laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century. Black people couldn’t use the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or go to the same schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most Black people couldn’t vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.

Jim Crow laws weren’t adopted in northern states; however, Black people still experienced discrimination at their jobs or when they tried to buy a house or get an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for Black Americans.

Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Plessy v. Ferguson that facilities for Black and white people could be “separate but equal."

World War II and Civil Rights

Prior to World War II , most Black people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related work was booming, but most Black Americans weren’t given better-paying jobs. They were also discouraged from joining the military.

After thousands of Black people threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. It opened national defense jobs and other government jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.

Black men and women served heroically in World War II, despite suffering segregation and discrimination during their deployment. The Tuskegee Airmen broke the racial barrier to become the first Black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps and earned more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses. Yet many Black veterans were met with prejudice and scorn upon returning home. This was a stark contrast to why America had entered the war to begin with—to defend freedom and democracy in the world.

As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement.

On December 1, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus after work. Segregation laws at the time stated Black passengers must sit in designated seats at the back of the bus, and Parks complied.

When a white man got on the bus and couldn’t find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the bus driver instructed Parks and three other Black passengers to give up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.

As word of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the “mother of the modern-day civil rights movement.” Black community leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister Martin Luther King Jr ., a role which would place him front and center in the fight for civil rights.

Parks’ courage incited the MIA to stage a boycott of the Montgomery bus system . The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted 381 days. On November 14, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional. 

Little Rock Nine

In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the United States Supreme Court made segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Brown v. Board of Education . In 1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Black high schools to attend the formerly segregated school.

On September 4, 1957, nine Black students, known as the Little Rock Nine , arrived at Central High School to begin classes but were instead met by the Arkansas National Guard (on order of Governor Orval Faubus) and a screaming, threatening mob. The Little Rock Nine tried again a couple of weeks later and made it inside, but had to be removed for their safety when violence ensued.

Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Little Rock Nine to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.

Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attention to the issue of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Black citizens. They often required prospective voters of color to take literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and nearly impossible to pass.

Wanting to show a commitment to the civil rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, the Eisenhower administration pressured Congress to consider new civil rights legislation.

On September 9, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. It allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone from voting. It also created a commission to investigate voter fraud.

Sit-In at Woolworth's Lunch Counter

Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February 1, 1960, four college students took a stand against segregation in Greensboro, North Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth’s lunch counter without being served.

Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause in what became known as the Greensboro sit-ins. After some were arrested and charged with trespassing, protesters launched a boycott of all segregated lunch counters until the owners caved and the original four students were finally served at the Woolworth’s lunch counter where they’d first stood their ground.

Their efforts spearheaded peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement. It also caught the eye of young college graduate Stokely Carmichael , who joined the SNCC during the Freedom Summer of 1964 to register Black voters in Mississippi. In 1966, Carmichael became the chair of the SNCC, giving his famous speech in which he originated the phrase "Black power.”

Freedom Riders

On May 4, 1961, 13 “ Freedom Riders ”—seven Black and six white activists–mounted a Greyhound bus in Washington, D.C. , embarking on a bus tour of the American south to protest segregated bus terminals. They were testing the 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that declared the segregation of interstate transportation facilities unconstitutional.

Facing violence from both police officers and white protesters, the Freedom Rides drew international attention. On Mother’s Day 1961, the bus reached Anniston, Alabama, where a mob mounted the bus and threw a bomb into it. The Freedom Riders escaped the burning bus but were badly beaten. Photos of the bus engulfed in flames were widely circulated, and the group could not find a bus driver to take them further. U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (brother to President John F. Kennedy ) negotiated with Alabama Governor John Patterson to find a suitable driver, and the Freedom Riders resumed their journey under police escort on May 20. But the officers left the group once they reached Montgomery, where a white mob brutally attacked the bus. Attorney General Kennedy responded to the riders—and a call from Martin Luther King Jr.—by sending federal marshals to Montgomery.

On May 24, 1961, a group of Freedom Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi. Though met with hundreds of supporters, the group was arrested for trespassing in a “whites-only” facility and sentenced to 30 days in jail. Attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Court, which reversed the convictions. Hundreds of new Freedom Riders were drawn to the cause, and the rides continued.

In the fall of 1961, under pressure from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals

March on Washington

Arguably one of the most famous events of the civil rights movement took place on August 28, 1963: the March on Washington . It was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such as A. Philip Randolph , Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King Jr.

More than 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the main purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone. The highlight of the march was King’s speech in which he continually stated, “I have a dream…”

King’s “ I Have a Dream” speech galvanized the national civil rights movement and became a slogan for equality and freedom.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 —legislation initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his assassination —into law on July 2 of that year.

King and other civil rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, limited the use of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.

Bloody Sunday

On March 7, 1965, the civil rights movement in Alabama took an especially violent turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officer and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.

As the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police sent by Alabama Governor George C. Wallace, a vocal opponent of desegregation. Refusing to stand down, protesters moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by police and dozens of protesters were hospitalized.

The entire incident was televised and became known as “ Bloody Sunday .” Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, but King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on August 6, 1965, he took the Civil Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions. 

It also allowed the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a result, poll taxes were later declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.

Part of the Act was walked back decades later, in 2013, when a Supreme Court decision ruled that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional, holding that the constraints placed on certain states and federal review of states' voting procedures were outdated.

Civil Rights Leaders Assassinated

The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for two of its leaders in the late 1960s. On February 21, 1965, former Nation of Islam leader and Organization of Afro-American Unity founder Malcolm X was assassinated at a rally.

On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room's balcony. Emotionally-charged looting and riots followed, putting even more pressure on the Johnson administration to push through additional civil rights laws.

Fair Housing Act of 1968

The Fair Housing Act became law on April 11, 1968, just days after King’s assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion. It was also the last legislation enacted during the civil rights era.

The civil rights movement was an empowering yet precarious time for Black Americans. The efforts of civil rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, Black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.

A Brief History of Jim Crow. Constitutional Rights Foundation. Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library. Document for June 25th: Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense Industry. National Archives. Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit-In. African American Odyssey. Little Rock School Desegregation (1957).  The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford . Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford . Rosa Marie Parks Biography. Rosa and Raymond Parks. Selma, Alabama, (Bloody Sunday, March 7, 1965). BlackPast.org. The Civil Rights Movement (1919-1960s). National Humanities Center. The Little Rock Nine. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior: Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site. Turning Point: World War II. Virginia Historical Society.

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Concurrent revolutions : rock & roll and the civil rights movement

• Masters Thesis
• Baer, Cheryl LS
• McBroome, Delores Nason
• Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
• Social Science
• California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt
• Civil Rights
• Rock & Roll
• Humboldt State University -- Theses -- Teaching American History
• Humboldt State University -- Theses -- Social Science
• 2006-02-08T23:52:22Z
• http://hdl.handle.net/2148/31
• application/pdf
• Thesis/Project (M.S.S.)--Humboldt State University, Teaching American History, 2005.

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