case study in kannada

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How is the coronavirus lockdown affecting Indian language publishing? A case study from Kannada

Author vasudhendra writes about the dire situation for books in the language he writes in. it may be no different for other languages..

Kannada book-publishers, sellers and distributors are choking and gasping for breath. Like Abhimanyu in the Chakravyuha , they are trapped, with no escape in sight.

The story so far

The English-language and Kannada publishing businesses are different on several counts, with the latter not having the scale of readership that English has. Although the population of Karnataka state is over 60 million, a maximum of only about a thousand copies of any Kannada book is actually sold, and then with great difficulty. Only a few well-known writers manage to sell between five thousand and ten thousand copies.

There are no agents and no system in place to help publishers acquire good manuscripts. And writers are not paid well either, owing to the glaring absence of competition among publishing houses. As a result, authors often need to plead with publishers to get their work published. Many a times, deserving manuscripts go unnoticed.

One of the unique features of the Kannada literary world is the familial atmosphere. Many writers mention their contact details in their books, and it is not uncommon to find readers chatting with their favourite writers, visiting their homes or having them over at their own, and hosting lunches and organising literary events for these writers.

The average age of the Kannada reader continues to increase every passing day. Our excessive fixation with the English language has resulted in the continuous closure of Kannada-medium schools; few parents are willing to send their children to schools with Kannada as the medium of instruction.

On the other hand, English medium schools are not only reluctant to teach Kannada as a language, but some of them also impose penalties on students who converse in Kannada. As a result, the youth have largely remained distant from Kannada literature, and it is mostly the older generation that is passionate about reading Kannada books. This is a tribe that is gradually dwindling.

Enter coronavirus

The Corona virus lockdown has sent the industry out of the frying pan into the fire. All major Kannada bookstores are closed, including prominent ones like Sapna Book Store, NavaKarnataka Publications and Ankita Publications . Elderly Kannada readers, who constitute the majority of readers, like browsing at the bookstore, reading and touching the books before making a purchase.

Online shopping for Kannada books has had limited popularity in the past, but it has gained pace in the recent times. The traffic woes of Bengaluru city and the conspicuous absence of bookstores across the state has contributed to the growing popularity of this system. Likewise, the system of hand delivery, allowing readers to place an order through WhatsApp and pay online, after which the book would reach their home, has been adopted too.

Sadly, all of this has come to a screeching halt with the lockdown in place and only essential products being allowed to be transported. The books that were dispatched a just before the lockdown have piled up in the warehouses of courier companies, and no one is sure how long it will take for them to reach their respective destinations.

Dead events

Kannada readers attach significant value to book release events and gather in huge numbers at these. Five or six books are released every week, and these events also serve as important platform for writers, publishers and readers to mingle and interact. Large volumes are sold during such releases, which also constitute a very important marketing channel for new books.

This has obviously come to a standstill for now, so much so that publishers are even reluctant to initiate the publication of new books. Bundles of published books ready for release are now piled up in warehouses. While some writers did manage to release their works through social networking websites, how on earth will those books reach the readers?

And handful of Kannadigas have opened themselves to the concept of e-books. A new firm named MyLangBooks has developed a mobile app for readers to download and read e-books in Kannada, while Google Play Books has also facilitated selling and reading of Kannada e-Books, though Amazon’s Kindle has not yet warmed up to the language.

ChandaPustaka , a prominent publishing house, has even offered a 50% discount on all their e-books during the lockdown period. However, this mode of reading is largely alien to most Kannada readers, who are reluctant to read on a mobile or a tablet. Still, the lack of access to physical books might lead to some reluctant conversion.

Online, offline

There is a flurry of literary activity on social networking websites, with a number of young poets and writers reading out their work online through the day. While such initiatives have garnered praise and encouragement, it is not sure how long this can be sustained.

Of course, in theory readers should have a lot of reading time at their disposal during the lockdown, with their To Be Read collections begging for attention. However, they are facing a challenge in focusing on books, stressing as they are over pandemic-related news updates instead.

February and March are important months for Kannada book publishers, as this is the time when the government purchases books for its libraries and makes payments upfront. This period also marks the end of the financial year. But the pandemic has put a hold on all the purchase activities of the government, which also happens to be the biggest customer for Kannada publishers.

By the time the pandemic abates and situation is normal again, a new financial year will have begun, but the publishers fear that the Karnataka government, which is already grappling with revenue shortfalls, might just use this as an excuse to cancel the annual book purchase activity.

Kannada readers and publishers, who only feared the silverfish that ate up books stored in warehouses, are now terrified by a microscopic parasite which threatens to cause a loss of greater magnitude. There is great uncertainty over how long this situation will persist, but one thing is for certain – after the world limps back to normalcy, the Kannada book industry will find itself in an entirely different situation, with new challenges to address.

Translated by Karthik.

This series of articles on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on publishing is curated by Kanishka Gupta.

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Accelerating Gender Equality for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Dakshina Kannada District, India

• First Online: 24 February 2024

Cite this chapter

• Shalini Aiyappa 39 ,
• Rashmi Kodikal 40 &
• Habeeb Ur Rahiman 41  

Part of the book series: Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects ((TVET,volume 38))

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India has a female population of roughly 660 million and has been clambering slowly towards the attainment of gender equality. The Global Gap Index, 2022, as released by the World Economic Forum has placed India at 135 out of 146 countries. It shows that there is hardly any reason to smile as India has faltered on the road to achieving gender equality. To be at par with the gender equality goals set by the UN SDG 5, the Indian Government and NGOs are trying their best to move India’s abyssal ranking in this dimension and help women overcome staggering economic and social barriers. This chapter is a case study that discusses the nuances of the operations adopted by Prajna Counselling Centre, an NGO located in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka, India. The case describes how a developing country like India is striving to attain SDG 5 at the grassroots level and discusses the implementation of developmental programs at 12 villages (referred to as panchayats in India) in the chosen district of the Indian state. The results show a remarkable increase in gender sensitivity and participation of women backed with three-tier functional mechanism to protect women and girl children against violence and discrimination.

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Aiyappa, S., Kodikal, R., Rahiman, H.U. (2024). Accelerating Gender Equality for Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Dakshina Kannada District, India. In: Khamis Hamdan, R., Hamdan, A., Alareeni, B., Khoury, R.E. (eds) Information and Communication Technology in Technical and Vocational Education and Training for Sustainable and Equal Opportunity. Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, vol 38. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6909-8_30

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River interlinking in dakshina kannada and udupi districts of coastal karnataka - A case study

• Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Undivided Dakshina Kannada (DK) district of coastal Karnataka includes Udupi and now Dakshina Knnada (Mangalore) districts and comprises many west flowing river networks with 13 major rivers and hundreds of tributaries and rivulets. These river networks contribute the major share for irrigation and domestic water needs. Due to the increased urbanization and industrialization activities, a growing demand for water is observed in the recent years. Even though the region receives good amount of rainfall (about 3500mm to 4000mm per annum), a large quantity joins the sea as surface runoff due to steep slopes prevalent in the Western Ghats and lateritic terrain in other areas. There is saltwater ingression problem in the coastal region. Therefore, shortage of water during summer season is observed in many places. In this context, a project named "SOUBHAGYA SANJEEEVINI", for linking the rivers of undivided Dakshina Kannada has been proposed (Kundaprabha,12-11-2002). This study highlights the feasibility of such a project. The study area comprises rock types of different ages overlaid by Archeans such as Gneisses, Schist, Granites, Volcanogenic metasediments, Dykes, Quartzites, Laterites and Bauxites, Clay, Alluvium and Beach deposits. About 805 lineaments are traced with a length of 1km - 30km of which about 785 are minor and 57 major. Two main soil types observed are laterite and alluvial. Different landforms in the study area include Coastal, Fluvial and structural. Coastal plains, Spits, Estuaries, Bars, Beaches, Beach ridges, Mangroves etc. are the coastal landforms observable while Fluvial landforms include Alluvial Flood-plains, Point bars, Channel bars and River Terraces. Structural landforms comprise Duricrusts, Linear ridges, Mesas, Talus, Residual hills, Pediment slopes, Structural hills, Scarps, Valley fills, Pediplains etc. The different types of river channel patterns observed are Straight, Meandering and Braided. Rivers in the western ghat region are of "Young Flashy" type. Many areas in the Western ghat region are too slopy with elevation rising to 1300m or more within short distances. Thus Geology, Landforms, Soil characteristics and River morphology in the region are varying highly. Keeping in view all these factors, the rivers in the region can be interlinked through their tributaries and rivulets by running artificial channels wherever required, instead of one in North-South direction, at the foothill of Western Ghat. Check dams/barrages/ vented dams are to be constructed across the rivers to divert the water into the interlinking canals. Existing vented dams with some modifications can be made use along with the tanks and natural depressions (Madagas), as temporary reservoirs. The exact amount to be diverted can be estimated based on total water demand and also by considering other collateral factors. Degradation of the deciduous forests in the Western ghat may affect the hydro meteorological characteristics (Orographic Precipitation) of the region. New diversion canals may also pose problems like water logging, increase in the salinity on the downstream, increase in sea erosion in river mouths etc. Hence, it is advisable to divert partial flow from the natural courses. Copyright@ Enviromedia.

All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

• Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
• Nature and Landscape Conservation

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• Link to citation list in Scopus

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• Western Ghats Earth and Planetary Sciences 100%
• rivers INIS 100%
• Landform Earth and Planetary Sciences 60%
• water INIS 41%
• landforms INIS 41%
• Piedmont Earth and Planetary Sciences 40%
• coastal regions INIS 33%
• dams INIS 25%

T1 - River interlinking in dakshina kannada and udupi districts of coastal karnataka - A case study

AU - Chadaga, Mohandas

AU - Udayashankar, H. N.

AU - Ganesha, A.

AU - Gangahdhar, Bhat H.

PY - 2009/12/1

Y1 - 2009/12/1

N2 - Undivided Dakshina Kannada (DK) district of coastal Karnataka includes Udupi and now Dakshina Knnada (Mangalore) districts and comprises many west flowing river networks with 13 major rivers and hundreds of tributaries and rivulets. These river networks contribute the major share for irrigation and domestic water needs. Due to the increased urbanization and industrialization activities, a growing demand for water is observed in the recent years. Even though the region receives good amount of rainfall (about 3500mm to 4000mm per annum), a large quantity joins the sea as surface runoff due to steep slopes prevalent in the Western Ghats and lateritic terrain in other areas. There is saltwater ingression problem in the coastal region. Therefore, shortage of water during summer season is observed in many places. In this context, a project named "SOUBHAGYA SANJEEEVINI", for linking the rivers of undivided Dakshina Kannada has been proposed (Kundaprabha,12-11-2002). This study highlights the feasibility of such a project. The study area comprises rock types of different ages overlaid by Archeans such as Gneisses, Schist, Granites, Volcanogenic metasediments, Dykes, Quartzites, Laterites and Bauxites, Clay, Alluvium and Beach deposits. About 805 lineaments are traced with a length of 1km - 30km of which about 785 are minor and 57 major. Two main soil types observed are laterite and alluvial. Different landforms in the study area include Coastal, Fluvial and structural. Coastal plains, Spits, Estuaries, Bars, Beaches, Beach ridges, Mangroves etc. are the coastal landforms observable while Fluvial landforms include Alluvial Flood-plains, Point bars, Channel bars and River Terraces. Structural landforms comprise Duricrusts, Linear ridges, Mesas, Talus, Residual hills, Pediment slopes, Structural hills, Scarps, Valley fills, Pediplains etc. The different types of river channel patterns observed are Straight, Meandering and Braided. Rivers in the western ghat region are of "Young Flashy" type. Many areas in the Western ghat region are too slopy with elevation rising to 1300m or more within short distances. Thus Geology, Landforms, Soil characteristics and River morphology in the region are varying highly. Keeping in view all these factors, the rivers in the region can be interlinked through their tributaries and rivulets by running artificial channels wherever required, instead of one in North-South direction, at the foothill of Western Ghat. Check dams/barrages/ vented dams are to be constructed across the rivers to divert the water into the interlinking canals. Existing vented dams with some modifications can be made use along with the tanks and natural depressions (Madagas), as temporary reservoirs. The exact amount to be diverted can be estimated based on total water demand and also by considering other collateral factors. Degradation of the deciduous forests in the Western ghat may affect the hydro meteorological characteristics (Orographic Precipitation) of the region. New diversion canals may also pose problems like water logging, increase in the salinity on the downstream, increase in sea erosion in river mouths etc. Hence, it is advisable to divert partial flow from the natural courses. Copyright@ Enviromedia.

AB - Undivided Dakshina Kannada (DK) district of coastal Karnataka includes Udupi and now Dakshina Knnada (Mangalore) districts and comprises many west flowing river networks with 13 major rivers and hundreds of tributaries and rivulets. These river networks contribute the major share for irrigation and domestic water needs. Due to the increased urbanization and industrialization activities, a growing demand for water is observed in the recent years. Even though the region receives good amount of rainfall (about 3500mm to 4000mm per annum), a large quantity joins the sea as surface runoff due to steep slopes prevalent in the Western Ghats and lateritic terrain in other areas. There is saltwater ingression problem in the coastal region. Therefore, shortage of water during summer season is observed in many places. In this context, a project named "SOUBHAGYA SANJEEEVINI", for linking the rivers of undivided Dakshina Kannada has been proposed (Kundaprabha,12-11-2002). This study highlights the feasibility of such a project. The study area comprises rock types of different ages overlaid by Archeans such as Gneisses, Schist, Granites, Volcanogenic metasediments, Dykes, Quartzites, Laterites and Bauxites, Clay, Alluvium and Beach deposits. About 805 lineaments are traced with a length of 1km - 30km of which about 785 are minor and 57 major. Two main soil types observed are laterite and alluvial. Different landforms in the study area include Coastal, Fluvial and structural. Coastal plains, Spits, Estuaries, Bars, Beaches, Beach ridges, Mangroves etc. are the coastal landforms observable while Fluvial landforms include Alluvial Flood-plains, Point bars, Channel bars and River Terraces. Structural landforms comprise Duricrusts, Linear ridges, Mesas, Talus, Residual hills, Pediment slopes, Structural hills, Scarps, Valley fills, Pediplains etc. The different types of river channel patterns observed are Straight, Meandering and Braided. Rivers in the western ghat region are of "Young Flashy" type. Many areas in the Western ghat region are too slopy with elevation rising to 1300m or more within short distances. Thus Geology, Landforms, Soil characteristics and River morphology in the region are varying highly. Keeping in view all these factors, the rivers in the region can be interlinked through their tributaries and rivulets by running artificial channels wherever required, instead of one in North-South direction, at the foothill of Western Ghat. Check dams/barrages/ vented dams are to be constructed across the rivers to divert the water into the interlinking canals. Existing vented dams with some modifications can be made use along with the tanks and natural depressions (Madagas), as temporary reservoirs. The exact amount to be diverted can be estimated based on total water demand and also by considering other collateral factors. Degradation of the deciduous forests in the Western ghat may affect the hydro meteorological characteristics (Orographic Precipitation) of the region. New diversion canals may also pose problems like water logging, increase in the salinity on the downstream, increase in sea erosion in river mouths etc. Hence, it is advisable to divert partial flow from the natural courses. Copyright@ Enviromedia.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77951595264&partnerID=8YFLogxK

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M3 - Article

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JO - Ecology, Environment and Conservation

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• Published: 10 May 2024

On-farm crop diversity, conservation, importance and value: a case study of landraces from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

• G. M. Puneeth 1 ,
• Ravi Gowthami 2 ,
• Ashvinkumar Katral 3 ,
• Kerekoppa Manjunatha Laxmisha 1 ,
• Ramesh Vasudeva 4 ,
• Gyanendra Pratap Singh 2 &
• Sunil Archak 2  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  10712 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Metrics details

• Natural variation in plants
• Plant breeding

Landraces are important genetic resources that have a significant role in maintaining the long-term sustainability of traditional agro-ecosystems, food, nutrition, and livelihood security. In an effort to document landraces in the on-farm conservation context, Central Western Ghat region in India was surveyed. A total of 671 landraces belonging to 60 crops were recorded from 24 sites. The custodian farmers were found to conserve a variety of crops including vegetables, cereals and pulses, perennial fruits, spices, tuber and plantation crops. The survey indicated a difference in the prevalence of landraces across the sites. A significant difference with respect to the Shannon-diversity index, Gini-Simpson index, evenness, species richness, and abundance was observed among the different survey sites. Computation of a prevalence index indicated the need for immediate intervention in the form of collecting and ex situ conservation of landraces of some crops as a back-up to on-farm conservation. The study also identified the critical determinants of on-farm conservation, including (i) suitability to regional conditions, (ii) relevance in regional cuisine and local medicinal practices, (iii) cultural and traditional significance, and (iv) economic advantage. The information documented in this study is expected to promote the collection and conservation of landraces ex situ. The National Genebank housed at ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi conserves around 550 accessions of landraces collected from the Central Western Ghats region surveyed in this report. Information collected from custodian farmers on specific uses will be helpful to enhance the utilization of these accessions.

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Introduction.

Plant genetic resources (PGR) are the foundation for crop improvement and global food security 1 . The genetic diversity of crop plants has been maintained by farming communities by cultivating landraces. Landraces are variously known as heritage, heirloom or primitive cultivars or folk and farmers’ varieties 2 . Villa et al. 3 defined landrace as “a dynamic population of a cultivated plant that has historical origin, distinct identity and lacks formal crop improvement, as well as often being genetically diverse, locally adapted and associated with traditional farming systems.” Due to the adaptive evolution, landraces constitute a reservoir of genes for nutritive value and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses 4 . Landraces play a significant role in maintaining the long-term stability of traditional agro-ecosystems.

Since landraces are lost due to genetic erosion 5 , 6 , genebanks around the world have captured their diversity in the form of 7.4 million germplasm accessions 7 . Although these ex situ collections have been providing the base material for crop improvement programs around the world, the material is no longer continuously adapting to changes in the environment, such as new races of pest or diseases, or major climatic changes. On the other hand, the population conserved on-farm continues to be dynamic in response to changes in local biotic and abiotic interactions as well as selection by custodian farmers thereby retaining its adaptation to the local environment and its distinguishing characteristics. In fact, landraces continue to exist “on farm” resulting in a traditional set up of “conservation by cultivation”. On-farm conservation has been defined as “the sustainable management of genetic diversity of locally developed traditional crop varieties, with associated wild and weedy species or forms, by farmers within traditional agricultural, horticultural or agri-silvicultural cultivation systems” 8 . Advantage of adaptive evolution offered by landraces, such as locally adapted alleles and allele complexes, exist only under on-farm conservation 9 .

Researchers have been endeavoring to document the on-farm conservation activities in many parts of the world 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 . However, insufficient documentation, inadequate transfer of ethnobotanical relevance from generation to generation, lack of interest among younger generations and inefficient policy intervention have led to and poor conservation and inadequate exploitation of landraces in plant breeding.

Western Ghats are a chain of mountains lying along the western coast of peninsular India for a length of 1600 km with an average elevation of 1500 m above mean sea level covering Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu 15 . Western Ghats in India form one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots in the world 16 . As one of the four biodiversity hotspots in India, Western Ghats are home to 5000 angiosperm species, of which 34% are endemic 17 . The region is a primary center of origin for many crop species and houses a vast diversity of cultivated and wild crop plants. In addition to diverse flora and fauna, the Western Ghats are also native to diverse social, religious, cultural and linguistic groups. The crop biodiversity of the Western Ghats region has been documented previously by Asha et al. 18 ; Gajanana et al. 19 and Ramachandra et al. 20 .

Landraces should not be perceived merely as farmers’ cultivars that are reservoirs of useful traits. Landraces in an on-farm setup also include components of cultural landscapes and conservation agriculture and vistas to new market opportunities. Therefore, standalone inventorization of material becomes an inadequate exercise of documentation. On the other hand, documentation of the landraces in the on-farm conservation context provides insights into food-systems and sustainability. The present study was conducted in the context of the Central Western Ghats region of Karnataka state of India (i) to document the on-farm landrace diversity and conservation practices and (ii) to determine factors affecting on-farm conservation practices.

Methodology

Sampling methods and data collection.

The survey to document the on-farm conservation was conducted in Central Western Ghats covering four districts viz ., Uttara Kannada, Shivamogga, Dakshina Kannada and Belagavi of Karnataka state in the southern part of India (Fig.  1 ). Initially, basic information regarding the distribution and type of crops, landraces and custodian farmers were collected by communicating with the resource-rich persons, local Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), agriculture colleges, non-government organizations and Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Authority, (PPV&FRA) New Delhi.

Map showing the survey area ( a ) India map highlighted with the survey state ( b ) Karnataka map with four survey districts (highlighted with different colours).

With the gradual replacement of landraces and changes in cropping pattern, there is a significant reduction in the on-farm conservation sites where landraces are cultivated. In such a scenario, where participants are difficult to locate, surveyors have used snowball sampling techniques 21 . We also used this nonprobability technique to identify potential on-farm conservation sites. Snowball sampling or chain referral sampling is a useful tool for analyzing rare instances or in our case, unexposed conservation sites. Resource persons from local KVKs and/or other organizations provided information about farmers conserving landraces in the respective jurisdiction.

The survey was conducted from November 2020 to November 2021 to record the landrace diversity of different crops and their status. Based on the initial information obtained, farm households/farmers engaged in landrace conservation or mainly practicing low-input organic agriculture were pooled for information. The data was collected using socio-metric survey with snowball sampling technique 22 where, custodian farmers were identified through data provided by other fellow farmers. A simple questionnaire was used to conduct the survey, which was based on an interview method and field observations. Farmers’ fields were visited to record the details of landraces and factors determining their conservation and use. Farmsteads were mapped based on geo-coordinates. Each landrace was recorded with botanical name, common name and the local name. Further, the farmers were also interviewed to obtain personal information, their farm details (landrace cultivation area, total farm area, cropping pattern), cultivation constraints, reasons for not growing landraces, community knowledge of biodiversity conservation and on-farm conservation, present and past use of landraces, traditional and cultural uses associated with the landraces, etc. Efforts were made to document the purpose of cultivating each crop species based on the total economic value (Fig.  2 ). In the entire exercise, we made sure to comply with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislations while documenting of on-farm conservation of landraces.

The nature of total economic value of landraces.

Features of the study area

The Western Ghats Region in Karnataka, locally known as Malenadu lies between 12° 2′ 7″ N and 15° 44′ 46″ N latitude and 74° 14′ 3″ E and 75° 76′ 17″ E longitude. The Central Western Ghats Region extends through an area of 37,000 km 2 covering areas of Chamarajanagara, Mysuru, Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, Shivamogga, Uttara Kannada and Belagavi districts. The climate in the Western Ghats varies with the altitudinal gradation and distance from the Arabian Sea coast. The climate is humid and tropical in the lower reaches tempered by the proximity to the sea. Mean temperatures range from 20 °C (68°F) to 24 °C (75°F). The area is plain and the climate is humid along the west coast; thick forest and hilly area in the center; and tropical monsoon climate with undulated area towards the east side. Agricultural land in this region comprises of a variety of soil types including red soils, laterite soil, black soils and humid soils. Rice, spices, areca nut, jackfruit, cashew nut and sugarcane crops cover majority of the agricultural land area 23 , 24 . Weather parameters, land utilization and cropping pattern of the surveyed area are given in Table 1 .

Statistical analysis

The data on the status of on-farm conservation and management in the region was gathered from multiple survey visits over a period of one-year. The data was analyzed by considering the cultivation of landraces across different districts in order to determine diversity and distribution. The following indices were computed to interpret the collected data:

where H = Shannon diversity index; P i  = Proportion of individuals of ith species in a whole community 25 .

where n = Individuals of a given type/species; N = Total number of individuals in a community.

The Gini-Simpson index (or Simpson's index of diversity) measures the probability that the two randomly selected individuals belong to different species 26 .

where n i  = Number of individuals in the i th species; and N = Total number of individuals in the community.

Informed consent

The authors have obtained the consent from the custodian farmers and they are aware of the intended publication of information and images of the same.

Results and discussion

Landrace diversity, inventory of landraces and prevalence.

Landraces were documented from the Central Western Ghats spanning four districts of Karnataka. Snowball sampling allowed us to reach 24 farmsteads during the study. A total of 671 unique landraces belonging to 60 different crops were documented. These landraces belonged to fruits (8 crops, 181 landraces), vegetables (9 crops, 54 landraces), spices (8 crops, 40 landraces), pulse crops (4 crops, 15 landraces), plantation crops (3 crops, 11 landraces), tuber crops (4 crops, 32 landraces) and few miscellaneous plants (23 crops, 24 landraces). Rice was the only cereal crop documented in the region. However, out of the 671 unique landraces documented, 314 belonged to rice. Rice and fruits together accounted for three fourths of the total landraces documented.

The survey indicated that farmsteads with on-farm conservation and custodian farmers involved in cultivation of landraces were few and far between. It was clearly observed that even farmers immediately neighboring the on-farm farmsteads were not cultivating landraces. If a given landrace is cultivated at more than one on-farm conservation site, there is greater probability of continuity of conservation and availability. In other words, it is important to understand the prevalence of a landrace during the documentation process.

Based on the nomenclature synonymy of landraces, a Prevalence Index (PI) for on-farm conserved landraces was assessed as:

where O is the occurrence frequency of landraces in the surveyed area; N is the number of landraces recorded; n is the number sites surveyed.

Out of 671 landraces documented during the survey, it was found that as many as 243 landraces were cultivated by two or more custodian farmers. It was observed that frequency of occurrence ranged from 1 to 7 (Table 2 ). The prevalence index was highest for banana (1.95). The PI of rice was 1.53 followed by chili (1.5), jackfruit (1.35), mango (1.33), ridge gourd (1.28), pepper (1.26), lab-lab bean (1.25) and brinjal (1.06) (Table 2 ). Meanwhile, for remaining 28 crops the value of PI was 1, showing that only one occurrence per landrace was recorded across the survey area.

A solitary farmstead practicing on-farm conservation of local landraces in a given area is matter of pride as well as concern. A family practicing on-farm cultivation of traditional cultivars singlehandedly contributes, as the custodians, towards conservation and perpetuity of landrace diversity. On the other hand, discontinuation of this practice by the custodian family due to any reason could possibly lead to irreversible loss of the landraces. Germplasm explorations by collectors may need to urgently focus on such landraces to ensure that these are conserved ex situ. Stakeholders may also look at promoting seed exchange among the farming community in order to increase their chance of “conservation by use”.

Importance of landraces

The landraces across farmsteads were documented to be conserved for their specific uses such as culinary purposes in raw, cooked, pickled and processed form, medicinal value or multiple uses (Table 3 ).

Fruit landraces were found growing on the bunds, near the roadside, on marginal lands, in kitchen gardens and in between plantation crops in the fields mainly for personal use and not as commercial crops. Mango landraces have been conserved for their use in making pickles 27 . One of the unique landraces of mango to this region, Appemidi (used for pickle preparation only) has got Geographical Indication (GI) for Shivamogga and Uttara Kannada region. Neeru Kukku, a special landrace of Dakshina Kannada, can be soaked in salt water for 1–2 years without damaging the quality (named for this quality) and is also used in making huli for sambar (adds aroma and sour taste to sambar instead of tamarind) (Fig.  3 a). This area also accommodates huge diversity of jackfruit, kokum and banana landraces than any region, owing for their adaptation and good growing conditions in the region. In jackfruit, soft fruited ( Biluva or Ambli types) varieties are used in preparation of local cuisines ( idli, kadubu ) and hard fruited ( bakke type) landraces are used in the production of processed food products such as paapad and chips (matured fruit before ripening); and is also consumed as a fruit. Mankale Red , a landrace of jackfruit from Mankale, a place in Sagara (Shivamogga) has red fruits in which both rags and tendrils have a pleasant flavor when consumed (Fig.  3 b). Banana landraces like Elakki Baale , Mitli; pineapple landrace like Ananus Local and jamun landraces are used as dessert fruit; Hoo Baale (flowers), Kadhali/Deva Baale (flowers), Sakkare Baale are used as vegetable (Fig.  3 c). Landraces like Betta Baale (pseudo-stem is used for kidney stones) and Kallu Baale (used to treat kidney stones and grows on stones in the hilly regions) have medicinal properties. Meanwhile, some kokum landraces like Uppage Local (making huli for sambar, extract oil from seeds, juice preparation), Muruga Huli and Punarpuli (Fig.  3 d) are well-maintained. Vasugi et al. 27 assessed the diversity and morphological variations of Appemidi mango varieties in the same region. In the same way, Pradeep et al. 28 observed cultivation of many landraces (> 20 each) in native crops such as mango and banana in Kerala, which is adjacent to our study area.

( a ) Neeru Kukku, a local mango landrace, ( b ) farmer with original tree of ‘ Mankale Red’ a jackfruit variety, ( c ) Elakki Baale, grown in a farmer field, ( d ) A farmer with landrace, Bili Murugalu , of kokum.

Spices are high-value crops with large-scale export potential 29 . As a result, collecting and preserving spice crop germplasm is critical. In this regard, the Central Western Ghats holds a vast diversity of spice landraces for yield traits, resistance to disease and pests than improved varieties. Karimunda (spicier, good keeping quality i.e., 50–100 years), Vakkalu , Gejje Hipli , Malligesara (good yield potential) (Fig.  4 a) and Thekkam Bunch Pepper (Fig.  4 b) are few landraces of pepper 30 . Maavina Kaayi Arishina and Kukku Shunti were fragrant type landraces in turmeric and ginger respectively. While Jawari Arishina (turmeric) (Fig.  4 c) contains more curcumin (7–8%) content and Jawari Shunti (ginger) is spicier and more pungent than the released varieties as per the farmers’ knowledge. Nutmeg used for preparation of ayurvedic formulations. Highly fragrant landrace of clove and some cardamom landraces like Naati Yelakki (Fig.  4 d) , Kilara, Lambodi Thali and Gundu Kaalu were recorded during the survey. Saji et al. 31 reviewed the conservation aspects and cultivar diversity of different spices of Western Ghats in particular and India in general.

Representative photos of the spice landraces observed in the survey area ( a ) Malligesara, landrace of pepper, ( b ) Thekkam Bunch Pepper , landrace of pepper, ( c ) Jawari Shunti, landrace of turmeric ( d ) Naati Yelakki, landrace of cardamom.

Plantation crops

Plantation crops like areca nut, coffee, coconut and betel vine are the major crops grown in the region, hence their landraces too. Betel wine landraces namely, Kasaravalli, Lakkavalli, Naagavalli and Panchavalli are recorded during the study with limited information of the same regarding their importance and characteristics 31 . Areca nut landraces like Sonda and Dodda Adike are reported from the locality. Tiptur Local is a famous variety of coconut grown all over the Karnataka state.

Though the climate and weather of the Central Western Ghats region restrict the commercial cultivation of vegetables, many farmers grow landraces of different vegetables which are adapted to the locality’s soil and climate (Fig.  5 ). They grow, maintain, promote and preserve these landraces by harvesting the matured fruits for seeds to sow in the next generation. These landraces develop special traits over the years for its climate and soil conditions. Brinjal landrace Udupi Mattu Gulla has very thin skin and small spines on the fruit surface 32 . It has a unique taste and virtually gets dissolved while cooking and is also less astringent and less bitter when compared to other varieties of brinjal, and has got GI tag in the Udupi region, and Marabadane/Kudane (bacterial wilt resistance/used grafting) are among other brinjal landraces. Landraces of okra conserved are Bahuvarshika Bende (perennial), Aane Kombu Bende (very long fruits), Sunkada Bende (fruit contain protective hairs) and Entugere Bende (8 ridged fruit, large size) (Table 2 ). Cucumber is one of the important vegetables and many dual-purpose cucumber landraces are conserved. Aane Mottu/Hegge Southe (red pulp, pumpkin size, sweet taste), Aati Southe (in rainy season), Ibbudla (juice making), Neeru Southe (waterier content, grown near canals), Oddu Southe (for summer season, bitter pulp) are some of the landraces conserved on-farm. Landraces of other crops includes Sihi Haagala (bitter gourd) vegetable with no bitterness used by diabetes patients, Sooji Menasu (chili pepper) with spicy richness used for preparation of dishes and also act as a pain killer and a coolant. Likewise, Latha et al. 32 recorded and documented different vegetables and their landrace diversity in the Western Ghats region of India. In a comparable manner the landrace variety of vegetables in the Italian Pugglia region was documented by Conversa et al. 11 .

Representation of different landraces of vegetables ( a ) Chili, ( b ) Brinjal, ( c ) Ridge gourd, ( d ) Pumpkin.

Tubers are important for food and nutrition security, as well as adaptation to climate change. Among the tuber crops, Kunabi Mudli (taro) (3ft long, big size, soft after boiling) is used in the preparation of patrode (a local dish). Most of the tuber landraces viz ., Bili Genasu, Thuppada Genasu, Kempu Genasu, Nagar Cone and Taambde Cone (yam) are used as vegetable and making sambar. Some tubers like Chirike (highest vitamins) (yam) and Taikilo (taro) (immunity booster and healing of wounds as antiseptic) are also used for their medicinal properties. In a special case of Kunabi tribes in the Joida area of Uttara Kannada, different tuber crops and their wild relatives were documented. Some of the documented landraces are also mentioned by Asha et al. 18 . Similar documentation work in tuber crops was also conducted by Alwis et al. 10 in Sri Lanka.

Cereals (Rice)

Rice is the staple crop of the region. Despite having many adversaries, many farmers are indulging themselves in cultivating, maintaining, promoting hundreds of rice landraces, which are very well adapted to the region’s climate and other agro-ecological factors. Some of the interviewed farmers are preserving hundreds of landraces because of their passion for conservation, market value, and in order to maintain the legacy of their ancestors. Some of the famous landraces maintained even now in the region are Nereguruli Batta (thrives in submergence for 40 days), Rajamudi (high tillering ability, organic cultivation, kernels are red and white rice type with soft rice, good for diabetes and was once patronized by kings of Mysuru Wodeyars), Kayime and Kutti Kayime (red seed kernel, high fodder yield, rabi season variety) and Kempu Hasudi (higher yield; resistant to diseases; red grains with good taste). Puffed rice ( Adnen Kelti , Bili Hegge ), medicinal value for humans and livestock diseases ( Athikaraya, Chitaga ), for making sweets ( Bile Aloorsanna ), for dose and idli ( Mallige Sanna ), aromatic rice and for making sweet dishes ( Gandasaale, Gulvadi Sanna, Indrani, Kaagi Saale ), red rice landraces to increase blood hemoglobin ( Hasudi, Hejje Batta ), can be grown in saline water ( Kagga Batta ), increases milk in lactating women, good for pregnant, more iron content ( Kare Gajuli ), good for snacks ( Mullare, Bili Halaga ), good for diabetes ( Rajamudi, Sorata ). Importance of rice landrace conservation and their characteristics are also highlighted by Rathi et al. 33 in Chhattisgarh region and by Agnihotri et al. 34 in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.

People consume pulses as their side dish along with staple food. There were six type of pulses were documented during the survey. Only few farmers are growing the pulses though not as main crop but as intercrop or in bunds. Lab–lab bean, a crop mainly grown in southern India, has different morphological variation in each landrace ( Chapparada Avare, Matti Avare, Katti Avare, Chaturbuja Avare ). Same for Bengal gram ( Kempu Kadale, Hasiru Kadale, Kappu Kadale ) and cowpea ( Kappu Halasande, Kempu Halasande, Bannada Halasande ) has variation in colour of the seeds and pods. Immature pods and leaves of some pulses use as vegetable.

Miscellaneous crops

India is known for traditional medicine system since ancient times. Thus, significance of the medicinal plants is known as part of Indian codified medicinal systems like Ayurveda as well as indigenous traditional knowledge about the medicinal uses by the community. In our survey, some plants were recorded for their multipurpose utility including medicine. The people in the region were found to treat various ailments since generations using local plants including Kalmegh ( Jeerad Kaddi ) for fever, Basella’s ( Basale Soppu ) leaves as coolant, wild purslane ( Golisoppu ) as leafy vegetable to increase hemoglobin, etc. Other popular plants included Malabar tamarind, Wild coriander, Indian coffee plum, Indian sorrel, Curry leaf, etc.

Diversity indices

Based on the landrace nomenclature, Shannon-diversity index (H), Gini-Simpson index (1-D), Evenness (E), Species richness (R), and Abundance (A) were assessed between the crop groups of different districts. Significant differences in these parameters among the four study areas were observed. Shannon diversity index (H) dictates how diverse the species in a given area. Higher the index, more diverse the nature of species in that habitat 35 . Among the study areas, Shannon diversity (H) of Uttara Kannada (H = 2.01) was highest, followed by Shivamogga (H = 1.85), Dakshina Kannada (H = 1.61), and Belagavi (H = 1.3) had limited landrace diversity (Fig.  6 ). The value of Gini-Simpson's index (1-D) reflects how many different types of species are in a community and how evenly each species is distributed. Similarly, Uttara Kannada showed more diversity in landraces with a Gini-Simpson index value of 0.77 and Belagavi showed very less diversity with a value of 0.56. In terms Gini-Simpson index, Belagavi and Dakshina Kannada exhibited comparable diversity levels with values of 0.56 and 0.59, respectively (Fig.  6 ). Ocimati et al. 15 assessed the same for Musa cultivars in Rwanda and found a lower diversity index, which was prone to genetic erosion. Species evenness (E) is the measurement of the relative abundance of different species. The species evenness ranges from zero to one, with zero signifying no evenness and one signifying complete evenness. Shivamogga had more diverse landraces than other districts in terms of Evenness (E) with a value of 0.5 followed by Dakshina Kannada (E = 0.556), Uttara Kannada (E = 0.591) and Belagavi (E = 0.625) (Fig.  6 ). The highest species richness (R) was observed in Shivamogga (40) followed by Uttara Kannada (29), Dakshina Kannada (18) and Belagavi (7) (Fig.  6 ). The current study revealed that Uttara Kannada and Shivamogga had more landrace diversity for their practice of sustenance farming in remote areas, use of landraces in local food systems, traditional and cultural links. While, Belagavi had less diversity in all the terms due to various probable reasons like commercialization of agriculture, use of more improved and hybrid varieties and, so on.

Diversity and distribution assessment of landraces using SDI = Shannon Diversity Index, SiDi = Gini-Simpson Index, E = Evenness. A = Abundance, R = Richness for four surveyed districts.

On-farm conservation and management

Socio-economic characteristics of custodian farmers.

Among the 24 sites of on-farm conservation, three farmers possessed more than 10 ha farm land, 12 had medium sized farms (2–10 ha), whereas nine were found to have small farms (< 2 ha). Landraces of field crops (rice and pulses) along with vegetables and tuber crops were found conserved mainly on the small farms. On the other hand, perennial species including fruits, spices and plantation crops were in medium to large farms. Among the 24 on-farm conservation sites, the age of the custodian farmers ranged from 35 to 75 years; majority (12) were in the age bracket of 40–60 years. The two young farmers (< 40 years) actively engaged in on-farm conservation were exclusively involved in commercially attractive activity of maintaining the rootstocks of traditional cultivars of perennial crops (pepper, mango and jackfruit) popular for their adaptation and resistance to pests and diseases 36 .

However, it was starkly clear in our survey that younger generation of farmers is not inclined to engage in on-farm conservation. It was evident from the interaction with farmers that traditional knowledge accumulated over the years with the experienced farmers could be in danger of not finding next-generation custodians.

From the current study, it was also found that majority of farmers are conserving many landraces dedicated to few crops instead of single landrace covering entire farming area. Few farmers conserve rice landraces, by growing most of the landraces in a 10 m 2 area in order to maintain and preserve their self-interest and passion for conservation; and only a few landraces are grown in a large area because of their potential use. For example, Nereguruli Batta (rice) tolerates submergence condition up to 40 days in Shivamogga district. Fruits were grown majorly as an intercrop with spice and plantation crops. Some vegetables, fruits (mango and jackfruit) and miscellaneous crops were well-looked-after and maintained in home gardens for their use in preparing traditional dishes (mango-pickle, jackfruit-chips, idli ) and traditional medicine. The marketing of the farm produce is distinct for different farmers based on the reason for cultivation. Many farmers grow landraces mainly for their personal use and are part of local food systems (pickling varieties of mango and vegetable landraces). Few landraces have cultural and traditional importance along with some quality traits that enjoy demand in local markets and weekly fairs (jackfruit varieties, local tuber crops). Very few landraces have demand in the countrywide market for their nutritional and medicinal importance ( Navara and Ambe Mohar in rice).

Custodian farmers in the study area are majorly residing in remote villages and villages located in the vicinity of the forest. It was found that, the nearest proper road was 20–25 km away from the on-farm conservation sites. In the absence of market attraction, these farmers were found to cultivate landraces mainly for home consumption. At best, grains are sold at the local weekly bazaars and seeds are exchanged with fellow farmers and relatives. In exceptional cases, farmers who reside nearer to markets of nearby towns (< 10 km) were observed to get good prize for their produce.

Farmers generally designate local landraces names after specific characteristics. The appearance of seed and kernel, crop plants, taste, aroma, maturity, plant size, use and growing conditions are all crucial factors in determining a landrace name 33 , 37 . The same pattern of use/characteristics and other features are used to name traditional landraces/cultivars in the Central Western Ghats. It was observed that number of farmsteads having on-farm conservation activity was very less. Farmers belonging to post-green revolution era (born after 1970’s), tend to cultivate high yielding modern varieties with a focus on enhanced income generation. In the absence of formal documentation, the only source of information about names of landraces and their specialty uses is the senior farmers belonging to age bracket of 60 and above.

Determinants of on-farm conservation

Farmers have indulged in selecting, growing and maintaining landrace biodiversity within and among the crops in their fields and community seed banks from generation to generation. Farmers were well aware of the benefits of local cultivars, which includes high market value 10 , adaptation to adverse weather conditions, good eating quality, lodging resistance, resistance to pests and diseases, low production costs, and a consistent yield 14 . Scientific investigations in rice provided some insights into the utility of the landraces in crop improvement programs 38 , 39 . The Central Western Ghats is a partial forest area and few farms under this study are located in the vicinity of the forest area (Joida, Sagara, Sirsi, and Thirthahalli). The region receives heavy rainfall during monsoon (June–September) and a good amount of groundwater facility enhances agriculture in the region. Agriculture practiced in the region is mainly rainfed with few exceptions. This has led farmers to follow organic farming with fewer inputs, which indirectly chooses the local traditional varieties for their adaptation to the local environment for generations 14 .

From the present survey, it was observed that one set of farmers conserved landraces on-farm with sound knowledge on importance of landrace and conservation (direct conservation), while another set of farmers conserved landraces for their food and other needs without any knowledge on importance of landrace and awareness of conservation (indirect conservation). Special mention for the Kunabi tribes from the Joida area of Uttara Kannada, for their cultivation of unique rice and tuber crops’ landraces in marginal land, forest land and kitchen gardens for the sake of family sustenance and tradition without knowing the actual importance of these landraces in national plant genetic resources system. The distribution of tuber crop landraces in the area follows the ideal environment for their growth and development, such as soils, precipitation, elevations and drainage are in line with the results reported by Alwis et al. 10 in Sri Lanka. This shows that many farmers were not aware of the concept of biodiversity conservation and on-farm germplasm conservation. However, they have contributed to on-farm germplasm conservation without their theoretical knowledge and awareness of germplasm conservation.

Though the economic benefit is the major driver of conservation 12 , 40 , non-economic factors like prestige for being the owner of diversity 12 , exchange of specific landraces and their products with neighbors, relatives and family friends 22 are among the others which motivate farmers to engage in on-farm conservation. Landraces/traditional folk varieties are also conserved because of their adaptability to agro-climatic conditions viz., higher rainfall in the western side of the Western Ghats (adaptation of rice landraces for rainfed condition ( Kayime ), Rabi season ( Kutti Kayime ) in Dakshina Kannada, low fertility of forest soils in Uttara Kannada (tuber crops in Joida) 18 and Shivamogga. Socio-economic conditions including fragmented land, limited availability of inputs, poor financial condition of farmers and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses (e.g., Anthara Saale for drought and weed tolerance in rice; Marabadane/Kudane for bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal) have motivated farmers to cultivate landraces. Similarly, unique biological traits such as—size in Mituga banana, colour 41 in red rice Kempu Sanna , flavor 14 in Adderi Jeerige (mango) and Kothambri Saale (rice) and/or specific use viz., pickles in case of mango 27 and Ibbudla (cucumber) for making juice; preparation of traditional meals viz., sweet dish, puffed rice, kaayi kadubu , subzi, patrode 18 , 42 also motivate farmers to conserve and promote conservation of landraces.

Many of the landraces are associated with the traditions and cultural practices of the communities. As a result, ethnic traditional cultural practices and customs play an important role in the preservation of traditional variations and crop genetic diversity on farms. Hence, conserving traditions indirectly helps to conserve landraces 43 . These motivations are in line with the results of Gajanana et al. 19 in India and Alwis et al. 10 in Sri Lanka. The present study is coherent with the results regarding the determinants/factors highlighted by Sthapit et al. 13 . Considering the high level of diversity among custodian farmers and improving their ties with other members of the community can result in on-farm agro-biodiversity conservation in situ 13 , 19 .

Exchange of conserved material

The seed exchange takes place between individuals or families inside the community or between close communities 12 . Seed flow occurs through purchase of seeds from inside or beyond the community mainly in bio-diversity fairs and seed melas , as well as seed borrowing from relatives and fellow farmers. These exchanges and borrowings occur in the study region for a variable number of reasons, including—lack of seed of a particular variety or landraces in the market; a desire to replace poor-quality seeds from old lots and seasons which may have poor germination; an interest in growing better cultivars by seeing other farmers' fields; a desire to test a different landrace/folk variety in search of suitable landrace to replace the existing one for specific land suitability; and exchanging seeds of one landrace for the seeds of different landrace. From the interaction, it was observed that, seed exchange among the farming communities is in practice for several years, which in turn increases the diversity in the farmers’ field and indirectly conserves the specific landrace. Normally, the custodian farmers have a practice of collecting and storing the seeds for the next growing season, contributing to the maintenance of the crop diversity. Custodian farmers are farmers (men and women) who actively maintain, adapt and promote agricultural biodiversity and related knowledge at farm and community levels over an extended period of time, and are recognized by community members for doing so 13 . Often, custodian farmers do not act alone, but rather are actively supported in their efforts by family or household members. These features of seed conservation and exchange were discussed by Conversa et al. 11 in vegetable landraces conservation in the Puglia region of Italy. Similar kind of exchange was also found in our study area, where a collective exchange happens during events such as local markets or traditional ceremonies where a group of farmers or communities from different parts of the state exchange seeds through purchase or barter system. Furthermore, certain farmers in the study area had a great knowledge on the importance of conservation of landraces and they played an integrated role in motivating/encouraging/involving other fellow farmers in conservation. While interacting with a custodian farmer from Belagavi, who maintains a large number of landraces, we found that he distributed two to five landraces to interested farmers with a motive to increase area under landrace cultivation and to help the fellow farmers to sustain during difficult times. Thus, custodian farmers play a significant role in the seed flow and they are the main source of seeds in the region. Few farmers from Shivamogga develop nursery for sale of landraces, mainly pepper, jackfruit and pickling varieties of mango 36 . Through germplasm movement, these farmers are developing a dynamic process of diversity on their farms 22 . Increased cultivation of landraces achieved through seed exchange within and between communities, diversity fairs, and public awareness of the importance of landraces improves their use and conservation 34 .

Total economic value

Landraces are an essential component of agro-biodiversity conservation due to their direct and indirect benefits to farmers. The farmers conserve landraces to improve the sustainability of food, fuel, medical care and for future. Farmers value the landraces based on the importance. Poudel and Johnsen 44 summarized the total economic value of crop landraces as inclusion of both use value (direct use value, ecological function value, and option use value) and non-use value (existence value and bequest value). Economic valuation of landrace diversity is essential to generate information and knowledge for resource allocation to identify least cost strategies to conserve landraces diversity 45 . Among several species of landraces conserved on-farm, 76.67% (46 species) landraces are conserved for both use and non-use values (Fig.  7 ). The landraces of the majority of the species (46) are conserved on-farm for either existence or/and bequest value in addition to direct use value, ecological function value and option value, highlights the farmers involvement in conservation of landraces for benefit of others in current and future generations.

Total economic value of landraces of different species conserved on-farm by the farmers of Western Ghats.

Constraints for conservation

The custodian farmers are doing their best to maintain, manage and promote the local varieties and landraces through seed exchange. In addition, they are passing traditional knowledge about these cultivars and disseminating their importance among their fellow farmers within and outside their community 13 . Unfortunately, the genetic diversity of landraces is rapidly diminishing in various parts of the world for a variety of reasons. This fact has also been supported by Hammer and Teklu 46 citing the introduction of high yielding varieties (HYVs) leading to replacement of landraces/traditional folk varieties.

Conservation constraints are broadly divided into agro-ecological, socio-economic and technical aspects. Flooding, drought, rainfall during harvest, landslides, poor soil quality and abnormal weather are the main agro-ecological constraints. Whereas socio-economic constraints include inadequate input, lack of availability of seed material, poor yield, lack of marketing facilities, deterioration of culture and traditions, lack of awareness of conservation, adoption of HYVs, lack of interest among young people and their migration to urban areas, the non-multiplication of seeds by the family and poor knowledge transfer. Constraints of technical cultivation comprises of pest and disease infestation, labor scarcity, improper storage conditions and poor germination rate 14 . The Western Ghats encompass hilly area covered with forests that receive heavy rainfall deteriorating soil conditions, by erosion, flooding, submergence of fields, landslides that are common intimidations for cultivar conservation. Based on the information obtained from custodian farmers, the loss of many landraces over the years due to the frequent occurrence of natural calamities in the study area was highlighted. They also emphasized that, lack of prevalence with different farmers in many landraces, they are unable to protect those landraces. Socio-economic conditions make a huge impact on conservation and are the core threatening factors for the conservation of landraces. The practice of adoption of HYVs since the green revolution replaces several landraces, especially in Belagavi and Dakshina Kannada, due to the lack of seed availability and poor yield lead to decrease importance in production and maintenance, especially in rice. Lack of awareness is another major problem for local cultivar conservation, as only a handful of farmers are indulging in cultivar conservation in forest and hilly areas. An increase in desire for a luxurious life and other job opportunities with the inflow of money from natives residing in other cities, states, and countries; agriculture, which was formerly the main occupation of the people, has taken a backseat. In alignment with this, farms and fields in the survey area have been turned into residential plots and commercial (retail) buildings, abandoning cultivation and agriculture 47 .

Deterioration of culture and traditions in rural areas, poor knowledge transfer from elders, increasing technology in cultivation and commercialization of agriculture has led to reduced desire for conservation by young farmers and migration to urban areas 48 . There are no defined and proper market chains for landraces in the Western Ghats region, which also affects the cultivation. Alwis et al. 10 discussed the marketing problems for tubers crops in Sri Lanka. The strengthening of international markets and export incentives for other products like HYVs and the commercialization of agriculture in the area results in further loss of landrace diversity in the future 48 , 49 .

The Western Ghats is a place of origin and diversity for many plants and animals including insects. Thus, a variety of pests and diseases attack on the plants are reported. Insect and non-insect pests like rodents, macaques, wild boars, peacocks and other birds are major threats during cropping and harvesting time 10 . Improper storage conditions lead to occurrence of storage pests and diseases, thereby enhancing the viability loss and poor germination 40 , 42 . Many of these threats and constraints can be overcome through proper strategies. Promoting self-interest and creating awareness on the importance of landraces would in turn boost the conservation, maintenance and cultivation of landraces.

Conclusion and future implications

India has one of the top three genebanks in the world conserving more than 400K accessions of agri-horticultural crops. About 550 germplasm accessions of seed propagated crops belonging to the surveyed area are conserved in the genebank at ICAR-NBPGR. Our study adds specific information related to use including the indigenous technical knowledge to the passport data of these accessions. This addition is expected to enhance their immediate utilization. Furthermore, the number of landraces that are conserved on-farm in various indigenous crops across the vast swathes of the huge country remains inadequately documented. This report represents only a cross-sectional study of on-farm conservation in Central Western Ghats. Similar studies in other regions of the country need to be carried out to document landraces, their diversity and determinants of on-farm conservation practices.

Current report has documented three significant issues:

On-Farm conservation is practiced by a very few custodian farmers. Younger generation appears to find no incentive to continue the conservation practices.

The on-farm conservation sites vary in size and crop-composition. Some landraces (particularly of rice) are conserved by multiple custodians signifying their culinary popularity.

Landraces being indivisible part of local cuisine and passion of custodian farmers are the most important reasons for con-farm conservation.

Possible ways to attract young farmers to on-farm conservation may include:

Registration of landraces as farmers’ variety (wherever applicable) with PPV&FRA

Popularization of the landraces among niche urban customers may increase demand and sale-price.

Development of improved versions (agronomic value) of these landraces by breeders and researchers may open avenues of benefit sharing by custodian farmers.

With enhanced and assured income generation, next-generation farmers may find incentives to continue on-farm conservation. Else, weakening of cultural traditions, declining economic returns, and changing climate may lead to erosion and ultimately irreversible loss of these invaluable landraces.

Data availability

The data that were generated during the study as well as those that support the findings are included in the paper. The data are also accessible from a database (under development and unpublished) at http://pgrinformatics.nbpgr.ernet.in/onfc/database.aspx .

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the ICAR-NBPGR for the facilities. Puneeth was supported by ICAR-IARI Fellowship and Sunil Archak was supported by ICAR-National Fellowship. Authors would like to extend heartfelt gratitude towards the custodian farmers for their endeavors in landrace conservation.

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Ravi Gowthami, Gyanendra Pratap Singh & Sunil Archak

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Ashvinkumar Katral

College of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Sirsi, 581 401, India

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SA and GMP designed the study. GMP carried out the study with the assistance of RV and GPS. AK and KML helped in data curation and analysis. GMP and RG wrote the manuscript. SA, GPS and RV edited and corrected the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Puneeth, G.M., Gowthami, R., Katral, A. et al. On-farm crop diversity, conservation, importance and value: a case study of landraces from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Sci Rep 14 , 10712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61428-1

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Here you will find short stories in Kannada which can be easily understood by children. Along with each short story you can also find the moral of the story.

ಕೆಳಗೆ ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗುವಂತಹ ಕೆಲ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಥೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ (Short Stories in Kannada) ನೀತಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕೊಡಲಾಗಿದೆ.

ಹಸುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಹುಲಿಗಳ ಕಥೆ | Cows and Tigers Short stories in Kannada

ಹುಲ್ಲುಗಾವಲಿನ ಸಮೀಪವಿರುವ ಕಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಹಸುಗಳು ವಾಸಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ಅವು ಉತ್ತಮ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತರಾಗಿದ್ದವು ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಇರುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು ಹಾಗೂ ಎಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಹೋದರೂ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು. ಇದರಿಂದಾಗಿ ಯಾವುದೇ ಹುಲಿಗಳು ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಆಹಾರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕೊಲ್ಲಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.

ಆದರೆ ಒಂದು ದಿನ, ಎಲ್ಲ ಹಸುಗಳು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಾಗಿ ಜಗಳ ಆಡಿಕೊಂಡು  ಮಾತು ಬಿಟ್ಟವು ಮತ್ತು ಹಸುಗಳು  ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆ ಕಡೆ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಮೇಯಲು ಹೋದವು. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಂಚು ಹಾಕಿ ಕಾಯುತಿದ್ದ ಹುಲಿಗಳು ಗೋವುಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಲ್ಲಲು ಇದೇ ಸೂಕ್ತ ಅವಕಾಶ ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದವು. ಅವು ಪೊದೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅಡಗಿಕೊಂಡು ಹಸುಗಳು ಬರುವುದನ್ನೇ ಕಾದವು ಮತ್ತು ಹಸುಗಳು ಹಿಂತಿರುಗುವಾಗ  ಒಂದೊಂದಾಗಿ ಅವನ್ನು ಹುಲಿಗಳು ಕೊಂದವು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ಒಗ್ಗಟ್ಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಲವಿದೆ. ಎಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೂ ನಾವು ಒಗ್ಗಟ್ಟಿನಿಂದ ಇರುತ್ತೇವೆಯೋ,ಅಲ್ಲಿವರೆಗೂ ಯಾರು ನಮಗೆ ತೊಂದರೆ ಕೊಡಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ (There is strength in Unity. As long as we are united nobody can create any harm to us).

ನರಿ ಮತ್ತು ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ಹಣ್ಣಿನ ಕಥೆ | The fox and the grapefruit Short stories in Kannada

ಒಂದು ದಿನ ನರಿಯೊಂದು ತುಂಬಾ ಹಸಿವಾಗಿ ಆಹಾರ ಹುಡುಕಲು ಹೊರಟಿತು. ಅದು ದೂರ ದೂರದವರೆಗೂ ಹುಡುಕಿದರೂ, ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ತಿನ್ನಬಹುದಾದ ಯಾವ ಆಹಾರ ಕೂಡ ದೊರೆಯಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ ಅದು ಅತಿದೊಡ್ಡ, ರಸಭರಿತವಾದ ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ಮರವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿತು. ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು  ನೇರಳೆ ಬಣ್ಣವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದವು ಮತ್ತು ತಿನ್ನಲು ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿದ್ದವು. ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿಯನ್ನು ತಿನ್ನಲು, ನರಿ ಎತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ಜಿಗಿಯಿತು. ಅದು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಜಿಗಿದಾಗ ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಇನ್ನೊಮ್ಮೆ ಬಾರಿ ಜಿಗಿದು ಹಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿತು, ಆಗಲೂ ಹಣ್ಣು ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.

ಅದು ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿತು ಆದರೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಬಾರಿ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದರೂ ನರಿಗೆ ಹಣ್ಣು ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ.

ಅಂತಿಮವಾಗಿ, ನರಿ ತನ್ನ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸಿ ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋರಡಲು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿತು. ಹೊರಡುವಾಗ ದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ “ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಹೇಗಾದರೂ ಹುಳಿಯಾಗಿವೆ ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ನನಗೆ ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ” ಎಂದು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೇಳಿಕೊಂಡಿತು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ಯಾವುದು ಅಸಾಧ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲ. ಯಶಸ್ಸು ಸಿಗೋವವರೆಗೂ ನಾವು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಲೇ ಇರಬೇಕು. ಯಾವುದೂ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ (Nothing is impossible in this world. We have to keep trying till we succeed. Nothing comes easy).

ಅಕ್ಬರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಬೀರ್ಬಲ್ ನ ಕಥೆ | Akbar and Birbal Short stories in Kannada

ಒಂದು ದಿನ, ರಾಜ ಅಕ್ಬರ್ ತನ್ನ ಆಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿದನು, ಅದು ಸಭೆಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದವರೆಲ್ಲರನ್ನು ಗೊಂದಲಕ್ಕೀಡು ಮಾಡಿತು. ಅವರೆಲ್ಲರೂ ಉತ್ತರವನ್ನು ಕಂಡುಹಿಡಿಯಲು ಚರ್ಚೆ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಿರುವಾಗ, ಬೀರಬಲ್ ಒಳಗೆ ನಡೆದು ವಿಷಯ ಏನೆಂದು ಕೇಳಿದನು. ಅವರು ಅವನಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ಪುನರಾವರ್ತಿಸಿದರು.

“ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಷ್ಟು ಕಾಗೆಗಳಿವೆ?” ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಯನ್ನು ರಾಜರು ಕೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆಂದು ತಿಳಿಸಿದರು.

ಬೀರ್ಬಲ್ ತಕ್ಷಣ ಮುಗುಳ್ನಕ್ಕು ಅಕ್ಬರನ ಬಳಿಗೆ ಹೋಗಿ, ನಗರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹತ್ತು ಸಾವಿರದ ಮುನ್ನೂರ  ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತ ಆರು  ಕಾಗೆಗಳು ಇದ್ದಾವೆ ಎಂಬ ಉತ್ತರ ನೀಡಿದನು. ಅಷ್ಟು ನಿಖರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಗೆ ಹೇಳಬಲ್ಲೆ ಎಂದು ಕೇಳಿದಾಗ?

ಬೀರ್ಬಲ್, “ಕಾಗೆಗಳ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಎಣಿಸಲು ನಿಮ್ಮ ಆಸ್ಥಾನದಲ್ಲಿರುವವರಿಗೆ ಕೇಳಿ. ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಇದ್ದರೆ, ಕಾಗೆಗಳ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಕರು ಹತ್ತಿರದ ನಗರಗಳಿಂದ ಇಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಕಾಗೆಗಳನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಬಂದಿರಬೇಕು. ಕಡಿಮೆ ಇದ್ದರೆ, ನಮ್ಮ ನಗರದ ಕಾಗೆಗಳು ನಗರದ ಹೊರಗೆ ವಾಸಿಸುವ ತಮ್ಮ ಸಂಬಂಧಿಕರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಹೋಗಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿದನು. ಉತ್ತರದಿಂದ ಸಂತೋಷಗೊಂಡ ಅಕ್ಬರ್, ಬೀರ್ಬಲ್‌ಗೆ ಮಾಣಿಕ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಮುತ್ತಿನ ಸರವನ್ನು ಉಡುಗೊರೆಯಾಗಿ ನೀಡಿ ಬೀರ್ಬಲ್‌ ಬುದ್ಧಿವಂತಿಕೆಯನ್ನು ಪ್ರಶಂಶೆ ಮಾಡಿದನು.  

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ನಿಮ್ಮ ಉತ್ತರಕ್ಕೆ ವಿವರಣೆಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವುದು ಉತ್ತರವನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುವಷ್ಟೇ ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿದೆ (Having an explanation to your answer is as important as having answer to your question).

ಇರುವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪಾರಿವಾಳದ ಕಥೆ | Ant and the Dove Short stories in Kannada

ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯ ಬಿಸಿಲಿನ ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ, ಇರುವೆಯೊಂದು ನೀರನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುತ್ತಾ ತಿರುಗಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಹೊತ್ತು ತಿರುಗಾಡಿದ ನಂತರ, ಇರುವೆ ನದಿಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅದನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ ಕುಡಿಯಲು ನೀರು ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತೆಂದು ಸಂತೋಷಗೊಂಡಿತು. ನೀರು ಕುಡಿಯಲು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಬಂಡೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹತ್ತಿದ ಇರುವೆ ಕಾಲು ಜಾರಿ ನದಿಗೆ ಬಿದ್ದಿತು.

ಹತ್ತಿರದ ಮರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕುಳಿತಿದ್ದ ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಇರುವೆಗೆ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಲು ಮುಂದಾಯಿತು.ಇರುವೆ ತೊಂದರೆಯಲ್ಲಿರುವುದನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ, ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಬೇಗನೆ ಎಲೆಯನ್ನು ನೀರಿಗೆ ಎಸೆಯಿತು. ಇರುವೆ ಎಲೆಯ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಚಲಿಸಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಮೇಲೇರಿ ಕುಳಿತಿತು. ನಂತರ ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಎಲೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರತೆಗೆದು ಭೂಮಿ ಮೇಲೆ  ಇರಿಸಿತು. ಈ ರೀತಿಯಾಗಿ, ಇರುವೆಯ ಜೀವವನ್ನು ಪಾರಿವಾಳ ಉಳಿಸಿತು.

ಭೂಮಿಗೆ ಮೇಲೆ ಬಂದ ನಂತರ ಇರುವೆ ತನ್ನ ಜೀವ ಕಾಪಾಡಿದ್ದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಪಾರಿವಾಳಕ್ಕೆ ಧನ್ಯವಾದ ತಿಳಿಸಿ  ತನ್ನ ಸಹಾಯವನ್ನು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ಮರೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲವೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿತು.

ಇದಾದ ನಂತರ ಇರುವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಆತ್ಮೀಯ ಗೆಳೆಯರಾದರು ಮತ್ತು ಯಾವಾಗಲೂ ಒಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಸಂತೋಷದಿಂದ ಇರುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು.  ಒಂದು ದಿನ, ಒಬ್ಬ ಬೇಟೆಗಾರ ಕಾಡಿಗೆ ಬೇಟೆಯಾಡಲು ಬಂದನು. ಅವನು ಮರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕುಳಿತಿದ್ದ ಸುಂದರವಾದ ಪಾರಿವಾಳವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ ತನ್ನ ಬಂದೂಕನ್ನು ಪಾರಿವಾಳಕ್ಕೆ ಗುರಿ ಇಟ್ಟನು. ಇದನ್ನು ಕಂಡ ಇರುವೆ ಪಾರಿವಾಳವನ್ನು ಉಳಿಸಬೇಕೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ಮಾಡಿ ಬೇಟೆಗಾರನ ಹಿಮ್ಮಡಿಗೆ ಕಚ್ಚಿತು. ಬೇಟೆಗಾರ ನೋವಿನಿಂದ ಕೂಗಿದ ಮತ್ತು ಬಂದೂಕನ್ನು ಕೈಬಿಟ್ಟ. ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಬೇಟೆಗಾರನ ಧ್ವನಿಯಿಂದ ಗಾಬರಿಗೊಂಡಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಅವನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಏನಾಗಿರಬಹುದೆಂದು  ಅರಿತುಕೊಂಡು ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಪಾರಿವಾಳವು ಹಾರಿ ಹೋಯಿತು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಪ್ರತಿಫಲ ಒಂದಲ್ಲ ಒಂದು ದಿನ ಸಿಕ್ಕೇ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ (For every good work you do, you will get the return one or the other day).

ಹುಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಜಿಂಕೆಯ ಕಥೆ | The Tiger and the Deer Short stories in Kannada

ಒಂದು ದಿನ ಹುಲಿ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಮೇಯುತ್ತಿರುವ ದಷ್ಟ ಪುಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಇರುವ  ಜಿಂಕೆಯನ್ನು ನೋಡಿತು. ಹಸಿದಿದ್ದ ಹುಲಿ, ಊಟಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಜಿಂಕೆಯನ್ನು ಬೇಟೆಯಾಡಲು ಬಯಸಿತು.

ಜಿಂಕೆ ರುಚಿಕರವಾಗಿರಬಹುದೆಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿದ ಹುಲಿ, ಜಿಂಕೆಯ ವೇಗದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಅರಿಯದೆ ತಾನು ಸದ್ದಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಅದರ ಬಳಿ ಹೋಗಿ ದಾಳಿ ಮಾಡಬೇಕೆಂದು ಯೋಜನೆ ರೂಪಿಸಿತು.

ಹುಲ್ಲನ್ನು ಮೇಯುತಿದ್ದ ಜಿಂಕೆ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ತುಂಬ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಇದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಈ ಹುಲ್ಲು ತುಂಬಾ ಸಿಹಿ ಮತ್ತು ತುಂಬಾ ಮೃದುವಾಗಿದೆ. ನಾನು ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ತನ್ನ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆ ತುಂಬಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಇಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಬರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿತು.

ದೂರದಿಂದ ಜಿಂಕೆ ತನ್ನ ಕಡೆ ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿ ತನ್ನ ಮೇಲೆ ದಾಳಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಬರುತ್ತಿರುವ ಹುಲಿಯನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಿತು. ಹೆದರಿದ ಜಿಂಕೆ ಜಿಗಿದು ತನ್ನ ಜೀವ ಕಾಪಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಓಡಿತು. ಜೀವ ಕಾಪಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಓಡಿದ ಜಿಂಕೆ ಹುಲಿಯ ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಕಾಣದಷ್ಟು ದೂರ ಹೋಗಿ ಕಣ್ಮರೆಯಾಯಿತು.  ತನ್ನ ಮೂರ್ಖತೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿದು ಹುಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ ಬರಿಗೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೆರಳಿತು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada :  ಅತಿಯಾದ ಆತ್ಮ ವಿಶ್ವಾಸ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯದಲ್ಲ (Too much of confidence is dangerous).

ಒರಟ ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಮತ್ತು ಮುಗ್ಧ ಮನುಷ್ಯನ ಕಥೆ | The rough cat and an innocent man Short stories in Kannada

ಒಂದು ದಿನ, ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಯು ರಸ್ತೆಯ ಮೂಲಕ ನಡೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಹೋಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾಗ, ಹತ್ತಿರದ ಮರದಿಂದ ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಮಿಯಾಂವ್ ಅನ್ನುವುದನ್ನು ಕೇಳಿದನು. ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಸಿಲುಕಿಕೊಂಡಿರಬಹುದು ಮತ್ತು ಹೊರಬರಲು ಸಹಾಯಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕೂಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಅರಿತ ದಾರಿಹೋಕ ಕೈ ಚಾಚಿ ಬೆಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಕೆಳಗಿಳಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದನು. ಆದರೆ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ತನಗೆ ತೊಂದರೆ ಕೊಡಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತಿರಬೇಕೆಂದು ಭಾವಿಸಿದ ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಹೆದರಿ ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಉಗುರಿನಿಂದ ಕೆರೆಯಿತು. ಮನುಷ್ಯನು ನೋವಿನಿಂದ ಕಿರುಚಿದನು, ಆದರೆ ಹಿಂದೆ ಸರಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಬೆಕ್ಕು ತನ್ನ ಕೈಗಳನ್ನು ಪದೇ ಪದೇ ಗೀಚುವುದನ್ನು ಮುಂದುವರೆಸಿದರೂ ಅವನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬೆಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾಡುವದರಿಂದ ಹಿಂದೆ ಸರಿಯಲಿಲ್ಲ.

ಇದನ್ನು ಗಮನಿಸಿದ ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬ ದಾರಿಹೋಕ , ಇರಲಿ ಬಿಡಿ  ಬೆಕ್ಕು ನಂತರ ಹೊರಬರುತ್ತದೆಂದು ಹೇಳಿದನು. ಆದರೆ ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯ ದಾರಿಹೋಕನ ಮಾತಿಗೆ ಗಮನ ಕೊಡದೆ ಅವನು ಬೆಕ್ಕನ್ನು  ಕೆಳಗೆ ಇಳಿಸುವವರೆಗೂ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸಿದನು. ಬೆಕ್ಕನ್ನು ಬಿಡಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಅವನು ಆ ಮನುಷ್ಯನಿಗೆ, “ಬೆಕ್ಕು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಾಣಿ, ಮತ್ತು ಅದರ ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಯು ಅದನ್ನು ಗೀಚುವಂತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಆಕ್ರಮಣ ಮಾಡುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ನಾನು ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ನನ್ನ ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಗಳು ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಸಹಾನುಭೂತಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕರುಣೆ ತೋರುವಂತೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ” ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿದನು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸುತ್ತಲಿರುವ ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಬ್ಬರನ್ನು ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸ್ವಭಾವ ಗುಣ ಹೇಗಿರುತ್ತದೆಯೋ ಹಾಗೆ ಉಪಚರಿಸಿ. ನಿಮ್ಮ ನಿಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಅಥವಾ ನೀತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಬದ್ಧರಾಗಿರಿ, ಬೇರೆಯವರದ್ದಕ್ಕಲ್ಲ (Treat everyone as how you are not how they are. This means that we should treat everyone in good ways no matter how bad they are).

ಚಿನ್ನದ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ ಇಡುವ ಕೋಳಿಯ ಕಥೆ | Golden Egg laying Hen Short stories in Kannada

ಒಂದಾನೊಂದು ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ, ಒಬ್ಬ ರೈತನ ಬಳಿ ಪ್ರತಿದಿನ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ ಇಡುವ ಕೋಳಿ ಇತ್ತು. ರೈತ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಗೆ ಅವರ ದೈನಂದಿನ ಅಗತ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಾಕಾಗುವಷ್ಟು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಆ ಚಿನ್ನದ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ ಮಾರಿ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು. ರೈತ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಬಹಳ ಕಾಲ ಸಂತೋಷದಿಂದ ಇದ್ದರು. ಆದರೆ ಒಂದು ದಿನ, ರೈತನು, “ನಾನು ದಿನಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದು ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯನ್ನು ಏಕೆ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು? ಈ ಕೋಳಿಯನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿ ನಾನು ಎಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಒಂದೇ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡು ಸಾಕಷ್ಟು ಹಣವನ್ನು ಏಕೆ ಮಾಡಬಾರದು?” ಎಂದು ಮನಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಯೋಚಿಸಿದನು.

ರೈತ ತನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಜೊತೆ ಈ ವಿಷಯ ಹಂಚಿಕೊಂಡಾಗ ಆಕೆಯು ಕೂಡ ಒಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಳು ಮತ್ತು ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಕೋಳಿಯ ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಲು ಇಬ್ಬರೂ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ ಮಾಡಿದರು. ಅವರು ಕೋಳಿಯನ್ನು ಕೊಂದು ಹೊಟ್ಟೆಯನ್ನು ತೆರೆದ ತಕ್ಷಣ, ಕರುಳು ಮತ್ತು ರಕ್ತವನ್ನು ಹೊರತುಪಡಿಸಿ ಬೇರೆ ಏನೂ ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ. ದುರಾಸೆಯಿಂದ ತಾವು ಮಾಡಿದ ಮೂರ್ಖ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ರೈತ ಮತ್ತು ಅವನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ ಅಳುತ್ತಾ ಕುಳಿತುಕೊಂಡರು.

ಕಥೆಯ ನೀತಿ / Moral of the short story in Kannada  :  ಏನಾದರೂ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡುವ ಮುಂಚೆ ನಾವು ಅದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವನ್ನು ಯೋಚಿಸಬೇಕು. ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೆ ಅದರಿಂದಾಗುವ ದುಷ್ಪರಿಣಾಮವನ್ನು ನಾವೇ ಅನುಭವಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ (We should always think about the consequences before doing something or else we have to face it’s consequences).

ಇನ್ನೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಕಥೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ

Moral stories in Kannada

ಕನ್ನಡ ಕಥೆಗಳು / Kannada Kathegalu

ಕನ್ನಡ ನೀತಿ ಕಥೆಗಳು / Kannada Moral Stories

Click on the below link for Hindi stories

Hindi moral stories

हिंदी कहानी

panchatantra stories in Hindi

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How to Learn Kannada

Last Updated: November 21, 2022 References

This article was co-authored by Tian Zhou and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Tian Zhou is a Language Specialist and the Founder of Sishu Mandarin, a Chinese Language School in the New York metropolitan area. Tian holds a Bachelor's Degree in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) from Sun Yat-sen University and a Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) from New York University. Tian also holds a certification in Foreign Language (&ESL) - Mandarin (7-12) from New York State and certifications in Test for English Majors and Putonghua Proficiency Test from The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. He is the host of MandarinPod, an advanced Chinese language learning podcast. This article has been viewed 168,657 times.

Bangalore has grown to become the IT capital of India, with immigrants making up nearly half of its population. With this influx of immigrants, interest in learning Kannada, the local language, has grown. Whether you're a recent immigrant to Bangalore or simply want to learn the language to converse with people from the region, in 2019 it is easier than ever to learn Kannada. Start with your pronunciation, then learn some basic vocabulary so you can communicate with native speakers. Your vocabulary and understanding will grow further if you immerse yourself in the language. [1] X Research source

Mastering Pronunciation

• The website Omniglot has a chart with the Kannada alphabet that you can download and use to practice. Go to https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm and click the link to download the chart.
• To memorize the alphabet, choose 4 or 5 letters each day and practice until you've got the hang of them. The next day, go back and practice the letters you already know, then try to pick up another 4 or 5 letters. Follow this pattern until you know the whole alphabet.
• Kannada is written from left to right in horizontal lines, just like English.

Tip: The Kannada alphabet is an alphasyllabary, meaning each consonant has an inherent vowel. These vowels are indicated by marks appearing above, below, before, or after the consonant. Vowels are only written as independent letters if they fall at the beginning of a syllable.

• The "c" in Kannada, చ, is only pronounced like the hard English "c" in the word "cat." There is no soft version of this letter as there is in English.
• The "j" in Kannada, జ, is pronounced with a "zh" sound, like the "s" in the English word "vision."
• Remember that the marks you see above, below, before, or after a consonant in Kannada script indicate the inherent vowel sound. The consonant sound itself remains the same.

Tip: While most of the consonants have roughly the same sound as the corresponding consonant in English, the sounds are often not equivalent because the sound is made with a different part of your mouth. The best way to get your pronunciation right is to mimic native speakers.

• The "kh" sound, ఖ, sounds similar to the "ch" in the Scottish word "loch" or the "ch" sound in German.
• The "gh" sound, ఘ, sounds similar to the "gh" in the name of the country "Ghana."
• The "jh" sound, ఝ, sounds similar to the "ge" and "h" sounds in the English phrase "bridge hop."
• The "dh" sound, ఢ and ధ, sounds similar to the "d" and "h" sounds in the English phrase "speed hump."
• The "bh" sound, భ, sounds similar to the "b" and "h" sounds that occur in the middle of the English phrase "bulb holder."
• For the "ph" sound, ఫ, say each consonant individually. It sounds like the "p" as in "puff" followed by a short puff of air. To get it right, say the syllables "pa" and "ha," gradually saying them faster and faster until the first vowel sound disappears.

• The "a" sound, ಅ, sounds like the "a" in the English word "father."
• The "i" sound, ఇ, sounds like the "i" in the English word "ink."
• The "u" sound, ఉ, sounds like the "oo" in the English word "boo."
• The "r" sound, ఋ, sounds like "roo," although the "r" sound is slightly trilled. There is no equivalent to this vowel sound in the English language, so you'll just have to practice.
• The "e" sound, ఎ, sounds like the "a" in the English word "bay."
• The "o" sound, ఒ, sounds like the "o" in the English word "grow."
• The "ai" sound, ఐ, sounds like the English word "eye."
• The "au" sound, ఔ, sounds like the "ow" in the English word "pow."

Having Basic Conversations

• After you say "hello" to someone, if you plan on having any further conversation with them, you'll typically ask them how they're doing. In Kannada, you would say "Neevu hegidheera?" If another person asks the same of you, say "chennagidhene dhanyavadagalu," which means "fine, thank you."

• Shubhodaya (good morning)
• Shubha madhyahna (good afternoon)
• Shubha saayankaala (good evening)

• You can follow with "nimma hesaru yenu," which means "what is your name?"
• After the person tells you their name, you might say "nimannu beti madi santoshavatithu," which means "pleased to meet you" or "happy to meet you."

• Yaaru (who)
• Yaake (why)
• Yaavaga (when)
• Elli (where)
• Enu (which)

• Kshamisi (sorry/excuse me)
• Dayavittu (please)
• Dhanyavaada (thank you)
• parwagilla bidi (you're welcome)

Tip: When speaking with strangers, especially those older than you, use the plural form of the second-person pronoun, neevu, to indicate politeness and respect.

Immersing Yourself in the Language

• Avoid using English subtitles as a crutch. Remember that translation is an interpretation of the meaning of the words, not literally what the characters are saying.
• Even if you pick up some new phrases from a movie, be cautious about the context in which you use them until you understand the full meaning of the phrase.

• If you see coverage of an event that you already know about, you can use your understanding of the situation to improve your listening or reading comprehension.

• Listening to Kannadiga music also gives you some insight into the values and culture of the native people of the area.

• The best way to become fluent is to immerse yourself in the environment of the target language.
• If you live in Bangalore, you may find that local Kannadigas are more inhibited about speaking Kannada in public and may be reluctant to converse with you in their native language. However, if you let them know that you're interested in learning the language, they might become more open. [13] X Research source

Tip: Even if the person insists on speaking to you in English, their answers in English can let you know if they understood what you said in Kannada. This can be an immense help to you as a student of the language.

Expert Q&A

• This article focuses on learning Kannada through English. However, if you are fluent in another Indian language, you may find it easier to learn Kannada through that language. For example, the script used to write Kannada is the same as the one used to write Tulu and similar to the script used to write Telugu . [14] X Research source Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 6
• Make flashcards of common words and phrases. Aim to learn 20-50 words every lesson or week. Thanks Helpful 7 Not Helpful 3
• Practice answering open-ended questions and writing in Kannada on your own. Thanks Helpful 5 Not Helpful 1

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/learning-kannada-now-a-cool-trend-in-bangalore-5519
• ↑ https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm
• ↑ http://learn101.org/kannada_alphabet.php
• ↑ https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/kannada.php
• ↑ http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/how-to-learn-kannada-bangalore-kannada-classes-online-5523
• ↑ http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/kannada/

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Karnataka Board KSEAB SSLC Kannada Paper Analysis 2024: Exam Review, Student Feedback and Expert View

Karnataka sslc kannada exam analysis 2024: here, students can find kseab class 10th kannada exam review 2024 along with students’ reaction and experts opinion on the same.

KSEAB Karnataka Board SSLC Kannada Exam 2024: Karnataka School Examination and Assessment Board (KSEAB) has begun its KSEAB SSLC Board Examinations 2024 starting today. On the first day, the board has organised various language subjects for its students. Here, we will cover the Karnataka SSLC Kannada Paper 2024. As a part of the coverage, students will be able to check the Karnataka Class 10th Kannada Exam Analysis 2024 along with students reaction to the question paper and experts’ opinion on the same. Exam analysis provides students with the overall difficulty level of the question paper, types of questions asked in the exam, section-wise challenges faced by students, marking scheme laid down by the board, the question paper format followed, application-based questions, and a lot more. In all, a complete dissection of the question paper is presented below for students. 

Karnataka SSLC Class 10th Kannada Board Exam 2024: Key Highlights

Kseab sslc class 10th kannada paper analysis 2024.

• The question paper was average with a mix of easy and difficult questions
• The paper could range between easy to moderate category
• The question paper followed the format of the sample paper released by the board
• The marking scheme laid down by the board was also quite similar to the sample paper
• A lot of questions such as MCQs, Fill in the blanks, one word/sentence question answers, very short answer-type questions, short answer-type questions, long answer-type questions were asked in the paper
• MCQs and other subjective-type questions were easy. They did not pose a lot of difficulties upon students
• Descriptive type questions were average and lengthy

Karnataka SSLC Class 10th Kannada Paper Analysis 2024: Students Reaction

• Challenging Areas in Kannada Questions: Descriptive type questions
• Type of Questions asked in Today’s Kannada Exam: MCQs, Fill in the blanks, one word/sentence question answers, very short answer-type questions, short answer-type questions, long answer-type questions
• Section-wise Class 12 Kannada Exam Review: Objective type questions were easy whereas subjective type were average and moderately challenging

Karnataka Board Class 10th Kannada Paper Analysis 2024: Experts Opinion

• Experts found the paper moderately challenging for students. It was not a tough call. 
• All the students who had covered the entire syllabus and practised the model paper could have easily answered all the questions and can expect a good score in the exam
• MCQs and other objective type questions were easy and scoring whereas long form question answers were a bit challenging
• The paper was not too lengthy. Students had sufficient time of 3 hours 15 minutes to complete the paper
• The paper actually tested the language proficiency of students 

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The Contextual Effect of Vowels on Correct Production of Retroflex in Kannada Speaking Children with Speech Sound Disorder: A Case Study

Contextual based interaction of speech sounds, coarticulation, is the main component of intelligible continuous speech. This interaction between speech sounds within and across the words is affected in children with speech sound disorders (SSD). Literature reports on certain contexts facilitating the production of different speech sounds. Thus, these contextual considerations are vital for the selection of target stimuli during articulation therapy for faster learning. As phonotactics and coarticulation are language dependent, such studies are indispensable in linguistically diverse languages. In this context, the present study intended to examine the effect of vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ in acquisition of retroflexes /ʈ/, /ɖ/, /ɳ/, and /ɭ/ in Kannada speaking children with SSD. Kannada, a syllabic language, is one of the four Dravidian languages and considered to be the official language of Karnataka state in India. Six native Kannada participants in the age range 4 years and 0 months to 5 years and 10 months with fronting errors for retroflexes were recruited for articulation therapy. Target words incorporating retroflexes were elicited using a phonetic placement approach. Responses were audio recorded and transcribed using IPA. Percentage of correct response was analyzed and graphically represented. The results revealed, acquisition of /ʈ/, /ɖ/, and /ɳ/ were highly facilitated in the context of vowel /u/ followed by /i/ and /a/; and lateral retroflex /ɭ/ was highly facilitated in the context of vowel /i/ followed by /u/ and /a/. Validation of the present findings with a larger sample size will serve as essential guidelines to speech-language pathologists for effective SSD intervention program.

Keywords: Vowel context, retroflex, Kannada, intervention, SSD

Cite this Article

Rao Amulya P, Sreedevi N. The Contextual Effect of Vowels on Correct Production of Retroflex in Kannada Speaking Children with Speech Sound Disorder: A Case Study . Research & Reviews: Journal of Computational Biology . 2018; 7(2):          46–66p.

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ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ | Forest Conservation Essay in Kannada

ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮಹತ್ವ Forest Conservation Essay in Kannada About Forest Conservation Aranya Samrakshane Prabandha in Kannada

Forest Conservation Essay in Kannada

ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಪ್ರಬಂಧ

ಈ ಲೇಖನದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾವು ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ಕುರಿತು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಮಾಹಿತಿಯನ್ನು ನಿಮಗೆ ನೀಡಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ದೇವರಂತೆ ಪೂಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತುಳಸಿ, ಆಲದ, ಮತ್ತು ಪೀಪಲ್ ಅನ್ನು ಪೂಜಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಶ್ವವೃಕ್ಷದ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಷ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ಶಿವನ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮನು ನೆಲೆಸಿದ್ದಾನೆ. ಅಂತಹ ನಂಬಿಕೆ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿನ ಮರಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಇದೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯ ನಮ್ಮ ನಾಗರಿಕತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಯ ಸಂಕೇತವಾಗಿದೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯವು ಒಂದು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಸಂಪನ್ಮೂಲವಾಗಿದೆ. ಆರಂಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಕಾಲುಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಡುಗಳಿದ್ದವು ಎಂದು ಅಂದಾಜಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ಆದರೆ ಈಗ ಮರ, ಇಂಧನ, ವಸತಿಗಾಗಿ ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ, ಇದರ ಪರಿಣಾಮವಾಗಿ ಈಗ ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಭೂಮಿಯ ಶೇಕಡಾ 15 ರಷ್ಟು ಮಾತ್ರ ಕಂಡುಬರುತ್ತವೆ. ನಿರಂತರ ಅರಣ್ಯ ನಾಶದಿಂದ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸವಕಳಿ, ಅತಿವೃಷ್ಟಿ, ಅನಾವೃಷ್ಟಿಯಂತಹ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಗಳು ಮನುಷ್ಯರ ಮುಂದೆ ಬಂದಿವೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಬಹಳ ಮುಖ್ಯ. ಅರಣ್ಯವು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳ ಜನ್ಮಸ್ಥಳವಾಗಿದೆ. ಅವರನ್ನು ಉಳಿಸುವುದು ನಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ. ಪ್ಲಾಂಟೇಶನ್ ಆರಾಧನೆ – ಅರಣ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತಿಗೆ ಅವಿನಾಭಾವ ಸಂಬಂಧವಿದೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳು

ನಾವು ಪೀಠೋಪಕರಣಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸಲು ಬಳಸುವ ತೇಗ, ಲಿನ್ಸೆಡ್, ಪೈನ್ ಮತ್ತು ದೇವದಾರು ಮುಂತಾದ ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಅನೇಕ ರೀತಿಯ ಮರವನ್ನು ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮಳೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಇದರಿಂದ ಮಾನವ ಜೀವನ ಸಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಆದಾಯದ ಒಂದು ಭಾಗವಾಗಿದೆ. ಡಾ.ಪಿ.ಎಚ್.ಚಟ್ಖಾಲ್ ಅವರ ಮಾತಿನಲ್ಲಿ “ಅರಣ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಆಸ್ತಿ”, ನಾಗರಿಕತೆಗೆ ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಅವಶ್ಯಕತೆಯಿದೆ. ಅವು ಕಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲದೆ ಹಲವು ಬಗೆಯ ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು, ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಮೇವು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯದ ಮೂಲಕ ಅನೇಕ ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗಿಗಳು ಉದ್ಯೋಗ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ಗಿಡಮೂಲಿಕೆಗಳು, ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳು ನಮ್ಮ ದೈನಂದಿನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಹಾರವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ಮರದಿಂದ ವಿವಿಧ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮಾನವರು ದೈನಂದಿನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಶ್ರೀಗಂಧದ ಮರ, ಹವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವ ಮರ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ಪೂಜೆಗೆ ಬೇಕಾದ ಹಲವು ಬಗೆಯ ಮರಗಳು ಸಿಗುವುದು ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಮಾತ್ರ. ಅರಣ್ಯವು ಅನೇಕ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳ ಆವಾಸಸ್ಥಾನವಾಗಿದೆ. ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ, ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿ, ಸುನಾಮಿ ಮುಂತಾದವುಗಳಿಂದ ಜನರನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಸಹಾಯಕವಾಗಿವೆ

ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾಗುವ ಪರೋಕ್ಷ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳು

ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಮನುಕುಲಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಇತರ ಜೀವಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಜೀವನವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯವು ನಮ್ಮ ನಿಜವಾದ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತ, ಈ ರೀತಿಯಾಗಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಸ್ನೇಹಿತರು ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ತೊಂದರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಅದೇ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಡು ಕೂಡ ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಅನೇಕ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಅಪಾಯಗಳಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ನಾವು ಅರಣ್ಯದಿಂದ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕವು ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಹವು ಉಸಿರಾಡುವ ಏಕೈಕ ಮಾರ್ಗವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ನಮಗೆ ಪರೋಕ್ಷವಾಗಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಮರಗಳು ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸವಕಳಿಯನ್ನು ತಡೆಯುತ್ತವೆ, ಕಾಡುಗಳು ಸಹ ಮಳೆಗೆ ಕಾರಣ, ಕಾಡುಗಳು ಮೋಡಗಳನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮ ಕಡೆಗೆ ಎಳೆಯುತ್ತವೆ, ಇದರಿಂದ ಮಳೆಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ನಮ್ಮ ವಾತಾವರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ ಪ್ರಮಾಣವು ತುಂಬಾ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಈ ಅನಿಲವು ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಹಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾನಿಕಾರಕವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಫಲವತ್ತಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಮಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಬಂಧಿಸುವ, ತನ್ಮೂಲಕ ಮಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸುವ ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು. ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಾಹ ಉಂಟಾದಾಗ ಒಳಬರುವ ನೀರಿನ ವೇಗವನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಿ. ಇದರಿಂದ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ತೊಂದರೆಯಾಗಿಲ್ಲ. ಕಾಡುಗಳ ಉಪಸ್ಥಿತಿಯು ತಾಪಮಾನವನ್ನು ಸ್ಥಿರವಾಗಿರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿರುವ ಕಾರಣ ಕಾಲಕಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಮಳೆಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಇದರಿಂದ ನೀರಾವರಿ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಬಗೆಹರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ ಅನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರತಿಯಾಗಿ ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕವನ್ನು ನೀಡುತ್ತವೆ, ಮಾನವರಿಗೆ ಜೀವ ನೀಡುವ ಅನಿಲ. ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಸೂರ್ಯನಿಂದ ಬರುವ ಹಾನಿಕಾರಕ ಕಿರಣಗಳಿಂದ ಜಗತ್ತನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶದಿಂದಾಗಿ ನಷ್ಟ

ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ ಯಾವುದೇ ಒಂದು ಜೀವಿಯ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯಲ್ಲ, ಆದರೆ ಇಡೀ ಜೀವಿ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾನವ ಪ್ರಪಂಚದ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆ. ಈ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ನಿಭಾಯಿಸಲು ಏನನ್ನೂ ಮಾಡದಿದ್ದರೆ ಇಡೀ ಮಾನವ ಜೀವನವು ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಾಡನ್ನು ಕಡಿದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಟ್ಟಡಗಳನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಮಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ, ಅರ್ಧದಷ್ಟು ಕಾಡುಗಳು ನಾಶವಾಗಿವೆ. ವಿಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕರ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ, 33 ಪ್ರತಿಶತ ಭೂಮಿ ಅರಣ್ಯವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಇದರಿಂದ ಪರಿಸರದ ಸಮತೋಲನ ಕಾಪಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮಿಗಳು ಅರಣ್ಯ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಲಾಭಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ನಿರಂತರವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಮುಂದಿನ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗುವ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಯಿದೆ.

ಮರ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಗಳ ಇತರ ಘಟಕಗಳಿಂದ ವಿವಿಧ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಕಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹ ಕತ್ತರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶವು ಪರಿಸರದ ಮೇಲೆ ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸವಕಳಿ, ಜಲಚಕ್ರದ ಅಡಚಣೆ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಜೀವವೈವಿಧ್ಯ, ಪರಿಸರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕಾಡು/ಕಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಕಡಿಯುವ ಮೂಲಕ ನಮ್ಮವರಷ್ಟೇ ಅಲ್ಲ ನಮ್ಮ ಮುಂದಿನ ಪೀಳಿಗೆಯ ಜೀವಕ್ಕೂ ಅಪಾಯ ತಂದೊಡ್ಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದೇವೆ. ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿರುವ ಜನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯನ್ನು ಪೂರೈಸಲು ಕೃಷಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸಲು ಅರಣ್ಯ/ಕಾಡುಗಳ ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುವುದು ತುಂಬಾ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಸಂಗತಿಯಾಗಿದೆ. ಇಂತಹ ಅರಣ್ಯ/ಕಾಡುಗಳ ನಾಶವು ಕೃಷಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ವ್ಯತಿರಿಕ್ತ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರುತ್ತದೆ

ಅರಣ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸುವ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು

ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿತ ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶ

ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶವನ್ನು ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗಿ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲಾಗದಿದ್ದರೂ, ನಾವು ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲು ನೋಡಬೇಕು. ಎಳೆಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬಲಿಯದ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದಷ್ಟು ಕಡಿಯಬಾರದು. ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ವಾಣಿಜ್ಯ ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶವನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲು ನಾವು ನೋಡಬೇಕು. ಸ್ಪಷ್ಟ-ಕತ್ತರಿಸುವ ಅಥವಾ ಆಯ್ದ ಕತ್ತರಿಸುವಿಕೆಯಂತಹ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸಗಳನ್ನು ಅಳವಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು ದೀರ್ಘಾವಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಕಾರಿಯಾಗಿದೆ.

ಕಾಡಿನ ಬೆಂಕಿಯಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿ

ಕಾಡ್ಗಿಚ್ಚುಗಳು ಕಾಡುಗಳ ನಷ್ಟಕ್ಕೆ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಮಾರಕ ಕಾರಣವಾಗಿದೆ. ಅವು ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭವಾಗಬಹುದು ಅಥವಾ ಮನುಷ್ಯನಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾದ ಅಪಘಾತಗಳು ಅಥವಾ ಕೆಲವು ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಉದ್ದೇಶಪೂರ್ವಕವಾಗಿರಬಹುದು. ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಕಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಬೆಂಕಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಿಸಿದರೆ ಅದನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸುವುದು ತುಂಬಾ ಕಷ್ಟ. ಇಂತಹ ಘಟನೆಗಳು ನಡೆಯದಂತೆ ಮುನ್ನೆಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ವಹಿಸಬೇಕು. ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಲೇನ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವುದು, ಬೆಂಕಿಯನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಲು ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕಗಳನ್ನು ಹರಡುವುದು, ಒಣ ಎಲೆಗಳು, ಮರಗಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೆರವುಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು.

ನಾವು ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ನೆಡುವ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಇದು. ಹಸ್ತಚಾಲಿತ ಕಸಿ ಅಥವಾ ತಾಜಾ ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ನೆಡುವ ಮೂಲಕ ನಾವು ಅರಣ್ಯವನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸಲು ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಇದು ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶ ಮತ್ತು ಎಲ್ಲಾ ರೀತಿಯ ಪರಿಸರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯದ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳನ್ನು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲು ನಮ್ಮ ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಸಮತೋಲನಗೊಳಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನವಾಗಿದೆ.

ಉತ್ತಮ ಕೃಷಿ ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳು

ಕೃಷಿಯನ್ನು ಕಡಿದು ಸುಡುವುದು, ಜಾನುವಾರುಗಳಿಂದ ಅತಿಯಾಗಿ ಮೇಯಿಸುವುದು, ಕೃಷಿಯನ್ನು ಬದಲಾಯಿಸುವುದು ಇವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಿರ್ದಿಷ್ಟವಾಗಿ ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಗೆ ಹಾನಿಕಾರಕವಾದ ಕೃಷಿ ಪದ್ಧತಿಗಳಾಗಿವೆ. ಈ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಆಚರಣೆಗಳನ್ನು ನಾವು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಇಟ್ಟುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.

ಅರಣ್ಯ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಲು ನಾವು ಬಳಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬಹುದಾದ ಇಂತಹ ಅಭ್ಯಾಸಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಜೂಮ್ ಕೃಷಿಯು ಒಂದು. ಭಾರತದ ಈಶಾನ್ಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಬೆಳೆಗಳನ್ನು ಕತ್ತರಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಬಂಜರು ಇಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಬಳ್ಳಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಡು ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು ಬೆಳೆದು ಕಾಲಾನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅದನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಫಲವತ್ತಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ ಮತ್ತು ನಂತರ ಭೂಮಿಯನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಕೃಷಿ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ಕಾಡಿನಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಮರಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು ಪರಿಸರ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯ ಅವಿಭಾಜ್ಯ ಅಂಗವಾಗಿದೆ. ಇದು ಗ್ರಹದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವವನ್ನು ಉಳಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ, ಶುದ್ಧ ಗಾಳಿ ಮತ್ತು ಆಶ್ರಯವನ್ನು ಒದಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಲ್ಲದೆ, ಅರಣ್ಯಗಳು ಜೀವವೈವಿಧ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ, ನಾವು ಅರಣ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ವನ್ಯಜೀವಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸುವುದನ್ನು ನಾವು ಖಚಿತಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.ಸರಕಾರವು ಮರಗಳನ್ನು ನೆಡಲು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕ್ರಮಗಳನ್ನು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡಿದೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಅನ್ವಯಿಸಲು ಜನರನ್ನು ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ಪ್ರಕೃತಿಯ ಪರಿಸರವು ಇಂಗಾಲದ ಡೈಆಕ್ಸೈಡ್ ಮುಕ್ತವಾಗಲು ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಜನರು ಶುದ್ಧ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತಿ ಉಸಿರನ್ನು ಉಸಿರಾಡಲು ಶಾಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತಲಾ ಒಂದು ಮರವನ್ನು ನೆಡಲು ಮಕ್ಕಳಿಗೆ ಸರ್ಕಾರದಿಂದ ಸೂಚನೆ ನೀಡಲಾಯಿತು.

ಅರಣ್ಯ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗ ಳೇನು?

ಅರಣ್ಯದ ಮೂಲಕ ಅನೇಕ ನಿರುದ್ಯೋಗಿಗಳು ಉದ್ಯೋಗ ಪಡೆಯುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ಗಿಡಮೂಲಿಕೆಗಳು, ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳು ಇತ್ಯಾದಿಗಳು ನಮ್ಮ ದೈನಂದಿನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಹಾರವಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು. ಕಾಡುಗಳಿಂದ ಸಿಗುವ ಮರದಿಂದ ವಿವಿಧ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ತಯಾರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮಾನವರು ದೈನಂದಿನ ಜೀವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಶ್ರೀಗಂಧದ ಮರ, ಹವನದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವ ಮರ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ

ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶದಿಂದಾಗುವ ನಷ್ಟ ಗಳೇನು?

ಮರ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಗಳ ಇತರ ಘಟಕಗಳಿಂದ ವಿವಿಧ ವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಕಾಡುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಹ ಕತ್ತರಿಸಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅರಣ್ಯನಾಶವು ಪರಿಸರದ ಮೇಲೆ ನಕಾರಾತ್ಮಕ ಪರಿಣಾಮ ಬೀರುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಕಾರಣಗಳಿಂದಾಗಿ ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಸವಕಳಿ, ಜಲಚಕ್ರದ ಅಡಚಣೆ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ಜೀವವೈವಿಧ್ಯ, ಪರಿಸರ ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ ಸಂಭವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಅರಣ್ಯೀಕರಣ ಎಂದರೇನು?

ಇತರೆ ವಿಷಯಾಗಳು.

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