3.06 anatomy and physiology assignment

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3.6: Practice for Brain Models

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The pictures below provide you with a low-tech way to practice finding and identifying anatomical parts of the brain and some examples of physiology questions you may encounter. The pictures are of RVCC’s lab models. Each picture will include labels and associated questions; the associated questions are similar to what you may expect to see on a practical or a lab assignment. If you have any questions or think you found an error in the answer key, please consult your instructor.

This practice work is optional, unless otherwise stated by your instructor. Answers for all figure and questions are at the end of the document.

• What view (frontal, sagittal, bottom, top, internal external, transverse) are you looking at in this picture?
• Is this the left or the right side of the brain?
• Identify Structure A
• Identify Lobe B
• Identify Lobe C
• Identify Structure D
• Identify Structure E
• Identify Structure II
• Identify Structure 8
• Which structure helps plan movements; control learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills; and, is involved with intellectual activities, personality, interpreting abstract ideas and making rational judgments?

• Identify the structure labeled 10
• Identify Structure  26
• Identify Structure 11
• Identify Structure 23
• Identify Structure e
• Identify Structure 19 & 20
• Identify the structure labeled Z
• Identify the structure labeled Y
• Which structure (letter or number) plays a major role in balance  and precise, coordinated skeletal muscle movement with visual, proprioceptive, auditory, and vestibular information?
• Which structure (letter or number) synthesizes cerebrospinal fluid?
• Which structure (letter or number) contains white matter tracts that convey action potentials between the left and right sides of the brain?
• Which structure (letter or number) synthesizes melatonin?

• Identify the lobe labeled W
• Identify the structure labeled X
• Identify the lobe labeled V
• Identify the lobe labeled T
• Does letter A point to gyri or sulci?
• Which structure contains Broca’s area?
• Which structure receives sensory signals about and interprets gustatory information and helps us understand visceral sensations (such as a stomach ache or nausea)?

• Identify the structure labeled L
• Identify the lobe labeled E
• Identify the lobe labeled F
• Identify the lobe labeled G
• Identify the structure labeled H
• Identify the structure labeled I
• List one function of lobe F
• Which letter represents the structure with reflex centers for heart rate, blood pressure, and vomiting?
• Identify one function of structure H
• Which structure intakes somatosensory information and helps us to understand spatial discrimination?
• Identify a function of structure J
• Which structure (letter or number) regulates Circadian rhythms?

• Identify one function of structure L.
• Which structure helps to regulate breathing rate and depth with input from chemoreceptors?
• Identify one function of structure K
• Identify lobe K
• Identify structure L
• Identify structure M
• Identify one function of structure 8
• Which structure  (letter or number) receives visual information from the rods and cones of the retina?

Figure 1 Answers

• This view shows the left side of the brain from the inferior view
• Temporal lobe (not just temporal)
• Frontal lobe (not just frontal)
• Pituitary gland
• Optic chiasma (not chiasm)
• Optic nerve
• Olfactory bulb
• C (frontal lobe)

Figure 2 Answers

• This is an internal sagittal section of the brain that has been cut in half
• Corpus collosum (you do not need to know specific areas of the corpus collosum)
• Choroid plexus
• Lateral ventricle
• Pineal gland
• 4 th ventricle/ fourth ventricle
• Structure 26
• Structure 10
• Structure 23

Figure 3 Answers

• This is an external view of the right side of the brain; the section containing the superior frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and superior occipital lobe has been removed.
• Occipital lobe (not just occipital)
• Sulci (which are the sunken areas formed by folding of the cerebral cortex during its early growth); gyri are the raised areas

Figure 4 Answers

• 3 rd ventricle / third ventricle
• Parietal lobe (not just parietal)
• Hypothalamus
• Medulla oblongota (regulated pulse, BP, and respiratory rate among other functions)
• Receives visual information from retinas
• Example: ability to recognize faces
• Structure I
• Controls autonomic nervous system
• blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size
• Initiates physical responses to emotions
• Regulates body temperature: sweating or shivering
• Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones
• Regulates water balance and thirst
• Regulates sleep-wake cycles
• Secretions of anterior pituitary gland (by use of releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary gland)
• Production of posterior pituitary hormones (ADH and oxytocin)
• Production of releasing and inhibiting hormones
• E (the parietal lobe)
• Relays, sorts, edits information coming into cortex
• Mediates sensation, motor activities, learning, and memory
• As part of Reticular Activating System, aids in maintaining cortical arousal (think of this as keeping the brain “awake” even when sleeping in case there’s an emergency—remember we used to live out in the wild with no walls or electronic security systems)
• K, (pineal gland), which regulates Circadian rhythms, which are also known as sleep-wake cycles

Figure 5 Answers

• This is an external view of the brain from its underside
• This view shows both the left (top part of picture) and right (bottom part of picture)
• This is the pituitary gland which secretes hormones
• Receives and interprets auditory information (and sound memory)
• Contains part of Wernicke’s area (language, left)
• Interpretation of smell as good/bad = frontal lobe
• This is the olfactory bulb (I is the olfactory nerve), its function is to receive olfactory/smell information from the olfactory receptors in the roof of the nose
• Structure II, which is the optic nerve

Figure 6 Answers

• This is an external view of the left side of the brain

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3.5: Laboratory Activities and Assignment

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• Rosanna Hartline
• West Hills College Lemoore

Laboratory Activities and Assignment

Part 1: cell structures.

1. Draw an animal cell in the space below. Draw the components of the cell using different colors. Color the parts of an animal cell using a color scheme you developed or on other words, match the color with the cell structure. Use a different color for each of the cell components if possible. Your cell will contain the following structures each labeled on the drawing:

2. Label the 3D model of a cell below with the terms listed. Some structures in this model appear as closed 3D structures (as they would be in a living cell) and others appear as sliced flat (as they would be if we were observing these structures using an electron microscope (TEM, specifically). The colors in the model are significant. Everything that is orange for example is all the same type of structure, but it just may be shown in 3D versus sliced and therefore appears very differently in different spots on the model. Also, vesicles/vacuoles, peroxisomes, and lysosomes are very difficult to tell apart visually only, so don't stress about which one is which.

Part 2: Observe, Illustration, and Label Cells of Different Types

Examine the images below of some of the more than 200 different cell types in the human body. Each image has a circle, rectangle, or other marker to indicate what a single cell of this cell type looks like. A few other labels are also included. Use these images for reference in this activity. Also note the scientific terms for different cells often include "-cyte" in their names (e.g. erythrocyte, adipocyte, etc.), which means "cell." So next time you come across a word you don't know that ends in "-cyte," you know that it is a type of cell.

For each of the cell types listed below:

• Examine a slide with the microscope to observe this cell type.
• Identify a single cell in the sample.
• Illustrate a single cell from the sample in the space provided below.
• Indicate the total magnification (objective magnification x ocular magnification) used to observe and illustrate the cell.
• Label your illustration of the cell type with the structures listed for each.

Skeletal Muscle Cell (Muscle Fiber)

Label the cell with: nucleus, striations

Adipose Cell (Fat Cell or Adipocyte)

Label the cell with: nucleus, fat-containing droplet

Red Blood Cell (Erythrocyte)

Label the cell with: n/a (lacks a nucleus)

White Blood Cell (Leukocyte)

Label the cell with: nucleus

Cartilage Cell (Chondrocyte)

Label the cell with: chondrocyte, nucleus, lacuna (a space surrounding the cell)

• Anatomy and Physiology I Lab" by Victoria Vidal is licensed under CC BY 4.0

Part 2: Observe, Illustrate, and Label Cells of Different Types

• "Anatomy and Physiology Lab Reference" by Laird C Sheldahl , OpenOregonEducational Resources, Mt. Hood Community College is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
• "Animal Tissues and Organs" by Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library is in the Public Domain, CC0
• "BIOL 250 Human Anatomy Lab Manual SU 19" by Yancy Aquino , Skyline College is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0