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• Writing a Literature Review

Just about every major research project involves a literature review, often these can be placed at the beginning of a paper or can be publishable in their own right. The OWL provides guidance for literature review writing.

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4.3: APA Format

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• Lindsey Jo Hand, Erin Ryan, and Karen Sichler
• Kennesaw State University via GALILEO Open Learning Materials

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Before getting started on the research process, let’s learn a little more about formatting and structuring papers. Scholarly research within communication studies typically uses American Psychological Association format, or APA. APA style provides scholars with a uniform way to present and understand research. While it takes some time to learn, this formatting style will help you keep your papers organized and most importantly, will aid you in properly citing your sources in order to avoid plagiarism. This chapter will walk you through a series of exercises intended to familiarize you with APA style. First, we will briefly discuss the general structure of a paper written in APA format. Then we' will practice in-text citations and reference list citations. As you complete these exercises, make sure you have your APA manual handy. You may also find the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/1/ helpful, as this site stays current on APA formatting as well.

Paper Structure

The structure for a literature review is somewhat standard and involves several components, which are listed in Figure 2. While exercises following this chapter will walk you through writing each section, we're going to give you a quick explanation of what each paper section entails.

"Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose. It is a seeking that he who wishes may know the cosmic secrets of the world and they that dwell therein." -Zora Neale Hurston

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Literature Review Paper Structure

The title page is the first page of your paper. As illustrated in your manual and the APA sample paper provided on Purdue OWL at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media...013008_560.pdf , the title page should include a header, page number, the paper title, your name, and your school name. You may also include an author note, but some instructors may not require this. For a demonstration on how to format your header, please click on the button below:

Video \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Introduction

The introduction informs the reader on what your topic of inquiry is. You give the reader background information on your topic such as definitions or statistics illustrating the significance of your topic. Here, you describe what the purpose of your paper is. For an 8 to 10 page paper, this section is typically 1 to 3 paragraphs.

The abstract is placed on the page after the title page and provides a brief summary of the whole paper along with keywords used in your library source searches. Since it's a summary of your whole paper, it should be the last part of the paper you write. This section is typically 5 to 7 sentences.

Literature Review

Your literature review section should be an overview of research that has already been conducted on the topic you are researching. This is the main section of the paper and is intended to give the reader an idea of what the state of knowledge is on the topic. It's important to remain objective and rely solely on your sources for information. Make sure you leave personal observation and personal knowledge out of your literature review. For an 8 to 10 page paper, this section is typically 4 to 6 pages.

Analysis and Discussion

This section is where you discuss the literature you just reviewed and summarized. What does it all mean? Identify patterns and ideas that your sources seem to agree on. Were there any discrepancies or contradictions? What did your sources miss, and what questions still need to be answered regarding your topic? After identifying this information, you will need to suggest future research possibilities and what scholars should investigate next. For an 8 to 10 page paper, this section is typically 1 to 3 pages.

Your conclusion will wrap everything up by restating the purpose of your paper and reiterating your main points. For an 8 to 10 page paper, this section is typically 1 to 3 paragraphs.

This section is where you cite all of the sources you used in your paper. Make sure you have your APA manual handy as you complete your citations.

Avoiding Plagiarism

We provide citations in academic works in order to let the reader know that our information and claims are supported by evidence and to avoid plagiarism. Whenever you share information or an idea that is not your own, the source of that information must be cited. Please see the list below from the University of Pittsburgh (2008) to get a better understanding of what plagiarism is and what types of plagiarism exist:

• Copying text "as is" without quotation marks and with no citation or source.
• Reordering the elements of the source text without citation.
• Copying pieces (sentences, key phrases) of the source text without citation.
• Paraphrasing without citation. o Reproducing information that is not common knowledge or self-evident without citation.
• Incorporating an idea heard in conversation without citation.
• Using your own past material or another student's material as a new idea without citation.
• Paying for another to contribute to your work without citation.
• Using software or online translators to translate material without citation.
• Paying someone else to do your work, purchasing material, or translating from someone else's material (Calvano, 2011, p.1).

In-text Citations

The in-text citations you provide in your written work help the reader understand where your information came from and ensure that the informatoin you are sharing is credible. Below are some examples of common in-text citation styles you will use in your paper. For these examples, we'll use the following citation:

Stiles, M., & Hand, L. (2017). APA format: You can do it. Kennesaw State Journal, 3(1), 1-10. doi: 10.3920958039

Paraphrasing

--There are two ways to do this.

According to Stiles and Hand (2017), APA format can be a little complicated and takes time and practice to learn.

APA format can be a little complicated and takes time to time and practice to learn (Stiles & Hand, 2017).

Direct Quotes

According to Stiles and Hand (2017), "APA formatting is nuanced and consists of many rules, and fully learning this format takes time" (p. 2).

"APA formatting is nuanced and consists of many rules, and fully learning this format take time" (Stiles & Hand, 2017, p. 2).

More Than 3 Authors

--List all names in the first citation then use "et al." for all other following citations.

What the first citation would look like:

According to Stiles, Hand, and Smith (2017), APA formatting highlights publication dates because recent research is important in social science disciplines.

APA formatting highlights publication dates because recent research is important in the social sciences (Stiles, Hand, & Smith, 2017).

Citations following the first citation:

Stiles et al. (2017) claim that APA takes time to learn.

APA takes time to learn (Stiles et al., 2017).

According to Stiles et al. (2017), "APA formatting takes consistent practice to fully learn" (p. 3).

"APA formatting takes consistent practice to fully learn" (Stiles et al., 2017, p. 3).

Reference List Citations

These types of citations are listed in the references section of your paper. As you complete your work, you may find the checklist at https://www2.indwes.edu/APA/APAStyleChecklist.pdf helpful. Please see the list below from Purdue OWL (2018) for basic rules on constructing a references list.

• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
• For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• Present the journal title in full. o Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title. For example: ReCALL not RECALL or Knowledge Management Research & Practice not Knowledge Management Research and Practice.
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.

Scholarly Journal Article Citation Example

Scholarly book citation.

Sichler, K., & Ryan, E. (2018). The joys of APA format. New York, New York: Cengage

Calvano, B. (2011). Plagiarism in higher education. Retrieved from http:// www.examiner.com/adult-education-in- pittsburgh/plagiarism-higher- education

Purdue Online Writing Center (2018). Reference list: Basic Rules. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/

University of Pittsburgh. (2008). Undergraduate plagiarism policy. Retrieved from http://www.frenchanditalian.pitt.edu/undergrad/about/ plagiarism.php

APA Format Source Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Let's practice. Conduct a quick search on your library's website. Use the key words "media", "effects", and "cultivation theory". Find one scholarly article and one scholarly book. List their information in the form below to the best of your ability. Use this form to keep track of your sources and to ensure your citations include all required information.

Scholarly Journal Article

Author name(s):

Publication date:

Title: Publication/journal name:

Volume number:

Edition number:

Page numbers:

Doi number or url:

Full Citation:

Scholarly Book

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Education Research Guide: How to Write a Literature Review

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Literature Reviews Explained

Use the articles below to learn about:

• what a literature review is
• how to select and research a topic
• how to write a literature review
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The Writing Center: Literature Reviews
• OWL (Purdue University Online Writing Lab): Using APA to format your Literature Review

Synthesizing Explained

Synthesizing is a method of analyzing the main ideas and important information from your sources as you read and prepare to write a literature review. Review the resources below for sample synthesizing methods. Both examples have tables you can fill out as you read articles to help you organize your thoughts. 

• Writing a Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix: NC University Tutorial Center
• Matrix Example from the University of West Florida Libraries
• Synthesizing Cornelsen This article is included in "Writing a Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix" to illustrate synthesizing articles in the sample matrix.
• Synthesizing: Bruley This article is included in "Writing a Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix" to illustrate synthesizing articles in the sample matrix.

Sample Literature Reviews

Make sure you follow any instructions from you professor on how to format your literature review! Use the examples below to get ideas for how you might write about the sources you found in your research.

• Literature Review 1
• Literature Review 2
• Literature Review 3
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What is a literature review?

• A literature review is a critical, analytical summary and synthesis of the current knowledge of a topic. As a researcher, you collect the available literature on a topic, and then select the literature that is most relevant for your purpose. Your written literature review summarizes and analyses the themes, topics, methods, and results of that literature in order to inform the reader about the history and current status of research on that topic.

What purpose does a literature review serve?

• The literature review informs the reader of the researcher's knowledge of the relevant research already conducted on the topic under discussion, and places the author's current study in context of previous studies.
• As part of a senior project, the literature review points out the current issues and questions concerning a topic. By relating the your research to a knowledge gap in the existing literature, you should demonstrate how his or her proposed research will contribute to expanding knowledge in that field.

Take a look at our Literature Review Guide for more information. 

• SAMPLE: Literature Review in ASA This is a sample literature review from a professional journal that publishes in ASA style. ***Lit review begins on page 384 and ends on page 387. DATA AND METHODS section is NOT part of the lit review.
• Literature Review Matrix (Excel Doc) Excel file that can be edited to suit your needs.
• Literature Review Matrix (PDF) Source: McLean, Lindsey. "Literature Review." CORA (Community of Online Research Assignments), 2015. https://www.projectcora.org/assignment/literature-review.
• Academic Writer (formerly APA Style Central) This link opens in a new window This resource has templates available for literature reviews and other types of papers.
• Sample Literature Reviews: Univ. of West Florida Literature review guide from the University of West Florida library guides.
• Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) Sample literature review in APA from Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL)

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How to Do a Literature Review: Resources

• Introduction
• Where to Begin
• Organization & Writing

Video Tutorials

Sample Papers

• Sample APA Literature Review Contains explanations and tips. From the Purdue Online Writing Lab.
• Example APA Paper from Purdue OWL Example of an APA communications paper with a literature review inside it. From the Purdue Online Writing Lab.

Online Resources

• PDF Literature Review Guide A succinct guide to literature reviews, including a short sample of a literature review.
• Writing a Literature Review A basic guide to writing a literature review. From the University of Guelph.
• Literature Reviews Very detailed guide to writing literature reviews. From the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
• Literature Review Tutorial From American University.
• Why is Writing a Literature Review so Hard?
• Literature Reviews: OWL Purdue Graduate Workshop
• Social Work Literature Review Guidelines: OWL Purdue Writing Lab

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POSC 325: Political Analysis: Literature Review Tips

• Research Question Development
• Literature Review Tips
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The Literature Review

The literature review is meant to serve as preliminary research,  conducted before you write a research paper. You conduct this review of the literature after you develop a topic  that interests you, and before you solidify your position . It is both a  summary and a general timeline  of research done on the subject you're about to discuss in detail. Essentially, you're trying to:

• Determine what's already been written on a topic
• Evaluate what's already been written on a topic
• Identify gaps that haven't been heavily researched
• Join into the conversation that's already been started by other scholars

When Preparing to Write:

• Identify the most  significant studies and scholars  concerning your topic or research question. Read the works carefully and consistently and take notes
• State the  central research questions  investigated by scholars, the  key concepts , and  hypotheses advanced,  and their  methodological strengths and weaknesses
• Identify  significant trends or patterns  in the results of the studies
• Identify any  gaps  you may find in the literature - questions left unexplored, concepts or theories misused, or methodological errors made
• Think about how the  studies all fit together
• Summarize  the state of the field for this research topic

When  Writing :

• Describe the  topic or problem area . Note why the topic is important and why it is worth studying
• Identify the  research question  you are investigating or the hypothesis you are testing
• Discuss how the  previous work  (that is, its findings, methods, trends, and theories) sets the stage for your own research
• Discuss how your research effort is  similar to  or  differs from  previous ones
• Discuss what you  plan to do  in your research paper
• Write the  literature review  in an essay format with proper citations and a bibliography

Sections to Include in Your Literature Review:

• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Model and Hypothesis
• Research Design

Literature Review Source Template

Literature Review Example [Purdue Owl]

Checklist Companion to Text

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Literature Review How to...

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APA Citation Style Resources

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• APA Citation Style 7th edition Quick Reference
• APA Citation Style 7th Ed. FREE Access Temporary FREE access due to COVID-19
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Types of APA Papers

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. There is currently no equivalent 7th edition page, but we're working on one. Thank you for your patience. Here is a link to our APA 7 "General Format" page .

There are two common types of papers written in fields using APA Style: the literature review and the experimental report (also known as a "research report"). Each has unique requirements concerning the sections that must be included in the paper.

Literature review

A literature review is a critical summary of what the scientific literature says about your specific topic or question. Often student research in APA fields falls into this category. Your professor might ask you to write this kind of paper to demonstrate your familiarity with work in the field pertinent to the research you hope to conduct. 

While the APA Publication Manual does not require a specific order for a literature review, a good literature review typically contains the following components:

• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Summary and synthesis of sources
• List of references

Some instructors may also want you to write an abstract for a literature review, so be sure to check with them when given an assignment. Also, the length of a literature review and the required number of sources will vary based on course and instructor preferences.

NOTE:  A literature review and an annotated bibliography are  not  synonymous. While both types of writing involve examining sources, the literature review seeks to synthesize the information and draw connections between sources. If you are asked to write an annotated bibliography, you should consult the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  for the APA Format for Annotated Bibliographies.

Experimental/Research report

In many of the social sciences, you will be asked to design and conduct your own experimental research. If so, you will need to write up your paper using a structure that is more complex than that used for just a literature review. We have a complete resource devoted to writing an experimental report in the field of psychology  here .

This structure follows the scientific method, but it also makes your paper easier to follow by providing those familiar cues that help your reader efficiently scan your information for:

• Why the topic is important (covered in your introduction)
• What the problem is (also covered in your introduction)
• What you did to try to solve the problem (covered in your methods section)
• What you found (covered in your results section)
• What you think your findings mean (covered in your discussion section)

Thus an experimental report typically includes the following sections.

• Multiple experiments (if you conduct more than one)
• Appendices (if necessary)
• Tables and/or figures (if necessary)

Make sure to check the guidelines for your assignment or any guidelines that have been given to you by an editor of a journal before you submit a manuscript containing the sections listed above.

As with the literature review, the length of this report may vary by course or by journal, but most often it will be determined by the scope of the research conducted.

Other papers

If you are writing a paper that fits neither of these categories, follow the guidelines about  General Format , consult your instructor, or look up advice in the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association .

When submitting a manuscript to a journal, make sure you follow the guidelines described in the submission policies of that publication, and include as many sections as you think are applicable to presenting your material. Remember to keep your audience in mind as you are making this decision. If certain information is particularly pertinent for conveying your research, then ensure that there is a section of your paper that adequately addresses that information.

• Research Guides

Writing Literature Reviews

• Literature Review Overview
• Organizing Your Lit Review
• Tips for Writing Your Lit Review

Need Assistance?

Find your librarian, schedule a research appointment, today's hours : , what is a literature review.

A literature review ought to be a clear, concise synthesis of relevant information. A literature review should introduce the study it precedes and show how that study fits into topically related studies that already exist. Structurally, a literature review ought to be something like a funnel: start by addressing the topic broadly and gradually narrow as the review progresses.

from Literature Reviews by CU Writing Center

Why review the literature?

Reference to prior literature is a defining feature of academic and research writing. Why review the literature?

• To help you understand a research topic
• To establish the importance of a topic
• To help develop your own ideas
• To make sure you are not simply replicating research that others have already successfully completed
• To demonstrate knowledge and show how your current work is situated within, builds on, or departs from earlier publications

from Literature Review Basics from University of La Verne

Tips & Tricks

Before writing your own literature review, take a look at these resources which share helpful tips and tricks:

Lectures & Slides

• Literature Reviews | CU Writing Center
• Writing a Literature Review | CU Writing Center
• Revising a Literature Review | CU Writing Center
• Literature Reviews: How to Find and Do Them
• Literature Reviews: An Overview

How-To Guides

• Literature Reviews | Purdue OWL
• Literature Reviews | University of North Carolina
• Learn How to Write a Review of Literature | University of Wisconsin
• Literature Review: The What, Why and How-to Guide | University of Connecticut
• Literature Reviews | Florida A & M
• Conduct a Literature Review | SUNY
• Literature Review Basics | University of LaVerne

Sample Literature Reviews

• Sample Literature Reviews | University of West Florida
• Sample APA Papers: Literature Review | Purdue OWL
• Next: Organizing Your Lit Review >>
• Last Updated: Apr 24, 2020 3:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.cedarville.edu/c.php?g=969394