marijuana reflective essay

211 Marijuana Essay Topics & Examples

Should marijuana be legalized? This question is controversial and worth discussing!

🔝 Top 10 Marijuana Research Topics

🌱 marijuana essay: how to write, 🏆 best marijuana essay examples.

• 💡Interesting Cannabis Topics to Write about

🥇 Exciting Marijuana Essay Topics

🎓 controversial weed topics, 🔎 marijuana research paper topics, ❓ marijuana research questions.

Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug made from a plant and used for recreational and medical purposes. Being fully prohibited in some countries, it is fully legalized in others. In your essay about marijuana, you might want to focus on the pros and cons of its legalization. Another option is to discuss marijuana dependence. One more idea is to compare and contrast marijuana laws in various US states. Finally, you can discuss the business aspects of the issue.

Whether you have to write an argumentative, descriptive, or cause and effect essay, our article will be helpful. It contains marijuana topics to research and write about. You can use them for a paper, speech, or any other assignment. Best marijuana essay examples are added to inspire you even more.

• Mental and physical effects of cannabis
• Marijuana and mental ability: the correlation
• Cannabis consumption: the key modes
• Marijuana: short-term and long-term effects
• Cannabis and reproductive health
• History of cannabis
• Legal status of marijuana in various countries: compare and contrast
• Should cannabis be legalized?
• Cannabis as a gateway drug
• The use of marijuana for medical purposes

With the current-day process of drug legalization and the popularization of cannabis, writing a marijuana essay becomes more than a one-track, anti-drug endeavor.

Whether your stance is for or against recreational drug use, you should be able to call upon credible sources to form a well-rounded and informed opinion that may sway your readers toward your cause.

Starting from your pre-writing process and bibliography and until you write your conclusion, you need to keep in mind particular points that will make tackling any marijuana essay topics easy. From a structural and pre-writing viewpoint, you should:

• Brainstorm your ideas. Doing so will allow you to decide on a particular approach to your subject.
• Do your research, compiling your bibliography, and perusing various book and journals titles, as well as research papers, interviews, and statistics.
• Utilizing authoritative sources to support your argument will make your writing more academic and respectable.
• Write a marijuana essay outline, which should help you better your essay structurally.
• Compose an eye-catching title. Marijuana essay titles are already intriguing, so do your best not merely to draw your readers in but to prepare them for your argument by demonstrating your stance on the topic.

If you are still not sure how to begin your paper, look for sample ones online. Searching for good examples will help you understand the tools that work in essay writing, which ones you can apply to your issue, and which bore the audience.

Just remember that plagiarism is a punishable offense. However, gaining some inspiration from the work of others is not!

Now you are ready to begin, having carried out the research and created guidelines for your writing process. However, an intriguing title and an issue that may easily excite people is not enough to convince your readers of your subject’s validity.

Nonetheless, the potentially provocative nature of your paper provides you with the ability to write a fail-safe marijuana essay hook. Your introduction should build upon the sentiment expressed in your title and give your audience an initiative to read further.

You can start by providing surprising statistics or describing a present drug scenario. The goal of writing an introduction is to give your readers a brief understanding of your issue and present them with partial facts, making them want to continue reading.

Do not be afraid to expand your topics and link various data together while keeping in mind an academic approach.

Adverse societal effects of marijuana use may include an increase in the number of car accident cases, especially if there is no culture of safety around recreational drug use. However, trying to link it to society’s degradation may require more evidence than mere statistics.

Understand which approach is more likely to convince your audience and be ready to respond to potential counterarguments to your facts. Treating your audience as knowledgeable is one of the central characteristics of a good essayist.

Remember to write only sentences that are relevant to your argument. A sound mental practice when writing an essay is to continuously ask yourself, whether each phrase relates to your thesis statement.

If yes, does it help advance it forward? If the answers for these questions is no, you may have to rephrase, remove, or even re-research your facts to demonstrate a compelling understanding of the issue.

Need more essential tips to get your essay started? Use IvyPanda for all your academic needs!

• Reason Why Marijuana Should Be Legal This is an important consideration since data on the prevalence of Marijuana indicates that the US is still the world’s largest single market for the drug.
• Alcohol and Drugs Effects on High School Students According to Martin, “society also advertises the image of individual and social happiness for alcohol and drug users; this misconception results in the societal decrease of achievement, especially, of high school age students”.
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Marijuana Countries including Netherlands, Israel and Canada have lenient laws regarding the use of marijuana, cases in point that proponents of its legalisation have used to highlight the merits of legalising it.
• Legalization of Marijuana: Arguments For and Against It will therefore be difficult to regulate the use of marijuana among young people and other unauthorized people if it is legalized. It should be noted that marijuana has various negative effects to the health […]
• Marijuana and Its Effects on Mental Health The effects of the use of marijuana can be comparable to those exhibited by the removal of this important part of the brain.
• Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons The focus of this paper will be on the impact of the legalization of the U.S.economy with possible positive and negative sides of the matter.
• Marijuana Legalization and Crime Rates The possible outcome of this effort will be the safe consumption of the drug, easy monitoring, and creation of awareness to the public on the dangers of excessive use of the drug and lastly the […]
• Usage and Effects of Marijuana In the modern world, more and more countries are recognizing the role of cannabis in bringing benefits to the population. For the purposes of better understanding the drug and navigating the modern realities, it is […]
• Political Opinion on Legalization of Marijuana On the other hand, the case introduces the man as a member of the Methodist Church, and this community is known for its strict opinion about marijuana as a gateway drug.
• Discretion Powers Regarding Marijuana Laws Albeit, marijuana laws in New York are favorable for the users as marijuana was fully legalized in March of 2021, allowing for both medical and recreational use.
• Marijuana as an Alternative Medication for Pain Relief The PICOT question for the identified health care issue is the following: in a patient population requiring pain relief, does marijuana represent a viable alternative medication as compared to opioid-based prescription drugs for alleviating the […]
• Marijuana: Properties, Effects, and Regulation At the same time, a regulated cannabis industry slowly emerges, with companies attempting to profit off of the legalization and destigmatization of marijuana.
• Preventing Negative Effects of Marijuana Use The aim of the study is to ascertain specific interventions that would allow reducing cannabis use within the framework of the environment where marijuana is legal.
• Analysis of Arguments: Should Marijuana Be Legalized? Pro Arguments: The majority of Americans agree on the necessity to legalize marijuana. This initiative is accompanied by concerns regarding the actual use of marijuana.
• Risks and Benefits of Medical Marijuana The use of marijuana in the medical sphere is a highly debated and discussed topic. Patients with epilepsy claim that the use of marijuana prevents seizures and provides immense relief.
• Medical Marijuana: Issues & Ethical Considerations The use of medical marijuana in anxiety disorders and PTSD has many concerns. Prescribing medical cannabis can potentially benefit a patient but can cause additional health and legal issues.
• The Benefits of Medical Marijuana This paper aims to discuss that medical marijuana is helpful in the treatment and management of chronic pain conditions such as cancer and epilepsy.
• The Issue of Legalization of Marijuana The issue of the legalization of marijuana in the territory of the state is not unambiguous, therefore it is analyzed by a large number of specialists.
• Synthetic Marijuana: Physiological and Social Factors The report generated by Drug and Alcohol Dependence article in the year 2010 showed that the majority of the people who used synthetic marijuana were between the ages of 12 to 29.
• Cannabis or Marijuana for Medical Use In the West, for the first time, medical use became known thanks to the work of Professor O’Shaughnessy, who personally observed the process of her treatment in India.
• Marijuana Research: Personal Connection and Medical Use In the United States, military marijuana is prohibited, but initially, it was used for recreation and as a form of medicine in the twentieth century.
• Marijuana Possession in a High-School Student Case Her participation in the program will be an educational experience and put the juvenile offender in touch with professionals who can understand the motives of her behavior instead of giving Jane Doe an actual criminal […]
• Marijuana Legitimization and Medical Controversy The proponents of the legitimization of marijuana for medical use argue that it has numerous medical uses. Currently, in the US, there is a rather peculiar situation with the legalization of marijuana for medical use.
• Workplace Policy on Marijuana Use in Michigan The legalization and decriminalization of marijuana use in 23 states of the US lead to complicated issues when it comes to the consideration of workplace policies.
• Law: Legislation Regarding Marijuana Farming To evaluate the applicability of the proposed marijuana farming bill, the current marihuana production legislation needs to be reviewed, and the changes in social norms regarding criminal behavior are to be analyzed.
• Marijuana Legalization: Controversial Issue in Canada Canada became the second country in the world to legalize the cultivation and consumption of cannabis in 2018. Besides, the substance is addictive, and it is challenging to stop consuming it.
• Marijuana: Myths and Legal Justification Over the past decades, much attention has been drawn to the question of the categorization of marijuana in terms of the national systematization of drugs controlled by the US Drug Enforcement Administration.
• Marijuana Legalization and Issues to Consider If marijuana is fully legalized, there might be a rise in use among youth, which is dangerous from the physiological point of view, and there will be no legal justification to end it.
• Hip-Hop and Marijuana Use in College Students It has been estimated that over half of the college student population regularly use marijuana, while over 25% used it during past month.
• Marijuana Use among American and Bolivian Students The study is a perfect example of the use of theory in a research. As such, it is possible for college students in Bolivia to have a similar deviant behavior, which in this case is […]
• The Relationships Between Marijuana and the Legal System The most common ideas discussed within a framework of this debate are connected to the issues of permission to keep marijuana at home for personal needs such as medical needs, and a total ban on […]
• Should Marijuana Be a Medical Option? Medical marijuana is used to refer to the use of marijuana as a physician-recommended form of medication in its natural or synthetic form.
• Use of Marijuana for the Medicinal Purposes It is therefore quite evident that even though the marijuana legalization will go hand in hand with a set minimum age within which individuals will be allowed to use it, at the long run the […]
• The Medicinal Value of the Marijuana: There Are Potential Benefits to a Patient Other Than Risks This article provides an insight to the effects of chemotherapy treatment to the body of the cancer victims. It defines the drug in a lengthy way including what the drug is, the effects of taking […]
• Pros and Cons of Legalization of Medical Marijuana It is evident that medical treatment with the use of marijuana would be beneficial for both: patients and the government because of the opportunity to earn on taxation.

💡 Interesting Cannabis Topics to Write about

• Legalization of Recreational Use of Marijuana The role of the Supreme Court in the specified case boils down to stating the conditions, in which the prescription and the following use of marijuana by the patient, can be deemed as legitimate.
• The Chances of a Successful Appeal by a Marijuana Convict The Superior Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment rights of the defendant were violated; a decision that was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
• Marijuana Legalization: Chronic Seizure Treatment With that said, despite numerous states already having legalized one or both applications, the federal government remains opposed to either form of legalization, and marijuana possession and use remain federal offenses.
• Adverse Effects of Marijuana Use This paper aims to provide an analysis of the article that gives a perspective on the adverse health effects and harm related to marijuana use. Thus, the academic article on the adverse effects of marijuana […]
• “Adverse Health Effects of Marijuana Use” by Volkow et al. Based on national marijuana studies and DSM-IV, the researchers conclude that addiction to marijuana is a non-debatable statement and that starting marijuana use in adolescence doubles or even quadruples the risks of cannabis use disorder.
• Marijuana Use May Double the Risk of Accidents for Drivers According to the Department of Safety and Homeland Security, the number of Americans driving under the influence of illegal substances has risen drastically. The risk of a crash is also related to the number of […]
• Legalized Marijuana: Negative and Positive Sides The economy and finance from the very beginning were anticipating that this law will bring the largest income to the state’s budget and create plenty of job opportunities under the rule of law.
• Marijuana: Legislative History and Future The focus of the legislation in many states is to end the illegal sale of cannabis and monetize it for tax purposes and so that distribution can be controlled.
• Ethical Perspective of the Legalization of Marijuana In spite of a popular view of the medical benefits of marijuana, doctors insist that the use of marijuana provides the same dangerous effect as other drugs.
• Marijuana Legalize: Advanatages and Disadvantages The truth that marijuana is illegal and prohibited is suitably caused by the number of funds invested in the war against drugs.
• Arguments for Banning the Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana is a dangerous drug that should not be legalized even if it is in the context of it containing the medicinal value.
• Federalism and Medical Marijuana Needless to say, United States faced political and social challenges as well, and the disputes over federalism and over the legal use of marijuana in medicine are still the most burning and controversial issues in […]
• The Effects of Marijuana on the Body, Mind and Brain Cells A drug is a substance that changes the bodily function of a body when consumed, there are several definitions of the word drug but it is believed that the most important function of a drug […]
• College Students in UK and Marijuana The reasons for the punishments are very different but the result remains the same: marijuana is still used by the majority of students and is available for everyone.
• Decriminalizing Marijuana for Medicinal Use Because of inconsistent and problematical data, it is impracticable to access quantitatively to what extent that drugs encourage the incidence of crime.
• Psychological Effects of Marijuana Some people experience panic reactions, which tend to be temporary and often are triggered by a feeling of not being in control Marijuana’s psychological effects include a sense of euphoria or well-being, relaxation, altered time […]
• Logical Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana This will be a source of revenue to the government; when the revenues increase, it means that gross domestic product for the country increases. It will be a source of income not only to the […]
• Social Effects of Marijuana Research has shown that the use of marijuana affects the smoker’s day-to-day lifestyle in relation to society, the environment, and day-to-day activities.
• Federal vs. State Law: Medical Marijuana in the US The main problem is that these laws and regulations have not reduced the number of people who use marijuana for medical purposes.
• Medical Marijuana: Pros of Legalizing It must be admitted that at the time of the passage of these laws, histories from some, but not all, heroin users indicated that the use of marijuana had preceded the use of heroin.
• Marijuana: To Legalize or Not to Legalize? Marijuana, which is also known under dozens of nicknames such as weed or pot, is now the most widespread illegal drug across the US. Moreover, the vast majority of marijuana abusers claim pot to be […]
• Marijuana Legalization and Consumption Among Youth The most popular excuse among drug consumers is the instrumental use of the drug. As long as the drug influence is undermined, the number of college students willing to experience the marijuana effects will be […]
• Legalization of Medical Marijuana: Help or Harm? Nowadays, a majority of people worldwide support the legalization of marijuana, and it is possible to predict that this support will keep getting stronger in the future.
• Medical Marijuana Legalization Concerns This change raises political concerns and requires the government to review its economy to adapt to the use of MM. The representation of the legal process highlighted the history of previous legislations and reported on […]
• Medical Marijuana: Legal and Research Concerns However, while the purpose of recreational marijuana is often disconnected from its long-term effects on people’s health in scholarly discussions, the use of medical marijuana is viewed from the point of patient’s health and the […]
• Medical Marijuana in the Army: Addressing a Problematic Issue Denying the use of medicinal marijuana as one of the fastest and the most efficient ways of relieving pain in the military setting, one will inevitably infringe upon the rights of American troops.
• Should Marijuana Be Legalized? Marijuana legalization is a topic of social trends and beliefs that are based not only on health but political and economic factors as well.
• Marijuana Legalization and Its Benefits for Society The example of several states that have already introduced the appropriate law provides the ground for vigorous debates about the absence of the expected deterioration of the situation and emergence of multiple problems associated with […]
• Marijuana Legalization in 5 Policy Frameworks The legalization of marijuana is still one of the debatable issues at the federal and state levels. For instance, the use of marijuana is prohibited at the federal level while the recreational and medical use […]
• Marijuana Legalization in California The muscle relaxation effect of marijuana also appears to be a positive effect that should be used to argue for its legalization.
• Legalization of Marijuana in the United States It should not be forgotten that it is a cause of numerous tragedies. Also, some studies show that the use of marijuana is especially dangerous for young people.
• Medical Marijuana Legalization by National Football League However, it must be realized that some of these players are usually in excruciating pain to the point that some may have lost consciousness.
• Marijuana: Users, Desired Effects and Consequences The frequent users consist of youths and adults who have abused Marijuana to the extent they have become dependent on it.
• Effects of Marijuana on Memory of Long-Term Users The pivotal aim of the proposed study is to evaluate the impact of marijuana use on long-term memory of respondents. The adverse impact of marijuana after the abstinent syndrome refers to significant changes in prefrontal […]
• Trends in the Use of Marijuana The researchers claim that the legalization of marijuana in California led to the development of the acceptance of marijuana use as well as the increase in this drug consumption.
• Medical Marijuana Legalization Rebuttal The claim of fact is that A.C.A.continues to be beneficial despite the arguments of Republican politicians and current challenges. The claim of policy is the appeal to Republicans and Democrats to work together on the […]
• Marijuana Legislation and Americans’ Contribution To identify whether patients with intractable pain hold more favorable views regarding legislation of marijuana use than the general public, it is necessary to determine various inclusion and exclusion criteria that might influence the society’s […]
• Medical Marijuana Policy and Framing Approach This is a clear indication that different arguments can be presented by these actors to support the legalization and use of medical marijuana.
• Policy Analysis: Rules for Growing Medical Marijuana Overall, the main goal of the document is to address the health needs of people requiring marijuana to relieve the manifestations of their illness as well as the implications of growing marijuana for medical purposes.
• Marijuana Crime in California State and Federal Courts To compare the severity of the punishment that could be imposed by a federal court to what was announced at a state institution, it should be remembered that the investigation process would not take long […]
• Legal Marijuana Market Analysis and Taxes Impact Consequently, the primary goal of this paper is to understand the impact of taxes on the financial stability of the market for legal marijuana with the help of the law of supply and demand and […]
• Controversy Around Medical Marijuana Legalization The consideration of the problem of marijuana legalization from the perspective of public safety involves such points as crime rates and traffic accidents. The fact of economic benefits of the Cannabis legalization is also apparent: […]
• The Legalization of Marijuana: Regulation and Practice It is imperative to note that legalization of marijuana is a topic that has been quite controversial and has led to numerous discussions and disagreements.
• Marijuana History, Medical Purposes and Threats Although many people believe that marijuana is harmless and the access to it should be unlimited, it has a number of negative health effects and might lead to addiction.
• Marijuana Use and Serious Mental Illnesses 21% of the respondents of 18 years and above claimed to have used marijuana for the first time prior to their 12th birthday.
• Marijuana as an Unjustifiable Pain Reliever The debate on whether to legalize the use of marijuana has been there for the last 20 years. In addition to this, it causes panic and anxiety hence causing the user to hallucinate.
• The Safety of Using Medicinal Marijuana for Pain Relief Speaking about the introduction section of the study, it is important to note that it is rather short if compared to other parts of the article as the researchers were paying more attention to presenting […]
• Should Marijuana Be Treated Like Alcohol? Considering the benefits that would accompany the legalization of marijuana and its treatment like alcohol, I strongly agree with Buckley’s comparison; marijuana should be treated like alcohol. First, the use of marijuana affects the body […]
• Political Issues of Marijuana in America The largest demographic groups against the legalization of marijuana include the Republicans and the southerners. Most of the Democrats continue to support the legalization of marijuana in the country.
• Changes in Laws of Marijuana Regulation In addition, the study intends to uncover the impacts of the said laws and the accompanying changes. The case studies will be compared to assess the impacts of legislations on marijuana in the society.
• Concepts of Legalizing Marijuana Although in most cases, most individuals associate Marijuana with numerous health complications and social problems, for example, brain damage, and violent behavior hence, supporting its illegalization, such individuals take little consideration of its significance in […]
• Marijuana Legalization in Illinois The case for legalization of marijuana in Colorado evidences the need to alter federal laws prohibiting marijuana for its legalization law to have both statutory and federal backing in the state of Illinois.
• Public Safety and Marijuana Legalization Some of the states have failed to tax marijuana. Hence, it is difficult to get the precise figures in terms of tax values that states could collect from marijuana.
• Heroin and Marijuana Abuse and Treatment The success in the process of drug addiction treatment is only possible when the patient is willing to co-operate and has a desire to recover and defeat the habit.
• The Marijuana Usage Legislation This research paper is aimed at discussing the effects that can be produced by the changes in the legislation on the use, storage, and distribution of marihuana.
• Medical Marijuana Program in California The physicians should also do a periodic review of the treatment and how the patients respond to the medical marijuana. The medical marijuana is only restricted to patients who are qualified and recommended by a […]
• History and Effects of Legalization of Marijuana As predicted, the legalization of marijuana in several states has led to an increase of marijuana abuse among youngsters Studies have shown a pattern of the use of cannabis and risky behavior of the individuals.
• Debates Around Legalization of Medical Marijuana The supporters and opponents of the legalization of marijuana have opted to focus on either the positive or the negative aspects of the effects of the drug to support their views on policies to legalize […]
• Federal Drug Laws vs. State Medical Marijuana Acts A senate bill for the case of Los angeles is on the process of considering the use of marijuana for medical purpose.
• Should Marijuana Be Legal? It is perhaps very essential to be acquainted with an account of laws that surround marijuana in order to understand the reasons why the drug ought to be legalized.
• The Use of Marijuana and Its Benefits Criminalization of the use of marijuana and negative reviews as well as negative exposure from the media has driven marijuana use to the black markets with often negative consequences to the economy and society.
• Medical Marijuana use for Terminal Colon Cancer The author hopes to use this paper to highlight the uses of marijuana in management of colon cancer at its terminal stage.
• How New York Would Benefit From Legalized Medical Marijuana The arrests resulting from possession of marijuana in New York is quite huge compared to those in California and New Jersey states in America.
• Should Be It Legal to Sell the Marijuana in the United States? What I want to know is the reasons of why so many people use such serious psychoactive drug as marijuana of their own accord and do not want to pay special attention to their activities […]
• Supporting of Marijuana Legalization Among the Adult Population Proponents argue that legalization of marijuana will lead to increased revenues for the government amid economic challenges. Legalizing marijuana will not lead to cancer and deaths but will spark the debate for apparent effects of […]
• Marijuana: The Issues of Legalization in the USA To understand all the possible effects of the marijuana legalization, it is necessary to pay attention to the definition and classification of the drug with references to determining the most important social and legal aspects […]
• Reasons for Legalization of Marijuana The legalization of the drug would bring to an end the discrimination of the African Americans in marijuana-related arrests, reduce the sales of the drug and its use among teenagers, encourage the development of hemp […]
• Legalizing Marijuana: Arguments and Counter-Arguments On the other hand, many groups have outlined that the legalization of marijuana would lead to an increase in the rate of crime in addition to opening up of the gateway to the abuse of […]
• Drug use and misuse in western society: Effects of chronic marijuana use among young women and girls It is also based on the fears of the impacts of the drug use, concerns over the reduced productivity that’s likely to cause harm to the user and the society and so on.
• Medical Marijuana Policy in the United States The importance of legalization of medical marijuana is that, the government will be able to monitor and control marijuana in the country.
• The Arguments For and Against Marijuana Decriminalization The production, preparation, trade and use of marijuana has been prohibited in most parts of the world and a lot of resources are used every year to combat it.
• How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain? One of the profound findings of the studies is on the negative effects of marijuana on the brain. Research findings on the brain show that abuse of marijuana for a long time affects the brain […]
• The Illegal Use of Marijuana Canada is among the leading nations in the percentage use of illegal marijuana as stated in the World Drug Report of the year 2007.
• Marijuana and Its Economic Value in the USA The grim reality of the economic performance of the United States of America lies in the lengthy debate over the legalization of marijuana.
• Should We Legalize Marijuana For Medical Use? In addition to that, the use of Marijuana especially by smoking either for medical reasons or to heal ailments, is a social activity that will help bring them together and improve their social ties.
• Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized? The government should save that money it uses in prohibiting the use of marijuana as it has no proved harm to the users.
• Arguments on Why Marijuana Should Be Illegalized The greater part of the population believes that the sustained use of this product is beneficial in numerous ways. Therefore, it is clear that the negative effects of the drug outdo the constructive ones.
• A Case for Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is one of the drugs that the government policy targets and as it currently stands, the government uses a lot of resources in prosecuting and punishing marijuana consumers through the legal system.
• The Marijuana Industry and Its Benefits Marijuana use also slows down the growth of cancerous tumors in the brain, lungs, and breasts; thus, it is valuable in the management of cancer.
• The Decriminalization of Marijuana One of the main reasons that the supporters of this argument have progressed is that by decriminalization of marijuana, the government would save huge amounts of money that it uses on enforcing laws that relate […]
• The Use of Marijuana in California The US government ensures that its use is limited to a minimum by enforcing harsh punishments to the dealers and users of marijuana.
• Federal Government Should Not Legalize the Use of Marijuana On the other hand the use of marijuana actually increased in the country. It is not only the DEA or the federal government that is reluctant in the legalization of marijuana.
• Issues with Marijuana Legalization in the United States This is the reason why the debate on the legalization of marijuana has been on the increase since the past 10 years.
• The history of marijuana According to the new set of legislation, it was considered illegal to be found in possession of 25 grams of marijuana.
• Does Legalizing Marijuana Help or Harm the United States? The latter measure is not merely being advocated by the proponents of marijuana use since the legalization of marijuana has been supported by NAACP not because it fully backs the smoking of marijuana.
• Marijuana, Heroin and Prescription Opiate Abuse and How Are They Related to the Society The core issues mentioned in the article revolves around addiction and abuse of opioid agents as well as its relation to the use of heroin and marijuana.
• Increasing Marijuana Use in High School The author’s concerns in the article are that the usage of marijuana is becoming prevalent among the American youth. It is evident that the author is against the publication and marketing of the medical marijuana […]
• The Union: The Business Behind Getting High by Brett Harvey Some other reasons advanced by the documentary include the ability of the government to control the sale of such drugs to minors and also collection of tax revenue. The documentary espouses a number of reasons […]
• The Debates on the Legal Status of Marijuana This means that the use of marijuana encourages the consumption of other drugs such as alcohol and cigarettes. Additionally, the use of marijuana is associated with increase in crime and consumption of other illicit drugs.
• Marijuana Is a Healthier Alternative to Cigarettes Cigarette smoking has also been reported to cause respiratory infections due to the damage caused in the cells that prevent entry of microorganisms into the respiratory system hence reducing the immunity of the system.
• Marijuana’s Negative Effects and Advantages Marijuana is the most commonly abused drug among the youths and adults in the United States and other countries in the world.
• Use of Marijuana and Its Consequences The plant was grown in the United States of America for agricultural purposes during the colonial period up to the beginning of the 20th century.
• Should Marijuana Drugs Be Decriminalized? The production, preparation, trade and use of marijuana has been prohibited in most parts of the world and a lot of resources are used every year to combat it. Thus, decriminalization of marijuana is likely […]
• Argument About Legalizing Marijuana in America Therefore, if at all the government of the United States is to prohibit the use of marijuana in the country, it should be ready to cater for the high costs that come in hand with […]
• Marijuana’s Positive and Negative Effects The main aim of creating these institutions is to evaluate the impact and the effects of marijuana on the abusers and on the environment.
• Limited and Controlled Use of Marijuana The question of legalizing marijuana refers to the legal use of marijuana both in private and public places for medical use or otherwise.
• The Moral and Ethical Reasons Why Marijuana should be legal It is my humble opinion that the billions of dollars being spent on the war against marijuana should be diverted to more useful projects like feeding the less fortunate in the society.
• The Problem of Legalization of Marijuana and Hemp Many individuals tend to believe that the use of Marijuana is morally wrong as it alters the mental state of the user and leads to dangerous addictions and actions in the end.
• Minor and Major Arguments on Legalization of Marijuana Premises 1: If marijuana were to be legalized it would be impossible to regulate its’ sell to, and use by the minors. Making marijuana illegal is denying them a right to the use of this […]
• The Reasons Why Marijuana Should be Made Legal Among the reasons that support the legalization of marijuana include: the medical basis that marijuana has some benefits and that the state could gain revenue from the trade of marijuana as opposed to the costs […]
• Why Is Marijuana Legalized In Some States And Not Others? I consider the legalization of marijuana to be a positive step as its prohibition entails intrusion of personal freedom and just like any other substance it is only harmful when it is not taken in […]
• The Effect of Legalization of marijuana in the Economy of California It has been predicted that if the government legalizes the drug, there will be a lot of changes pertaining to the demand for the drug in the market and as a result, there will be […]
• Marijuana Must Not Be Legalized According to the national institute of drug abuse, the active chemical in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol, act on the region of the brain responsible for time awareness, sensory, attention, thoughts, memory and pleasure.
• Decriminalization of Marijuana The decriminalization of marijuana resulted due to public outcry over the effects of marijuana. Among the disadvantages include the saving of money and time for other businesses, promotion of the judicial justice as the centre […]
• Policy Brief: Why Marijuana Use Should Be Legalized in the Us In this perspective, it is valid to argue that marijuana users may be undergoing long incarcerations in US jails due to the misconceived fantasies that took root in the public mind in the 1930’s, and […]
• Medical Uses of Marijuana The feelings of hallucination make one to lose consciousness and feel as though in very different world that is full of bliss.
• Should Marijuana Be Legalized in Canada?
• Drug Testing and Legalization of Marijuana
• Has the Time Come to Legalize Marijuana?
• Framing the User: Social Constructions of Marijuana Users
• Drugs and Legalization Drug Marijuana Dealing
• Decriminalization and Marijuana Smoking Prevalence
• Has Marijuana Become More Accepted in Today’s Culture?
• Get Ready for Americas Fastest-Growing Industry: Marijuana
• Clearing the Smoke Between Cigarettes and Marijuana
• Key Findings and Decriminalization of Marijuana
• Facts That Most People Don’t Know About Marijuana
• Issues Hampering the Legalization of Marijuana
• Economical Argument for the Legalization of Marijuana
• Juvenile Smoking and Marijuana Use
• All the Reasons Why Marijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes
• Exploring the Effects and After Effects of Marijuana
• Factors That Influences Teenagers to Use Marijuana
• College Students Attitude Toward Marijuana Use on Campus
• Drugs Case for Legalizing Marijuana
• Logical Reasoning for the Legalization Marijuana
• Future Trends and Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes
• Countering Anti-Medical Marijuana Efforts in Massachusetts
• Abnormal Psychology Problem: Excessive Use of Marijuana and Alcohol
• Food and Drug Administration Bans Use of Marijuana in the US
• Addiction and Smoking Marijuana Plays
• Analyzing Affordable Care Act and Marijuana
• Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana is Hazardous
• America Requirements Medicinal Weed: Marijuana Legalization
• Comparing and Contrasting Marijuana and Alcohol
• Many People Believe That Marijuana Should Be Legalized
• How Media Framing Effects Marijuana Prohibition and Legalization?
• How Can Legalize Marijuana Help the United States?
• How Does Military Jurisdiction Deal with Marijuana Now Would Legalization?
• How America Will Benefit from Legal Marijuana?
• How Legalizing Marijuana Will Impact Society?
• Does Marijuana Cause Brain Damage?
• How Marijuana Will Not Work in the US?
• Does Marijuana Have Any Medicinal Uses?
• How Many Individuals Smoke Marijuana in the United States?
• Does Previous Marijuana Use Increase the Use of Other Drugs?
• How Medical Marijuana Works?
• How the Social Contract Theory Prevents the Legalization of Marijuana?
• How Marijuana Affects Hauora?
• Why Do Americans Enjoy Marijuana?
• What are the Positive and Negative Effects of Legalizing Marijuana?
• What are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Legalising Marijuana?
• Does Legalizing Marijuana Make Sense?
• What Are the Medical Causes and Effects of Marijuana Use?
• How Are Employers Coping with Medical Marijuana Legislation?
• Does Marijuana Work the Treatment of Diseases?
• Does Marijuana Have Medicinal Purposes?
• How Does Marijuana Law Work in District of Columbia Class?
• Does Increasing the Beer Tax Reduce Marijuana Consumption?
• How Legalizing Marijuana Could Help Boost the Economy?
• Does Marijuana Have More Harmful or More Beneficial Effects?
• How Will Marijuana Legalization Affect Public Health?
• Does Marijuana Use Impair Human Capital Formation?
• How Gender and Age Effects Marijuana Usage and Brain Function?
• How Marijuana Affects Our Society?
• How American Children Start to Smoke Marijuana and Why?
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Pharmacology, medical uses of cannabis, dual use of cannabis and tobacco, marijuana and pregnancy, adverse effects from cannabis use, new ways to use, marijuana and the media, cannabis use disorder, conclusions, marijuana and the pediatric population.

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Sadhana Dharmapuri , Kathleen Miller , Jonathan D. Klein; Marijuana and the Pediatric Population. Pediatrics August 2020; 146 (2): e20192629. 10.1542/peds.2019-2629

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Cannabinoids, the psychoactive compounds in marijuana, are one of the most commonly used substances in the United States. In this review, we summarize the impact of marijuana on child and adolescent health and discuss the implications of marijuana use for pediatric practice. We review the changing epidemiology of cannabis use and provide an update on medical use, routes of administration, synthetic marijuana and other novel products, the effect of cannabis on the developing brain, other health and social consequences of use, and issues related to marijuana legalization.

Cannabis is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances in the United States.

In recent years, the increase in potency of cannabis (which includes a sixfold to sevenfold increase in tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] content), the proliferation of alternative forms of cannabis for consumption, and electronic vapor device use pose challenges to both public health and clinical practice. 1   In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey found that 19.8% of youth of high school age reported past-month marijuana use, and 35.6% had ever tried marijuana, 2   down from a peak rate of 47.1% in 1997. Synthetic marijuana use also declined, from 9% in 2015 to 6% in 2017. Although use has declined, youth who use marijuana often engage in other risk-taking behaviors that impact their overall well-being; for example, 13% of youth reported driving after using marijuana. 2   In 2017, ever use of marijuana among Black or African American (42.8%) and Hispanic (42.2%) students was higher than among white (32.0%) students. The prevalence of current marijuana use was also higher among gay, lesbian, and bisexual (30.6%) students compared with heterosexual (19.1%) and “not sure” (18.9%) students. Older students had a higher prevalence of current marijuana use, with 13.1% of ninth-grade students, 18.7% of 10th-grade students, 22.6% of 11th-grade students, and 25.7% of 12th-grade students reporting current use. With legalization, marijuana use during pregnancy has become more common, with 7.1% of pregnant women reporting marijuana use in the past month and 3.1% reporting daily use. 3  

Only one recent study has examined the relationship between the availability of legal medical marijuana and use in adolescents. This cross-sectional survey of students whose school was within a 5-mile radius from a medical dispensary did not find increased use of marijuana among these youth. 4   More studies are needed to determine the effect of proximity to medical dispensaries on marijuana use.

National surveys have found that youth who engaged in marijuana use in later teen-aged years (>17) were less likely to develop substance use disorders compared with those who started earlier. Positive attitudes toward school, parental monitoring, and strong disapproval of peer’s substance abuse were found to be protective factors against substance use disorder. 3  

Although a comprehensive review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is beyond the scope of this review, it is helpful to summarize the kinetics of cannabis and common cannabis extracts and concentrates to aid clinicians in better understand the effects of various forms of cannabis on youth.

Cannabis occurs naturally as a plant, leading to production of cannabis products made of dried leaves, oils, and concentrates. Many cannabis products contain numerous substances, including terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, and >100 cannabinoids. There is no standardized form of cannabis; the presence and relative amount of various substances may differ between cannabis extracts as well as between products designed to be smoked or vaporized. 5  

The endocannabinoid system, composed of endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors, is widely distributed in the brain and spinal cord. This system has a regulatory role in many physiologic processes, including inflammation, appetite regulation, immune function, cardiovascular function, neural development, pain, the sleep and wake cycle, psychiatric disease, and others. Endocannabinoids, endogenous lipids with precursors that are present in lipid membranes, interact with endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. 6   Being lipophilic, cannabinoids are rapidly absorbed.

Phytocannabinoids, plant-derived cannabinoids, can be categorized into several classes; δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (generally known as THC) and cannabidiol (generally known as CBD) are the most abundant and studied forms. THC is considered the main psychoactive component of the plant.

Phytocannabinoids affect users through their interactions with endocannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and related binding proteins in the nervous system. CB1 receptors are found in the central nervous system on neurons in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. CB1 receptors are also found in smooth muscle, myocardium, adipocytes, and preganglionic sympathetic neurons. The CB2 receptor is expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as in the smooth muscle, myocardium, and vascular endothelium.

THC acts as an agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptor sites. Binding the receptor site reduces neurotransmission, producing effects such as impairments in learning, memory, spatial orientation, and attention and physiologic effects such as tachycardia. THC also has analgesic and antiinflammatory effects. 7   CBD has weak affinity for CB1 receptors, does not interact directly with CB2 receptors, and does not produce the intoxicating effects of THC ingestion.

There is considerable variation in the pharmacokinetic profiles of THC and CBD between users, by cannabis dosages and forms, with acute and chronic use, and by route of administration. Smoked and/or vaporized cannabis has a rapid onset of action, with peak levels achieved within 10 minutes and greater bioavailability compared with oral ingestion. Bioavailability of THC ranges from 2% to 56% with smoked or vaporized cannabis and from 11% to 45% with smoked CBD. Oral absorption has more variability and lower bioavailability. The acute effects of ingested cannabis may last for several hours, depending on concentration, formulation of the product, and gastrointestinal motility, vascularity, and blood flow. 5   Distribution of THC is time dependent and is immediate with absorption into fat tissue and highly perfused organs. Elimination half-life also varies. THC has a fast initial half-life (6 minutes) and a longer terminal half-life (22 hours). Chronic users have longer elimination times, with THC present for >24 hours. CBD has a long terminal half-life, from 33 hours to 5 days, depending on the amount used.

Metabolism of THC occurs mainly in the liver by the cytochrome P450 system. CBD inhibits cytochrome oxidases; thus, it may interfere with other commonly used medications. CBD has a regulatory effect on THC, with the potential to decrease some adverse effects (ie, tachycardia, anxiety, and sedation). 5  

Drug interactions have been noted with the use of cannabis. For example, cannabis containing THC has been associated with increased rates of psychotic relapse and treatment failure. 8   In an animal study, THC had a negative effect on the efficacy of risperidone. 9   Drug interactions noted for CBD included increases in serum levels of antiepileptic drugs, resulting in sedation. 8  

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are biochemically similar to THC and are used for both medicinal purposes and recreational purposes. Dronabinol is a schedule III drug and is approved for the treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and for the treatment of anorexia and weight loss due to AIDS. Dronabinol typically comes in 2.5-, 5-, and 10-mg tablets and is taken 1 or 2 times a day in doses of up to 40 mg/day. Nabilone, a schedule II SC, comes in 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1-mg tablets, is prescribed up to 3 times a day, and is approved for chemotherapy associated nausea and vomiting. 8  

The Drug Enforcement Agency has classified cannabis as a schedule I drug. This precludes cannabis being considered for legal medical uses, and therefore it is also not regulated, except for dronabinol, nabilone, and CBD. Dronabinol and nabilone are SCs. CBD is a plant-derived product approved for use in children as a second-line treatment of 2 conditions: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. 10  

The medical conditions that CBD can be legally used for vary by state. Most studies examining CBD treatment of various conditions (cachexia or wasting, AIDS, cancer pain, etc) have been on adults. According to a National Academy of Sciences review, cannabis and cannabinoids are effective for the treatment of chronic pain in adults, are effective as antiemetics for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and are effective for improving spasticity in adults with multiple sclerosis. 11  

Although some benefits of marijuana for treatment of behavioral conditions have been reported in animal studies, there are few studies in humans. In 2 case reports, authors noted benefits from dronabinol in children: one report of a 6-year-old boy with autism and the other of an adolescent with self-injurious behaviors. 12 , 13  

The use of medical cannabis for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years. There is some evidence that cannabis may have antiinflammatory properties, improve IBD symptoms, and improve quality of life. However, in adults, CBD did not improve IBD pathology, and use of cannabis in pediatric IBD is not recommended. 14  

In a systematic review of cannabis for treatment of seizures, 4 high-quality randomized controlled studies found a reduction in seizures with the use of Epidiolex, a CBD product US Food Drug Administration (FDA) approved for treatment of Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Outcomes using other cannabis preparations were inconclusive. 15   A few small, nonrandomized studies have suggested benefits from CBD use in other seizure disorders, including Sturge-Weber epilepsy and febrile infection–related epilepsy; however, there is limited evidence for use in these disorders. 16 , 17   Limitations of these studies include the following: use of other CBD products were not compared with use of Epidiolex, treatment time was short, studies had small samples, and CBD was added as an adjunct rather than as a first-line treatment. 15   CBD was noted to provide seizure-free activity in a small proportion of children with Dravet syndrome. However, the authors suggest that a reduction in seizures may be a more realistic expectation with use of CBD rather than seizure-free activity. 15  

Parents and providers should be aware that there are limited studies addressing CBD use in children or adolescents and that there often is cross-contamination of CBD products with THC. Thus, CBD products may lead to positive urine drug test results for THC. This is especially important for adolescents required to take drug tests for sports or employment. Additionally, CBD products are unregulated, except for those drugs that are FDA approved.

Population-based surveys from the 1990s revealed that most cannabis users were co-users of tobacco. Until the recent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) or JUUL epidemic, there had been a steady decrease in self-report of tobacco use in youth. However, youth who smoke tobacco remain more likely to report marijuana use. 18 , 19   Co-users in this study had lower academic performance compared with cannabis-only users and were more likely to be male than female. In this study, the authors speculated that the increased use of cannabis was associated with normative behavior, whereas tobacco use was perceived as riskier behavior. Another study examining the co-use of tobacco and marijuana found that marijuana use was associated with greater nicotine addiction among adolescent smokers and that compulsion to smoke and preference to smoke were associated with marijuana use. 20   These authors hypothesized that smoking cues for one substance may trigger cravings for the other substance and lead to increased use in adulthood. 20 , 21   They suggest that the association of marijuana use with tobacco use should be considered when developing prevention programs for both substances. Alcohol co-use with marijuana has also been identified in several studies. Alcohol has adverse effects on the developing adolescent brain similar to those for marijuana, such as poorer attention and executive functioning, heightened emotional reactivity, and poorer distress tolerance. 22   A longitudinal study examining the effect of alcohol use on marijuana use found that alcohol was a significant predictor of cannabis initiation within a year. In their study, Terry-McElrath et al 23   found that co-use of marijuana and alcohol was associated with unsafe driving. They suggested that co-use of alcohol and marijuana in the context of driving should be explored when providing preventive care.

The Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children and Adolescents, Fourth Edition 24   highlights health issues to be screened for at health maintenance visits. Tobacco, alcohol, and drug risk assessment is recommended throughout the adolescent years. 24   The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement on substance abuse and prevention suggests that pediatricians become familiar with substance abuse screening. 25   The AAP recommends using short validated screeners to determine youth at risk. 25   One validated screener is the CRAFFT (car, relax, alone, forget, family or friends, and trouble), which screens to identify youth aged 12 to 21 years old at risk for alcohol or substance use, driving or riding risk, and substance use disorder. CRAFFT 2.1 is an updated version of that incorporates opening questions that quantify the amount of use within the past 12 months, and CRAFFT + N includes an opening question on tobacco, including smoking and/or vaping use. 26   The tool is scored as low, medium, and high risk. CRAFFT 2.1 includes recommendations on how to discuss risk and how to contract for safe rides, which has been shown to decrease the risk of adolescents riding in a car with someone who has been drinking or using drugs. 26  

Marijuana is one of the most commonly used illicit substances in women, and the estimated prevalence of use among pregnant women in the United States ranges between 3% and 16%. 27   From 2002 to 2014 past-month marijuana use among pregnant women increased by 62%. 28   Legalization has increased accessibility and strengthened advocacy for its use, which may contribute to the increased use and perceived safety for pregnant women. Pregnant women are using marijuana for several reasons. In a Canadian survey, researchers found that 77% of medicinal cannabis use was for treatment of nausea. Half of the women surveyed reported using marijuana to treat poor appetite, pain, insomnia, or mood disorders (depression and anxiety). 28   Use of cannabinoids during pregnancy has led to health concerns related to fetal development because exogenous cannabinoids containing THC cross the fetal-placental barrier in humans. 29 – 31  

The endocannabinoid system plays a major role in fetal development, and the concentration of CB1 receptors is higher in fetal brains than in adults. 32   THC binds to the CB1 receptor instead of endocannabinoids, leading to various neurodevelopmental changes. Animal studies of prenatal THC exposure provide strong evidence for these adverse effects. 33   In a review of several studies on prenatal marijuana use, investigators found a dose-response effect on fetal growth; increased use was associated with decreased growth. 34   It was unclear whether prenatal exposure had an effect on preterm births. In a meta-analysis of 31 studies on marijuana use during pregnancy, investigators found that maternal marijuana use and concomitant tobacco exposure contributed to adverse neonatal outcome. 34 – 36   Marijuana exposure has also been associated with NICU admissions as well as with increased respiratory and neurologic infections and hematologic morbidity. 34  

Animal studies revealed that even low levels of exposure to marijuana have adverse neurologic effects. 37   In a recent systematic review examining 7 longitudinal studies on the effects of prenatal exposure on neuropsychological function in children, investigators found varied results between the association of prenatal exposure to marijuana and a child’s neuropsychological development at ages 1 to 11 years. The majority of studies demonstrated a negative impact of marijuana during pregnancy, including deficits in neuropsychological functioning, decreased attention, memory problems, and poor impulse control. 37   However, there were mixed results between studies, and the authors acknowledged that there may be confounding biases.

Another area of interest has been the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal marijuana use. Cannabis concentration in breast milk is related to the maternal dose ingested and frequency of ingestion. 38 – 40   In 2 studies, authors investigated outcomes for infants exposed to cannabis from breastfeeding. In 1 study, the authors found an association between marijuana detected in breast milk and decreased motor development at 1 year; however, the authors noted that this result could have been confounded by the use of marijuana during pregnancy. In the other study, authors compared breastfed infants exposed to marijuana and those not exposed to marijuana; these authors noted no differences in motor or cognitive skills at 1 year. 38 , 39  

Human studies on maternal marijuana use have been limited, and most have been observational or retrospective, relying on patient self-report. These studies have been confounded by polysubstance abuse and had small sample sizes. At this time, a causal relationship cannot be established. However, because of the paucity of research, it is recommended that women refrain from marijuana use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the AAP recommend that breastfeeding mothers refrain from marijuana use. 41 , 42   Standard of care for prenatal and postnatal visits should include screening for drug use, including marijuana use. Clinicians should be aware that women may also seek information on marijuana use in pregnancy and breastfeeding from other sources. Clinicians should try to ensure that patients have access to current evidence-based information about marijuana use.

The adverse effects of cannabis use are well documented. Adverse effects include distorted perception, poor concentration, psychosis, excessive vomiting, and addiction.

Endogenous cannabinoids have an important role in the control of neural circuits and structures in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. During adolescence, these circuits mature and regulate attention, executive functioning, and memory. Studies have revealed that the development and maturation of these circuits can be affected by cannabis, causing impairment in neurocognitive functioning. 43 , 44   THC is a lipophilic substance with a long half-life that becomes distributed in various tissue, including the brain’s myelin. It is released back into the bloodstream over the course of 5 to 95 days in individuals with heavy, regular use, meaning that neurodevelopmental changes can continue to occur for weeks to months after consumption. 45 , 46   Of note, manufactured and synthetic marijuana products may have higher THC concentrations than naturally occurring products, which can lead to more intense and longer-lasting effects.

In a longitudinal study by Meier et al, 45   cannabis use >20 years was associated with neuropsychological decline, with worsening effects for long-term users. In another study, authors explored neurocognitive measures in adolescents with recent cannabis use disorder who were now abstaining and also found that younger onset was associated with lower overall neurocognitive function. Similarly, Meier et al 45   found persistent neurocognitive changes 1 year after cessation of cannabis use.

In a recent longitudinal study on marijuana use and adolescent brain development, researchers found that cannabis use had adverse effects on IQ and executive functioning. 46   This cross-sectional longitudinal study revealed differences in resting-state networks known to mediate executive functioning (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and regulatory control (anterior cingulate cortex). Marijuana use was associated with declines in neural connectivity over time, especially in adolescents with cannabis use disorder. 46   In an Australian longitudinal study, authors found that individuals who used before age 17 years old had a reduced odds of high school graduation and degree completion compared with nonusers. These individuals were more likely to have cannabis use disorder, were more likely to use other illicit substances, and had more suicide attempts. 47  

Animal studies of cannabis use and psychosis have suggested a remodeling of brain structure due to effects on the endocannabinoid system. These changes are similar to changes seen in schizophrenia. 48   In a recent study by Di Forti et al, 49   the authors found that daily marijuana use and high-potency marijuana (THC content >10%) are the strongest independent predictors of whether an individual will have a psychotic episode. Initiation of marijuana use by age 15 years slightly increased the odds of having a psychotic episode, but this was not independent of potency and frequency of use. Individuals with daily use had a 3.2 times higher likelihood of developing psychosis compared with nonusers. Individuals who used high-potency marijuana were 1.6 times more likely to develop psychosis compared with nonusers. 49   Individuals who had both daily use and high-potency use were almost 5 times as likely to develop psychosis compared with nonusers. Further studies exploring frequency and potency of use and gene expression may help elucidate the neurobiology behind the development of psychosis due to cannabis. Physicians should be aware of the increasing potency of legal marijuana products; for example, the average THC content of marijuana sold legally in Colorado is ∼18%.

Marijuana use has also been found to be linked to an increase in use of prescription pain medication (opioids). Individuals who used marijuana had a 2.78 increase risk of having an opioid use disorder. 50   Other drugs associated with marijuana use include stimulants, cocaine, and injection drugs. 51   In 2018, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and the Highway Loss Data Institute reported an increase in motor vehicle crashes in states that had legalized marijuana use. In one study comparing perceptions of impaired driving after alcohol use, young adults felt that marijuana use was safer than alcohol use for driving. 52   However, study participants did not feel as knowledgeable about the effects of marijuana on driving.

Toxicity from consumption of marijuana has been documented in several case studies. Most individuals who experience toxicity have been exposed to high concentrations of cannabinoids. These individuals can experience adverse health effects, including sedation, respiratory depression, hyperemesis, and cardiotoxicity.

Marijuana use has also been associated with the positive health effect of decreasing nausea. However, chronic use can cause a paradoxical effect, leading to hyperemesis. Patients typically present with cyclic vomiting, nausea, and epigastric pain. Interestingly, these symptoms are often reported to be relieved by hot showers. 53 – 55   Capsaicin has also been a successful treatment of hyperemesis. 55  

A systematic review of unintentional cannabis ingestion in children and adolescents revealed rates increasing in states that had legalized marijuana. 56   The most common form of ingestion were cannabis resin, followed by cookies and joints. 57   Other exposures to cannabis included passive smoke, candies, beverages, and hemp oil. The most common sign of cannabis ingestion was lethargy. Ataxia, mydriasis, hypotonia, and tachycardia were also common presenting signs. 57  

The traditional method of marijuana consumption has been to smoke the dry leaves of the plant. A joint is dried marijuana leaves rolled in cigarette paper. Blunts are marijuana leaves rolled in a hollowed-out cigar. Adolescent users may prefer blunts to joints because blunts hold a larger quantity of marijuana and burn slower. However, use of blunts is a health concern because of the co-use of cannabis and tobacco. In a study by Fairman, 58   the author found that blunt users had higher severity of current cannabis use–related problems, reporting more tolerance as well as spending more time getting, using, and getting over the effects of cannabis. Because of dual use of tobacco and cannabis in blunts, there is concern that those trying to quit smoking blunts could be at greater risk for relapse because of nicotine withdrawal symptoms. 58  

Other forms of marijuana available for consumption include hashish (a plant extract containing psychoactive resins), hash oil (cannabis concentrate extracted from hashish), and dabs (also cannabis concentrate). THC content varies but is generally much higher than concentrations found in the plant. Typical THC content of the marijuana plant ranges from 12% to 20%. Products produced by using solvents (butane hash oil and dabs) have THC content ranging from 39% to 80%. 59   Nonsolvent-produced concentrates have THC concentrations between 39% and 60%.

Marijuana is also available as vaporizable cannabis concentrates, as edibles, or as liquids. Vaporizable concentrates include "shatter" (a brittle, translucent material made from marijuana plant materials and solvents), "oil," wax," and "butane hash." Vaporizable cannabis concentrates contain 60% to 85% THC, contain higher concentrations (compared with dried-leaf products), and can be consumed through vape pens, e-cigarettes, and dabs. 60   Dabs are concentrated butane hash oil consumed when the concentrate is heated to high temperatures and the user inhales the resulting vapor. In one study by Loflin and Earleywine, 61   the authors examined why users preferred dabs and examined whether dab use was associated with more problems than traditional cannabis use. Study participants reported that dabs required fewer hits to achieve desired effects. Study participants did not feel that their use was associated with more problems, but dab use was more likely to lead to dependence and withdrawal. 61  

E-cigarettes have been advertised as safe and healthier than traditional cigarettes; sales of these devices have targeted adolescents. The 2011–2018 National Youth Tobacco Survey and the Monitoring the Future survey both identified increases in e-cigarette use in middle and high school students compared with other tobacco products. 62 , 63   Eggers et al 64   explored use of cannabis through e-cigarette systems; cannabis use through e-cigarettes was higher among 11th-graders than ninth-graders and among youth with worse grades. In this study, the authors also found that use of cannabis through e-cigarettes (versus smoking blunts) had similar adverse effects on school performance. Both e-cigarette delivery of cannabis and blunt use were associated with greater tobacco use. 64   Physicians should consider methods of delivery when discussing cannabis use because e-cigarettes are a novel route of administration and appeal to youth who are not otherwise susceptible to cannabis via blunts or joints. The AAP 2015 policy statement on electronic nicotine delivery systems strongly recommends that pediatricians screen for and discourage vaping device use. 65  

SCs, (eg, Spice and K2) have become popular recreational substances among young adults. These substances are plant-derived material adulterated with substances similar to synthetic THC. These are readily available for purchase online or in shops specializing in marijuana and tobacco paraphernalia. SCs are often marketed as safe, natural, herbal blends not intended for human consumption in attractive packaging. However, these products are not naturally produced. They are typically mass produced outside of the United States. They are typically dissolved and mixed with dried vegetation in an imprecise process. The dosing of one product batch can vary greatly from that of another batch. These products can also be contaminated with heavy metals, bacteria, and chemicals. For example, in 2018, 70 individuals experienced serious drug overdose in Connecticut from using synthetic cannabis that was contaminated with rat poison. Unlike THC, which is a partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors, SCs are full agonists at CB1 and CB2 sites, increasing the potency of SCs. 66   This may account for the increased morbidity and mortality seen with the use of SCs compared with marijuana. 67  

Serious adverse health effects have been documented with the use of SCs. Adverse effects include cardiac abnormalities, coagulopathies, and neurologic and psychiatric abnormalities. 68   Cardiac effects include tachycardia and acute myocardial infarction. 69 , 70   A cardiac fatality was reported in a young adult after smoking SCs. 71   Hematologic abnormalities due to long-acting vitamin K–dependent antagonist contamination of SCs have been reported. 71   In a review of SC use, reports of acute kidney injury were noted. All individuals required hospitalization, and one individual required dialysis. 72   Neurologic abnormalities are also well documented. SCs have been linked to strokes, seizures, and psychiatric effects, including anxiety, agitation, suicidal ideation, and psychosis. The neuropsychologic effects of SCs, compared with marijuana, are enhanced because of the difference in SC action at CB1 and CB2 sites.

There can be significant variation in SC potency, which can lead to serious adverse health events. These compounds can be mixed with other psychoactive substances, (eg, ecstasy, bath salts, and others). SC detection is often difficult in medical settings, and typical drug screening is often not helpful. Providers should be aware of possible adverse side effects of SC and should have a high index of suspicion when patients present with symptoms that could be due to consumption of SCs.

In 2019, marijuana was legal in 33 states for medical use and in 11 states for recreational use by adults. As legalization has increased, more and more information has appeared in mainstream press and social media discussing the benefits and risks of marijuana. Reports include discussion of different strains of marijuana plants, health benefit claims, adverse effects, where to purchase marijuana, how to obtain medical certification, where to use marijuana, and other topics. Thus, pediatricians should be aware of the information about marijuana use being disseminated through the media. Marijuana can be obtained through dispensaries for medicinal purposes with appropriate certification. Generally, patients need to consult with a physician and need to have a qualifying condition (which varies in different states). Depending on the state, they may be given an identification card, which allows them to purchase marijuana at a medical dispensary. The amount an individual may possess or purchase also varies by state. Medicaid and Medicare will not pay for medicinal marijuana because the federal government prohibits the sale of schedule I drugs.

In general, consumers aged 21 years or older can purchase marijuana legally from recreational dispensaries. Although many cannabis purchases occur through traditional illegal face-to-face sales, cannabis products can also be purchased online, both through legal recreational use sales and illegal drug markets on the dark Web. Recreational sales are cash only in most states. Prices vary by product type, weight, and location of the sale. For example, a sativa-hybrid dried plant bought online costs $60 per 3.5 g, and indica dried leaf bought from a recreational dispensary costs $18 per gram.

A variety of marijuana products are available in recreational and medical dispensaries. Retail shops may display menus listing THC content, cannabis strain, and the mood or symptom relief it may provide. For example, Afgooey (indica strain), has 22.9% THC and is advertised as "manageable psychoactivity and a wide range of applications, including pain relief and sedation." 73   Although different strains may be advertised as sedating or invigorating, there is no scientific evidence to support these claims. These aspects of a product may be due to other components of the plant, such as terpene content. 74 , 75   Further research is needed to accurately describe the effects of specific products.

Many people purchase medical and recreational marijuana online. In a 2017 JAMA study, authors found that nearly 70% of CBD products sold online contained higher or lower concentrations of the drug than was on their label. Some CBD products contained significant amounts of THC. CBD products sold for vaping were mislabeled 88% of the time, and THC was detected in 18 of 84 samples, some with enough to produce intoxication. 76   It is important to counsel patients and parents about the THC content in CBD products and to note that they lack regulation by the FDA. Pediatricians should also refer to individual state laws for further information concerning purchasing, use, and possession of marijuana.

Monitoring the Future survey data suggest that most adolescents do not perceive marijuana use as harmful, addictive, or associated with withdrawal. 77 , 78   However, 8% to 12% of marijuana users will develop moderate to severe cannabis use disorders. Additionally, animal studies reveal that marijuana can prime the brain to the effects of other illicit substances. Although less clearly delineated in humans, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 4.2 million people in the United States had cannabis use disorder in 2017. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition defines cannabis use disorder as use of cannabis for at least 1 year with the presence of 1 or 2 other findings consistent with addiction and significant impairment of functioning and distress. 79   Although cannabis use can negatively impact the user’s health, to date it has not been linked to fatal overdoses. 80 – 82   In addition, individuals can experience cannabis withdrawal. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition describes cannabis withdrawal as having ≥3 of the following signs and symptoms within the 1 week of discontinuing use: (1) irritability, anger, or aggression; (2) nervousness or anxiety; (3) sleep difficulty or insomnia; (4) decreased appetite or weight loss; (5) restlessness; (6) depressed mood; and (7) at least 1 of the following: abdominal pain, shakiness or tremors, sweating, fever, chills, or headache. 79   Being young, having a lower socioeconomic status, male sex, and being a minority increases the risk of developing cannabis use disorder. 83  

Several treatments have been investigated for treatment of cannabis use disorder. In a review by Brezing and Levin, 84   the authors found several medication treatments that may be of benefit. Only one study was focused on treating adolescents: topiramate reduced marijuana use in adolescents but was not well tolerated. 85   In adult studies, gabapentin has been found to reduce withdrawal, reduce cravings, and improve cognitive functioning. Dronabinol and nabilone were also found to improve withdrawal symptoms and reduce cannabis use. 86 , 87   Nabilone plus zolpidem also improved withdrawal symptoms and reduced cannabis use. 88   Limitations to the current studies include inclusion of individuals with severe cannabis use disorder and high attrition rates. Brezing and Levin 84   note that reduction in use, rather than abstinence, may be an appropriate goal for treatment of cannabis use disorder. However, there is no consensus in the literature defining a meaningful reduction in use. Although research on medications for cannabis use disorder continues; motivational and cognitive behavioral therapies continue to be the mainstays of treatment at this time.

Marijuana is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substances. The literature reveals a number of health concerns associated with marijuana use, from physical health effects to mental health effects, that can occur over the course of development and social consequences associated with use. It is important for providers to be aware of policies and laws around marijuana in their states to provide appropriate and evidenced-based recommendations and to counsel appropriately to prevent exposure and thus harm to developing brains. The health and well-being of children and adolescents should be prioritized when providing this information. More research is needed on the long-term effects of marijuana and should also be focused on prevention of use in adolescents.

Drs Dharmapuri and Klein drafted the initial manuscript and reviewed and revised the manuscript; Dr Miller reviewed and revised the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

FUNDING: No external funding.

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Reflective essay legalization of marijuana

Legalization of Marijuana (Cannabis) is highly logical in a day where alcohol and tobacco products, (although restricted by age) are available to millions of people every day. Someone has to wonder why there is such controversy about the proposal to legalize marijuana. Cannabis would benefit the economy enabling new jobs in the U. S. The sale of Cannibas would benefit the government as well with a tax. Being an illegal drug Cannabis has more helpful causes than Of course, there are many arguments for both sides of this debated issue.

Nonetheless, Marijuana is no more harmful than alcohol and tobacco products and in some cases, marijuana has already proven to be medicaly helpful. Marijuana, a plant with many uses, should be legalized for crime deflation, medicinal help and tax purposes. Marijuana is, in truth, no more harmful than currently sold alcohol and tobacco products in the U. S. In fact marijuana is no more harmfull than sucking Helium.

Each year, millions and millions of dollars are spent on health care issues stemming from the use of alcohol and tobacco drugs: Studies have indicated that the toxins in obacco and that alcohol are addictive, cause birth defects, and cause many different cancers which kill people. Many families have suffered hard ships because of over use of these drugs. Fighting addictions, added to the cost of fighting cancer, has skyrocketed the amount of money spent each year. Studies do not, however, indicate that marijuana is a gateway drug, one that causes addiction .

Perhaps the only reason that currently points to danger associated with marijuana has more to do with the fact that because it is not currently government regulated for he public use, marijuana does, occasionally, contain impurities that cause temporary nausea. Perhaps under the FDA specifically, would guarantee a consistently pure product. Already, the FDA has said that marijuana is helpful in treating nausea for cancer patients who are undergoing chemotherapy. In addition the FDA supports the research that shows marijuanas medicinal potential in treating glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness.

Several studies have found that smoking marijuana reduces intraocular pressurethe main cause of this disease. How can a rug that the FDA endorses for purposes of healing and prevention be harmful that the general population needs to be prohibited from its pleasurable effects? Along with the medicinal purposes of marijuana, it will also help to reduce crime related offenses. Police enforcement will save billions of dollars a year. Marijuana is illegal, only criminals deal the drug and will at any point change the cost of their product. This causes anger and frustration among their clients, which often erupts into violence and theft.

Law enforcement spends 9 billion dollars annually on cannabis arrests that would no longer be made. Because it is illegal, marijuana is often used today in shady places and allowing legalization will decrease the number of such meeting spots. The legalization of marijuana will also result in a decrease of jail population, which will save millions and will result in less violence that often occurs from Marijuana, just like alcohol and tobacco, could be taxed, the revenue of which would result in billions of dollars that could be spent in areas needing further funding.

One pack of twenty joints could be sold the same amount as one pack of cigarettes, $3. 50 a pack. From that per pack amount, one-fourth the total cost would go directly to the government. For the government to regulate and maintain affordable prices, it would tax the registered dealers but not growers. This means the sale of unregistered homegrown weed would be banned. However, People could grow their own cannabis but only for personal use. Another possible way to limit abuse of the drug would be to regulate consumers directly, as for instance, by issuing licenses to buy/ sell/ or grow pot ( Http://www. geocities. omeconomics. html ).

The government could mpose a regulation tax of around $. 50-1. 00; such a tax on items is to help control the use, which would, in turn, lower the potential for abuse of a substance. These taxes alone would raise around $2. 2-$6. 4 billion a year. This tax is only one of several cumulative taxes that would be imposed to support the legalization of marijuana . Overall the government could potentially earn $24. 2-$43 billion in just one year. The Economy would benefit as well.

A plantation were Cannabis grown then shipped to varias places around the world would contribute thousands of Marijuana has been proven to be a very safe drug that has many benefits that should be taking advantage of rather than being banned from todays society. It has many uses, not only as medicine but to reduce crime rates, as a social drug etc. Hemp would make better paper than any type of tree, hemp makes a stronger fabric than cotton, hemp could be used as gasoline to fuel our mechines. The uses of marijuana go on and on, there would be many improvements on earth that would also benefit the earth as well. The legalization of marijuana will also help us continue to live a long and prosperous life.

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Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. It is typically consumed for its mind-altering effects, which can induce feelings of relaxation, euphoria, and altered sensory perception. The plant contains various chemical compounds called cannabinoids, with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being the most well-known and responsible for its psychoactive properties.

Marijuana legalization in the United States refers to the process of legalizing the recreational and/or medicinal use of marijuana at the state level. Over the past few decades, there has been a significant shift in public opinion and policy towards marijuana, leading to various states enacting their own laws to regulate its use. The movement towards marijuana legalization gained momentum in the 1990s with the passage of medical marijuana laws in California and other states. These laws allowed patients with certain medical conditions to access marijuana for therapeutic purposes. Since then, many states have followed suit, legalizing medical marijuana and establishing regulated systems for cultivation, distribution, and consumption. In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards the legalization of recreational marijuana. As of now, several states, including Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and California, have legalized the recreational use of marijuana for adults. These states have implemented strict regulatory frameworks to control its production, sale, and use. It's important to note that while some states have legalized marijuana, it remains illegal at the federal level in the United States. This has created a complex legal landscape, with variations in regulations and enforcement across different jurisdictions.

The historical context of marijuana legalization in the world and the United States is marked by changing perceptions, legal battles, and evolving social attitudes. Globally, the prohibition of marijuana can be traced back to the early 20th century when various countries, influenced by international treaties, criminalized its use. However, in recent decades, several countries have started to challenge this approach. The Netherlands, for example, adopted a tolerant stance towards marijuana in the 1970s, allowing small quantities to be sold and consumed in designated coffee shops. Uruguay became the first country to fully legalize marijuana in 2013, followed by Canada in 2018. In the United States, marijuana was criminalized with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act in 1937. The federal government classified it as a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, considering it to have no medical value and a high potential for abuse. However, starting in the 1990s, a wave of states began to pass medical marijuana laws to allow its use for medicinal purposes. This paved the way for further changes, and as of 2021, recreational marijuana is legal in several states, with more considering or implementing similar measures.

Public opinion on marijuana legalization has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. While marijuana was once heavily stigmatized and associated with criminality, the general attitude towards its legalization has become more favorable. Polls and surveys consistently show that a majority of Americans now support the legalization of marijuana. Public opinion has shifted primarily due to changing perceptions of marijuana's potential benefits and a reevaluation of the social and economic consequences of its prohibition. Supporters argue that marijuana legalization can generate tax revenue, create job opportunities, and redirect law enforcement resources towards more pressing issues. They also highlight the medicinal properties of marijuana, advocating for its use as a treatment option for various conditions. Opponents, on the other hand, express concerns about the potential risks associated with marijuana use, particularly among young people. They worry about increased accessibility, impaired driving, and the potential for marijuana to serve as a gateway drug.

1. Medicinal benefits: Marijuana has proven medical benefits for conditions such as chronic pain, epilepsy, and nausea associated with chemotherapy. 2. Economic opportunities: Legalizing marijuana can create a new industry, generate tax revenue, and create jobs. 3. Individual freedom: Advocates emphasize that adults should have the right to make decisions about their own bodies, including the choice to use marijuana responsibly. 4. Criminal justice reform: Marijuana legalization would help reduce arrests and convictions related to marijuana possession, alleviating the burden on the criminal justice system and addressing racial disparities in law enforcement. 5. Regulation and safety: Legalization allows for the regulation of marijuana production, quality control, and sales. This would help ensure product safety, discourage the use of illicit substances, and promote responsible consumption.

1. Health risks: Marijuana use can have negative health effects, including respiratory problems, cognitive impairment, and addiction. 2. Gateway drug: Marijuana can serve as a gateway drug, potentially leading to the use of more dangerous substances. 3. Impaired driving: Legalization may lead to an increase in impaired driving incidents, posing risks to public safety. 4. Youth exposure: Legalization may make marijuana more accessible to minors. 5. Public health and societal costs:Marijuana legalization could lead to increased healthcare costs, workplace productivity issues, and other social problems.

In recent years, there has been an increase in media coverage that highlights the potential benefits and challenges of marijuana legalization. Documentaries like "Weed" by CNN's Dr. Sanjay Gupta and "The Culture High" shed light on the medical uses of marijuana and the impact of prohibition on individuals and communities. News outlets have covered various aspects of marijuana legalization, including its economic impact, public health concerns, and criminal justice reform. Publications like The New York Times and The Washington Post have published opinion pieces and investigative reports discussing the pros and cons of legalization. Popular TV shows like "Weeds" and "High Maintenance" have depicted the marijuana industry and its cultural influence, showcasing both positive and negative aspects. Additionally, social media platforms have provided a space for diverse voices and perspectives on marijuana legalization. Online discussions, podcasts, and YouTube channels have emerged, allowing individuals to share their experiences and opinions.

1. According to a report by New Frontier Data, the legal cannabis industry in the United States was projected to generate $30 billion in annual sales by 2025, creating numerous job opportunities and contributing to tax revenues. 2. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2021 found that 91% of Americans believed marijuana should be legal for medical or recreational use, indicating a significant increase in support over the years. 3. In states where marijuana is legal, there has been a decrease in marijuana-related arrests, reducing the burden on the legal system and freeing up resources for more serious crimes. For example, a study published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence found that states with legalized medical marijuana experienced a 20% decrease in arrests for possession of marijuana.

The topic of marijuana legalization is important to write an essay about due to its multifaceted impact on society, economy, and public health. With shifting attitudes and changing laws surrounding marijuana, understanding the implications of its legalization is crucial. Firstly, marijuana legalization has significant social and criminal justice implications. It affects the lives of individuals who use marijuana for medical or recreational purposes, as well as those who have been disproportionately affected by the war on drugs. Exploring the social justice aspects, such as racial disparities in marijuana-related arrests and convictions, can shed light on the need for equitable policies. Secondly, the economic impact of marijuana legalization is noteworthy. Legalizing and regulating the cannabis industry can stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and generate tax revenue. Analyzing the economic benefits and potential challenges, such as market competition and taxation, can provide insights into the broader economic landscape. Lastly, the public health implications of marijuana legalization cannot be overlooked. Studying the effects of marijuana on physical and mental health, as well as its potential therapeutic uses, can inform public health policies and interventions.

1. Caulkins, J. P., Kilmer, B., & Kleiman, M. A. R. (2016). Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. 2. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press. 3. Pacula, R. L., Kilmer, B., Wagenaar, A. C., & Chaloupka, F. J. (Eds.). (2014). Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 4. ProCon.org. (2021). Should marijuana be a medical option? Retrieved from https://medicalmarijuana.procon.org/ 5. Caulkins, J. P., & Bond, B. M. (2019). The marijuana legalization paradox. Addiction, 114(9), 1614-1620. 6. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2021). State medical marijuana laws. Retrieved from https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx 7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Marijuana and public health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/index.htm 8. Rosenthal, E. (2013). The big book of buds: Marijuana varieties from the world's great seed breeders. Quick Trading Company. 9. Caulkins, J. P., Hawken, A., Kilmer, B., & Kleiman, M. A. R. (2012). Marijuana legalization: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. 10. Drug Policy Alliance. (2021). Marijuana legalization and regulation. Retrieved from https://drugpolicy.org/marijuana-legalization-and-regulation

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