essay on india development in science and technology

Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements, and Concerns

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India's modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. Know all Achievements Science and Technology in India.

Table of Contents

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India’s modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. With a rich history dating back centuries, India has made significant strides in recent years, positioning itself as a global player in the field of science and technology.

Science and Technology in India

Science and technology have significantly influenced India’s development. With a rich historical legacy, India has made remarkable strides in recent times. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has gained global acclaim with missions to the moon and Mars, while the IT and pharmaceutical sectors are thriving. These advancements have driven economic growth, improved healthcare, and strengthened the agricultural sector. However, India must address funding, education, and digital access disparities to maintain this momentum and ensure technology benefits all.

History of science and technology in India

India’s history of science and technology is a tapestry of remarkable accomplishments spanning millennia. Ancient Indian mathematicians blazed a trail with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero, while astronomers made precise celestial observations. The “Sushruta Samhita” demonstrated advanced surgical knowledge, and India’s metallurgical expertise was renowned. The medieval period witnessed architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal. British colonialism influenced the growth of modern scientific institutions.

Post-independence, India prioritized education and research, giving rise to institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Contemporary India excels in space exploration, IT, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy, solidifying its global stature in science and technology. Science and technology have always been integral to Indian culture, with a rich tradition of natural philosophy. The Indian Renaissance, coinciding with the independence struggle, saw significant progress by Indian scientists. Post-independence, the government established robust S&T infrastructure, with the Department of Science and Technology playing a pivotal role.

Role of Science & Technology in India

The role of science and technology in India is pivotal, with significant contributions to the nation’s development and progress. This role can be understood through various dimensions:

Economic Growth

Science and technology play a critical role in driving economic growth. They underpin various industries, including information technology, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and manufacturing. India’s burgeoning software and IT services sector, in particular, has led to substantial foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The advancements in these industries have significantly contributed to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and overall economic development.

Agricultural Transformation

Science and technology have been instrumental in transforming India’s agriculture sector. The Green Revolution, initiated in the mid-20th century, introduced high-yield crop varieties, modern irrigation techniques, and improved agricultural practices. These innovations increased agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for the growing population.

Healthcare Advancements

Technological advancements in the field of medicine have improved healthcare outcomes in India. Advanced medical equipment, telemedicine, and innovative treatment methods have enhanced the quality of healthcare services. India has also become a prominent player in pharmaceuticals, producing a wide range of affordable generic drugs and vaccines.

Education and Research

Science and technology have fostered a culture of innovation and research in India. The establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and world-class research facilities has nurtured a new generation of scientists and engineers. These institutions have not only contributed to cutting-edge research but have also attracted international collaborations.

Space Exploration

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved significant milestones in space exploration. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013 marked its entry into interplanetary space exploration. ISRO’s missions have contributed to advancements in communication, remote sensing, and global positioning systems, benefiting a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning.

Global Contributions

India has become a global contributor in science and technology. Its space missions and pharmaceutical industry have not only served domestic needs but have also had a global impact. India’s information technology sector provides crucial services to businesses and organizations around the world. The nation’s scientists and engineers are increasingly engaged in collaborative research projects with international partners, contributing to global scientific advancements.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Science and technology have fostered innovation and entrepreneurship. Start-ups in the technology, biotechnology, and clean energy sectors have gained prominence, attracting investments and generating job opportunities. India’s government and private sector actively support the growth of a vibrant start-up ecosystem.

Recent Developments of science and technology in India

India has a rich history of remarkable achievements in the field of science and technology, spanning from ancient innovations to modern breakthroughs. Here are some notable contributions:

Revolutionizing Agriculture

India’s Green Revolution, a monumental achievement, transformed the country’s agricultural landscape. Agro-scientists introduced high-yielding seeds, modern farming techniques, and improved irrigation practices. As a result, India became self-sufficient in food production, reducing reliance on foreign grain imports and ensuring food security.

Pioneering Satellite Communication

Under the visionary leadership of Vikram Sarabhai, India ventured into space technology. The successful launch of the Space Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and the INSAT system in 1983 established India as a significant player in satellite communication. This achievement has had a profound impact on telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

Global Pharmaceutical Hub

India has earned its reputation as “the pharmacy of the world.” Government initiatives, including the establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited, along with private sector contributions, have led to the production of affordable and effective drugs and vaccines with a global impact.

Indigenous Defence Advancements

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been pivotal in developing indigenous defence systems, including advanced aircraft, weaponry, tanks, electronic warfare technologies, and missile systems. India’s successful nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 have reinforced national security and sovereignty.

Space Exploration Excellence

The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969 marked a significant milestone. ISRO’s missions, including Chandrayaan (2008) and Mangalyaan (2014), have propelled India to the forefront of space exploration. India became the first nation to reach the orbit of Mars on its maiden attempt, expanding our knowledge of celestial bodies.

Global IT Dominance

The establishment of the Department of Electronics in 1970, coupled with the emergence of public sector companies like ECIL and CMC, challenged the dominance of global IT giants. Today, India stands as the world’s largest exporter of IT services, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) ranking among the top 10 IT firms globally, contributing significantly to the nation’s economic growth and technological prowess.

Achievements of India in Science and Technology

In the realm of space exploration, India has achieved notable milestones through the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites for communication, Earth observation, and navigation. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, marked a historic achievement, making India the fourth country in the world to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-2 mission was launched to explore the Moon, comprising an orbiter, lander, and rover.

Nuclear Technology

India has made significant strides in nuclear technology, developing capabilities for both civilian and military purposes. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 demonstrated India’s nuclear capabilities to the world. The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have played pivotal roles in advancing nuclear science within the country.

Information Technology

India has established itself as a global IT hub, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro leading the industry. These companies have contributed to Silicon Valley and the global tech industry, while Indian engineers and entrepreneurs have made substantial contributions in the field of information technology.

Pharmaceutical and Healthcare

India is a major player in the pharmaceutical industry, producing a significant portion of the world’s generic drugs. Indian pharmaceutical companies have played a crucial role in the global fight against diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This contribution to healthcare has had a global impact.

Renewable Energy

India has made significant progress in the field of renewable energy, setting ambitious goals for solar and wind energy generation. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), initiated by India, promotes cooperation among countries in harnessing solar energy, contributing to sustainable development.

Biotechnology

In the field of biotechnology, India has made advancements through research institutions and companies. These advancements encompass genetic engineering, vaccine development, and crop improvement, making significant contributions to the global biotech sector.

Supercomputing

India’s indigenous supercomputer, Param, has been a valuable tool for scientific research and weather forecasting. It showcases India’s capabilities in high-performance computing.

Agriculture and Green Revolution

The Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, led by scientists like Norman Borlaug, transformed agricultural practices in India. It significantly increased food production and played a crucial role in improving food security.

Space Research and Navigation

India’s space research extends to navigation with the launch of its regional satellite navigation system called NavIC. NavIC provides accurate positioning information services to users in India and neighboring regions, enhancing navigation capabilities.

Science and Innovation

Indian scientists and researchers have made substantial contributions to various scientific fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Their work has elevated India’s standing in the global scientific community and contributed to scientific knowledge worldwide.

Concerns in Science and Technology in India

India’s science and technology landscape faces several concerns that impact its growth and competitiveness:

• Funding Challenges: The level of investment in research and development in India is often insufficient to support cutting-edge scientific endeavors and technological innovations. Inadequate funding hampers the country’s ability to tackle critical challenges and compete globally.
• Educational Variability: Disparities in the quality of science and technology education across the country hinder the development of a skilled workforce. Education reform is needed to make curriculum more relevant and equip students with practical skills.
• Brain Drain: The emigration of highly skilled researchers and scientists to foreign countries in pursuit of better opportunities results in a substantial loss of expertise and innovation within India.
• Innovation Ecosystem: Establishing a thriving innovation ecosystem with support for startups and entrepreneurship remains a challenge. Translating research into commercially viable products or services can be difficult.
• Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure, including state-of-the-art research facilities, hinders scientific progress and innovation.

Way Forward

To bolster India’s science and technology sector, key measures are vital. Firstly, an increase in research and development funding is imperative, with a greater budget allocation to support innovative projects and cutting-edge scientific endeavors. Concurrently, a focus on education reform is essential, enhancing the quality of science and technology education with modernized curricula and practical skill development.

Mitigating the brain drain necessitates incentives to retain talented researchers and scientists while nurturing an innovation ecosystem through support for startups and streamlined regulations promotes the commercialization of research. Infrastructure development, including state-of-the-art research facilities, will facilitate scientific progress. These measures collectively position India to contribute significantly to global scientific advancements and ensure socio-economic development.

Science and Technology in India UPSC

Science and Technology is a significant subject within the Civil Services Examination. It’s evident from the numerous questions related to this subject that appear in both the UPSC Prelims and Mains. To assist IAS aspirants in their exam preparations, this article offers downloadable PDFs of UPSC notes on Science and Technology. In the UPSC Mains, Science and Technology form part of the GS III syllabus. Additionally, science subjects such as Botany, Chemistry, and Biology are among the optional subject choices for the IAS Mains exam. These scientific subjects offer the potential for high scores, but often, aspirants face challenges in balancing static and dynamic aspects while making notes, especially when dealing with contemporary issues from the news.

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Science and Technology in India FAQs

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Science and technology in modern India drive economic growth, healthcare advancements, and agricultural transformation while fostering innovation, global contributions, and socio-economic development.

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India aspires for advancements in experimental physics, astrophysics, drug development, diagnostics, and biotechnology, aiming to push scientific frontiers.

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Science and technology underpin various industries, such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, contributing to GDP and job creation.

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Achievements of India in Science and Technology

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Science and Technology in Ancient India

Science and technology in medieval india, science and technology in modern india, achievements of india in space, achievements of india in nuclear sciences, achievements of india in defence, emerging technologies in india.

Prelims: General Science

Mains: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

Advancements in technology have been the major cause for the development of a country as well as human civilization. India, recognised globally for its scientific rigour and potential, has been contributing to the fields of science and technology since ancient times as evident from the discovery of zero to the research in particle physics. Continuing striving towards science and technology in ancient and medieval times, India has been able to gain pace in scientific discoveries and innovations after independence. Indian scientists have won the most prestigious Nobel prize in all three areas of Science.

Today, India is making progress in more advanced technology such as tokamak, neutrino, gravitational waves, scramjets, sending human missions into space, and emerging technologies.

India's history of scientific discovery and development dates back to the Vedic period . Aryabhatta , the famous mathematician invented ‘zero’. The concept of squares, circles, triangles, fractions, algebraic formulae, and astronomy have all had their origins in Vedic literature.

• The complex layout of Harappantowns with underground drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, and air-cooling architecture, as well as the presence of the Iron Pillar in Delhi, demonstrate that India's indigenous technologies were very sophisticated.
• Rig Veda describes the concepts of astronomy and metaphysics.
• Ancient India was a pioneer in developing the technology for producing rust-free iron. Called Wootz steel, it was traded to Europe and the Middle East for sword making.
• Many scholars like Charaka and Sushruta have made invaluable contributions to Ayurveda, as found in ancient manuscripts.

Learn in Detail:  Science and Technology in Ancient India

Although at a slower pace, the medieval period also witnessed the growth of science and technology in India.

• Narayana Pandit is a well-known figure for his contributions to Mathematics - Ganitakaumudi and Bijaganitavatamsa.
• Gangadhara wrote three famous treaties that gave rules for trigonometric terms - Lilavati Karamdipika, Suddhantadipika, and Lilavati Vyakhya.
• In the Mughal period, Faizi translated Bhaskara’s Bijaganit.
• In the thirteenth century, Hamsadeva compiled Mrga-paksi-sastra, a work in the field of biology. This provides a general, though not always scientific, account of some hunting animals and birds.
• Jahangir, in his work Tuzuk-ijahangiri recorded his observations and experiments on breeding and hybridization.
• Two notable treatises - Siddhayoga by Vrinda(around 975 CE) and Chakradatta by Chakrapani Dutta (around 1050 CE) were written in this period.
• Mercury and sulphur were the materials on which extensive research was carried out in 700 CE- 1300 CE .
• Nagarjuna, the author of Rasaratnaakara stands pre-eminent among the Indian rasavaadins during the medieval India.
• Rasaarnava and Rasaratnasamcchaya of Vaagbhata are two of the many important texts after Rasaratnaakara.
• The work Ain-i-Akbari discusses the regulation of Akbar's Perfume Office.
• Mehendra Suri who was a court astronomer of Firoz Shah Tughlak, developed “Yantraja”, an astronomical instrument.
• Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh-II set up the five astronomical observatories in Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi, Mathura, and Jaipur.
• Ali-bin Rabban wrote Firdausu-Hikmat in which he summarised the system of Greek medicine and Indian medical knowledge.
• The Tibbi Aurangzebi is based on Ayurvedic sources.

At the dawn of the twentieth century, great strides were made by Indian scientists. The innate ability to perform creatively in science came to be backed by institutional setups and strong state support after the country’s independence in 1947.

India’s Contribution to Physics

Since the early 20th century, many physicists of India have contributed to Physics.

• He invented the crescograph, through which he measured plant response to various stimuli and hypothesised that plants can feel pain, understand affection, etc.
• CV Raman : He is known for his work on the scattering effect of light. His finding is called ‘Raman Effect’ for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1930.
• Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar : He was an Indian-American astrophysicist awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for his theoretical studies of the structure and evolution of the stars.
• He is best known for providing the foundation of Bose-Einstein statistics and developing the theory of Bose-Einstein condensates.
• International Neutrino Observatory (INO) : The INO project broadly aims to create an outstanding underground laboratory in India for non-accelerator-based high energy and nuclear physics research.
• CERN's: Indian scientists at CERN contributed to the construction of a large hadron collider and other experiments such as ALICE and CMS experiment. 
• Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) - India : It is a mega-science project in Astronomy and the scientific goals of the project are in the area of fundamental physics.

India’s Contribution to Chemistry

• Prafulla Chandra Ray: He was regarded as the ‘Father of Chemical Science in India and contributed to inorganic and organic nitrites and organic thio compounds.
• Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar : He played an immense role in the constitution of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and did considerable work in applied and industrial chemistry.
• CNR Rao : He is well-known for his work in structural and solid-state chemistry. He has made contributions in chemical spectroscopy, surface chemistry, molecular structure and high-temperature superconductivity.

India’s Contribution to Life Sciences

• Several model systems such as E. coli, fruit fly (Drosophila), and C. elegans, had been established, to significantly enhance knowledge of complex biological problems.
• The most outstanding contributions were the discovery of exotoxins and the atomic structural model of collagen.
• DNA Fingerprinting: DNA fingerprinting in India came into existence in 1988. Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology scientists developed the technique and made it available for use, making India the third country to develop its own DNA fingerprinting probe.
• Har Gobind Khorana : He was a Nobel Prize-winning Indian American biochemist who showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids , which carry the genetic code of the cell and control the cell's synthesis of proteins.
• His discovery of collagen's triple helical structure was important for the understanding of peptide structure.
• He demonstrated how ribosomes react to various chemicals using a 3D technique.

India’s space journey started with the establishment of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962, later renamed the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969. Key highlights of India’s space endeavours:

• First Satellite: Aryabhata was India’s first satellite which was launched on April 19th, 1975 using Russia’s Kosmos-3M launch vehicle.
• Its success paved the way for advanced launch vehicle projects including the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and LVM3.
• Chandrayaan-1 was India’s first moon mission, launched in 2008.
• Chandrayaan-2 was India's first attempt to soft-land on the Moon which was launched in 2019 by GSLV MkIII-M1.
• With the successful launch of Chandrayaan-3 in 2023, India became the first country to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole.
• After Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency, India became the fourth space agency in the world to reach Mars orbit.
• It also made India the first country in the world to reach Martian orbit in its maiden attempt.
• 104 Satellites in a single flight: PSLV-C37 successfully launched the 714 kg Cartosat-2 Series Satellite along with 103 co-passenger satellites in 2017.
• Aditya-L1 Mission: In September 2023 India launched the Aditya-L1 mission, the first space-based Indian mission to study the Sun.
• Gaganyaan: The Gaganyaan Mission is an ongoing project in India to send a three-person crew to a 400 km Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
• Reusable Launch Vehicle - Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD): It is one of ISRO's most technologically challenging projects aimed at developing critical technologies for a fully reusable launch vehicle to enable low-cost access to space. 
• Cryogenic Technology: In 2003, the Indian space agency successfully tested its first cryogenic engine . India is now one of only six countries to have developed their own cryogenic engines.
• Scramjet Engines: A scramjet engine is an improvement over the ramjet engine as it efficiently operates at hypersonic speeds and allows supersonic combustion .

India made the formal beginning of its programme on nuclear energy by establishing the Atomic Energy Commission in 1948 and the Atomic Energy Establishment in 1957, which was later renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC).

• Dr. Homi Bhabha  formulated India's three-stage nuclear power programme in the 1950s.
• Apsara, the first nuclear fission reactor, was developed in 1956. Subsequently, nuclear power stations and other reactors have been developed in India.
• Currently, India has 23 operational fission reactors, totalling 6780 MWe in installed capacity.
• As for fusion energy, India has its own  Tokamak  programmes and also is a member of the ITER  project.
• India conducted an underground nuclear explosion at Pokhran in 1974, codenamed “Smiling Buddha.
• Pokhran-II: In 1998, five nuclear devices (including thermonuclear bombs) were successfully detonated.

India is one of the strongest military forces in the world.

• Some of the major defence manufacturing companies in India are Bharat Earth Movers Ltd. (BEML), Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL), and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL).
• Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), began on July 26, 1983. The program resulted in the development of a slew of missiles, including the strategic Agni Integrated Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM), the tactical Prithvi, the Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles, and the Nag anti-tank guided missile.
• BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile system capable of being launched from land, sea, or air.
• Talk about Hypersonic technology (cruise and ballistic both), using scramjets. 
• The first indigenous aircraft carrier Indian Naval Ship (INS) Vikrant was commissioned in the Indian Navy in 2022.
• Project-75 (I): Project-75(I) is a follow-up project of Project 75 conceived in 1997. It is a military acquisition initiative that aims to procure diesel-electric attack submarines with fuel cells and an Air-Independent Propulsion System (AIP) for the Indian Navy.
• This places India in the league of the few countries that can design, construct, and operate Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarines (SSBN).
• Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): The Indian government is focusing on innovative solutions to empower the country's defence and security through the 'Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX)' program.
• DRDO  enhanced the technological capabilities of the Indian industry, transforming India into a hub of advanced defence technologies and developing state-of-the-art defence equipment and systems.
• Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL): Indigenization with the primary objective of achieving Make in India and lowering dependence on foreign countries, especially for critical items is one of the key thrust areas of HAL.

India is also excelling in cutting-edge technologies such as 5G , artificial intelligence, blockchain, augmented and virtual reality, machine learning and deep learning , robots, natural language processing, and so on. The Emerging Technologies Division of MeitY is in charge of encouraging and promoting the use of cutting-edge technologies throughout the country.

• PARAM Shivay, the first supercomputer assembled indigenously, followed by PARAM Shakti, PARAM Brahma, PARAM Yukti, and PARAM Sanganak.
• Quantum Computing: Many programs are geared towards training students and researchers in quantum computing, including the National Mission for Quantum Frontier and others such as the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications, and Quantum Computing Applications Lab.
• Blockchain Technology: The National Blockchain Framework is a national-level infrastructure for blockchain which includes blockchain-as-a-service, geographically distributed nodes, creating awareness, and developing human resources, among other initiatives.
• Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology: Launched in 2023, it is a framework agreed upon by India and the U.S. for cooperation on critical and emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, semiconductors , quantum computing and wireless telecommunication.

PYQs on Achievements of India in Science and Technology

Question 1: India is an important member of the ‘International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor’. If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate advantage of India?

• It can use thorium in place of uranium for power generation.
• It can attain a global role in satellite navigation
• It can drastically improve the efficiency of its fission reactors in power generation
• It can build fusion reactors for power generation

Answer: (d)

Question 2: Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India? (UPSC Mains 2019)

Question 3: Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC Mains 2016)

FAQs on Achievements of India in Science and Technology

What are the achievements of india in science and technology during the ancient period.

The history of scientific discoveries and development in India dates back to the Vedic era. Invention of ‘zero’, concept of squares, rectangles, algebraic formulae, concepts of astronomy and metaphysics, discovery of Iron and steel are some of the achievements of ancient India in Science and Technology.

What are the contributions of India in the field of biotechnology?

India is one of the biggest suppliers of low-cost drugs and vaccines in the world. For example, Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw founded the biopharmaceutical firm Biocon, in 1978. The firm has successfully forayed into the lucrative U.S. market. The company has Asia's largest insulin factory in Malaysia's Johor region.

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Essay on Science and Technology for Students and Children

500+ words essay on science and technology.

Essay on Science and Technology: Science and technology are important parts of our day to day life. We get up in the morning from the ringing of our alarm clocks and go to bed at night after switching our lights off. All these luxuries that we are able to afford are a resultant of science and technology . Most importantly, how we can do all this in a short time are because of the advancement of science and technology only. It is hard to imagine our life now without science and technology. Indeed our existence itself depends on it now. Every day new technologies are coming up which are making human life easier and more comfortable. Thus, we live in an era of science and technology.

Essentially, Science and Technology have introduced us to the establishment of modern civilization . This development contributes greatly to almost every aspect of our daily life. Hence, people get the chance to enjoy these results, which make our lives more relaxed and pleasurable.

Benefits of Science and Technology

If we think about it, there are numerous benefits of science and technology. They range from the little things to the big ones. For instance, the morning paper which we read that delivers us reliable information is a result of scientific progress. In addition, the electrical devices without which life is hard to imagine like a refrigerator, AC, microwave and more are a result of technological advancement.

Furthermore, if we look at the transport scenario, we notice how science and technology play a major role here as well. We can quickly reach the other part of the earth within hours, all thanks to advancing technology.

In addition, science and technology have enabled man to look further than our planet. The discovery of new planets and the establishment of satellites in space is because of the very same science and technology. Similarly, science and technology have also made an impact on the medical and agricultural fields. The various cures being discovered for diseases have saved millions of lives through science. Moreover, technology has enhanced the production of different crops benefitting the farmers largely.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

India and Science and Technology

Ever since British rule, India has been in talks all over the world. After gaining independence, it is science and technology which helped India advance through times. Now, it has become an essential source of creative and foundational scientific developments all over the world. In other words, all the incredible scientific and technological advancements of our country have enhanced the Indian economy.

Looking at the most recent achievement, India successfully launched Chandrayaan 2. This lunar exploration of India has earned critical acclaim from all over the world. Once again, this achievement was made possible due to science and technology.

In conclusion, we must admit that science and technology have led human civilization to achieve perfection in living. However, we must utilize everything in wise perspectives and to limited extents. Misuse of science and technology can produce harmful consequences. Therefore, we must monitor the use and be wise in our actions.

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Developments in Science and Technology and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life

Last updated on March 3, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Science and technology have given rise to several machinery and tools in different fields.

The use of these tools and machinery has helped in reducing the time, effort, and energy required in doing different works.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Science and technology (S&T) is universally acknowledged as a crucial tool for supporting and enhancing the nation’s economic and social growth. Over the years, India has made major advancements in many fields of science and technology, and now we can be proud of its robust network of S&T institutions, skilled workforce, and cutting-edge knowledge base.

The significance of bolstering the knowledge base has grown due to the rapid pace of globalization, the quick depletion of material resources, the rising competitiveness among states, and the increasing necessity to protect intellectual property.

• Strengthening application-oriented research and development (R&D) for technology generation, fostering the development of human resources, particularly by enticing bright students to pursue careers in science, encouraging research into and application of science and technology (S&T) for predicting, preventing, and mitigating natural disasters, integrating S&T developments with all facets of national activities, and utilizing S&T to improve quality of life are all priorities today.
• S&T is crucial to both macroeconomic growth and the microeconomic development of business competitiveness. For science and technology, globalization and liberalization have created both great potential and significant difficulties.

Developments in Science and Technology

Indians, like people in every other region of the world, have a rich tradition of scientific thinking. Science has traditionally been characterized by a curiosity for the unknown, together with experimentation and observation. The implication that truth could only be found in the real world with all of its richness and complexity resulted from this.

In the context of research and development, communities of people, institutions, and organizations exchange visions for the future of technology. They extrapolate the concepts into the not-too-distant future based on the consensus regarding their desirability and viability.

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These goals, therefore, take on a flexible, dynamic nature and have a significant impact on how innovation processes develop. They influence the intricate multi-actor process of choosing whether to pursue particular technical choices while excluding others from research and development initiatives.

Popular visions like the “information superhighway,” the “cashless society,” or the “paperless office” gain strength by combining institutions with the experience and knowledge of the people involved, fusing what is possible with what is desired in a unique and quite effective way.

Science and Technology in Ancient and Medieval India

India has a strong scientific and technological heritage. In India, scientific advancement is an outdated practice. India has had rapid advancements in science and technology since the time of the Indus Valley Civilization . If one were to evaluate advancement in antiquity, investigations have shown that,

In India, science and religion were closely related. The various fields of science underwent several advancements in antiquity. In the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, geography, biology, chemistry, agriculture, etc., we discover advancements in various aspects of science.

Mathematics

• Ancient India’s contributions to mathematics are profound and well-documented. Aryabhata, one of the earliest Indian mathematicians, introduced the concept of zero as a number and made significant contributions to the field of trigonometry and algebra.
• His most famous work, Aryabhatiya, details astronomical observations and theories that suggest the Earth’s rotation on its axis.
• Another notable mathematician, Brahmagupta, provided rules for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers, and he also worked on equations that were to become the basis for algebra.
• Indian astronomy was highly advanced for its time, with scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira making significant contributions.
• The concept of a heliocentric solar system, as well as the understanding of eclipses and the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, were subjects of study.
• The Surya Siddhanta, a treatise on astronomy, contains remarkably accurate calculations of the lengths of the solar year and the sizes and distances of the planets from the Earth.
• The craft and science of metallurgy were highly advanced in ancient India, with the most famous example being the Iron Pillar of Delhi.
• This pillar is a testament to the high skill level in ironworking and corrosion resistance.
• The wootz steel, produced in India since ancient times, was exported across the world and is the precursor to modern high-quality steel alloys.

Medical Science (Ayurveda)

• Ayurveda , the traditional system of medicine in India, was highly developed in ancient times.
• Texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are foundational works that detail surgical procedures, medicinal plants, and a holistic approach to health and wellness.
• Sushruta, known as the father of surgery, described surgical techniques and instruments that are astonishingly advanced for their time.

Architecture and Engineering

• The architectural and engineering achievements of ancient and medieval India are seen in its temples, palaces, and urban planning.
• The concept of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian science of architecture and building, guided the construction of buildings and cities harmoniously integrated with nature.
• The step-wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan are examples of advanced engineering and water management systems.
• The ancient Indians also made significant strides in chemistry, known as Rasashastra.
• It involved the extraction of metals, the manufacture of alloys, and the preparation of medicinal compounds. This knowledge was applied in various fields, including medicine and metallurgy.
• India’s contribution to textiles, particularly cotton and silk weaving and dyeing, was significant.
• Techniques for spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing were highly sophisticated, contributing to a flourishing trade both within and outside India.

Developments in Science and Technology in Modern India

The government of India has adequately acknowledged the contribution that science and technology have made to the country’s progress. The Second Five-Year Plan emphasized that “the community’s readiness to apply modern science and technology is the most significant single component in supporting economic development.”

• To support emerging fields of research and technology, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) was established in 1971. At the state level, State Councils of Science and Technology have also been established.
• India has advanced greatly in many other domains in addition to these important ones. These include the exploration and refinement of oil by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission and the production of solar energy by the National Committee of Environment Planning.
• To control pollution in the Ganga River , the Central Ganga Authority was established. The nation currently has a solid foundation in modem technology.
• The relatively strict intellectual property laws in India will help the country become a significant R&D hub.

Space Research

India’s space program, spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), stands out as one of the most successful in the world.

• ISRO’s achievements include the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) , which made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first in the world to do so in its maiden attempt.
• The Chandrayaan missions aimed at exploring the moon have placed India among the elite group of countries that have mastered the technology for space exploration. Additionally, ISRO has developed a series of indigenous satellites and launch vehicles, such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) , enhancing India’s capability in remote sensing, communication, and navigation.

Information Technology and Software Services

R&D projects are increasingly being outsourced to India. More than 1,100 R&D centers have been established by multinational corporations (MNCs), including IBM, Google, Microsoft, Intel, Lupin, Wockhardt, and others. Information and communication technologies, biotechnology, aircraft, automotive, chemicals, and materials technology are all covered by these R&D facilities.

• India has emerged as a global hub for information technology (IT) and software services, contributing significantly to the global IT workforce.
• Indian IT firms like Infosys, TCS, and Wipro are recognized globally for their software development, IT services, and outsourcing solutions.
• The country’s IT sector has been a critical driver of economic growth, generating millions of jobs and significantly contributing to India’s GDP.

Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry

• India’s biotechnology sector has grown exponentially, with advancements in genetic engineering, stem cell research, and the development of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals.
• The Indian pharmaceutical industry , known as the “pharmacy of the world,” is a leader in the production of generic drugs, supplying affordable medicines to various countries.
• Indian companies like Biocon and Serum Institute of India play crucial roles in drug development and vaccine production, contributing to global health initiatives.

Renewable Energy

• India’s commitment to renewable energy is evident in its ambitious targets and projects in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
• The International Solar Alliance (ISA) , co-founded by India, aims to harness solar energy globally, especially in countries rich in solar potential.
• The country’s push for renewable energy is part of its broader efforts to combat climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

Nuclear and Defense Technology

• India has made significant advancements in nuclear technology and defense. It has developed nuclear reactors for energy production and is a member of the select group of countries with indigenous capabilities to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.
• In defense, India is focusing on self-reliance through the development of various indigenous systems, including missiles (Agni and Prithvi series), fighter jets (Tejas), and other advanced military technologies.

Digital India Initiative

• The Digital India initiative aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
• It focuses on improving online infrastructure, increasing internet connectivity, and making government services electronically available to citizens. This initiative has led to significant advancements in digital payments, e-governance, and internet accessibility across the country.
• In terms of the number of startups , India is currently the third-largest nation. In the upcoming years, it is anticipated that this number will increase tremendously.
• The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) was established by the government to drastically change the nation’s innovation, entrepreneurship, and start-up ecosystems.

Global participation

The government is sponsoring numerous research and development programs as part of the national policy to boost scientific activities. Thus, we discover that scientific knowledge and modern technology have had an impact on practically every field, including ocean development, nuclear energy, space technology, electronics, agriculture, and industry.

• Leading some groundbreaking research being done around the world are scientists from India. It has been exciting to see recent advancements in frontier science and technology made by Indian scientists.
• For instance, 37 Indian scientists from nine Indian institutes were instrumental in the gravitational wave discovery that won the 2017 Physics Nobel Prize .
• The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) , located in the United States, discovered a neutron star merger with the assistance of Indian scientists.
• Additionally, it boasts the third-largest technical and scientific labor force in the entire world.

Developments in Science and Technology-Effects in Everyday Life

Every day of the year, from the moment we wake up until the time we go to bed, science and technology have an impact on all of us. Science has given us many things, including our digital alarm clock, the weather report, the cars we drive and the buses we ride, our choice to eat a baked potato rather than fries, our cell phones, the antibiotics that treat sore throats, the clean water, and the light. Developments in Science and technology have impacted both Socialization and productivity.

• Because of the internet’s strength, it is now easier to share ideas and resources and to create global communities. Without the knowledge and technologies made possible by science, the modern world would not even remotely be modern.
• Science has a rising impact on people’s lives. Even while the benefits to humanity in recent decades have been unsurpassed in the history of the human species, there have been certain cases where the influence has been negative or the long-term implications raise grave concerns.
• Today, there is a sizable amount of popular skepticism about science and anxiety around technology. This is partly due to the perception held by some people and communities that they will be the ones to experience the unintended negative effects of technological advancements made to benefit a wealthy minority.
• Because research can effect change, scientists have a responsibility to act and speak with extreme prudence. Scientists ought to consider the social repercussions of technological applications or the dissemination of incomplete information resulting from their work, and they ought to explain to the general public and decision-makers the level of scientific uncertainty or incompleteness in their conclusions.
• To help people adapt to environmental change, they should also not be afraid to fully utilize the predictive capacity of science when done right, especially in situations where there are immediate concerns like natural disasters or water shortages.
• The S&T sector offers straightforward, reasonably priced scientific solutions that enable people to save time and effort and increase their revenue. Technologies provide value to the goods produced by the cottage and small-scale industries, boosting their competitiveness.
• By focusing on computer literacy and making IT accessible to individuals without formal schooling, S&T can, in general, play a significant role in bringing IT to the most isolated regions of the nation.
• Thus, via skill development and training that is activity-oriented, supporting the growth of entrepreneurship, and promoting self-employment using new technologies, the “problem population” can be transformed into an important “human resource.”
• S&T provides solutions for short-term issues like switching to non-conventional energy sources and product packaging as well as long-term issues like drought, epidemics, drinking water shortages, nutrition, sanitation, health, and housing.
• Through the use of environmentally friendly technology, S&T knowledge can be used to create ways to encourage people to develop the habit of using natural resources like wood, bamboo, medicinal plants, etc. more wisely.

Developments in Science and Technology and Society

In the past 200 years, the wealthier sectors of the human race have primarily exploited science as a tool for military might and economic advancement. It is increasingly obvious that the existing use of natural resources and growing strains on the local and regional environment cannot go on indefinitely without the breakdown of the natural support systems that enable current civilizations.

Science, which played a role in creating this scenario, now bears the primary duty of assisting societies in moving away from a fixation with growth and toward the development of an ecological and economic system that is dynamically stable and sustainable.

An alliance between contemporary technical science with the universal knowledge of indigenous societies and philosophers from all cultures can be crucial throughout this transition.

The pace of change in both natural and human conditions and problems is predicted to increase in the twenty-first century.

Scientists have a growing responsibility to work with policymakers and the general public to find and implement solutions or means of adaptation to issues that are both local and global, such as balancing the current competitive profit motive with the common good; allowing contributions from and benefits to marginalized elements of society and minority cultures; justifying current expenditures to avoid costs or damages to future generations; and rewarding scientific achievement.

There has never been a more crucial time for Developments in Science and Technology to influence and progress society and government.

Article written by Aseem Muhammed

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Knowledge is Empower

Role of Science & Technology in development of India | UPSC – IAS

Table of Contents

India’s development in the fields of science and technology

Science and technology are widely acknowledged to be essential components of social and economic development. Scientific knowledge and new technologies can help tackle many of the problems that affect countries. Some of the global challenges science and technology could solve are as follows:-

• Providing Safe drinking-water and food supplies
• Grid-scale energy storage
• Energy-efficient desalination
• Cleaning up of Ocean
• Embodied Artificial Intelligence
• Universal flu vaccine
• Earthquake prediction
• Carbon sequestration

The World Bank’s World Development Report states that “Today’s most technologically advanced economics are truly knowledge – based  creating millions of knowledge related jobs in an array of disciplines that have emerged overnight,” and also says that ” the need for developing countries to increase their capacity to use knowledge cannot be overstated.”

• Scientific and technological knowledge,
• Physical capital,
• Human capital,
• Technological progress,
• Increase in labour force,
• Foreign investment and foreign trade.

Of these – Scientific and technological knowledge is the most important factor in economic development. And also considered as a critical determinant of economic growth. It is in this perspective that improving this capacity has become a prerequisite for sustained economic growth and improved quality of life. In the present context, the most important aspect of knowledge, of course is scientific and technological knowledge.

Developed vs Developing countries in science and technology | UPSC – IAS

While it is clear that the ability of a society to produce, select, adapt, and commercialise knowledge is critical for sustained economic growth and improved quality of life, in this respect the developing countries are in a disadvantageous situation.

• Today, a handful of the world’s richest countries produce the overwhelming majority of new scientific and technological knowledge, and they derive great benefit from its use.
• Countries in this exclusive group enjoy the fruits or a virtuous circle, in which the concrete benefits or research help produce the wealth and public support needed to continue the investigation of science’s “endless frontiers.”
• Their technological edge is the key to the continued dominance of the developed countries in the world economy. Whether it is Nobel Prizes in scientific areas or patents and new products, it is the developed countries that are dominant.

Meanwhile most other nations struggle with varying degrees of success, to establish scientific and technological research systems that can invigorate their economies and provide solutions to their social needs.

• Unfortunately for developing countries the logic of S&T research system favours the scientifically strong to become stronger. Countries that want to improve their S&T capacity have lo make extra efforts to gain and maintain the “critical mass” beyond which benefits can start to accrue. Another difficulty is that this process is long term and full of uncertainty, and scarce resources arc under pressure from a variety of competing needs.

There are other problem as well. Within developed countries, there is a widespread consensus that government policies should support R&D activities, whether in the public or the private sector. In many developing countries, however, doubts remain over whether such policies are needed. Several countries feel that they can’t afford to fritter away scarce resources on exotic research.

Nature of technological knowledge base needed for development

Role of science and technology in development of a country needs two types of knowledge; These knowledge Considered critical for development of countries.

• Typically developing countries have less of this know-bow than industrial countries, and within developing countries the poor have less than the non-poor. These unequal distributions across and within countries are called knowledge gaps.
• We call the difficulties posed by incomplete knowledge of attributes as information problems. Mechanisms to alleviate infonnation problems, such as product standards, training certificates, and credit reports, are fewer and weaker in developing countries. Information problems and the resulting market failures especially hurt the poor.

Despite the difficulties that we have mentioned earlier, there are some reasons to hope that aspiring countries can make progress in closing the gaps that separate them from scientifically-advanced countries.

• First , new information and communications technologies are providing unprecedented access to existing knowledge, and are virtually erasing the disadvantages of physical distance as a factor for research collaboration.
• Second , more is being learned about the process of innovation, and the policies and practices that make investments in S&T effective.
• Third , the international scientific community is by nature open, and marked by a culture of freely sharing basic knowledge. Within the community, tremendous goodwill exists to help strengthen science throughout the world. Among the developing countries, India with its tremendous manpower and institutional resources is in a good position to close the technological gap and emerge as a S&T power with a developed economy.

Significance of domestic technology base | UPSC – IAS

On another level, domestic technology recognizes the use of applied science to construct homes to achieve a particular goal, such as energy efficiency or self-sufficiency.

• Technological know-how can to some extent be bought or transferred from the developed countries. But this is not always either feasible or even desirable.
• Countries also need to develop their own technological base especially if they are large countries like India. At the same time, it also has to be appreciated that the most important technological breakthroughs occur because scientists are investigating nature-not because they are looking for applications of their research [e.g., Faraday’s and Maxwell’s work was pure science, but it facilitated Marconi’s and others’ work on wireless communication].
• However , because it is increasingly true that new technologies often give rise to new sciences and disciplines [e.g., chemical engineering]. it is most accurate to view science and technology as intertwined. According to many experts, this intertwining is the principal reason why technology is advanced through the work of academic researchers.
• It is also the principal reason why, in many fields, university research is an important contributor to technological advance, and universities as well as corporate labs are essential parts of the innovation system. Thus the problems that originate in industry are not explored only by industrial scientists. They feed into, and stimulate, the entire scientific community.”
• This provides the rationale for developing countries like india to emphasise basic science along with technology. India is too big a country to absent itself from any field of Science and Technology.
• Recognising that basic research is the foundation on which all technologies stand, that basic research is also a cultural necessity in any civilised country and that scientists must have the freedom to work on important problems of their choice, support to basic research needs to be substantially stepped up.

Role of Science and Technology in India | UPSC – IAS

Science and technology (S&T) is widely recognised as an important tool for fostering and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. India has made significant progress in various spheres of science and technology over the years and now has a strong network of S&T institutions, trained manpower and-an innovative knowledge base. The twenty first century marks the beginning of the knowledge era.

• Given the rapid pace of globalization, fast-depleting material resources, increasing competition among nations and the growing need to protect intellectual property, the importance of strengthening the knowledge base is an important issue that has been recognised in India.
• Major scientific discoveries in quick succession, new technologies arising out of these discoveries, a range of products and services based on these technologies. A technology driven economy across the world, all characterise this knowledge era.
• Scientific knowledge and expertise, high technology industrial infrastructure and skilled work force are the strengths of a country in the knowledge era. Following sustained efforts over period since independence and a more focused thrust during the recent period in higher education, scientific research, and technology development, the country has now attained a recognised potential lo emerge as a Global player in the knowledge era.
• At the same time modem technology development is increasingly becoming dependent on research inputs from a large number of disciplines. A seamless and multi-sectoral now of technologies and inputs from scientists and engineers from various disciplines is essential for making a visible societal impact and economic prosperity.

Efforts are being made to identify those S&T area, cutting across the traditional divides of sciences, engineering and medicine, where investments can pay rich dividends.

• One of the areas of weakness of Indian science in the past has been the lack of effective technology transfer mechanisms. Although we have a few success stories in Atomic Energy, Space, CSIR, etc . where there was successful interaction between academia (including both the university system and the national laboratory system) and industry, in general this has been lacking. Even in these cases the driving force for these interactions came from mission-oriented agencies.
• Globalisation and liberalisation have thrown up immense opportunities as well as some new challenges for S&T. ln an increasingly competitive world, Indian industry needs the support of indigenous S&T in a big way. Technology transfer to domestic companies from abroad is becoming more difficult because foreign companies can set up industries here and are, therefore, less willing to share technologies.
• Even in joint ventures, foreign companies are often trying to buy out the Indian partners. Secondly, Indian companies are becoming more and more globally competitive.
• Indian industry in the future will, therefore, have no option but to invest more and more in Indian R&D for new technology development.
• lt is against this background that it is being increasingly recognised that greater coordination and cooperation between industry on the one hand and the R&D/academic institutions on the other, is necessary for facing emerging challenges and taking advantage of the opportunities offered.
• If industry begins to interact actively with academia, it can also play a greater role in guiding academic activities in the direction of industry interests, be it human resource development, R&D prioritisation, or the choice of areas of international cooperation.

S&T Role at the macro level 

S&T management should focus on meeting the needs of the nation (including industry) and encompass a wide spectrum of activities, namely:-

• Basic research,
• Applied research,
• Technology transfer,
• design, development, fabrication, tests and trials,
• Manufacturing, marketing, maintenance and product support during tile life cycle.

S&T Role at the micro level 

R&D institutions and the academia must move to couple R&D and Engineering so that the indigenous technology can meet the specific requirements of the Indian industry. In order to strengthen the interface between industry, R&D and academia and to enhance the level of industry participation, appropriate steps need to be taken at various levels by all concerned – Government, industry associations, R&D institutions and universities.

• Given the range of problems involved with the development of S&T in the nation, it is important to take stock of the situation and develop strategies and plan to address them.
• It is important to find ways and means of strengthening the S&T system and also make efforts to provide synergy between S&T infrastructure and industry to tackle key issues affecting S&T including the education and research systems.

Society aspects of science & technology in india

Science and technology (S&T) is widely recognised as an important tool for fostering and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. There is an urgent need to make efforts to ensure that appropriate research outputs, which can be pot to use for the benefit of society, are generated and reach the people. It is, therefore, essential to evolve a mechanism and identify programmes for application of Science & Technology for .

• Improving the quality of life of the people (particularly the weaker sections and women).
• For the development of rural areas to reduce regional imbalances and
• For inculcating scientific awareness among the masses.

CSIR Milestones and Key Achievements  | UPSC  – IAS

CSIR was established by the Government of India in September 1942 as an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India . The research and development activities of CSIR include:- Aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, Environmental science, Ocean sciences, Life sciences, Metallurgy, Petroleum, Chemicals, Leather, Food and Mining.

• Developed India’s first synthetic drug,  methaqualone  in 1950.
• Developed Optical Glass at CGCRI   for defence purposes.
• Developed first Indian tractor Swaraj  in 1967 completely based on indigenous know-how.
• Achieved the first breakthrough of   flowering of Bamboo  within weeks as against twenty years in nature.
• First to analyse genetic diversity of the indigenous Andamanese tribes and to establish their origin out of Africa 60,000 years ago.
• Developed the first   transgenic  Drosophila   model for drug screening for  cancer  in  humans .
• Invented, once a week non-steroidal  family planning pill  Saheli  and non-steroidal herbal pill for asthma called Asmon.
• Designed India’s first ever   parallel processing computer, Flosolver.
• Rejuvenated India’s one-hundred-year-old refinery at  Digboi  using the most modern molecular distillation technology.
• With TCS, developed a versatile portable PC-based software ‘Bio-Suite’ for  bioinformatics .
• Design of 14 seater plane ‘ SARAS ‘.
• Established first ever in the world ‘Traditional Knowledge Digital Library’ accessible in five international languages, English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.
• Successfully challenged the grant of patent in the US for use of haldi ( turmeric ) for wound healing and  neem  as  insecticide .
• In 2007, under the NMITLI program, began the study of  Sepsivac , a drug for gram-negative sepsis.
• In 2009, completed the   sequencing of the Human Genome .
• In 2011, successfully tested India’s 1st indigenous civilian aircraft,  NAL NM5   made in association with   National Aerospace Laboratories   and  Mahindra Aerospace .
• In 2020, initiated clinical trials to evaluate Sepsivac’s efficacy to reduce mortality rate in COVID – 19 patients.

Conclusion and A Way forward | UPSC – IAS

India must try to become “Global innovation Leader” across the board in all S&T areas. India will certainly become a ”Developed Country” sooner or later, but we can achieve this much faster if we use ‘technology foresight’ to make the right technology choices and introduce ‘coherent synergy’ in our S&T efforts. Technology Foresight helps in the selection of critical technologies for development at any point of time. india is a large country and its technology requirements also correspondingly span a wide range from nuclear to rural. It has to continue to develop strategic technologies- in nuclear, space and defence related areas.

• The sustained efforts over years since independence and a more focused thrust during the recent period in higher education, scientific research, and technology development, India has now attained a recognised potential to emerge as a Global player in the knowledge era.
• We now need to focus on enlarging the pool of scientific manpower and strengthening the S&T infrastructure and converting our potential into reality, pushing india into the knowledge era as a global player and raising the Indian economy to the level of developed nations.

Technologies related to energy security, food and nutritional security, health and water security, environmental security, advanced manufacturing and processing, advanced materials, etc., are all important for us. So are the so-called “knowledge based” technologies (Information Technology, particularly hardware, Nanotechnology. particularly Nanoelectronics; Biotechnology; and convergence of these technologies like Nanobiotechnology for drug delivery.

• Scientific knowledge and expertise,
• High technology industrial infrastructure and
• A technically skilled workforce are the currencies of the knowledge era.

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Essay on Technology Development in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Technology Development in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

Introduction.

India has seen rapid technology development. This growth has improved lives and boosted the economy.

Technology in Education

Technology has transformed education in India. Digital classrooms and online learning have made education accessible to everyone.

Healthcare Technology

In healthcare, technology has enabled telemedicine and e-health services. This has improved healthcare access in rural areas.

Technology in Business

Businesses have benefited from technology, with e-commerce and digital payments becoming popular. This has boosted the economy.

Technology development in India continues to grow, promising a brighter future for all.

250 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country known for its rich cultural heritage, has been making significant strides in technology development. The rapid advancements have not only revolutionized the urban landscape but also penetrated the rural regions, transforming the nation into a digital powerhouse.

Information Technology and Software Services

India’s Information Technology (IT) sector has been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth. The IT-BPM (Business Process Management) industry has made India a global outsourcing hub, creating millions of jobs and contributing significantly to the GDP. The development of software services, IT parks, and special economic zones has fostered innovation and entrepreneurship.

Telecommunication

The telecommunication sector in India has witnessed exponential growth with the advent of affordable smartphones and cheap data services. The introduction of 4G, and the impending launch of 5G, has improved connectivity, paving the way for digital inclusivity.

Space Technology

India’s space technology, spearheaded by ISRO, has garnered international acclaim. The successful missions to the moon (Chandrayaan) and Mars (Mangalyaan) have positioned India as a formidable player in space exploration.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

India is making significant strides in the field of AI and ML. With a plethora of startups focusing on AI-based solutions, India is poised to become a global leader in this domain.

In conclusion, the development of technology in India is a testament to the nation’s resilience and adaptability. As the country continues to embrace the digital revolution, it is essential to address the digital divide and ensure technology benefits all strata of society equally.

500 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country with a rich history and a fast-growing economy, has made significant strides in the field of technology. The country’s tech development has been marked by a series of remarkable achievements, from the establishment of prestigious institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology to the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission. This essay delves into the development of technology in India and its implications for the country’s future.

The Emergence of the IT Sector

India’s technological journey began in earnest with the emergence of the Information Technology (IT) sector in the 1990s. The liberalization of the Indian economy played a crucial role in this development, attracting foreign investments and paving the way for the growth of IT companies. Today, India’s IT sector is a global powerhouse, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP and providing employment to millions.

India’s prowess in space technology is another testament to its technological advancements. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved several milestones, including the successful launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission, making India the first Asian country to reach Mars. These achievements have not only put India on the global space map but also highlighted its capabilities in advanced technology and research.

Start-up Ecosystem

The start-up ecosystem in India has also witnessed exponential growth, driven by technological innovation. With the government’s supportive policies and initiatives like ‘Start-up India’, young entrepreneurs are leveraging technology to solve a myriad of problems, from healthcare to education. This has led to the birth of several unicorns and has positioned India as a global innovation hub.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite these achievements, India faces several challenges in its technological journey. Issues such as digital divide, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate investment in research and development pose significant hurdles. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth. For instance, the digital divide can be bridged through initiatives like the Digital India campaign, which aims to make government services digitally accessible to all citizens.

In conclusion, technology development in India has been a journey of remarkable growth and innovation. The country has made significant strides in various fields, from IT to space technology. However, to sustain this momentum and achieve its vision of becoming a global technology leader, India needs to address the existing challenges and capitalize on the opportunities that lie ahead. The future of technology in India holds immense potential, and with the right strategies, the country can harness this potential to drive its socio-economic development.

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