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Essay on manufacturing : meaning and classification.

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Read this essay to learn about Manufacturing in an Industry. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Meaning of Manufacturing 2. Classification of Manufacturing

Essay # Meaning of Manufacturing:

Manufacturing is a process, through which the utility of the product increases and at least some amount of value is added to the raw materials used. The essence of the manufacturing process is the conversion of raw material to a finished product and distribution of the final product to the consumer.

According to E W Miller:

“The term ‘manufacturing’ includes those activities by which man changes the form or nature of raw materials, converting them into more useful products. These transforming operations are conducted in factories, to which are brought raw materials from various source regions and from which go finished products to diverse market regions”.

Last 200 years of world history had witnessed a tremendous growth of manufacturing industries throughout the world. The industrial revolution of Europe gave a fillip to the devel­opment of manufacturing industries. A keen competition is now on throughout the world to make the countries self reliant in manufacturing products.

In fact, underdeveloped and develop­ing countries are making tremendous strides for the over all development of the manufacturing industries. A decade-wise analysis of the contribution of manufacturing industries in the gross national product of different countries reveal a significant growth of manufacturing industries.

The industrial sector constitutes nearly 1/3 of the gross domestic product of the world. (Table 17.1)

From the table it is quite clear that, in advanced countries manufacturing secures predomi­nant position whereas in the under-developed countries manufacturing is at its lowest. In the developing countries, depending upon the degree of development, the position of manufactur­ing industries varied widely.

In general, the development of manufacturing industry is consid­ered as a key indicator for overall economic growth. Even the development of tertiary activities, that is services, is also dependent on the development of manufacturing activities.

Regarding employment opportunities it provides one of the most important source to the labour force. At least, one quarter of the total labour force in the world are directly engaged in industrial sectors. In highly developed countries like USA, Japan, United Kingdom and Italy, labour force in industrial sectors exceeds the total rest labour force of the country.

This can be illustrated by the following table:

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Just How Important Is Manufacturing?

• Willy C. Shih

Having a strong domestic manufacturing base is vital to the United States maintaining its world leadership in innovation. That is because advanced manufacturing provides an important institutional foundation for learning and developing process skills and capabilities that are increasingly intertwined with core R&D in some of the industries most important to the country’s economic future. […]

Having a strong domestic manufacturing base is vital to the United States maintaining its world leadership in innovation. That is because advanced manufacturing provides an important institutional foundation for learning and developing process skills and capabilities that are increasingly intertwined with core R&D in some of the industries most important to the country’s economic future. These include advanced and specialty materials, biologics, nanotechnology, and precision mechanical devices.

• Willy C. Shih is a Baker Foundation Professor of Management Practice at Harvard Business School.

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The five-step manufacturing process that could make you a better writer

Lecturer in Software Engineering, University of Salford

Disclosure statement

Julian Bass receives funding via University of Salford from Innovate UK as part of a Knowledge Transfer Partnership with Add Energy Ltd. He is Chair of BCS, the Chartered Institute for IT, Manchester Branch and is a member of the Labour Party. Julian has previously received funding the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, he was formerly a board member of Scotland IS, the trade body for IT companies in Scotland. Dr Bass has consulted with companies about software technologies.

University of Salford provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

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If you want to be a better, faster writer, you should treat your writing as a lean manufacturing process. “Lean” is an engineering technique for making manufacturing less wasteful and has been used in industrial production for decades. Today it has spread to sectors from software development to customer services. But I’ve found the principles of lean can even help improve the practice of writing , whether you’re producing a report or a novel .

Lean was developed from Japanese manufacturing ideas in the 1980s and 1990s. It involves applying five principles to minimise waste and increase productivity: flow, value, waste, pull and perfection . The key goals in lean manufacturing are to learn and continually improve. For writing, we have to first start with a finished piece of work in order to get feedback. Then we can start to apply the circular lean process and principles.

Flow means to create a regular cycle of back-to-back creativity, a rhythm of finished writing projects. If you are producing something difficult, it’s easy to ignore your previous downfalls, your half-baked efforts and the causes of your failures. It’s easy to start again, wipe the slate clean with every project and move on without learning from your mistakes.

Instead, think about how you spend your time in order to create a better flow. Find the bottlenecks in your writing processes and see if you can do anything to speed up each stage of the process. Think carefully about all the different aspects that go into producing your work.

Practice or rehearse the specific aspects of your work that cause delays and aim to make the time taken to complete a project more predictable. Try to complete projects more quickly and efficiently, with a regular cadence that suits your creative style, and make the end-to-end process more seamless and efficient. For example, you might set yourself a target number of words to write each day and keep a log of the number of days you achieve your goal.

Successful manufacturing processes create valuable products, and writing should be no different. Your writing project should provide value, whether that be entertainment, technical accuracy, stimulation or anything else. I know, I’m a writer – I’m so important, right? It’s all about me, me, me. Wrong. Unfortunately, manufacturing and writing are about your consumer and what they gain from the product.

Good writing will communicate important ideas so that people want to absorb and enjoy them. So, you should try to write in a way that communicates your ideas and makes your audience feel excited, informed or entertained (or all three). Or perhaps you need to make your writing more functional. If you can understand what the reader wants to gain, then you can focus your attention on more carefully meeting that need. The idea of value should put the reader, the audience, at the heart of your thinking.

Finding the value is one thing, but how many projects have you started that ended up sitting on your desk or computer, ignored or forgotten about? That is exactly the kind of waste lean tries to avoid : partially finished work, half-formed ideas and wasted energy.

Work that is never seen never receives feedback from an audience. And you need feedback to learn in order for lean to work. You are rewarded when the finished product rolls off the presses or when you hit the send button. Spending your time developing ideas that don’t get in, or are edited out of your writing, is not useful.

You should think of writing, much like manufacturing, as pulling a product towards completion. This means the highest priority writing projects are those nearest to being finished. Addressing feedback from editors should take priority over starting any new pieces, as incomplete work is a form of waste). Making final corrections is more important than early stage free-writing . New projects can only start when old ones are completed.

My writing never achieves perfection, as you can probably tell. But I always trying to aim for quality improvement. Each piece should be better than the one before. If you aim to self-publish, then aim for a publisher next, then for a better publisher. Or aim for an audience, then a bigger audience.

This is where you learn about the mechanics of writing. Try to improve your grammar , narrative and composition , depending upon the style of your writing. This will create more value for future readers – and hopefully bring your more readers in the process.

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10.2 The Production Process: How Do We Make It?

• What types of production processes do manufacturers and service firms use?

In production planning, the first decision involves which type of production process —the way a good or service is created—best fits with company goals and customer demand. An important consideration is the type of good or service being produced, because different goods may require different production processes. In general, there are three types of production: mass production, mass customization, and customization. In addition to production type, operations managers also classify production processes in two ways: (1) how inputs are converted into outputs and (2) the timing of the process.

One for All: Mass Production

Mass production , manufacturing many identical goods at once, was a product of the Industrial Revolution. Henry Ford ’s Model-T automobile is a good example of early mass production. Each car turned out by Ford ’s factory was identical, right down to its color. If you wanted a car in any color except black, you were out of luck. Canned goods, over-the-counter drugs, and household appliances are other examples of goods that are mass-produced. The emphasis in mass production is on keeping manufacturing costs low by producing uniform products using repetitive and standardized processes. As products became more complicated to produce, mass production also became more complex. Automobile manufacturers, for example, must now incorporate more sophisticated electronics into their car designs. As a result, the number of assembly stations in most automobile manufacturing plants has increased.

Just for You: Customizing Goods

In mass customization , goods are produced using mass-production techniques, but only up to a point. At that point, the product or service is custom-tailored to the needs or desires of individual customers. For example, American Leather , a Dallas-based furniture manufacturer, uses mass customization to produce couches and chairs to customer specifications within 30 days. The basic frames in the furniture are the same, but automated cutting machinery precuts the color and type of leather ordered by each customer. Using mass-production techniques, they are then added to each frame.

Customization is the opposite of mass production. In customization, the firm produces goods or services one at a time according to the specific needs or wants of individual customers. Unlike mass customization, each product or service produced is unique. For example, a print shop may handle a variety of projects, including newsletters, brochures, stationery, and reports. Each print job varies in quantity, type of printing process, binding, color of ink, and type of paper. A manufacturing firm that produces goods in response to customer orders is called a job shop .

Some types of service businesses also deliver customized services. Doctors, for instance, must consider the illnesses and circumstances of each individual patient before developing a customized treatment plan. Real estate agents may develop a customized service plan for each customer based on the type of house the person is selling or wants to buy. The differences between mass production, mass customization, and customization are summarized in Exhibit 10.5 .

Converting Inputs to Outputs

As previously stated, production involves converting inputs (natural resources, raw materials, human resources, capital) into outputs (products or services). In a manufacturing company, the inputs, the production process, and the final outputs are usually obvious. Harley-Davidson , for instance, converts steel, rubber, paint, and other inputs into motorcycles. But the production process in a service company involves a less obvious conversion. For example, a hospital converts the knowledge and skills of its medical personnel, along with equipment and supplies from a variety of sources, into health care services for patients. Table 10.1 provides examples of the inputs and outputs used by various other businesses.

There are two basic processes for converting inputs into outputs. In process manufacturing , the basic inputs (natural resources, raw materials) are broken down into one or more outputs (products). For instance, bauxite (the input) is processed to extract aluminum (the output). The assembly process is just the opposite. The basic inputs, like natural resources, raw materials, or human resources, are either combined to create the output or transformed into the output. An airplane, for example, is created by assembling thousands of parts, which are its raw material inputs. Steel manufacturers use heat to transform iron and other materials into steel. In services, customers may play a role in the transformation process. For example, a tax preparation service combines the knowledge of the tax preparer with the client’s information about personal finances in order to complete the tax return.

Production Timing

A second consideration in choosing a production process is timing. A continuous process uses long production runs that may last days, weeks, or months without equipment shutdowns. This is best for high-volume, low-variety products with standardized parts, such as nails, glass, and paper. Some services also use a continuous process. Your local electric company is an example. Per-unit costs are low, and production is easy to schedule.

In an intermittent process , short production runs are used to make batches of different products. Machines are shut down to change them to make different products at different times. This process is best for low-volume, high-variety products such as those produced by mass customization or customization. Job shops are examples of firms using an intermittent process.

Although some service companies use continuous processes, most service firms rely on intermittent processes. For instance, a restaurant preparing gourmet meals, a physician performing surgical procedures, and an advertising agency developing ad campaigns for business clients all customize their services to suit each customer. They use the intermittent process. Note that their “production runs” may be very short—one grilled salmon or one physical exam at a time.

Concept Check

• Describe the different types of production processes.
• How are inputs transformed into outputs in a variety of industries?

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Essay on Manufacturing Systems: Top 3 Essays | Production Management

Read this essay to learn about:- 1. Introduction to Manufacturing Systems 2. Classification of Goods and Services 3. Classification of Manufacturing Systems 4. Comparison.

Essay # 1. Introduction to Manufacturing Systems:

A system is composed of a number of components. These components are combined together for the accomplishment of some predetermined goal. Any manufacturing organisation can be termed as a production system to produce goods and services.

There are three main components of this system namely inputs, transformation process and output. But these components can be further divided into number of sub-components, operations and activities e.g. Inputs can be men, material and equipment.

The transformation process involves many activities and operations necessary to change inputs into output. These operations and activities can be mechanical, chemical, inspection and control, material handling operations etc. Output is in the form of goods and services.

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Thus a combination of all activities and operations to produce some goods and services is known as manufacturing system. The system depends on a number of factors viz. policies of the organisation, types of production, size of production, type of transformation process. The production method, its organisation and operation differs from company to company.

Essay # 2. Classification of Goods and Services:

The manufacturing system mainly depends upon the nature of goods and services to be produced. Goods and services can be classified into a number of categories.

Products manufactured by an organisation can be classified into two ways, namely:

(i) Purpose of the product i.e. according to definite customer’s order or to keep in stock to meet the future demand and

(ii) Nature of the production process operations i.e., job, batch, mass and process.

Many combinations of products are manufactured either to stock or to order by any of these operations. The classification of goods can be simplified by using different codes for each category.

Some of the commonly used codes are given below:

The inputs can be raw materials, components, paperwork, etc. whereas outputs are completed parts, products, paper work output, services and scrap.

The conversion process can be characterised by following activities and operations:

(i) Receipt and storage of raw materials – These are drawn by the production department according to such rules as FIFO, urgency, time required for delivery etc.

(ii) Means of transportation, if the system is engaged in high volume standardized production belt conveyors as means of continuous transportation are often used whereas in case of chemical plants the transportation is done through pipes or down the gravity chutes.

(iii) Inspection of in-process and finished goods.

(iv) Storage of finished goods.

(v) The production management is active throughout by the information and control function.

The manufacturing system may therefore be viewed as an interdependent group of sub-systems, each related to its successor, each performing a different function through yet united with one other for the achievement of the overall system objectives.

It interacts both with internal and external environment. The internal environment can be a combination of marketing, accounts, personnel and finance activities. Marketing and production has a very sensitive interface and unless properly designed it can be a perpetual source of conflict between two departments due to their conflicting interests.

The external environment can be a combined effect of customers, competitors, suppliers, labour unions, stockholders, etc.

Manufacturing systems can be classified into two categories:

a. Intermittent System

b. Continuous System.

a. Intermittent System of Manufacturing:

In this system, the goods are manufactured specially to fulfil orders made by customers rather than for stock. Here the flow of material is intermittent. Intermittent production systems are those where the production facilities are flexible enough to handle a wide variety of products and sizes.

These can be used to manufacture those products where the basic nature of inputs changes with the change in the design of the product and the production process requires continuous adjustments.

Considerable storage between operation is required, so that individual operations can be carried out independently for further utilisation of men and machines.

Examples of intermittent system are:

i. Machine shops,

ii. Hospitals,

iii. General office etc.

Chief characteristics of intermittent system are:

(i) Most products are produced in small quantities

(ii) Machines and equipment are laid out by process.

(iii) Workloads are generally unbalanced.

(iv) Highly skilled operators are required for efficient use of machines and equipment.

(v) In-process inventory is large.

(vii) Flexible to suit production varieties.

Planning and Control Mechanism for Intermittent System :

Organisation of production planning and control operations in intermittent systems needs estimation of jobs, routing, scheduling, preparation of manufacturing orders, dispatching and production control. Here customer provides the blue print and other specification regarding the product to be manufactured. Then the organisation formulates their production strategy to suit the needs of the customer.

(i) This type of manufacturing system covers specialties of every type arid sub assemblies or parts which are required to manufacture the product. Due to this there is continuous planning at each fresh order.

(ii) Due to variety of orders and different lot sizes, the system needs wise and careful sequencing of operations which makes routing and scheduling operations elaborate and complex.

(iii) Proper regulation and close inspection is required at different stages of production.

(iv) Storage facilities are to be provided at each operational stage.

So the job of stock control of raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished goods should be entrusted to competent personnel, who can regulate the operations and flow of material smoothly.

Intermittent systems can be further classified into two categories, namely:

(a) Job production and

(b) Batch production.

(i) Job-Production :

Job or ‘make complete’ production is the production of single complete unit by one operator a group of operators e.g. bridge building, dam construction, ship building etc. Here whole project is considered as one operation and work is completed on each product before passing on to the next. Each product is a class by itself and requires a distinct and separate job for production purposes.

The system requires versatile and highly skilled labour with high capital investments. Control of operations is relatively simple. In this system the goods are produced to definite customer’s orders. There is no assurance of continuous demand for specific items and the manufacturing depends on the receipt of orders from customers.

Job-order process is characterised by:

(i) Whole project is taken as a single operation.

(ii) Work is to be completed on each product before processing the next item.

(iii) Versatile and skilled labour is needed.

(iv) High capital investment.

(v) Control operations are relatively simple.

(vi) High unit cost of production.

Any organization manufacturing heavy and- special purpose machinery use Job-production system. The items produced in such systems are tailor made for a particular project or use and as such may be rarely or say sometimes never required again e.g. some special type of equipment required in a dam.

(ii) Batch-Production :

Here the production schedule can chalked out according to specific orders or on the basis of demand forecasts. The items are processed in lots or batches unlike job-type system where one item is produced during each production run. In batch-type system new batch is undertaken for production only when the work on all items of a batch is complete. In fact batch type production can be considered as an extension of Job- type system. Prof. Druncker has given a single name “ unique product production ” to job and batch type of systems.

In the system of batch production, any product is divided into parts or operations and that each operation is to be completed throughout the whole batch before the next operation is undertaken. In other words, here after the production of one batch, the plant and machines become available, to other batch of similar type of production. One can employ more specialized labour for each operation with comparatively low investment.

But organization and planning is more complicated in this system. It is characterized by the irregularity in the increase of work added to the basic material. The best example of batch production system is of chemical industry, where different medicines are manufactured in batches. Other examples can be, production of electronic instruments, machine tools, printing press etc.

In this system a batch is not passed to next operation until the work on the previous operation is complete for the whole batch and no new batch enters the production line, till all the operations for manufacturing any product are completed. This results in considerable idle time for various operational centres.

A common characteristic of Job-Batch systems is that items are produced to definite customer orders and not for stock. There appears to be no significant deviation in planning and scheduling processes in both these systems. In general diagrams are used for functions, rectangles for documents and solids for raw or semi-finished goods.

Here production planning is not based on sales forecasts but one has to estimate or evaluate the requirements on the basis of general business conditions, past information and future sales promotion programmes of the organization.

In a Job/Batch System on receipt of orders, these are placed on load chart. Once the orders are received, production-scheduling operations begin. Here the schedules are not prepared in advance. Similarly no advance planning and scheduling is done for procurement of raw materials in these systems. The systems working starts only on the receipt of orders from the customers.

Features of an Intermittent System :

(i) Demand can be discontinuous.

(ii) All operational stages may not be balanced.

(iii) Elaborate sequencing and scheduling is required.

(iv) Needs high investment.

(v) Planning, routing and scheduling changes with fresh orders,

(vi) Storage is necessary at each stage of production process,

(vii) Can adjust to new situation and specification,

(viii) Inspection is not in line with production,

(ix) Items are manufactured according to order.

b. Continuous System of Manufacturing:

In this manufacturing system the items are produced for the stocks and not for specific orders. Before planning manufacturing to stock, a sales forecast is made to estimate likely demand of the product and a master schedule is prepared to adjust the sales forecast according to past orders and level of inventory.

Here the inputs are standardized and a standard set of processes and sequence of processes can be adopted. Due to this routing and scheduling for the whole process can be standardized. After setting of master production schedule, a detailed planning is carried on. Basic manufacturing information and bills of material are recorded. Information for machine load charts, equipment, personnel and material needs is tabulated.

In continuous manufacturing systems each production run manufactures in large lot sizes and the production process is carried on in a definite sequence of operations in a pre-determined order. In process storage is not necessary which in turn reduces material handling and transportation facilities. First in first out priority rules is followed in the system. In short, here the input-output characteristics are standardized allowing for standardization of operations and their sequence.

Production Control Mechanism for Continuous Manufacturing system :

In this system the control mechanism is not as elaborate and complex as for intermittent system. In continuous system large quantities of standardized products are produced using standardized production process.

Following points of control mechanism are worth noting for such a system :

(i) This system does not involve diverse work, due to which routing standardized route and schedule sheets are prepared.

(ii) In case of standard products meant for mass production, master route sheets are prepared for more effective co-ordination of various departments.

(iii) Scheduling is required to rate the output of various standard products in their order of priority, operations and correct sequence to meet sales, requirements.

(iv) Work relating to dispatching and follow-up is usually simple.

Dispatch schedules can be prepared well in advance in such systems.

Continuous system can be divided into two types of production, namely:

(i) Mass sand

(ii) Process production.

(i) Mass Production :

Standardization is the fundamental characteristic of this system. Here items are produced in large quantities and much emphasis is not given to consumers orders. In fact the production is to stock and not to order. Standardization is there w.r.t. materials and machines. Uniform and uninterrupted flow of material is maintained through pre­determined sequence of operations required to produce the product. The system can produce only one type of product at one time.

These days, mass production system is generally used to manufacture sub-assemblies or particular parts/components of an item. These parts are assembled together by the enterprise to get the final product. One distinct advantage of this approach is that different combinations of sub-assemblies or parts can be used to manufacture different kinds of products. Specialisation and standardisation in manufacturing single component also leads to economies in production and product diversification to meet specific demands of consumers.

(ii) Process Production :

This system is analogous to Mass production system with more stress on automation in production process. The volume of production is very high. This method is used for manufacturing those items whose demand is continuous and high e.g. petroleum products, particular brand of medicines, heavy chemical industries, plastic industries etc. Here single raw material can be transformed into different kinds of product at different stages of the production process e.g. in processing of crude oil in refinery one gets kerosene, gasolene etc. at different stages of production.

In mass and processing systems planning and scheduling for materials and finished products is done well in advance. The loading chart gives information about the availability of adequate equipment. The requirement of labour and equipment to produce desired quantity of items is known in advance and knowing the plant capacity, planning can be done for arranging shifts system. The procurement schedule can be also be planned in advance.

Production control operations are done during the production process. Minor adjustment can be done in case of emergency. The whole system is designed to produce some specific type of product only.

Features of Continuous Type of Manufacturing Systems :

(i) There must be continuity of demand.

(ii) The product must be standardised.

(iii) Material should be per specifications and delivered in time.

(iv) All operational stages in the process must be balanced.

(v) Work must conform to quality standards.

(vi) Appropriate plant and equipment must be provided.

(vii) Maintenance must be by anticipation and not by default.

(viii) Inspection must in line with production.

Advantages of Continuous Type of Manufacturing Systems :

(i) Direct labour content is reduced.

(ii) High accuracy.

(ii) Work in progress is at a minimum.

(iv) Storage at different stages of operation not necessary.

(v) Reduced material handling.

(vi) Control process simple.

(vii) Any weakness in the system is easily located.

(viii) Material requirements can be accurately planned.

(ix) Investment in material can be more rapidly translated into income from sales.

Essay # 4. Comparison of Various Manufacturing Systems:

Different systems of production can be compared in terms of following characteristics:

1. Manufacturing Costs:

Per unit cost is maximum in Job production and minimum in process production. The four methods of production in increasing order of costs can be arranged as process, mass, batch and job.

2. Capital Investment:

The requirement of capital varies according to the nature of the product and the input needs. The systems in ascending order of capital investment can be arranged as job, batch, mass and process.

3. Size of Plant:

In job and batch system same equipment/machine can perform a number of operations to manufacture different type of items. So the size of the plant is likely to smaller than those for mass and process system where whole production process is to be strictly arranged in a predetermined sequence of operations.

4. Technical Requirements:

Highly skilled labour is required in job and batch production to operate and carry out specialized work on machines. In the case of mass and process systems semiskilled persons can also operate the machines. But due to large scale of production, more managerial skill is required in continuous systems.

5. Organisational Structure:

In job and batch production generally functional organisational approach is adopted whereas divisional organisation pattern is used in mass and process systems. There is decentralisation concept in organisation of job and batch whereas centralisation is prominent in mass and process systems.

6. Flexibility in Production:

Job-batch systems can easily adjust to changes in the requirement of the consumer with incurring any heavy expenditure. But in the case of mass and process system we can produce one single product and with change in demand of products the systems cannot be adjusted easily. Thus job-batch system using general purpose machines is more flexible than mass-process system using single purpose machines.

7. Type of Products Produced:

Job system can be used in buildings, bridges; specific machines production etc. and batch system can be used in producing machine tools, garments, shoes etc. Mass production is useful for production is useful for producing electrical items like switches, plugs, refrigerators etc., cars, trucks, tractors etc. Process production is suitable to manufacture petroleum, dairy and chemical products.

8. Security of Job:

Job and batch systems produce items only when orders are received. During slack periods when there is no or very little demand workers are likely to sacked. Thus there is less job-security in Job- batch systems. In mass and process system, items are manufactured for stock and so production is continuous. Due to this there is more job-security for workers.

Related Articles:

• Production System Used in Industries | Essay | Production Management
• Essay on Materials Management: Top 6 Essays | Production
• Essay on Production Order | Organization | Production Management
• Essay on Production of Goods

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Manufacturing Process Essay

According to the framework for manufacturing planning and control, MPS system operates in three distinct stages. At the first stage, the overall directions for the planning process are defined; second, detailed material and capacity planning activities can be accomplished’ finally, the MPC execution system is designed and implemented (p.7-8). This sequence appears logical and effective and acts in the best interest of the manufacturing company.

To start with, the whole activity of an organisation should be carried out according to the organisational strategic goals. Ideally, these goals have to be reflected in all organisational activities and allow the organisation to realize its strategic direction. Otherwise, if these goals are overlooked, the organisation will hardly ever achieve them. All activities are divided into the stages of planning, realization and control. Setting directions before material and capacity planning that breaks down the plans into smaller details allows the manufacturing company to prepare the guidelines for further evaluation of the overall strategy and thus helps to realize effective control.

Thus, the company can define what product is its priority and should be manufactured with the greatest possible quality. For instance, the company may want to conquer a new foreign market with Product A and devote the maximum effort to the manufacturing of all products. This objective will be incorporated in the corporate strategic plan. Quite logically, it will be reflected in the manufacturing plans that have to ensure that the company is able to meet its objectives with the new product, at the same time guaranteeing that the production of the old assortment remains at a satisfactory level.

During the material and capacity planning, this objective is upheld. In computing labor or machine center capacity, for instance, the organisation may want to use whatever spare resources are available for Product A and not others. At the same time, detailed material plans may allocate the production of components for Product A to the most reliable suppliers available so that the manufacturing process occurs without a glitch.

In the execution and controlling stage, the company sees if the strategic objectives have been met. Thus, Product A can be tested for quality, seeing whether the company has been able to deliver the best possible quality in this product. During the execution stage, firms producing a large variety of products and grouping all orders into the same single work center often use a shop floor system that “establishes priorities for all shop orders at each work center so the orders can be properly scheduled” (p.8). In the given example, the shop orders for Product A can be given a priority so that the company can guarantee the smoothest accomplishment of this order that will not be assembled in a last-ditch effort.

Thus, the sequence that goes from overall direction setting to material and capacity planning and then to execution and control seems to be effective and well-grounded. This system allows the organization to adjust its manufacturing process to meet its most important goals.

Production and Manufacturing

Introduction.

Production is converting unfinished raw materials using labor and machinery. To transform raw ingredients into functional goods, machinery, equipment, and other equipment are deployed. Contrarily, manufacturing combines several pieces or parts to create a final good. Production and manufacturing are both crucial for the expansion and enhancement of the economy. Manufacturing constructs these components into functional goods from the raw materials supplied by production. Following their sale to customers, these products generate revenue for the firms. Then, with the help of generated cash, businesses can invest in innovative fabrication and production techniques, fostering job growth. In addition, producing and assembling can be utilized to develop new goods and services, giving organizations access to fresh revenue streams. Numerous factors, as are listed here, have an impact on production and manufacturing. A significant aspect that has an impact on manufacturing and production is the presence of infrastructure. A corporation will not be capable of successful generation or creating goods if it lacks access to essential infrastructure like roads, energy, and water. Another significant element influencing the process of production is the accessibility of finances. With access to sufficient financing, businesses might be able to venture into new technology or recruit talented workers to expand their manufacturing and production capacities. This essay is committed to digging deeper into the current most influential factor of manufacturing and production, technology.

Technology Management and its Objectives

Using a company’s equipment and resources to accomplish its technological goals is termed technology management. Performance management is essential for firms to prosper in the ever-evolving technological ecosystem. The creation and application of innovation policies, guidelines, and mechanisms; planning of software investments; management of research and development activities; and strategic planning of employees who work with advanced technologies are just a few of the actions and procedures that make up information systems. Creating a technology plan is the first step in technology management. The creation of a framework to use the technology to further various objectives of the business, as well as the assessment of existing information, should all be part of the first strategy. The technological plan must be put into practice after being created. A plan entails the construction of systems to assist the use of software, the formulation of innovative rules and procedures, and the instruction and support of staff members in applying automation. The administration of digital investments, such as the purchase of new equipment or the upkeep of current systems, is also encompassed in technology management.

The sole objective of technology management is the creation of effective methods for technology deployment and sustainability. Similarly, the optimization of assets and procedures and the spotting and adoption of innovative technologies are also goals of information systems. Additionally, technology management should strive to guarantee that the software is efficient, dependable, and protected. Technological sustainability also maximizes value for all parties involved in the company, including clients and staff. Additionally, technology management is committed to ensuring that the technology’s moral, cultural, and ecological implications are handled correctly and that the firm complies with all applicable laws and regulations. Lastly, technology management should encourage innovative thinking and creativity.

How Technology Improves Productivity

Technology has significantly improved output in the manufacturing industries and revolutionized how they work. Manufacturing efficiency can be increased in several ways, including by robotic procedures, giving data-driven analytics, simplifying management, and enhancing quality control. Firstly, technology facilitates the automation of manufacturing industry processes, lowering the demand for human resources and boosting productivity. Robotic arms, for instance, can be taught to carry out repetitive activities like hammering and installation. Doing away with manual work can allocate more time and resources to more difficult jobs. Technology can also lower the possibility of human error, resulting in better products. Secondly, technology can offer statistics insights to firms to assist them in optimizing their procedures [1]. Companies can find opportunities for improvement and modify their operations by gathering and evaluating data. The data can be utilized, for instance, to pinpoint process problems and recommend improvements.

Data can also be used to spot consumer habits and trends and recommend various market strategies. Thirdly, producers and their customers may communicate more easily due to technology. For instance, producers can rapidly and easily interact with customers through various contemporary internet platforms. The internet enables manufacturers to deliver immediate improvements to their services and respond quickly to client concerns. Manufacturers can also use online purchasing and payment channels to receive client orders. Finally, the production sector’s quality standards can also be enhanced through technology. For instance, producers can check the production chain for errors using cameras and other sensors. By doing so, various defects can be detected early on and avoided from becoming passed on to the client. Furthermore, producers can employ data analysis to spot trends in product quality and change their processing parameters as necessary.

Hence, technology is important in the field of manufacturing and production in that; The use of technology in manufacturing and production has become widespread. The production procedure is now more reliable, premium, and efficient because of technology. Automation is one type of technology utilized in the production process. Automation enables machinery to complete tasks that previously required human labor, lowering expenses and errors while increasing efficiency and accuracy. Similarly, 3D printing is another important technology utilized in manufacturing and production. Additionally, 3D printing may be utilized to make unique parts and accessories, enabling producers to produce unique items more quickly and efficiently.

Robotics Definition and their Significance

Robotics is a field of engineering that focuses on creating, maintaining, and using robots. A robot is a machine with the ability to detect its surroundings, analyze information, and behave in the recipient’s best interests. Robots are frequently employed in production, working with people to improve worker productivity, reliability, and safety. The use of robots in manufacturing can be advantageous in a number of ways. Firstly, robots can complete tasks faster and more precisely than people, saving costs when creating a good [2]. As a result, manufacturing may move more quickly and efficiently, enabling businesses to fulfill deadlines and satisfy client demand. Robotic production also enables enterprises to expand output without being concerned about overtime or increased labor costs.

Robots also improve the manufacturing process’s degree of accuracy, which can enhance service performance. By doing so, waste can decrease and increase consumer happiness. Robots can also perform unpleasant or risky duties inappropriate for human workers, such as carrying heavy objects or working in harmful conditions. Robots lower the chance of injury and increase worker safety. Additionally, the production line’s flexibility is increased by robots [3]. They can be readily reprogrammed to handle various products or production lines after being programmed to carry out specific duties.

Consequently, companies can easily shift to shifting client demands and patterns without being required to invest in expensive staff turnover or – training. Moreover, since robots can function separately, minimal employees must supervise the production process. As a result, labor expenses are lower, and companies can concentrate on other operations areas.

Engineering Methods Objectives and their Usage in Production

Engineering methods are a crucial component of contemporary engineering practices because they offer a structured and systematic strategy for problem-solving, data analysis, and decision-making. Engineers can make judgments using engineering procedures if they have a solid knowledge of the information and material and the engineering principles and theories that apply to the situation. Engineering techniques’ main goal is to give the engineering procedure a framework to ensure that all the essential data is obtained and processed. They also offer a logical and structured procedure for problem resolution and judgment. Engineering methods are a crucial component of contemporary engineering practices because they offer a structured and systematic strategy for problem-solving, data analysis, and decision-making [4]. Engineers can make judgments using engineering procedures if they have a solid knowledge of the information and material and the engineering principles and theories that apply to the situation. Engineering techniques’ main goal is to give the engineering procedure a framework to ensure that all the essential data is obtained and processed. They also offer a logical and structured procedure for problem resolution and judgment. Engineers can make judgments by applying engineering procedures because they have a solid grasp of the facts, statistics, and engineering ideas pertinent to the issue.

The creation of new technologies can also be done using technical procedures. By applying engineering principles, engineers can create new products and procedures that are more concise and productive than those now in use. Procedures reduce costs, raise productivity, and produce products of higher quality. Engineering methods can also be deployed to render approaches to various issues that have been a threat by creating new brands that are more effective or more economical procedures. Any engineering job should always be completed using engineering methods. They guarantee that all pertinent data is acquired and examined and offer a systematic approach to problem resolution and decision-making. Engineering techniques can also be utilized to create new items and procedures and creative fixes for existing issues. As a result, engineers in all industries can benefit greatly from using engineering approaches.

Project Management and How it Boosts the Project Scope Management

Project management is known as starting, organizing, carrying out, controlling, and finishing up the organization’s work to achieve specific purposes and satisfy specific performance standards. The main objective of project organization is to ensure that the task at hand is finished well within predetermined parameters of time, money, and in good quality. The project methodology, which entails planning and design, execution, supervision, supervision, and closure, can be used to maneuver. Project management can be utilized in the manufacturing sector to ensure that the manufacturer operates smoothly and effectively [5]. Planning, coordinating, and monitoring the manufacturing process by managing projects can help improve output and cut expenses. Project management is useful for controlling the workers and ingredients needed for production. Project management makes it feasible to guarantee that the production system is finished as quickly and effectively as possible. An essential component of program management, especially in the industrial sector, is overall project management. Identifying and managing a project’s limitations is known as project quality planning. It entails determining the project’s goals and requirements and establishing the restrictions and limitations that must be followed.

The achievement of the project’s goals is ensured with the help of project scope management. It is beneficial to specify the project’s objectives and scope, including the amount of work to be done, the resources needed, and the projected completion date. Additionally, it is beneficial to recognize any possible hazards or project-related problems and create solutions for them. Ensuring the production process is streamlined is another benefit of project scope management. Finding any process modifications that must be made to boost efficiency and cut costs is helpful.

Additionally, it aids in ensuring efficient management of the materials needed for manufacturing. Efficient management promotes resource efficiency and decreases waste, producing more productive output [6]. Generally, project management is crucial for managing project scope in the manufacturing sector. It aids in making sure that the development’s goals are achieved and that the production system is streamlined to cut costs and boost efficiency. Additionally, it is beneficial to recognize any risks involved or project-related problems and create solutions for them. By using the project scope management procedure, manufacturing businesses may ensure that their projects are successfully completed within the predetermined timeline, budget, and quality requirements.

The Efficiency of Production Control

The coordination of the manufacturing process with the other organizational components is known as production control. It entails coordinating the technology, employees, resources, and facilities used in the production process. In addition, the production process must be planned, scheduled, and controlled. Any manufacturing organization must successfully manage its operations; It enables the organization to ensure that the intended output is produced in the necessary time while maintaining the product’s quality. Coordination between product flow and the other organizational components is necessary for efficient production control [7]. The production control team must fully comprehend the manufacturing operations and how they interact with the organization’s other components. The production control team also needs to be able to spot any possible concerns or problems that could arise throughout production and deal with them. Additionally, they must be able to modify their strategies and procedures appropriately. Making certain that the appropriate resources are available, the selected properly are being used, and the appropriate individuals are in place is part of this. It is crucial to establish a strictly delineated procedure so that production control and operations may be coordinated efficiently.

First, reliable production control enables the use of merely the best components throughout manufacturing. It can find and reject problematic items before they are utilized by employing cutting-edge detection methods; this enhances the overall quality of the finished item while lowering the quantity of scrap and rework. Second, effective production control can contribute to streamlining the manufacturing process. It cuts down on the time and effort required to make production by ensuring that only the necessary components and procedures are employed (Bueno et al., 2019). Cost-savings and efficiency gains may result from this. Thirdly, effective production management can aid in lowering the volume of waste produced throughout the manufacturing process. It lowers the number of raw materials and energy required to make a product by getting rid of phases in the process that is not necessary. Hence, lessen expenses and lessen the industrial process’s negative environmental impact. Lastly, effective production control can assist in monitoring the development of the production process. It makes it easy for manufacturers to quickly identify any problems and act accordingly, an approach that simplifies the process of making sure the final product complies with the necessary requirements and that any possible hazards are immediately found and resolved.

In conclusion, Over the recent decades, technology has significantly impacted factories, automation, and industry management. Improved efficiency, cost reductions, and superior product quality made possible by technological advancements have helped businesses stay in a global market. The innovation of new production techniques such as 3D printing, machine intelligence, robotics, and computer vision has significantly advantaged manufacturing and production operations. For instance, in the prototyping model, the creation of intricate systems takes a shorter time than earlier; both are made possible by 3D printing. Additionally, introducing robotics in assembly plants has increased accuracy and enabled mechanization. Machine learning and artificial intelligence have enabled computers to perform difficult jobs like data analysis and decision-making. The development of technology has had a significant impact on robotics as well. Robotics is used in several fields today, including industry, medicine, and even building automation. Robotic use has reduced the danger of human mistakes while increasing efficiency and saving money. Sorting, packing, and goods manufacturing are just a few of the sophisticated operations that may now be encoded into machines formerly performed by humans. Finally, the management of industries has also been significantly impacted by technology. It is now simpler to track and analyze data thanks to advancements like cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), which have enabled greater departmental collaboration and system connectivity. Managers may now better make decisions utilizing data-driven conclusions due to the usage of statistics and advanced analytics technologies.

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Manufacturing Process of Steel Container

Introduction.

Steel container making is a vivacious, ever-transforming manufacturing process. Consequently, processing used or abandoned materials for use in creating new iron units in steel containers demonstrates considerable opportunity for improvement; this involves many developments that consume raw or second-hand equipments, manufacturing thousands of commodities and by-products. However, in this project research paper, there will be an exploration on a brief introduction of the manufacturing company visited, which is James G Carrick & Co.

Limited Glasgow, London, and on the redesigning of part of steel container manufacturing process, purpose of the project and some vital issues relating to the production process of steel containers or liquid carrying drum in the like of the objectives which are the increase in the production rate, increase in the flexibility of making the various size steel containers, and lastly decreasing the operational (lead, transfer, manufacturing, setup) time according to the project research carried out on James G Carrick & Co. Ltd Glasgow, London.

James G Carrick & Co. Ltd has developed and improved dramatically in the production of steel containers. Some processes which the company uses in the production of steel container has improved drastically and replaced with the modern manufacturing technological machines. However, the general manufacturing goal for container recycling in this company is to recuperate 60% of the obtainable or accessible and ready for use iron units immediately.

James G Carrick & Co. Ltd has advanced in steel container making processes. However, they have with respect to history developed as a result to the aspects of industrial development, world wars, technological innovation, opposition and total creativity. Nevertheless, for the shipment of materials or chemicals and other products, the wide range of James G Carrick & Co. Ltd steel drums are the complete product of its kind and without defect or blemish alternative when transparency is vital. James G Carrick & Co. Ltd steel drums are made of hard-wearing, corrosive-resistant steel, which are produced in open- or tight-head modes with a comprehensive range of 7, 12, 25, 30, 57, 120 litres gallon contents.

These ranges of products are produced in a large-scale industrial operation from mild steel narrowed design gives room for more storage space.

There is awareness in the manufacturing industries on the improvement of business processes which are the development of manufactured goods, order fulfilment, preparation, sharing, and customer service. However, Steel containers position an arousing curiosity or attention in the engineering and policy challenge to society. They have to meet the condition of a countable quantity of structural and physical standard, must be reasonably priced, and must have a negligible impact on the environment.

Furthermore, this report paper won’t fail to state the Manufacturing machines and their availability but the key focus will be on flanger, beader and reducer machines, and what other company’s uses for their high rate productions.

The company Information

James G Carrick & Co. Ltd. Glasgow, London, was established dated back to 1851 by late David Carrick the father of James G Carrick to whom the company was named after. In 1921 James G Carrick was incorporated thereby, becoming a limited company. However, under the management of the Carrick family, there has been successful administration of the company, consequently, the company has benefitted under the management or leadership of the six Generations of the Carrick family.

In line with this, the manufacturing company of James G Carrick was first established as a tinsmith manufacturing company. In the then establishment, the company was into the manufacturing of ventilation units for roof tops of various factories and commercial building or industries. Accordingly, during the first and second world war, the company was assisting the British Government through the manufacturing of large cylindrical shells. Although, after the war, the company tend to return back to their earlier manufacturing of Tin plate containers for local industries and shortly after that moving further to the manufacturing of mild steel drums or containers.

In light with this, approximately thirty years ago, another department was introduced to the organisation profile and this was the plastic manufacturing department. The plastic department of this company indulged in the production of various range of plastic Jerry cans or kegs and shortly afterwards, they moved into the production of plastics for the Animal Pharmaceutical industry or better known and called the veterinary industry which was the key or core business of the plastic department of the company.

Additionally, in the last four years the company has made major investment in the introduction of a fabricating or fabrication department with the initial purpose of completing the range of Galvanised Bin liners that is being produced or manufactured for the waste management industries. With the innovation of this investment it has a major logical consequence to the change in the layout of the factory thereby bringing about the construction of a small extension which was simultaneously added to the back of the building.

It is amazing that the company has grown extra ordinarily within some decades with a high profit return annually. Presently, the company has a turnover of approximately five million pounds per annum within its four divisions or department which are: the department of steel drum, plastic department, fabrication department and lastly distribution department.

With the increase in the company’s production rate it has extended its market globally with their major customers being CPL (7, 12, 30, 120 lit), Anglo American (25, 57lit), r c treat (7, 12,25,30,57 lit), fragrance oils (30, 57 lit).

Project Purpose

In line with the company’s profile and introduction of the company as stated above and the conduction of research on the manufacturing process, this research project is on the subject of the redesigning the stages of UN/NON-UN standards fluid carrying steel containers or drums manufacturing process. The entire process of manufacturing steel container is quite vast. However, because of the immense production process, this project paper will only focus on three aspects of the production process which are locally called the Flanging Process, Beading and Reducer process of making steel containers. These production terminologies will be explained later on this paper. Furthermore, the main objective of this project is to increase the rate of production and/or minimise the operational times accounting various range of products.

Redesigning of parts of a steel containers manufacturing process

This research is on the redesigning of parts of a steel container manufacturing process, in line with the research carried out it was discovered that steel containers are made from sheet metal and it has to go through so many processes before getting to the final production stage.

In addition to this, in a steel container redesigning or manufacturing company there are numerous processes which are embarked on and also various machines used in the implementation of the manufacturing process of the steel container. The processes utilized in the production of the steel container. In addition, the Process of making steel containers involves coiling of the steel, uncoiling, flattering, cutting forming, spot welding, welding of the steel, flanging, beading, bar forming, top/bottom cover sealing, air leakage test, surface treatment, rolling of metal sheet; welding the seam, making 90 degree bent on top and bottom of the container, making number of beads (according to size) and lastly reduce the diameter of one side of the container; fitting of lid to the containers, testing like pressure; coating internal (epoxy phenolic coating or plain) and external (stoving enamel gloss of various colour) and baking. Attached below is the diagram of the process undertaken in the production of steel container which will be discussed later on this paper in the process of making steel container.

Accordingly, the objectives of the steel container manufacturing plant of James G Carrick & Co. Ltd. are on the increase in production rate, increasing the flexibility of making various size steel containers and lastly decreasing the operational (lead, transfer, manufacturing, setup) time.

Increase in the rate of production

James G Carrick & Co. Ltd productions are decided upon by the end product from the manufacturing procedure, accordant with the component of production. An example of this is the measurement of the labour productivity which is measured as a proportional relationship of production according to the labour –hour, which is a contribution. Production rate could be visualized as a statistic for the measurement of an input and at times output.

Berglas, Anthony (2008) commented that the assigned measure of machine’s energy effectiveness is different from production rate, which if taken into consideration both the cost of what is manufactured and the cost of efforts used, and its different from the statistic of measuring the profitability, hence, deals with the issue of making a difference between the total income from output and the input expenditure.

Nonetheless the economic considerations are of major importance in James G Carrick & Co. Ltd due to the processing theory. The precise evaluation of the factors of the economic is capable of eventually controlling the circumstances for the most efficient use of machines. Correct setting of cutting speed as well as choice of machines can lead to the most important economic development in a mechanical device operation because unimportant changes that may seem on the surface are accomplished. In countless situations, of having a deep influence on the costs of operation, especially when there is high request in the volume (Gorczyca, 1987, p.1).

The company uses sophisticated and highly built technology machines in the likes of the flanging machine, beader machine and the reducer in order to achieve good quality product. With the aid of these machines, the total production output of the manufactured goods has increased dramatically, and thereby meeting customers demand on time. These range of machines helps with the production input and output of James G. Carrick Company.

Increasing the flexibility of making various size steel containers

Flexibility has turn out to be an aggressive means of persuading. It consist of the capability of manufacturing an extensive range of manufactured goods, introduction of new manufactured goods and transforming the ones that are currently in existence quickly, hence the response to the needs of the customers. Flexibility is the capacity to alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard of changes in mix of production, production quantity, or design.

It is the performance quality of James G Carrick & Co. Ltd to present a broad diversity of goods to its clients. Hence, a way of evaluating how fast the company changes its procedure from producing an old line of goods to producing a new product line. Accordingly, in the new production process, in order to meet the customer’s heightening and differing demand it is absolutely necessary to process large indefinite quantity of different kinds of products.

For this reason, the series of stages through which a product passes between recurrences of a primary stage is becoming seeming limited in duration and the legerity in production is powerfully necessary for quick in responding to the change, though not merely in the diversity but also in the number of the goods without losing the degree of its excellence (Bititci, 1998; Carrie 1998).

Consequently, the manufacturing plant of James G Carrick & Co. Ltd has put in place the use of the flexible manufacturing system to improve the productivity in producing various size steel containers aspiring at an average manufacturing capability to perform or produce as a whole.

On account of the recurrent transformation in the varieties and the quantity of work pieces still in the large number of production such as steel containers, it is becoming essential to build up manufacturing arrangement not just with flexibility but also huge manufacturing capability which have make available by dedicated manufacturing systems such as flexible carry over lines.

In order to adapt to such requirement, the company recommended a new production system, known as the high volume flexible manufacturing system, for agile production and demonstrated the effectiveness of the parallel-serial arrangement of the machining cells by simulation study (Fujji et al 1988).

Currently, James G Carrick & Co. Ltd is progressively more dependent on supply from external sources, and the company is growingly conscious of the need to control and incorporate the entire chain of value in reference to the following authors assertion (Fisher, 1997).

Consequently, the necessity of learning flexibility in a broader circumstance of supply chain, in addition to the definite level, is now generally approved or compelling recognition (Eloranta et al., 1995; Krajewski et al.,2005; Schmenner and Tatikonda, 2005).

However, James G Carrick & Co. Ltd needs flexibility because it is very important for the accomplishment of the supply chain, because the supply chain subsist in a location which is not certain.

Flexibility characterizes a probable means of improving the effectiveness and is an important measure of the performance in the supply chain of James G Carrick & Co. Ltd (Vickery et al., 1999).

Production related times

Martin (2007, p.123) stated that Production is a process used in operating objects, parts, collect and assembles, starting with their unprocessed or initial stage to the final stage in an organized and proficient way. Nevertheless, this process comprises of activities like planning, scheduling, routing, dispatching, storage. However, production control or manufacturing resource planning therefore refers to the controlling or managing of the rate of production of all company supply or the production as per the set up arrangement.

However, in any manufacturing company, there has to be a designed way of setting time needed for the product to get to the market (lead-time). If a product is to be delivered in maybe two weeks’ time, and during this lead time, there happens to be a reduction or increment in customers demand, the production rate will either be in excess or shortage. Nevertheless, if in a mixed model production, the lead time would be reduced to incorporate the customers demand. At James G Carrick & Co. Ltd there is the ability to cooperate both with external and internal changes like the breakdowns. Such scenarios if not considered well in advance can affect the production in the company (Chryssolouris, p. 23, 2006).

All in all, the mixed-model system brings about commonness in product design and procedure design which shorten set up times for all products allowing amalgamation of the manufacturing program.

Analysis on the pattern of customer demand

This section of activity however, emphasizes on the relevance of the analysis techniques for the demand in a supply sequence. The importance is on the time sequence advancement. The paper implies or hints on the systematic approach of the customer demand assessment and investigates or studies its importance in the system of achieving the company’s objective and forecasting.

Every person in the product supply system is equally dealer and purchaser of a product in respect to the consumer. Therefore, for the solution to the penetration in the aggressive benefit, the understanding of the end consumer need is imperative.

This deliberation has to comprise a clear understanding of the customer’s needs and acting as a value added services to convene those needs, in other word vigorously acting in response to change and set up a closer interface. Despite the fact that interim customers are important, the solution to competitive advantage is held by the end user who is barely the true customer (Bockerstette and Shell 1993).

Customers will be attracted to manufacturers that provide the highest value and be willing to transact business with them. In the customer’s viewpoint value comes from the most favourable equilibrium of manufactured goods quality, cost, and reaction to time and customer service.

Along with these changeable, customers are showing rising attention for response times. Response times can be mostly being linked to two times changeable: the lead time to deliver manufactured goods to the customer for a precise order and the time to build up the manufactured goods from the concept to final delivery to the market (Blackburn 1991).

In a time-based manufacturing company, the reduction of manufactured goods supply lead time is the tactical objective.

Any time further than the time that is essential to add value to the manufactured goods symbolizes excess costs and waste to the customer and the dealer. On the other hand, a customer will pay a premium to the manufacturer who can supply its manufactured goods more rapidly and more consistently than the competition.

Decreases of the lead time also have an optimistic force on the quality of the produce, cost and customer service, (Bockerstette and Shell 1993, Stalk and Hout 1990).

In significance of the transformation from a “seller’s market” to a “buyer’s market” and of speed up in the hi-tech expansions, manufacturing industries are obliged to restructure their business procedures, to be proficient in speedily and cost efficiently act in response to fast-changing market demands (Slats et al. 1995).

In addition to this the management of a manufacturing company must consider how their companies create value in both the physical globe and the virtual globe. In the two worlds, the procedures of executing the worth are not the same (Rayport and Sviokla 1995).

Porter (1985) mentioned that in the physical world the value chain is a sequence of value-adding actions between a company’s supply side with its demand side

The term customer demand chain is used to formally describe an industries input to provide products that caters for the customers need. The choice of specialized vocabulary is contingent on the emphasis considered necessary, in that the word customer demand supply chain emphasizes the significance of the customer demand strong force or impetus (motivation) of the entire chain while further emphasising the fact that the demand and supply flows have to be synchronized (Heikkilä, 2000).

Cimorelli (2005 p.55) stated that in a manufacturing company the customer is the most important factor which cannot be controlled but the factors affecting making of an inventory in the use of money for future profits in manufacturing companies can be controlled. The factor that can be controlled is the internal manufacturing process and the inventory techniques. Cimorelli further noted that it requires efficiency and reliable data in understanding the need and pattern of the customer. Although in providing a dependable customer service the company must understand how the inconsistency of customer demand influences the organization and taking necessary actions on it which are the most important factor.

With the customer’s diverse and variable demand on products, the steel industry of James G Carrick has put in place the production of overwhelming steel containers for the customers whose requirement is complex.

According to research on customers demand it show that the manufacturers have to usually make ideas or proposal within a short time to their customers and provide them with that will assist them on deciding the manufactured goods to take on. As a basic step in most manufacturing company, actual time of occurrence and vigorous and purposeful customer demand analysis is required by most, if not all manufacturing companies to efficiently and automatically act in response of customers demand.

Schafer et al (1999) stated that a successful and favourable system can help enhance the manufacturing marketing in many ways and some of the ways are stated below:

The conversion of online searchers or online customers into buyers by researching or marketing for customers through interaction, thereby simplifying the customers of consumer process of finding the products they wish to buy. Secondly, the increase in cross-sell by charming or pleasing the customers by upgrading the quality of the manufactured goods which is one of the factors that are not originally implemented and thirdly, creating successful relationship between customers.

Accordingly, present ordinary move towards the modified recommendation systems are the content-based advancement and combined filtering approach (Balabanovic and Shoham, 1997; Sarwar et al, 2000; Lawrence et al, 2001; Wu et al., 2001).

Grant (2005 p.265) stated that with the continuance in the competing level of most market, manufacturing companies are repeatedly being forced to seek new opportunities for cost reduction. The force for the drop in the cost is physically powerful in the companies where cost rivalry is fiercest due to products, excess capacity, and numerous competitors. Consequently, the possibility in any manufactured goods for differentiation is incomplete only by the limits of the human thoughts (Grant, 2005).

According to the illustrated diagram of the company’s sales chart, the 30 litre UN 1A1 is the most popular size all round the four years, followed by the 25 litre UN 1A1 and 57 litre UN 1A1. The most unpopular size is the 10litre UN1A1 which is stagnant and no change at all. From the diagram, the customers past and future demands for the 30 litre UN1A1, 25 litre UN 1A1 and 57 litre UN 1A1 has had the best demand and it keeps on increasing, unlike the 10 litre UN 1A1 which does not show any sign of increment in demand.

Production/Manufacturing techniques research

In modern times the production of steel containers are mostly carried out with power-driven machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, and drill presses which are again computer based where the operator is required to feed a set of instruction which are again CAD/CAM programs that are to be carried out using computer numerical control. These automated machines can produce very high precision products.

The operation at James G Carrick begins with the already cut into required sizes flat sheet of metal from supplier which is then processed by going through the Longitudinal Rolling of the sheet.

In the longitudinal rolling, the distance from the base of metal to the top of the section of the metal becomes smaller or shorter as the metal go across or through the rolls, while there is increase in the length and width. However, the variation in the altitudes of the cross sections of the metal previous to and subsequent to transient between the processes of rolling is known as the linear reduction.

Spreading enhances with decrease, roll width, and the constancy of resistance between the metal entity and the rolls exterior.

In addition to this, the region between the rolls where the work consisting of the piece of metal being turned, shape, mould, or otherwise finish by machinery move towards straight contact among the rolls is described as the region of deformation; furthermore, the metal is reduced here. However, in these regions, the metal is merely somewhat deformed.

Consequently, this process is followed by the Welding of seam. The welding of seam is another process in the making of drums when it is engaged for both longitudinal seam and flanged ends.

A disparity in the methods permits the convergence in the sheets to be forged down pouring welding to produce flush joint. This is further called mash seam in which the sheet overlap is no more than 11/2 times the thickness of the material. Moreover, seam welding is used on materials which the thickness ranges between 0.5mm to 3mm.furtherance to this, it is applied to mild and alloy steels, stainless and heat resisting alloys, aluminium and copper alloys.

In addition to this, seam welding is relatively rapid method of welding which is mechanised and readily controlled as regard quality (Houldcroft, 1990).

The joint is, however, a lap which is improper for application in which the notch would provide a seat for the start of corrosion or fatigue. The tool is more costly to maintain than other resistance welding plant. Furthermore, it is unusual to use the process for welding metal that is thicker than 3mm because of the mechanical difficulties in applying pressure and the wear on the electrode wheels (Houldcroft, 1990). The flanging process is the next process after this, after the seam welding of hot rolled steel plate in the form of open end cylinder. This cylinder is manually removed and placed into the next machine locally called as ‘Flanger ’ that folds one or both ends (as per the product specification) of the cylinder at 90 degree’s which would encompass and pressed to seal of the cylinder at a later stage of production.

There are two types of flanging machine namely the double ended or hydraulic flanging machine and the rotary type. The rotary type of flanging machine is a kind of apparatus that is used in making flange to the containers. However, the flanging machine can be used to serve two purposes, which are changing rollers and single beading. The body of this device is made-up of heavy duty gear and extremely steady structural plan and easy to operate. The most important rudiments of this mechanism are well-built force, toughened and heavy duty pneumatic cylinder.

This machine helps in the production of top good quality flange in the production process. In the production process of steel containers various diameters there is no need for a separate tool. This device contains two flanging tools produced from high-quality steel, which went through the process of heat treatment and grounding. It also has a take apart hydraulic power pack of all benchmarked parts, highly flexible tubing, logic, and organizing panel, and high quality hydraulic cylinder. The most important benefit of this machine is that rejection rate is almost low processes the flange at the same time. In addition to this it is efficient and easy to use in production, and inexperienced operator can also operate this machine.

Operating this machine is safer because it gives no room for the container to rotate hence, producing a level flange and accurate width of the container, besides, this type of machine helps in avoiding wrinkle to flange and also produces products with uniformity.

Furthermore, the flanged cylinder is then moved to the next machine called ‘ Beader ’ to carve the bead or rolling hoops onto the cylinder body in order to give added strength to the container.

However, the beader machine furnishes the drum by beading it. Though, the bead applies additional property of being physically strong to the body cell. However, the Hydraulic cylinder of the beading machine is very speedy and the rate of negative response is absolutely low. A split power set is made available. Moreover, inexperienced operator can also run this machine.

There is availability of these machines in most companies in the world but the price range varies with the make and quality of the machine.

In line with the production process, once this process is completed the semi-finished container is moved on to next stage of production where top end diameter is reduced so as to sit one container on top of another. This stage of operation is carried out in ‘Reducer’. The prime challenge involved in these three stages of production is the effort and time consumed to manually transfer the containers and to set the different machines to carry out the operation in case of change of product specification. Having to carry out these operations on different machines also increases the number of persons involved thereby increasing the incurring production cost and lowering the productivity.

The prime challenge involved in these three stages of production is the effort and time consumed to manually transfer the containers and to set the different machines to carry out the operation in case of change of product specification. Having to carry out these operations on different machines also increases the number of persons involved thereby increasing the incurring production cost and lowering the productivity.

The next process after the reducer is the internal coating. The internal coating is the application of a primer coat to the steel container covering by heating the container to a temperature of 180 0 -220 0 F. This process involves the electro-statically spraying of the steel with a thermosetting epoxy phenol coating, after which the drum goes through the process of dry through oven, then attaching of the top and bottom and testing for leak before it finally goes through the process of dry again and then external painting by stoving enamel gloss of various colour and baking.

On completion of the steel container or drum, the next concentration will be on the process of making the lids.

In the lid making process the flat sheet metal from the supplier which has already been cut to respected sizes is cut into circles. On accomplishing this shape it is then pressed to form the tops and bottoms; however there is a continuous process of pressing again to form the required shape of the small hole. Furtherance, to this the circle that was cut and pressed is again pressed to form the required shape of the big hole. After this it goes through the process of flanging, whereby a flange is being inserted in order to achieve the dimension of fitting into the holes. This is then followed by the internal coating of the lids whereby a primer coat to the steel container covering by heating the container to a temperature of 180 0 -220 0 F. This process involves the electro-statically spraying of the steel with a thermosetting epoxy phenol coating afterward, going through the process of dry through oven just like that of the drum.

Consecutively, this process is also similar to that of the drum making just some slight dissimilarity in the process.

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117 Manufacturing Research Topics, Essay Titles, & Project Ideas

Manufacturing is an interesting subject to discuss. You can write about production engineering, technology, safety, and many other aspects. If you’re looking for the best manufacturing research topics, you’ve come to the right place! StudyCorgi has prepared a list of titles and questions for you! Feel free to use them as inspiration for your presentation, project, essay, or research paper.

🏆 Best Research Topics in Manufacturing Industry

✍️ manufacturing essay topics for college, 👍 good manufacturing research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot manufacturing topics to write about, 🎓 most interesting manufacturing topics for project.

• Dell Company’s Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Model
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Parts Manufacturer Approval
• Procurement Management in Car Manufacturers
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• Case Study: JAMS Manufacturing
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• Chip Manufacturer’s Production Specifications To identify the company’s ability to produce the chips of the designated size, the production manager should consider the data such as the p-value and the confidence coefficient.
• ABC Manufacturing Company’s Project In this project, ABC Manufacturing Company is planning to put up a new warehouse that uses Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS).
• Lenovo and DHL Express Companies: Manufacturing and Service This essay outlines the manufacturing and service processes for the smartphone division of Lenovo Group Ltd., and logistics services company DHL Express.
• ABC Manufacturing: Analysis of the Budget Case Report This case report aims to discuss the budget process in ABC Manufacturing, its practices in terms of leadership and control, and ethical issues.
• Supply Chain Management of the Sandwich Manufacturing Company The paper asses supply chain management of the sandwich manufacturing company, specifically, push and pull management philosophies.
• T-Shirt Manufacturing: 4 Important Factors The paper explains the four major factors which help to understand the different operations of a T-shirt manufacturing company.
• Strategies in Manufacturing and Service Operations In manufacturing companies, customer involvement is usually less intense, and communication with consumers is of auxiliary character.
• Automobile Manufacturers’ Corporate Governance This paper conducts a performance analysis of three automobile manufacturers, Ford, BMW, and Toyota Motors, focusing on regulatory frameworks and corporate governance.
• Medical Device Manufacturer Launching a New Metal Alloy Prosthesis Stainless steel is the most effective metal alloy across the globe by medics. Stainless steel products can be used for a long duration as reusable tools.
• Tropical Juice Manufacturing Company Brand Tropical juice manufacturing company is an institution involved in producing and processing freshly blended fruit such as mango, passion, apple, among others.
• Reverse Logistics in Pharmaceutical Industry: Handling Products Back to the Manufacturer Reverse logistics plays an enormous part in the pharmaceutical industry as poor-quality goods must be delivered safely back to the final disposition point.
• The Resources Dependency Theory (RDT): Clothing Manufacturing Organizations This paper aims to analyze the resources dependency theory (RDT) within the context of clothing manufacturing organizations.
• Quality Standards in Manufacturing and Service Industries Implementation of the ISO 9000 system in both manufacturing and services also has a number of similarities between these organizations.
• Cigarettes Manufacturers Should Be Prohibited The manufacturing of the cigarettes should be banned with immediate effect. Cigarette smoking has brought about more than enough miseries within the societies.
• Cellular Manufacturing Analysis This paper has discovered the factors which have a say in the successful and well-organized implementation of Lean manufacturing through the use of cellular manufacturing.
• Poka-Yoke Proofing in Non-Manufacturing’ Systems Poka-Yoke is one of the approaches to quality which helps organizations to avoid errors and mistakes by putting certain limits on operations.
• SolarEdge Technologies, Inc.: Challenges of the Manufacturing Industry By exploring options concerning research and investment, SolarEdge will overcome the challenges that can currently be observed across the entire manufacturing industry.
• Cryptography System for B Manufacturing Company This assignment includes a critical assessment and analysis of cryptographic protocols that can be implemented to secure a system.
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• Management Issues in Manufacturing Company In order to lead a firm to success, much attention should be paid to the position and responsibilities of a manager.
• Chinese Manufacturing Superpower and Industrial Growth China is currently the largest manufacturing economy in the world. However, its position as a manufacturing superpower will come to an end sooner than predicted.
• Soft Drink Manufacturing: Marketing Strategies of Coke The soft drink manufacturing industry is one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors globally, with a strong customer base spread worldwide.
• How Planning Plays a Role in Whirlpool’s Manufacturing Process Whirlpool corporation is one of the leading companies in the manufacturing of kitchenware and laundry products. Discussion of how planning plays a role in the manufacturing process.
• Employee Turnover in Manufacturing Reducing personnel turnover in the industrial sector is one of the most significant management problems. Reducing unwanted turnover is the goal of every organization
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• The Theory of Constraints: Manufacturing Methodology This report will investigate the fundamentals of the Theory of Constraints, apply it to a manufacturing process, and examine the associated challenges involved in the process.
• Quality Evolution in Auto Manufacturing Industry Since its first appearance at the end of the 19th century, the automobile has come a long way not only in its appearance and technical capabilities but also in quality standards.
• The Clarinet History, Manufacturers and Composers The clarinet was invented in the beginning of the 18th century. In a century after its invention great composers created amazing classical pieces for the said instrument.
• Industrial Age: Manufacturing Machinery Industrial Age can be defined as the time when people became actively engaged in the development of manufacturing machinery.
• Electric Vehicles in the UK Automotive Manufacturing Industry The statistics show that the international manufacturers of engines have a higher tendency of locating their car manufacturing plants in the UK than other nations.
• The Manufacturing Sector of Singapore Singapore is a country that has relied on the manufacturing industry to develop its economy. Singapore will rely on the manufacturing sector to balance trade with its business partners.
• Materials and Processes in Manufacturing In grinding, it is highly important to know properties of different materials. For this purpose, various standard and non-standard methods are used.
• RFID in Retailing and Manufacturing Companies The paper states that RFID systems do have a range of advantages in contrast to traditional bar code reading systems for large retail and manufacturing companies.
• AutoEdge Relocating Manufacturing Operations to the US AutoEdge is a company specializing in the production and supply of engine parts, which is now considering relocating its manufacturing operations to the United States.
• Enhancing Manufacturing Quality and Performance With Control Charts Numerous techniques for continuous improvement have their roots in the industrial sector which the main objective is to efficiently produce a lot of identical things.
• ABC Manufacturing: Financial Management In this research paper, it is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the financial management of ABC Manufacturing.
• Oil Extraction and Standard Vehicle Manufacturing Oil extraction and standard vehicle manufacturing are examples of businesses that consciously avoid spending on environmental causes.
• Offline Retailers Expanding Online to Compete With Manufacturers The article focuses on analyzing the ongoing trend in retail companies to enter online markets to compete with manufacturers who sell the same products for a lower price.
• Return to Domestic Manufacturing Global socio-economic, political, and even environmental happenings are things that may reveal the reason for a return to the market politics of the old times.
• Cigarette Manufacturers’ Liability Manufacturers should be held liable as it would create a tangible incentive to disclose any potential risks as comprehensively as possible, thus benefiting the entire society.
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• Multinational Agricultural Manufacturing Companies’ Standardization & Adaptation The most popular approaches that multinational companies use to serve their customers from various countries are standardization and adaptation.
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• Nike Inc.’s Sustainable Manufacturing Assessment Growing competition poses challenges for Nike in terms of supply chain management and sustainable development.
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• Sony’s Projector Manufacturing Market in 1989 The competitive situation on the projector market considering Electrohome production in 1989 and the strategy applied by Sony will be discussed in the present essay.
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• Riordan Manufacturing Company’s Process Design The Riordan manufacturing company is a plastic manufacturing company. The company has a focused research and development process.
• Improvement to Supply Chain Process in Riordan Manufacturing The company wants to introduce effective supply chain management initiatives for increasing the key values of the company.
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• Level 5 Manufacturing: Pros and Cons of the Mode Level 5 manufacturing entails the assembly of a desktop PC assembly, floppy disc, and fan. This mode has many disadvantages and disadvantages that are discussed in the paper.
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• The Ohio’s Manufacturing Environment: Lost Time Accident Rates This study seeks to consider the positive impact of correlation between lost time accidents and corporations’ annual profit share margin in the Ohio manufacturing industry.
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• China’s Economic Growth and Manufacturing The enhanced economic growth, which China is currently experiencing, coexists with a drop in the manufacturing entrepreneurships’ performance.
• Ethical Manufacturing and Technology Trends The ethical manufacturing aiming at the elimination of human discrimination at the workplace seems to be an essential step in establishing ethics across societies.
• ANOVA Company’s Failures in Manufacturing The adoption of ANOVA is one of the means to locate a hindrance in the manufacturing process and remove it to improve the performance of a company.
• State Manufacturing’s Pricing and Decision-Making In this document, the sales manager offers assistance in the decision-making process, describing options for analyzing and determining the export price of CIF.
• Melbourne Manufacturing Company’s Hedging Options As the CFO of Melbourne Manufacturing, Shiela Forbes needs to draw a conclusion on whether to hedge while realizing the sale of a turbine generator.
• Can Hospitals Manufacture Drugs in the US? The purpose of the initiative is to force the drug market to drop prices and compete fairly by introducing a new force to destabilize the existing monopoly of a few large companies.
• Sustainability in the Manufacturing Company Context The Six Sigma approach allows for the promotion of the lean manufacturing principles in entrepreneurship and, therefore, supporting the principle of sustainable resources usage.
• Abasco Inc.’s Manufacturing Unit and Industrial Progress Despite the reasonable approach toward information management of Abasco, Inc, the lack of reasonable resource allocation may jeopardize the organization’s efficacy.
• US Car Manufacturing: International Promotion Mix The car manufacturing industry in the United States of America is quite competitive as the business environment in the country has transformed significantly.
• Good Mark Company: Manufacturing Industry Analysis This paper provides a strategic analysis of the manufacturing industry. To concretize the analysis, Good Mark, a manufacturing company in Hong Kong is used.
• Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization Riordan is primarily a business to business manufacturing company. Some of the company’s clients include appliance manufacturers, aircraft manufacturers, as well as car companies.
• Riordan Manufacturing’s HR Marketing Services The main objective of the plan was identified as motivating employees in order to improve their productivity.
• Marketing and Manufacturing Strategies Role Though the gap between the marketing approach and the production process in the organization may seem rather large, the choice of a marketing strategy, in fact, defines the manufacturing one largely.
• Business Continuity Plan for Riordan Manufacturing
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• Manufacturing Investment and Taxation in the Nordic Countries
• Computer Manufacturing Industry Analysis
• Manufacturing and Supplier Roles in Product Development
• Lean Manufacturing and Its Effect on Businesses

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This essay topic collection was updated on January 8, 2024 .

Paper Making Industry Essay

Introduction, history of the paper, acquisition of raw materials, processing and manufacturing of the raw materials, transportation and distribution of the papers, use, re-use, and maintenance of papers, waste management, summary of research findings, works cited.

Today, there is massive competition in the corporate world. Companies continually seek ways to stay in business and to outdo their rivals. Consequently, many institutions have embraced advertising to stay in business. There are many ways to advertise especially by use of media. In this century, use of internet and audio-visual media is gaining popularity as the medium for advertisements.

In spite of their popularity, these forms of advertisements are yet to outdo print media. For centuries, print media has dominated the advertisement industry. The most essential material for print media is the paper. Over the years, the paper has continuously changed form from scrolls to thick sheets, and then to the current thin sheet we have today.

Newspaper advertisements are among the popular mediums of presentation used today. For a newspaper to reach the intended party successfully, it goes through a series of complex processes. The production processes consume raw materials and energy from the environment. Consequently, at the end of the processes, the factory release emissions and wastes to the environment.

To appreciate this process, it is necessary to understand the life cycle of the production processes. Life cycle assessment methods help in calculating the raw materials and energy consumed by this processes. Further, the methods used establish implication of emissions released to the environment by this processes (Carnegie Mellon University 1).

This article focuses on steps involved in production of papers, which are the main raw material used in making newspapers. This article highlights steps followed in factories to produce paper. These steps include acquisition, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution of raw materials.

Additionally, it focuses on recovery and management of wastes and emissions released. Further, this article reports on the findings of the investigation conducted. It highlights the assumptions made and failures in the course of the research.

Some researchers trace the origins of the paper to Egypt, in River Nile while others link the origin of the paper to china. People started using papers about 5,000 years ago. Just like today, people in the past used various materials such as cotton, linen, wood, grass, and papyrus to make papers. For years, many communities have used the as a measure of quality of life (Roekel 1).

Paper manufacturing plants use renewable resources for production of papers. The main raw materials used are pulp, water, and energy. Pulp comes from plants such as trees, elephant grass, papyrus, and switch grass. In addition, some factories use vegetable matter, recycled papers, and recycled linen to produce papers.

Workers harvest the trees manually or using machines. Lorries or tractors then transport the materials to the respective factories. Pipes and pumps supply water to the factories. The factories get chemical components such as dyes, inks, bleaches, and filler materials from the respective suppliers. Factories get energy form of electricity, firewood, and gas.

This involves converting fibers from the respective sources into flat thin sheets of paper. Factories use chemical or mechanical processes to convert wood into pulp. In the mechanical process, workers use large drums to debark the logs. The workers then put the logs inside grinders fitted with rotating slabs, which squeeze and crush the logs to remove water. After this, the workers filter the resulting solution to remove dirt.

In the chemical process, the workers remove the barks from the wood and chop the logs into small pieces. The next step involves placing the logs in digesters and boiling them in chemical solutions at high pressure. The workers bleach the pulp to give it a rich white color. The workers then add filler materials to the pulp to make the sheets opaque.

In addition, they add sizings such as rosin and gum, which influence the reaction of the sheets to different inks (Lecta Group 12). The workers then feed the pulp into automated machines that squeeze the pulp through several rollers. This rollers help to remove water in the pulp and convert the pulp into flat sheets of paper. A dandy machine then moves across the thin sheets in order to design them.

The sheets then pass over a series of steam-heated cylinders to get rid of the remaining water. The workers then smooth the papers by passing the sheets through machines called calendars. Further, the workers coat, shape, brush, and size the sheets accordingly. Finally, they count, pack, and pile the papers in a safe place using automated machines.

Table 1: Paper Manufacturing Process

After the workers complete the manufacturing process, they pack the papers according to size, color, texture, and design. They then distribute the papers to different companies based on the orders. Finally, the workers transport the papers to their respective destinations. Factories use road, rail, or air to transport the papers depending on the quality and quantity.

Figure 1: Transportation of paper manufacturing materials and products

Papers have diversified uses. Research shows that almost all corporate institutions and households use papers in their day-to-day activities. People from diverse lifestyles have embraced the use of papers. Examples include students, teachers, parents, employers, and employees among other people.

The widespread use of the paper shows its importance. People mainly use papers to communicate. However, papers have advanced uses such as making decorations and bags. Used papers are also useful. People recycle them to make more tissue papers, cartons, and decorations among other uses.

It is essential for individuals to use papers efficiently. This is because the resources used come from the environment, which is susceptible to degradation and pollution that results from the paper making processes.

People should maintain papers by using them for the right purposes. In addition, individuals should put used papers to proper use. This way the papermaking life cycle will be less harmful to the environment (European Commission 1).

Evidently, papers are essential to a large population in running their everyday duties. This makes industries related to paper and pulp industry important as they play an integral role in the social and economic developments.

However, these industries pose challenges to the environment. In their bid to satisfy the overwhelming demand for papers, Pulp and paper industries emit large amounts of waste throughout the production processes. These wastes range from primary sludge, organic wastes, to greenhouse gases.

Factories release emissions and wastes in all stages of paper production. In the first stage, waste consist of rejected virgin pulps, sand, remains of woods, and barks, which the factory cannot use in subsequent processes. During the chemical recovery process, the factory emits wastes such as green liquor sludge, lime mud, wastewater, and chemical waste sludge.

When making paper the mills emit wastes such as fibers, wool, and impurities like metal and staples. Further, paper and pulp industries produce harmful air emissions. Components such as electricity-generating units produce gases such as sulfur oxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, and volatile organic compounds. On top of being malodorous, these emissions cause massive air pollution (Venditti 17).

Stakeholders of the paper and pulp industry have a responsibility towards management of wastes and emissions related to this industry. The government on its part should enforce firm regulations. It should also spell out the limits of this industry. The public should ensure that this industry does not compromise their safety through pollution of the environment.

These factories should recover wastes and emissions, and convert them into useful products. For example, the factories should use greenhouse gases to generate heat and energy in the manufacturing plants (Office of Air and Radiation 12). In addition, these factories should minimize the generation of wastes. They should embrace installations that save on energy. Further, they should embrace new and convenient techniques.

In case of closure, plants should leave the location in its original state or in an improved state. Further, these factories should engage in waste recovery processes such as wet oxidation and steam reformation. The factories should ensure safe and convenient disposal of their emissions and wastes.

The factories should also engage in recycling of wastes. For example, factories can use barks and rejected pulps as fuel for the furnaces. These factories can use treated wastewater in the production processes. Finally, the factories should reclaim land and engage in activities that enhance soil fertility.

When conducting research, an individual gets to learn a lot and encounters several challenges. The factory management in many firms is ready to talk of the achievements of their companies. However, it is hesitant to open up on the challenges and flaws of the firms. This investigation was a success in terms of information gained. The information gathered on the general procedure of paper manufacturing process was efficient.

Today, the paper industry is one of the big industries in the world. Many people use the paper widely in their everyday activities. This has led to the growth of this industry. There is a booming market for paper products in countries like India and the US. This has contributed to the massive production of the papers.

This industry has two main sub-sectors. The first sub-sector deals with manufacture of pulp and paper while the latter concentrates on manufacturing paper products. Manufacture of paper is the core activity of this industry. Most factories in the industry engage in the manufacture of both paper and converted paper products. This industry has witnessed a series of transformations when it started (U.S Censors Bureau 1).

Technological advancement and extensive research have propelled the industry forward and helped to improve its quality. As the investigation established, the stakeholders have put more effort in order to improve this industry.

However, this industry faces major challenges. Being a universal industry, it requires many resources for it to function. Most of these resources are renewable while several are non-renewable. Further, there are large numbers of harmful wastes and emissions that result from the production processes. The investigation carried out failed to establish permanent and lasting solutions to some of the problems faced by this industry.

No factory had a lasting solution regarding safe disposal of waste and re-use of harmful wastes. It was a challenge for the research to find out the truth regarding the actual processes involved in disposal of wastes and emissions in these factories. The research had to make assumptions for it to move forward with the investigations. Such assumptions rotated around the technicality involved in the entire production process.

For instance, the research assumed that the life expectancy of this industry would be shorter if the industry does not take precautionary measures. The research evaluated the impact of the increased use of internet instead of papers. Further, the research assessed the consequences of the environmental issues to the industry.

Importance of paper making industry in the newspaper advertisement process is evident. It is essential to understand the life cycle of the paper-manufacturing sub-sector. The life cycle assessment estimates the amount of materials and energy that factories consume in the process of producing papers. Further, the life cycle assessment calculates the amount of wastes and emissions released to the environment by the factories.

Overall, the life cycle assessment method aims at establishing the impact of the production processes to the environment. Researching on this process enables individuals to understand the different sub-sectors involved in production of a single product.

For instance, designing of a newspaper depends on sub-sectors such as paper, ink, electricity, and transport industries. Therefore, all these subsectors should consider the impacts of their functions on the environment and strive to maintain ecological balance for a sustainable ecosystem (Krowaski, Bresky and Pettersson11 ).

Carnegie Mellon University. EIO-LCA: Free, Fast, Easy Life Cycle Assessment . n.d. Web.

European Commission. Joint Research Center. 2013. Web.

Krowaski, klaus, Jan Bresky and Börje Pettersson. A Life Cycle Assesment of the Production of a daily Newspaper and Weekly Magazine. Zurich: Axel Spirnger Verlag AG , 1998. Print.

Lecta Group. About Paper Manufacturing. 2008. Web.

Office of Air and Radiation. Available and Emerging Technologies for Reducing Greenhouse Gases emission from the Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Industry. 2010. Web.

Roekel, Gertjan. Hemp Pulp and Paper Production . 1994. Web.

U.S Censors Bureau. NAICS 322: Paper Manufacturing. n.d. Web.

Venditti, Richard. Life Cycle Analysis of Paper Products. 2011. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2023, December 8). Paper Making Industry. https://ivypanda.com/essays/paper-making-industry-essay/

"Paper Making Industry." IvyPanda , 8 Dec. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/paper-making-industry-essay/.

IvyPanda . (2023) 'Paper Making Industry'. 8 December.

IvyPanda . 2023. "Paper Making Industry." December 8, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/paper-making-industry-essay/.

1. IvyPanda . "Paper Making Industry." December 8, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/paper-making-industry-essay/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Paper Making Industry." December 8, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/paper-making-industry-essay/.

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