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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 Notes Photosynthesis In Higher Plants - Download PDF Notes

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants is a very important chapter of the NCERT Photosynthesis in Higher Plants from an exam point of view. The NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 notes give you a fundamental idea about how photosynthesis takes place, as given in Chapter Photosynthesis in Higher Plants. The NCERT chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants discusses the complete process of photosynthesis and all the steps involved in it. The main topics covered in NCERT Class 11 Biology notes are definition, early experiments done for photosynthesis, where does photosynthesis take place, types of pigments involved in photosynthesis, what is light reaction, the electron transport, splitting of water, Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis, about ATP and NADPs, the Calvin Cycle, the C4 pathway, photorespiration, and factors affecting photosynthesis. Download the CBSE Notes for Class 11 Biology, Chapter 13, PDF to use offline anywhere. Students must go through each topic in the photosynthesis in higher plants in Class 11 Notes Biology in the easiest and most effective way possible with the help of NCERT Notes for Class 11 .

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NCERT Class 11 Chapter 13 Class Notes

Photosynthesis in higher plants, what do we already know, early experiments, site of photosynthesis ( where does photosynthesis take place), how many types of pigments are involved in photosynthesis, what is light reaction, the electron transport, splitting of water, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, chemiosmotic hypothesis, where are the atp and nadph used, the calvin cycle, the c4 pathway, photorespiration, factors affecting photosynthesis.

Class 11 Biology chapter 13 notes also cover all the important concepts related to this chapter, which are crucial for various competitive exams. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology help you revise these important concepts given in the NCERT Book in a short period of time during CBSE Board exam preparation. CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 notes will help you with quick revision. The Photosynthesis in Higher Plants chapter covers all headings of NCERT. CBSE Class 11 Biology chapter 13 notes also contain important examples that have been frequently asked in the various exams. Having revision notes and NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 handy save you time.The NCERT Class 11 notes pdf can be downloaded through the link given below.

Also, students can refer,

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher plants
NCERT Exemplar Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher plants

Definition of photosynthesis: It is a vital process in plants, algae, and some bacteria that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in the form of glucose. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product. During photosynthesis, plants absorb CO₂. The overall chemical equation for photosynthesis can be represented as follows:

6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂

In other words, this equation can be described as the conversion of carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light energy, into glucose and oxygen.

Class 11 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants notes inform us that all animals on this planet, including humans, depend on plants for their food.
Green plants synthesise the food they need, and all other organisms depend on them to fulfil their energy needs.
The green plants make food that they need through photosynthesis, and since they prepare their food on their own, they are therefore called autotrophs. Only plants exhibit autotrophic nutrition.
Photosynthesis in Higher plants Class 11 notes also give you two major reasons for highlighting the importance of photosynthesis:. They are the primary source of food on earth, and they also release oxygen into the atmosphere.
Heterotrophs are species that rely on green plants for nutrition, including humans.
Photosynthesis is a Physio-chemical process in which plants utilise the sun's light energy to fuel the synthesis of organic molecules such as glucose.
Ultimately, all living forms on earth depend on sunlight for energy.

This chapter explores the photosynthetic machinery's structure as well as the numerous processes that turn sunlight's light energy into chemical energy.

We already know that three components, which are chlorophyll, which is the green-coloured pigment of leaves, light, and carbon dioxide are required for photosynthesis to occur.
In earlier classes, we also did some experiments where one leaf was partially covered with black paper, and then the other way posed to light.
On testing leaves for the presence of starch, it is proved that photosynthesis occurred only in the green parts of the leaves of that plant that was exposed to sunlight thus showing the importance of sunlight.
Another experiment that can be carried out is, if a part of a leaf of a plant is enclosed in a test tube containing some KOH solution soaked in cotton (KOH absorbs CO 2 ), while the other half is exposed to air.
The arrangement is then exposed to light for a period of time.
Later, when the two halves of the leaf were tested for the presence of starch, it was discovered that the exposed part of the leaf that was exposed to CO 2 tested positive for starch while the half that was in the tube tested negative.
This proves that CO 2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
In 1774 Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen and based on the experiments he hypothesised: Plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and burning candles remove

An experiment performed by Joseph Priestly

In 1854 Julius von Sachs determined that the green parts in plants are where glucose is made and glucose is generally saved as starch.
T.W. Engelmann (1843–1909) conducted a remarkable experiment.
He separated light into its spectrum components using a prism and then lighted a green alga called Cladophora that was suspended in an anaerobic bacteria solution.
The microorganisms were employed to find out where O2 evolved. He discovered that germs gathered mostly in the split spectrum's blue and red light regions.
As a result, the first photosynthesis action spectrum was defined. It mimics the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b in appearance. The whole photosynthetic process for oxygen-evolving organisms was then represented by the empirical equation:

where [CH 2 O] represents a carbohydrate (e.g., glucose, a six-carbon sugar).

A milestone contribution to the understanding of photosynthesis was made by microbiologist Cornelius van Neill who based on his considers of purple and green microbes, illustrated that photosynthesis is a light-dependent response in which H 2 from a suitable hydrogen compound i.e. H 2 O reduces carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

that can be given as,

In green plants, H 2 O is the H 2 giver and is oxidized to O 2 . A few life forms don't discharge O 2 during photosynthesis.
When H 2 S is the Hydrogen donor for purple and green sulfur microbes, the 'oxidation' item is sulphur/Sulphate.
Hence, it's concluded that O 2 evolved by plants(green) comes from H 2 O and not from CO 2 .

Thus, the equation of photosynthesis can be given as :

Photosynthesis takes place in the green leaves of plants, particularly in the chloroplast of their mesophyll.

The membrane system is in charge of capturing solar energy as well as ATP and NADPH production; the reactions or sets of reactions involved are light-driven and are therefore called light reactions.
In the stroma, enzymes are responsible for taking CO 2 and leading to the synthesis of sugar, which in turn forms starch. The reactions are not directly light-driven but dependent on the products of light reactions, i.e. ATP and NADPH, and are called Dark reactions
There are four pigments in leaves: chlorophyll-a of bright or blue-green colour, chlorophyll-b of yellow-green, xanthophylls of yellow colour, and carotenoids of yellow-to yellow-orange colour.

Leaves show different colour pigments

We can conclude that chlorophyll is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.

It includes light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release, and the formation of high-energy chemicals, i.e., ATP and NADPH.
Several complexes, viz., LHC, light-harvesting complexes, in which pigments are present are in Photosystem 1 (PS1) and Photosystem 2 (PS2). These are named in the order of their discovery.
Each photosystem has all the pigments except chlorophyll a and forms an LHS called antennae.
The single-molecule chlorophyll-a forms the reaction centre.
PS 1 has an absorption peak at 700 nm, which is referred to as P700, whereas PS 2 has an absorption peak at 680 nm, which is referred to as P680.
In PS2, LHC receives the light of 680 nanometers that results in the excitation of electrons, and thus they jump out of their orbit and are received by an electron acceptor that then passes it to the electron transport system.
Electrons are not used up and are passed to pigments of PS1 With simultaneous excitation of electrons in PS1, because of the 700 nanometer absorption of light, these electrons are passed to a molecule of energy, NADP+, resulting in the formation of NADPH and H+.

Electron transport showing Z scheme

This scheme is known as the Z scheme

The electrons that were moved from Photosystem 2 are replaced by the splitting of H 2 O. This creates oxygen, that is a product of photosynthesis.

2H 2 O ⟶ 4 H+ + O 2 + 4e-

The electrons needed to replace those removed from PS 1 are provided by PS 2.
This splitting of H 2 O is associated with PS 2.
Photophosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi in the presence of light. when PS 2 and then PS 1 act in series, non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs; both ATP and NADPH are synthesised here, whereas
When only PS 1 is functional, the electron is circulated within PS 1, and phosphorylation occurs due to the cyclic flow of electrons. It takes place in stroma lamellae. It lacks the NADP reductase enzyme; here, the synthesis of ATP takes place but not of NADPH and H+.

Electron transport system in PS1

It also occurs when only light off wavelength beyond 680 nanometers are available
The ATP synthase enzyme is made up of two parts: the F 0 is introduced into the thylakoid layer and produces a transmembrane channel that allows protons to diffuse across the layer quite easily.
The other half, known as F1, is located on the stroma-facing side of the thylakoid membrane's exterior surface.
The breakdown of the gradient provides enough energy to trigger a conformational shift in the ATP synthase's F1 moiety, causing the enzyme to synthesise multiple molecules of ATP.
A membrane, a proton pump, a proton angle, and ATP synthase are all required for chemiosmosis.
Energy is used to pump protons over a membrane to make a gradient or a high concentration of protons inside the thylakoid lumen.
ATP synthase incorporates a channel that permits the release of protons back over the membrane; this releases sufficient energy to enact the ATP synthase chemical that catalyses the arrangement of ATP. Along with the NADPH created by the development of electrons.
These are utilized in a dark reaction called the biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis, as the synthesis of food takes place here.
During World War II, Melvin Calvin discovered that the first carbon dioxide fixation product was a three-carbon organic acid called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or PGA; hence, it was called the Calvin cycle.

C3: First CO 2 fixation product is 3-C containing, PGA.

C4: First CO 2 fixation product is 4-C containing OAA

The Primary Acceptor of CO 2 :.

In C3 plants, it's 5-C containing RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) that combines with CO 2 to produce sucrose.

i) Carboxylation: Here, carbon dioxide is utilised for the decarboxylation of RuBP which results in two molecules of 3-PGA in the presence of an enzyme named RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase, or RuBisCO, having infinity for both carbon dioxide and oxygen.

ii) Reduction: Two molecules of ATP are required for phosphorylation, and two molecules of NADPH are required for the reduction of carbon dioxide. The fixation of six molecules of carbon dioxide and six turns of cycles are required.

iii) Regeneration: Regeneration of carbon dioxide acceptor molecule RuBP requires one ATP for phosphorylation to form RuBP

These have two kinds of cells: mesophyll and vascular bundles.
The large cells around vascular bundles are called bundle sheath cells, and leaves are set to have kranz anatomy.
Bundle sheath cells may have several layers containing chloroplasts and are impervious to gaseous exchange.
The primary carbon dioxide acceptor is the three-carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is present in the mesophyll cells.
The enzyme responsible is PEP carboxylase or PEP case; here, the RuBisCO enzyme is absent.
Here, C4 acid OAA is formed, which then forms malic acid/aspartic acid in mesophyll itself and then transported to bundle sheath cells, where C4 acids are broken down to release carbon dioxide and a three-carbon molecule.
Again, it is transported to mesophyll, where it forms PEP again, thus completing the cycle.

Hatch and slack cycle

The carbon dioxide released in the bundle sheath cells enters the C3/Calvin pathway, which is common to all plants, whether C3 or C4. The bundle sheath cells are rich in the enzyme RuBisCO but lack PEPcase. As bundle sheath cells are impermeable to carbon dioxide gas, their concentration increases.

RuBisCO, which is the most abundant enzyme in the world, is characterised by the fact that it can bind with O 2 as well as CO 2 .

In C3 plants, some O 2 binds with RuBisCO resulting in the formation of phosphoglycerate and phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration. In this pathway, there is no synthesis of sugar and ATP/NADPH therefore it's called a wasteful process
In C4 plants, photorespiration does not occur; therefore, they have more productivity.
The rate of photosynthesis depends on both internal and external factors.
Internal factors like the number, size, age, Orientation of leaves, chloroplasts, etc., and internal factors like CO 2 concentration, Temperature, water, etc.
When several factors affect any biochemical process, Blackman's (1905) Law of Limiting Factors comes into effect, i.e., if a chemical process is influenced by more than one factor at that point, its rate will be decided by the factor that is closest to its minimal value, which is called the limiting factor. It's the figure that specifically influences the method if the amount is changed.
Light is used as 10% of incident sunlight. At low intensity, it's directly proportional to CO 2 fixation.
At higher intensities, other factors become limiting.
An increase in light beyond a limit causes the breakdown of chlorophyll and, thus, a decrease in photosynthesis.

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

It's the major limiting factor, as carbon dioxide is very low in the atmosphere, ranging from 0.03% to 0.04%, increase in concentration up to 0.05% can cause an increase in the rate of photosynthesis

Temperature

The dark reactions that are enzymatic are temperature-controlled.
C4 plants respond to higher temperatures, and they also show higher rates of photosynthesis, whereas C3 plants are found to show a lower temperature optimum.
Water stress causes the stomata to close, thereby reducing carbon dioxide availability, and it makes leaves wilt, thereby reducing surface area.

Chapter-Wise NCERT Class 11 Notes Biology

Significance of ncert class 11 biology chapter 13 notes:.

Class 11 Biology chapter 13 notes will assist you in revising the chapter and gaining an understanding of the main subjects addressed. These class 11 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants notes are also beneficial for covering the main themes of the CBSE Biology Syllabus in Class 11 as well as for competitive exams such as AIPMT, AIIMS , NEET , and others. The Class 11 Biology chapter 13 notes pdf download can be utilised for offline preparation.

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Frequently Asked Question (FAQs)

photosynthesis in Higher plants Class 11 notes state that by looking at a plant it can't be told whether a plant is C3 or C4. It can be told after seeing its anatomy. We can distinguish between C3 and C4 plants by their areas of growth also.

In accordance with CBSE class 11 Biology chapter 13 notes, This is so because the bundle sheath cells of these C4 plants are impervious to gas-like CO 2 and thus there is a huge concentration of CO 2 at that place RuBisCO combines with that CO 2 to reduce it and form food.

Ans:-

According to Photosynthesis in Higher plants Class 11 notes, This is so because vascular bundles are having bundle sheath cells that are impervious to Carbon dioxide.

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Welding Engineer Job Description: A Welding Engineer work involves managing welding projects and supervising welding teams. He or she is responsible for reviewing welding procedures, processes and documentation. A career as Welding Engineer involves conducting failure analyses and causes on welding issues.

Transportation Planner

A career as Transportation Planner requires technical application of science and technology in engineering, particularly the concepts, equipment and technologies involved in the production of products and services. In fields like land use, infrastructure review, ecological standards and street design, he or she considers issues of health, environment and performance. A Transportation Planner assigns resources for implementing and designing programmes. He or she is responsible for assessing needs, preparing plans and forecasts and compliance with regulations.

Environmental Engineer

Individuals who opt for a career as an environmental engineer are construction professionals who utilise the skills and knowledge of biology, soil science, chemistry and the concept of engineering to design and develop projects that serve as solutions to various environmental problems.

Safety Manager

A Safety Manager is a professional responsible for employee’s safety at work. He or she plans, implements and oversees the company’s employee safety. A Safety Manager ensures compliance and adherence to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) guidelines.

Conservation Architect

A Conservation Architect is a professional responsible for conserving and restoring buildings or monuments having a historic value. He or she applies techniques to document and stabilise the object’s state without any further damage. A Conservation Architect restores the monuments and heritage buildings to bring them back to their original state.

Structural Engineer

A Structural Engineer designs buildings, bridges, and other related structures. He or she analyzes the structures and makes sure the structures are strong enough to be used by the people. A career as a Structural Engineer requires working in the construction process. It comes under the civil engineering discipline. A Structure Engineer creates structural models with the help of computer-aided design software.

Highway Engineer

Highway Engineer Job Description: A Highway Engineer is a civil engineer who specialises in planning and building thousands of miles of roads that support connectivity and allow transportation across the country. He or she ensures that traffic management schemes are effectively planned concerning economic sustainability and successful implementation.

Field Surveyor

Are you searching for a Field Surveyor Job Description? A Field Surveyor is a professional responsible for conducting field surveys for various places or geographical conditions. He or she collects the required data and information as per the instructions given by senior officials.

Orthotist and Prosthetist

Orthotists and Prosthetists are professionals who provide aid to patients with disabilities. They fix them to artificial limbs (prosthetics) and help them to regain stability. There are times when people lose their limbs in an accident. In some other occasions, they are born without a limb or orthopaedic impairment. Orthotists and prosthetists play a crucial role in their lives with fixing them to assistive devices and provide mobility.

Pathologist

A career in pathology in India is filled with several responsibilities as it is a medical branch and affects human lives. The demand for pathologists has been increasing over the past few years as people are getting more aware of different diseases. Not only that, but an increase in population and lifestyle changes have also contributed to the increase in a pathologist’s demand. The pathology careers provide an extremely huge number of opportunities and if you want to be a part of the medical field you can consider being a pathologist. If you want to know more about a career in pathology in India then continue reading this article.

Veterinary Doctor

Speech therapist, gynaecologist.

Gynaecology can be defined as the study of the female body. The job outlook for gynaecology is excellent since there is evergreen demand for one because of their responsibility of dealing with not only women’s health but also fertility and pregnancy issues. Although most women prefer to have a women obstetrician gynaecologist as their doctor, men also explore a career as a gynaecologist and there are ample amounts of male doctors in the field who are gynaecologists and aid women during delivery and childbirth.

Audiologist

The audiologist career involves audiology professionals who are responsible to treat hearing loss and proactively preventing the relevant damage. Individuals who opt for a career as an audiologist use various testing strategies with the aim to determine if someone has a normal sensitivity to sounds or not. After the identification of hearing loss, a hearing doctor is required to determine which sections of the hearing are affected, to what extent they are affected, and where the wound causing the hearing loss is found. As soon as the hearing loss is identified, the patients are provided with recommendations for interventions and rehabilitation such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and appropriate medical referrals. While audiology is a branch of science that studies and researches hearing, balance, and related disorders.

An oncologist is a specialised doctor responsible for providing medical care to patients diagnosed with cancer. He or she uses several therapies to control the cancer and its effect on the human body such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy and biopsy. An oncologist designs a treatment plan based on a pathology report after diagnosing the type of cancer and where it is spreading inside the body.

Are you searching for an ‘Anatomist job description’? An Anatomist is a research professional who applies the laws of biological science to determine the ability of bodies of various living organisms including animals and humans to regenerate the damaged or destroyed organs. If you want to know what does an anatomist do, then read the entire article, where we will answer all your questions.

For an individual who opts for a career as an actor, the primary responsibility is to completely speak to the character he or she is playing and to persuade the crowd that the character is genuine by connecting with them and bringing them into the story. This applies to significant roles and littler parts, as all roles join to make an effective creation. Here in this article, we will discuss how to become an actor in India, actor exams, actor salary in India, and actor jobs.

Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats create and direct original routines for themselves, in addition to developing interpretations of existing routines. The work of circus acrobats can be seen in a variety of performance settings, including circus, reality shows, sports events like the Olympics, movies and commercials. Individuals who opt for a career as acrobats must be prepared to face rejections and intermittent periods of work. The creativity of acrobats may extend to other aspects of the performance. For example, acrobats in the circus may work with gym trainers, celebrities or collaborate with other professionals to enhance such performance elements as costume and or maybe at the teaching end of the career.

Video Game Designer

Career as a video game designer is filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. A video game designer is someone who is involved in the process of creating a game from day one. He or she is responsible for fulfilling duties like designing the character of the game, the several levels involved, plot, art and similar other elements. Individuals who opt for a career as a video game designer may also write the codes for the game using different programming languages.

Depending on the video game designer job description and experience they may also have to lead a team and do the early testing of the game in order to suggest changes and find loopholes.

Radio Jockey

Radio Jockey is an exciting, promising career and a great challenge for music lovers. If you are really interested in a career as radio jockey, then it is very important for an RJ to have an automatic, fun, and friendly personality. If you want to get a job done in this field, a strong command of the language and a good voice are always good things. Apart from this, in order to be a good radio jockey, you will also listen to good radio jockeys so that you can understand their style and later make your own by practicing.

A career as radio jockey has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. If you want to know more about a career as radio jockey, and how to become a radio jockey then continue reading the article.

Choreographer

The word “choreography" actually comes from Greek words that mean “dance writing." Individuals who opt for a career as a choreographer create and direct original dances, in addition to developing interpretations of existing dances. A Choreographer dances and utilises his or her creativity in other aspects of dance performance. For example, he or she may work with the music director to select music or collaborate with other famous choreographers to enhance such performance elements as lighting, costume and set design.

Social Media Manager

A career as social media manager involves implementing the company’s or brand’s marketing plan across all social media channels. Social media managers help in building or improving a brand’s or a company’s website traffic, build brand awareness, create and implement marketing and brand strategy. Social media managers are key to important social communication as well.

Photographer

Photography is considered both a science and an art, an artistic means of expression in which the camera replaces the pen. In a career as a photographer, an individual is hired to capture the moments of public and private events, such as press conferences or weddings, or may also work inside a studio, where people go to get their picture clicked. Photography is divided into many streams each generating numerous career opportunities in photography. With the boom in advertising, media, and the fashion industry, photography has emerged as a lucrative and thrilling career option for many Indian youths.

An individual who is pursuing a career as a producer is responsible for managing the business aspects of production. They are involved in each aspect of production from its inception to deception. Famous movie producers review the script, recommend changes and visualise the story.

They are responsible for overseeing the finance involved in the project and distributing the film for broadcasting on various platforms. A career as a producer is quite fulfilling as well as exhaustive in terms of playing different roles in order for a production to be successful. Famous movie producers are responsible for hiring creative and technical personnel on contract basis.

Copy Writer

In a career as a copywriter, one has to consult with the client and understand the brief well. A career as a copywriter has a lot to offer to deserving candidates. Several new mediums of advertising are opening therefore making it a lucrative career choice. Students can pursue various copywriter courses such as Journalism , Advertising , Marketing Management . Here, we have discussed how to become a freelance copywriter, copywriter career path, how to become a copywriter in India, and copywriting career outlook.

In a career as a vlogger, one generally works for himself or herself. However, once an individual has gained viewership there are several brands and companies that approach them for paid collaboration. It is one of those fields where an individual can earn well while following his or her passion.

Ever since internet costs got reduced the viewership for these types of content has increased on a large scale. Therefore, a career as a vlogger has a lot to offer. If you want to know more about the Vlogger eligibility, roles and responsibilities then continue reading the article.

For publishing books, newspapers, magazines and digital material, editorial and commercial strategies are set by publishers. Individuals in publishing career paths make choices about the markets their businesses will reach and the type of content that their audience will be served. Individuals in book publisher careers collaborate with editorial staff, designers, authors, and freelance contributors who develop and manage the creation of content.

Careers in journalism are filled with excitement as well as responsibilities. One cannot afford to miss out on the details. As it is the small details that provide insights into a story. Depending on those insights a journalist goes about writing a news article. A journalism career can be stressful at times but if you are someone who is passionate about it then it is the right choice for you. If you want to know more about the media field and journalist career then continue reading this article.

Individuals in the editor career path is an unsung hero of the news industry who polishes the language of the news stories provided by stringers, reporters, copywriters and content writers and also news agencies. Individuals who opt for a career as an editor make it more persuasive, concise and clear for readers. In this article, we will discuss the details of the editor's career path such as how to become an editor in India, editor salary in India and editor skills and qualities.

Individuals who opt for a career as a reporter may often be at work on national holidays and festivities. He or she pitches various story ideas and covers news stories in risky situations. Students can pursue a BMC (Bachelor of Mass Communication) , B.M.M. (Bachelor of Mass Media) , or MAJMC (MA in Journalism and Mass Communication) to become a reporter. While we sit at home reporters travel to locations to collect information that carries a news value.

Corporate Executive

Are you searching for a Corporate Executive job description? A Corporate Executive role comes with administrative duties. He or she provides support to the leadership of the organisation. A Corporate Executive fulfils the business purpose and ensures its financial stability. In this article, we are going to discuss how to become corporate executive.

Multimedia Specialist

A multimedia specialist is a media professional who creates, audio, videos, graphic image files, computer animations for multimedia applications. He or she is responsible for planning, producing, and maintaining websites and applications.

Quality Controller

A quality controller plays a crucial role in an organisation. He or she is responsible for performing quality checks on manufactured products. He or she identifies the defects in a product and rejects the product.

A quality controller records detailed information about products with defects and sends it to the supervisor or plant manager to take necessary actions to improve the production process.

Production Manager

A QA Lead is in charge of the QA Team. The role of QA Lead comes with the responsibility of assessing services and products in order to determine that he or she meets the quality standards. He or she develops, implements and manages test plans.

Process Development Engineer

The Process Development Engineers design, implement, manufacture, mine, and other production systems using technical knowledge and expertise in the industry. They use computer modeling software to test technologies and machinery. An individual who is opting career as Process Development Engineer is responsible for developing cost-effective and efficient processes. They also monitor the production process and ensure it functions smoothly and efficiently.

AWS Solution Architect

An AWS Solution Architect is someone who specializes in developing and implementing cloud computing systems. He or she has a good understanding of the various aspects of cloud computing and can confidently deploy and manage their systems. He or she troubleshoots the issues and evaluates the risk from the third party.

Azure Administrator

An Azure Administrator is a professional responsible for implementing, monitoring, and maintaining Azure Solutions. He or she manages cloud infrastructure service instances and various cloud servers as well as sets up public and private cloud systems.

Computer Programmer

Careers in computer programming primarily refer to the systematic act of writing code and moreover include wider computer science areas. The word 'programmer' or 'coder' has entered into practice with the growing number of newly self-taught tech enthusiasts. Computer programming careers involve the use of designs created by software developers and engineers and transforming them into commands that can be implemented by computers. These commands result in regular usage of social media sites, word-processing applications and browsers.

Information Security Manager

Individuals in the information security manager career path involves in overseeing and controlling all aspects of computer security. The IT security manager job description includes planning and carrying out security measures to protect the business data and information from corruption, theft, unauthorised access, and deliberate attack

ITSM Manager

Automation test engineer.

An Automation Test Engineer job involves executing automated test scripts. He or she identifies the project’s problems and troubleshoots them. The role involves documenting the defect using management tools. He or she works with the application team in order to resolve any issues arising during the testing process.

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Photosynthesis in higher plants...
Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes Biology

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CBSE Biology Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes Biology in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes Biology latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school based annual examinations. Class 11 Biology notes on Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes Biology are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.

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CBSE Quick Revision Notes CBSE Class-11 Biology CHAPTER-13 Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes Biology

Photosynthesis is a physico-chemical process by which green plants use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds. It is an enzyme regulated anabolic process.

$chemiosmotic hypothesis class 11 ncert$

Early Experiments

Joseph Priestley in 1770, on the basis of his experiments showed the essential role of air in growth of green plants. A mouse kept in closed space could get suffocated and die but if a mint plant is kept in bell jar neither candle will extinguish nor will the mouse die. He concluded that foul air produced by animal is converted into pure air by plants. Priestley discovered Oxygen gas in 1774.
Julius Von Sachs in 1854 shows that green part in plants produces glucose which is stored as starch. Starch is the first visible product of photosynthesis.
T.W.Engelmann (1843-1909) used prism to split light into its components and then illuminated Cladophora (an algae) placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria. He found that bacteria accumulated in blue and red light of the split spectrum. He thus discovered the effect of different wavelength of light on photosynthesis (action spectrum).

$chemiosmotic hypothesis class 11 ncert$

Where Does Photosynthesis Takes Place?

Chloroplasts are green plastids which function as the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic photoautotrophs. Inside the leaves, chloroplast is generally present in mesophyll cells along their walls.
Within the chloroplast there is a membranous system consisting of grana, the stroma lamellae and the fluid stroma.

Pigments involved in Photosynthesis – Chromatographic separation of leaf pigments are as follows-

Maximum absorption by chlorophyll a occurs in blue and red regions having higher rate of photosynthesis. So, chlorophyll a is the chief pigment.

Other thylakoid pigments like chlorophyll b, xanthophyll and carotenoids are called accessary pigments that absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a and protect them from photo-oxidation.

Light reaction

Light reaction(photochemical phase) includes:
Light absorption
Water splitting
Oxygen release
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH).
The pigments are organized into two discrete LHC( light harvesting complex) within photosystem I and photosystem II.
LHC are made up of hundreds of pigments molecules containing all pigments except single chlorophyll a molecules in each PS.
The pigments in photosystem I and photosystem II absorbs the lights of different wavelength. Single chlorophyll a molecule makes the reaction centre . In PS I reaction centre has highest peak at 700nm, hence called P700. And PS II reaction centre has highest peak at 680 nm, so called P680.

The Electron Transport System

Reaction centre of photosystem II absorbs light of 680 nm in red region and causing electron to become excited. These electrons are picked by an electron acceptor which passes to electron transport system consisting of cytochromes.
Electrons are passed down the electron transport chain and then to the pigment of PS I.
Electron in the PSI also get excited due to light of wavelength 700nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
When electron passes in downhill direction, energy is released. This is used to reduce the ADP to ATP and NADP+ to NADPH. The whole scheme of transfer of electron is called Z-scheme due to its shape.
Photolysis of water release electrons that provide electron to PS II. Oxygen is also released during this process.

$chemiosmotic hypothesis class 11 ncert$

Difference between cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP FORMATION

This hypothesis was proposed by Mitchell in 1961. ATP synthesis is linked to development of proton gradient across the membrane of thylakoid and mitochondria.

The process that causes development of proton gradient across the membrane is-

Splitting of water molecules occurs inside the thylakoid to produce hydrogen ion or proton.
As electron passes through the photosystems, protons are transported across the membrane because primary acceptor of electron is located towards the outer side the membrane.
The NADP reductase enzyme is located in the stroma side of membrane. Electrons come out from the acceptor of electron of PSI, protons are necessary for reduction of NADP+ to NADP + H+. These protons are also removed from the stroma. This creates proton gradient across the thylakoids membrane along with pH in the lumen.
Gradient is broken down due to movement of proton across the membrane to the stroma through trans-membrane channel of F0 of ATPase. One part of this enzyme is embedded in membrane to form trans-membrane channel. The other portion is called F1that protrudes on the outer surface of thylakoid membrane which makes the energy packed ATP.
ATP and NADPH produced due to movement of electron is used immediately to fix CO2 to form sugar.
The product of light reaction used to drive the process leading to synthesis of sugar are called biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis.

Calvin Cycle/C3 cycle/Reductive Pentose Sugar Phosphate Pathway

Calvin cycle can be described under three stages: carboxylation, reduction and regeneration.

Regeneration is the generation of RuBP molecules for the continuation of cycle. This process require one molecules of ATP.

Fig-Calvin Cycle/ C3 Cycle

C4 pathway/Hatch Slack Pathway

This pathway was worked out by Hatch and Slack (1965, 1967), mainly operational in plants growing in dry tropical region like Maize, Sugarcane, Sorghum etc.
OAA formed in mesophyll cell forms 4-carbon compound like malic acid or aspartic acid which is transported to bundle sheath cells.

Photorespiration

It is a the light dependent process of oxygenation of RuBP and release of carbon dioxide by photosynthetic organs of plants.
Photorespiration decreases the rate of photosynthesis when oxygen concentration is increased from 2-3% to 21%.
Presence of light and higher concentration of Oxygen results in the binding of RuBisCO enzyme with O2 to form.

Factors affecting photosynthesis

Light- as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases until light saturation point.
Temperature- it does not influence the rate of photosynthesis directly but at higher temperature enzyme activity is inhibited due to denaturation of enzymes which affect the dark reaction.
Water – due to increase in amount of water, rate of photosynthesis does not increase proportionally as after saturation no more water is required during photosynthesis.

Blackman’s Law of Limiting Factors states: If a chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then its rate will be determined by the factor which is nearest to its minimal value: it is the factor which directly affects the process if its quantity is changed.

Photosynthesis in higher plants class 11 Notes

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Hello to the editors, I am in 7th grade and this is very helpful. I found an error in the Chemical Equation where it says that there are 12 molecules of H20. There are supposed to be only 6 molecules of H20 for the equation the be balanced. Thank you

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Biochemistry
Microbiology
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Diversity in Life Form
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CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes

Chapter 1: The Living World

Diversity In The Living World
Binomial Nomenclature - Definition, Rules, Classification and Examples
Taxonomic Hierarchy In Biological Classification
Genus and Family
Difference Between Phylum and Class
Taxonomical Aids
Botanical Gardens
The Living World - Introduction, Classification, Characteristics, FAQs

Chapter 2: Biological Classification

Biological Classification
Kingdom Monera - Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Examples
Archaebacteria
Kingdom Protista
Chrysophytes
Dinoflagellates
Slime Moulds
Protozoans - Structure, Classification, Characteristics, Examples
Kingdom Fungi
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes - Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction, Importance
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
Kingdom Plantae - Class 11 Biology
Kingdom Animalia - Definition, Classification, Characteristics

Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

What is Plant Kingdom?
Algae - Definition, Characteristics, Types and Examples
Chlorophyceae
Phaeophyceae - Overview, Characteristics, Importance, Examples
Rhodophyceae
Bryophytes | Class 11 Biology
Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms - Definition, Characteristics, Uses and Examples
Angiosperms
Difference between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Chapter 4: Animal Kingdom

Animal Kingdom
Classification of Animal Kingdom
Levels of Organization in Animals
Symmetry in Animals - Definition, Types and Importance
Diploblastic And Triploblastic Organization
Classification of Animals
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Coelenterata | Class 11 Biology
Phylum Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Phylum Aschelminthes
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Hemichordata
Phylum Chordata

Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology of Flowering Plants - Flower, Fruit, Seed, Roots
Root System in Plants - Types and Functions of Root
Stem - Characteristics and Functions
Inflorescence
Morphology of Flower - Definition, Structure, Parts, Examples
Parts of a Flower and their Functions
Androecium - Definition, Components, Structure, Functions
Gynoecium - Definition, Concept, Parts, Functions
What is a Fruit?
Structure Of A Dicotyledonous Seed
Structure Of Monocotyledonous Seed
Semi Technical Description of a Flowering Plant - Class 11 Biology
Fabaceae - Overview, Characteristics, Classification, Importance
Solanaceae - Characteristics, Importance, Examples

Chapter 6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Meristematic Tissues | Class 11 Biology
Permanent Tissues
Why are Xylem and Phloem called Complex Tissues?
Epidermal Tissue System: Its Functions and Tissue in Plant
Difference between Dicot and Monocot Root
Monocot and Dicot Stems - Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Describe the Internal Structure of a Dorsiventral Leaf
Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf - Definition, Features, Structure, Examples
Secondary Growth
Cork Cambium

Chapter 7: Structural Organization In Animals

NCERT Notes of Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
Structural Organization in Animals
Epithelial Tissue - Introduction, Characteristics, Types, Importance
Connective Tissue - Definition, Functions, Types, Examples
Organ System
Morphology of Earthworm - Definition, Classification, Diagram and Examples
Earthworm Anatomy
Morphology of Cockroach
Anatomy of Cockroach
Morphology and Anatomy of Frogs

Chapter 8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Cell the Unit of Life Class 11 Notes CBSE Biology Chapter 8
Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Envelope - Definition, Classification, Types, Functions
Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Membrane
Endomembrane System - Overview, Structure, and Functions
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Plastids - Definition, Classification, Structure, Functions
Ribosomes | Class 11 Biology
Cytoskeleton - Definition, Structure, Components, Functions
Cilia And Flagella - Definition, Structure, Functions and FAQs
What is Nucleus? | Class 11 Biology

Chapter 9: Biomolecules

Biomolecules - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
How To Analyze Chemical Composition?
What are Metabolites? - Primary and Secondary
Biomacromolecules - Definition, Types, Functions, Significance
Proteins - Definition, Structure, Significance, Examples
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acid - Definition, Function, Structure, and Types
Protein Structure - Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Metabolic Basis For Living | CBSE Class 11 Biology Chapter 9
Enzymes - Definition, Structure, Classification, Examples
How Do Enzymes Bring About Such High Rates Of Chemical Conversions?
Nature of Enzyme Action
Mechanism of Enzymes Action
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Cofactors - Definition, Structure, Types, Examples

Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Cell Division: Mitosis & Meiosis, Different Phases of Cell Cycle
Mitosis - Overview, Phases, & Significance Class Notes
Mitosis Cell Division: Definition, Stages and Diagram
Meiosis - Definition, Stages, Function and Purpose

Chapter 11: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Where Does Photosynthesis Take Place?
Photosynthetic Pigments
What Is Light Dependent Reaction?
Electron Transport System (ETS) And Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

Where are the Atp and Nadph Used?
Calvin Cycle Notes Class 11
C4 Cycle of Photosynthesis
Photorespiration - Definition, Diagram, Process, Significance
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Chapter 12: Respiration in Plants

Respiration In Plants Class 11 Notes
Do Plants Breathe?
What is Glycolysis ?
Fermentation: Meaning, Process, Types and Importance
Aerobic Respiration
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle - Overview, Stages, Roles, Significance
Amphibolic Pathway
Respiratory Quotient

Chapter 13: Plant-Growth and Development

Plant Growth - Definition, Types, Factors Affecting, Examples
Phases of Growth In Plants - Growth Rates
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation in Plant Growth
Plant Growth and Development
Physiological Effects Of Plant Growth Regulators
Vernalization
Seed Dormancy

Chapter 14: Breathing and Exchange of Gases

NCERT Notes Class 11 Biology Chapter 14 - Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Human Respiratory System
Inspiration and Expiration
Lung Volumes And Capacities
Transport of Oxygen
Transport of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
Regulation Of Respiration
Respiratory System Disorders - Definition, Causes, Types, Symptoms

Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation

Body Fluids and Circulation
Plasma And Formed Elements
Blood Groups - ABO Blood Group and Rh Group System
Blood Coagulation
Lymphatic System
Circulatory Pathways - Anatomy and Functions
Cardiac Cycle | Class 11 Biology
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Double Circulation
Regulation of Cardiac Activity
Disorders of the Circulatory System

Chapter 16: Excretory Products and their Elimination

Excretory Products and their Elimination
Human Excretory System
Mechanism of Urine Formation
Functions of Renal Tubules
Mechanism Of Concentration Of The Filtrate
Micturition - The process of Urination
Role Of Other Organs In Excretion
Disorders Of The Excretory System

Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 17: Locomotion and Movement
Locomotion And Movement
Muscular Tissue - Structure, Functions, Types and Characteristics
Muscular and Skeletal Disorders

Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination
Neural Tissue
Generation And Conduction Of Nerve Impulse - NCERT Notes
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Central Nervous System
Reflex Action
Anatomy and Physiology of Human Eye
Anatomy and Physiology of Human Ear

Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration

NCERT Notes for Class 11 Biology Chapter 19: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus - Function, Hormones and Disorder
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland - Anatomy, Function and Clinical Aspects
Parathyroid Gland - Functions and Disorders
What is Thymus Gland?
Adrenal Gland
Testes - Anatomy and Functions
Ovary - Female Reproductive System
Hormones of Heart, Kidney And Gastrointestinal

NCERT Solution

NCERT Solutions Class 11- Biology
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 Living World
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 2 - Biological Classification
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 3 - Plant Kingdom
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 4 Animal Kingdom
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 5: Morphology of Flowering Plants
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 7 Structural Organisation in Animals
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 8 Cell The Unit of Life
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 9 - Biomolecules
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division
NCERT Solutions Chapter 11 of Class 11 Biology - Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 12 Respiration in Plants
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 - Plant Growth and Development
NCERT Solutions of Class 11 Chapter 14 Breathing and Exchange of Gases
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 15 Body Fluids and Circulation
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 16 Excretory Products and Their Elimination
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 17 Locomotion and Movement
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 19 - Chemical Coordination and Integration

The process through which a plant transforms light energy into chemical energy to produce food is known as photosynthesis . In the presence of chlorophyll, plants use water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight to make food or energy in the form of sugar, and as a by-product, they release oxygen. This suggests that light energy is used as a catalyst in chemical synthesis or reaction. Certain bacteria and prokaryotes also use this to prepare their food; it is not just for green plants. The chloroplast, a crucial organelle in green plants and algae that contains the pigment chlorophyll , is where synthesis occurs. The leaves, flowers, stems, sepals, and plastids all contain chlorophyll.

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis refers to the process by which ions move over a semi-permeable membrane , such as the membrane within mitochondria . Molecules containing a net electric charge are called ions. Examples include the specialized usage of Na + , Cl – , and H + in chemiosmosis to generate energy. During chemiosmosis, ions move along an electrochemical gradient or a gradient of electrochemical potential (a form of potential energy). Chemiosmosis is a type of diffusion, and it causes ions to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration across a membrane. Ions also move to balance the electric charge across a membrane.

The biological process by which ATP synthase produces ATP molecules is known as this process. An explanation of how energy molecules (ATP: Adenosine triphosphate) are produced during photosynthesis is provided by the Chemiosmotic theory, which was put forth by a British biochemist by the name of Peter Dennis Mitchell in 1961. Because of the improved understanding, it gave off the entire process of ATP generation within chloroplasts, his study was awarded the Nobel Prize. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, often known as NADP or NADP + , is created with ATP during the light reaction or photochemical phase. These constitute the essential components of photosynthesis . They are used to produce sugar molecules throughout the dark reaction or Calvin cycle .

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis Process

The proton gradient that exists across the thylakoid membrane is what causes the ATP- Adenosine Triphosphates to be created in this process. The proton gradient, ATP synthase, and proton pump are important elements required for the chemiosmosis process. ATP synthase is the name of the enzyme that is necessary for the synthesis of ATP molecules. Two subunits designated F0 and F1, make up the enzyme ATP synthase. To move protons across the membrane, the F0 subunit is necessary. This alters the F1 subunit’s conformation, which activates enzymes . By adding a phosphate group to ADP, the enzyme phosphorylates it, turning it into ATP. Across the membrane, there is a proton gradient, which acts as ATP synthase’s main propulsion source.

Chlorophyll absorbs light with the aid of photosystems during the light response stage of photosynthesis. As a result, the water molecules split, releasing protons and electrons in the process. This is known as hydrolysis. The electron transport system carries the liberated electrons as they become energized and proceed to a higher energy level.

In the meantime, the stroma’s released protons start assembling inside the membrane. As a result, a proton gradient is produced, which is a by-product of the electron transport chain. Photosystem I use the few remaining protons to convert NADP+ to NADPH using electrons from the photolysis of water. The proton gradient eventually collapses, releasing energy and protons that are then transported back to the stroma by ATP synthase F0. ADP is converted to ATP by the ATP synthase when the F1 conformation is altered by the resulting energy.

FAQs on Chemiosmosis Hypothesis

Question 1: What ion undergoes chemiosmosis as part of the production of ATP?

The process by which protons (H+) move down a proton gradient during cellular respiration is known as chemiosmosis. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group are joined by the enzyme ATP synthase as a result, creating ATP.

Question 2: What molecule is produced by chemiosmosis, and who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

ATP synthase’s role in the creation of ATP molecules naturally. The Chemiosmotic theory describes how energy molecules (ATP: adenosine triphosphate) are produced during photosynthesis and was put out by a British biochemist by the name of Peter Dennis Mitchell in 1961. He received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the discovery of this idea.

Question 3: What cell organelle is capable of chemiosmosis?

During cellular respiration in the mitochondria and photosynthesis in the chloroplasts, chemiosmosis takes place. These two procedures both produce ATP.

Question 4: Exactly what does the chemiosmotic theory entail?

A British biochemist by the name of Peter Dennis Mitchell first put forth the chemiosmotic idea in 1961. The chemiosmotic theory proposes that energy is released through a series of oxidation-reduction events when electrons are transported through an electron transport system. This energy can be used by specific chain carriers to move hydrogen ions (H+ or protons) through a membrane.

Question 5: Where does chemiosmosis take place in the mitochondria?

Within the inner mitochondrial membrane. The efficiency of chemiosmosis is determined by the electron transport chain (ETC), which is situated in the inner mitochondrial membrane. A group of proteins known as the ETC cooperate and pass electrons back and forth like a hot potato. As ion pumps for hydrogen ions, the ETC contains three proteins.

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Study Materials - Notes

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis – Class 11 | Chapter – 13 | Biology Short Notes Series PDF

January 17, 2023

Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: The chemiosmotic hypothesis is a biological mechanism proposed in 1961 by a British biochemist named Peter Dennis Mitchell.

It is the mechanism by which ATP molecules are synthesised by the activity of ATP synthase.
It is a process that describes how ATP molecules or energy molecules are formed as a result of the process of photosynthesis.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was granted to the biochemist for his important contributions to the discipline of Biology, since his study gave a clearer understanding of the complete process of the Chemiosmotic hypothesis.

The Process of Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

The proton gradient that prevails across the thylakoid membrane causes ATP: Adenosine triphosphates to be generated throughout this process. Proton gradient, ATP synthase, and proton pump are three essential components for the chemiosmosis process. ATP synthase is the enzyme that is needed for the formation of ATP molecules.

F0 and F1 are the 2 subunits of the ATP synthase enzyme. The F0 subunit is implicated in proton transport across the membrane, which results in changes in F1 structure and enzyme activation. The enzyme phosphorylates ADP (adding a phosphate group) and transforms ADP to ATP. ATP synthase is primarily driven by the proton gradient that develops throughout the membrane.

Photosystems assist chlorophyll absorb light during the light response phase of photosynthesis. This causes hydrolysis , in which water molecules are torn apart, releasing electrons and protons. The liberated electrons are energised and proceed to a higher energy level, where the electron transport system gives them away.

Meanwhile, the stroma’s discharged protons begin to accumulate within the membrane. As a result, a proton gradient is created, which is a product of the electron transport chain. Photosystem I use a little amount of the resulting protons to convert NADP+ to NADPH using electrons obtained from water photolysis. The proton gradient eventually collapses, releasing energy and protons that are transported back to the stroma via ATP synthase F0. The energy released causes changes in F1 conformation, which initiates the ATP synthase, which transforms ADP to ATP.

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Explain the chemiosmotic hypothesis for ATP synthesis.

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NEET Biology Mcq
MCQ on Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

MCQs on Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the synthesis of ATPs driven by proton gradient present across the membranes of mitochondria during respiration and thylakoid membranes during photosynthesis. Peter Mitchell proposed this hypothesis of ATP synthesis. ATP synthesis is coupled with the electron transport chain and generation of the proton gradient. He explained that if there is some other mechanism to generate pH gradient then electron transport is not necessary.

1. Proton concentration is highest in which part of the chloroplast?

(b) Intermembrane space

(d) Antennae complex

Answer: (c)

2. Cyclic photophosphorylation is associated with the production of

(d) All of the above

Answer: (a)

3. During cellular respiration, chemiosmosis occurs in

(a) Chloroplast

(b) Mitochondria

(d) Nucleoplasm

Answer: (b)

4. Which of the following is necessary for chemiosmosis?

(a) Proton gradient

(b) Membrane

Answer: (d)

5. Which of the following processes is responsible for generating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane?

(a) Proton carrier transport H + from stroma to lumen

(b) Splitting of water on the inner side of the membrane

6. Proton concentration is highest in which part of the mitochondria?

(b) Inner membrane

(d) Intermembrane space

7. Which part of ATP synthase forms the transmembrane channel?

(d) None of the above

8. The ATP synthesised by ATP synthase present in the thylakoid membrane is released towards

(d) outer membrane

9. ATP synthesis by ATP synthase is driven by the movement of

(a) protons

10. Who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP synthesis?

(a) Francis Crick

(b) H G Khorana

(d) J D Watson

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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis. It is the biological process of producing ATP molecules through the action of ATP synthase. In 1961, British biochemist by the name of Peter Dennis Mitchell theorized the Chemiosmotic hypothesis, which explains how the energy molecules (ATP: Adenosine triphosphate) are created during photosynthesis.
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Anjali Kushwah, in her Class 11 Biology lecture, delves into the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis within the Photosynthesis in Higher Plants chapter of the NCERT syll...
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In this video, we are going to discuss Chapter 13 of NCERT Class 11th - Photosynthesis in higher Plants, where we will cover,- Splitting of water in the Thyl...
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It includes all the topics given in NCERT class 11 Biology text book. Users can download CBSE guide quick revision notes from myCBSEguide mobile app and my CBSE guide website. ... Chemiosmotic Hypothesis of ATP FORMATION. This hypothesis was proposed by Mitchell in 1961. ATP synthesis is linked to development of proton gradient across the ...
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NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Chapter 18: Neural Control and Coordination; NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 19 - Chemical Coordination and Integration ... Chemiosmotic Hypothesis. The biological process by which ATP synthase produces ATP molecules is known as this process. An explanation of how energy molecules (ATP: Adenosine ...
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Chemiosmotic Hypothesis: The chemiosmotic hypothesis is a biological mechanism proposed in 1961 by a British biochemist named Peter Dennis Mitchell. It is the mechanism by which ATP molecules are synthesised by the activity of ATP synthase. It is a process that describes how ATP molecules or energy molecules are formed as a result of the process of photosynthesis.
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Free PDF download of NCERT Exemplar for Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 - Photosynthesis in Higher Plants solved by expert Biology teachers on Vedantu.com as per NCERT (CBSE) Book guidelines. ... the students learn about cyclic and Non- Cyclic Photo-phosphorylation. The chemiosmotic Hypothesis and where the ATP and NADPH are used, what is the ...
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Explain in short what is chemiosmotic hypothesis
Solution. Chemiosmotic hypothesis states describes that the ATP generated during cellular respiration is mostly produced by the proton electrochemical coupling inside the mitochondria and chloroplast of the cell. In the process of ATP synthesis, initially the hydrogen+ ions (protons) are transported from the mitrochondrial matrix to the space ...
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis in Plants during the Light Reaction
Chemiosmotic Hypothesis. In 1961, Peter Mitchell postulated the Chemiosmotic hypothesis. It explains the mechanism of ATP synthesis within chloroplast during photosynthesis. During the photochemical phase or light reaction, ATP and NADP are generated. These are the key components and used in the dark reaction for the production of the final ...
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Explain the chemiosmotic hypothesis for ATP synthesis.
Hint: A chemiosmotic Hypothesis may be an organic process that was theorized in 1961 by a British biochemist Peter Dennis Mitchell postulated this hypothesis which explains the mechanism of synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis, within the chloroplast. This hypothesis stated that a proton-motive force was liable for driving the synthesis of ...
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The chemiosmotic hypothesis explains the synthesis of ATPs driven by proton gradient present across the membranes of mitochondria during respiration and thylakoid membranes during photosynthesis. Peter Mitchell proposed this hypothesis of ATP synthesis. ATP synthesis is coupled with the electron transport chain and generation of the proton ...

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NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 13 Notes Photosynthesis In Higher Plants - Download PDF Notes

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