assignment on hardware and software

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Difference between Hardware and Software

Pre-Requisite: Computer Hardware , Computer Software

Computer Hardware and Software, both are essential parts of a Computer System. In short, Hardware and Software make a System compatible with the user. In this article, we are going to discuss the basic differences between Computer Hardware and Computer Software.

Components of Computer

Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit. 

Types of Computer Hardware

• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Storage Devices
• Internal Component

1. Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user enters data and information into the Computer or simply, User interacts with the Computer. Examples of Input Devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.

2. Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the result of the task performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are Monitors, Printers, Speakers, etc.

3. Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing data and they are also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of Storage Devices are CDs , DVDs , Hard Disk, etc

4. Internal Component: Internal Components consists of important hardware devices present in the System. Examples of Internal Components are the CPU, Motherboard, etc.

Computer Software

Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a programming code executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or code written for an operating system. Examples of software are MS- Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome, Photoshop, MySQL, etc. 

Types of Computer Software

• System Software
• Application Software

1. System Software: System Software is a component of Computer Software that directly operates with Computer Hardware which has the work to control the Computer’s Internal Functioning and also takes responsibility for controlling Hardware Devices such as Printers, Storage Devices, etc. Types of System Software include Operating systems, Language processors, and Device Drivers.

2. Application Software: Application Software are the software that works the basic operations of the computer. It performs a specific task for users. Application Software basically includes Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of Application software include General Purpose Software, Customized Software, etc.

Difference Between Hardware and Software

1. what are different types of hardware.

There are basically four types of Hardware: Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Internal Components

2. What are different types of Software?

There are basically two types of Software: System Software Application Software

3. What is the impact of Viruses on Hardware and Software?

Computer Hardware is not affected by Viruses, but Computer Software is affected by Viruses.

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Computer Science  - Hardware and Software

Computer science  -, hardware and software, computer science hardware and software.

Computer Science: Hardware and Software

Lesson 2: hardware and software.

/en/computer-science/algorithms/content/

Hardware and software

Hardware and software are two terms you've probably heard of at some point or another. The odds are high that you use both on a daily basis, whether it's with your smartphone or personal computer. Let's take a deeper look at what these two things are and why they're important.

Watch the video below to learn more about hardware and software.

Hardware is any element of a computer that's physical . This includes things like monitors , keyboards , and also the insides of devices, like microchips and hard drives .

Software is anything that tells hardware what to do and how to do it , including computer programs and apps on your phone. Video games, photo editors, and web browsers are just a few examples.

Hardware and software are different from each other, but they also need one another in order to function . Let's look at an example of this using a smartphone. In this case, the hardware would be the physical phone itself, and the software would be its operating system and apps.

If we were to take away the software, we would just have a dead phone in our hands. It wouldn't be able to make calls, text, or go online because it's not receiving any instructions .

On the other hand, let's say we have no hardware , meaning there's no actual phone. If all we have are the programs, we just have a bunch of instructions but nothing to give these instructions to .

The big picture here is that hardware needs software to tell it what to do, but software also needs hardware in order to act out its directions. When you combine the two, you can do all sorts of things, whether you're using a smartphone, computer, or any other type of device.

Technology will continue to evolve. We may not be sure how it will look in 100 years, but hardware and software will be there serving as its foundation.

/en/computer-science/binary/content/

How computers work: Hardware and software

Lesson objective ​.

In this lesson you will learn how computers work on the bit level. You will also learn the various different hardware and software components along with their roles and purpose. Some of the topics in this lesson may already be known to you.

Introduction ​

You may already be familiar with what computers and computer programs are, however let us do a quick recap of some important definitions and topics.

💭 What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that processes information—in other words, an information processor : it takes in raw information (or data ) at one end, stores it until it's ready to work on it. After working on data it spits out the results at the other end. All these processes have a name.

• Taking in information is called input
• Storing information is better known as memory (or storage)
• Working on information is also known as processing
• Spitting out results is called output

🎥 Watch the following video on "How Computers work : Hardware vs Software" to gain more insight on what we will be discussing further in this lesson.

Follow-up question

Q: What is the simplest form of code on a computer that controls all hardware?

B. High-level language

Solution: The answer is option C.

Hardware and Software ​

Observe the following image. What does it tell you?

Computers are essentially divided into Hardware and Software that makes it run efficiently and smoothly.

💭 Take a minute to think about it. How would you define hardware and software?

Hardware is everything that we see inside(or outside, like mouse and keyboard) of a computer with our eyes, like circuits, chips, wires, etc. fall under hardware.

Software is the set of computer programs that execute a certain function. It can be a line of code, an application, a website, and a lot more. It does not have a physical existence.

Primary functions of hardware and software ​

A computer uses hardware and software to execute tasks assigned. The primary thing that manages the tasks in a computer hardware is the CPU or Central Processing Unit .

• It has smaller components/circuits within it which are dedicated to smaller and more exact tasks(like executing a particular mathematical equation within a set of mathematical equations).
• It also sends and receives information from different parts of the computer.

One can imagine CPU as a manager of an organisation, who knows what task can or should be given to which employee.

• Every command or information comes in the form of binary numbers to the CPU. Binary numbers consist of 2 numbers(0 and 1), unlike decimal numbers(0 to 9).
• Binary code/information is the most basic piece of software that controls all the hardware associated with it.
• Actually, the 0s and 1s are translated into lower and higher voltages respectively.

It is done because a machine can understand and react to 2 different voltages.

The following table shows decimal numbers (in computer science lingo, decimal numbers are any numbers with the base 10) and their respective binary representations.

Although the computer can understand information and data in binary form, we don’t write any code using 0s and 1s. This is because the time required to write or debug a binary code will be very difficult and time consuming. In fact, we use high-level programming languages like Python, Java and C++ to write a readable piece of code, since they somewhat resemble English(the language with which we are used to).

Just like computer hardware uses CPU to manage all tasks, computer software also uses something known as Operating System to manage all tasks. Operating System manages how different softwares get to use the hardware of the computer.

Operating system does the following tasks

control other softwares

download applications

grant permissions to softwares(to access input and output devices)

execute other operations.

Whenever we switch from one application to another in our computer, the operating system facilitates that.

Check-point Assessment

Q1. The collection of wires, circuits, chips, etc. inside a computer is often referred to as _ .

A. Hardware

B. Software

C. Both of these

D. None of the above

Ans : A. Hardware

Q2. _ manages the operations in computer hardware.

A. RAM - Random access memory

B. CPU - Central processing unit

C. ROM - Read only memory

D. OS - Operating system

Ans : B. CPU - Central processing unit.

More on Hardware and software ​

🎥 Watch the following video on Computer Basics: Hardware vs Software and answer the following question.

Q. The camera at the back of a mobile phone is the _ whereas, the button of the screen required to click a photo is the _ .

A. hardware, software

B. software, hardware

C. software, software

D. hardware, hardware

Answer: A) hardware, software

Hardware and software are very different from each other, but they need each other to function properly. Like typing a mail would require you to use both your keyboard/keypad and the mail application (e.g. gmail) itself.

Thus, the hardware needs software to tell it what to do, and the software also needs hardware to get directions and information from the user.

Types of hardware ​

Here are some more details on the types of hardware of a computer.

Follow-up Question

Q1: Match the parts by watching this video

Show the solution!

Q2: What is the central circuitry board in the system unit?

C. Motherboard

Ans: C)Motherboard

Let’s get to know about the types of hardware.

Computer hardware is divided into two categories -

Internal hardwares are found inside the computer system. Motherboard is the central circuit board found inside the system unit(CPU case) of the computer. All other hardware components such as RAM, ROM memory like hard drives and SSD, power supply, graphics card, sound card, expansion cards, processor(CPU chip). The CPU(chip) is the brain of the computer hardware, about which we have mentioned earlier. Sound card helps to generate audio, and also helps an user to use a microphone with the computer. Expansion cards are network cards, bluetooth cards, etc. to expand the computer’s functionality.

External hardware components are also called peripherals. It consists of mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, earphones, etc.

External peripherals can also be divided into three categories -

1. Input Input devices are those devices, which helps the computer hardware to get information and directions from the user for the software. It includes keyboard, mouse, microphone, webcam, etc.

2. Output Output devices show information and data to the user. It includes monitor, earphones, printer, etc.

3. Storage Storage devices are those external devices which store data. Pendrive, hard drives, memory card, SSD are examples of storage devices. Every storage device has its own storage capacity.

Q1. External hardware of a computer can be classified into _ categories.

🎥 In the next lesson we will explore more on the Software side of the Computer. So through this video let’s get introduced to the hardware first.

Q1 : _ is the name of Computer Architecture used for hardware?

Von Neumann Architecture

It's the types of software and we will learn them in the next few lessons!

Until then,

Source: Giphy

• Lesson Objective
• Introduction
• Primary functions of hardware and software
• More on Hardware and software
• Types of hardware

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Unit 7. Evolution of computers

Topic B: Computer hardware and software

Click play on the following audio player to listen along as you read this section.

Computer Hardware Basics

Hardware – any physical device or equipment used in or with a computer system (anything you can see and touch).

External hardware

• External hardware devices (peripherals) – any hardware device that is located outside the computer.
• Input device – a piece of hardware device which is used to enter information to a computer for processing.

• Output device – a piece of hardware device that receives information from a computer.
• Examples: monitor, printer, scanner, speaker, display screen (tablet, smartphone …), projector, head phone, etc.

Internal hardware

• Internal hardware devices (or internal hardware components) – any piece of hardware device that is located inside the computer.
• Examples: CPU, hard disk drive, ROM, RAM, etc.

Computer Software Basics

Computer software.

• Software – a set of instructions or programs that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a specific task (computer software runs on hardware).
• Main types of software – systems software and application software.

Application software

• Application software – a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task.
• Examples of application software: word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, database management, Internet browsers, email programs, media players, accounting, pronunciation, translation, desktop publishing, enterprise, etc.

System Software

• Main functions of system software – allocating system resources, managing storage space, storing and retrieval of files, providing security, etc.
• Main types of systems software – operating system, device driver, utility software, programming software, etc.

Operating system (OS) – a software that controls and coordinates the computer hardware devices and runs other software and applications on a computer. It is the main part of system software and a computer will not function without it.

• Main functions of an operating system – booting the computer, managing system resources (CPU, memory, storage devices, printer, etc.), managing files, handling input and output, executing and providing services for application software, etc.
• Examples of operating system: Microsoft Windows, Apple iOS, Android OS, macOS, Linux, etc.

Device driver – a software program that is designed to control a particular hardware device that is attached to a computer.

• The main purpose of device driver – it acts as a translator between the hardware device and operating systems or applications that use it.
• It instructs computer on how to communicate with the device by translating the operating system’s instructions into a language that a device can understand in order to perform the necessary task.
• Examples of device driver: printer driver, display driver, USB driver, sound card driver, motherboard driver, ROM driver, etc.

Utility software – a type of system software that helps set up, analyze, configure, strengthen, maintain a computer and performs a very specific task (e.g. antivirus software, backup software, memory tester, screen saver, etc.).

any physical device or equipment used in or with a computer system (anything you can see and touch).

any hardware device that is located outside the computer.

a piece of hardware device which is used to enter information to a computer for processing.

a piece of hardware device that receives information from a computer.

any piece of hardware device that is located inside the computer.

a set of instructions or programs that tells a computer what to do or how to perform a specific task (computer software runs on hardware).

a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a specific task.

it is designed to run a computer's hardware and application software, and make the computer system available for use. It serves as the interface between hardware, application software, and the user.

a software that controls and coordinates the computer hardware devices and runs other software and applications on a computer. It is the main part of system software and a computer will not function without it.

a software program that is designed to control a particular hardware device that is attached to a computer.

a type of system software that helps set up, analyze, configure, strengthen, maintain a computer and performs a very specific task (e.g. antivirus software, backup software, memory tester, screen saver, etc.).

Key Concepts of Computer Studies Copyright © 2020 by Meizhong Wang is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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1.3: Hardware and Software

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• David J. Eck
• Hobart and William Smith Colleges

We will be using OpenGL as the primary basis for 3D graphics programming. The original version of OpenGL was released in 1992 by a company named Silicon Graphics, which was known for its graphics workstations—powerful, expensive computers designed for intensive graphical applications. (Today, you probably have more graphics computing power on your smart phone.) OpenGL is supported by the graphics hardware in most modern computing devices, including desktop computers, laptops, and many mobile devices. This section will give you a bit of background about the history of OpenGL and about the graphics hardware that supports it.

In the first desktop computers, the contents of the screen were managed directly by the CPU. For example, to draw a line segment on the screen, the CPU would run a loop to set the color of each pixel that lies along the line. Needless to say, graphics could take up a lot of the CPU’s time. And graphics performance was very slow, compared to what we expect today. So what has changed? Computers are much faster in general, of course, but the big change is that in modern computers, graphics processing is done by a specialized component called a GPU , or Graphics Processing Unit. A GPU includes processors for doing graphics computations; in fact, it can include a large number of such processors that work in parallel to greatly speed up graphical operations. It also includes its own dedicated memory for storing things like images and lists of coordinates. GPU processors have very fast access to data that is stored in GPU memory—much faster than their access to data stored in the computer’s main memory.

To draw a line or perform some other graphical operation, the CPU simply has to send commands, along with any necessary data, to the GPU, which is responsible for actually carrying out those commands. The CPU offloads most of the graphical work to the GPU, which is optimized to carry out that work very quickly. The set of commands that the GPU understands make up the API of the GPU. OpenGL is an example of a graphics API, and most GPUs support OpenGL in the sense that they can understand OpenGL commands, or at least that OpenGL commands can efficiently be translated into commands that the GPU can understand.

OpenGL is not the only graphics API. The best-known alternative is probably Direct3D, a 3D graphics API used for Microsoft Windows. OpenGL is more widely available, since it is not limited to Microsoft, but Direct3D is supported by most graphics cards, and it has often introduced new features earlier than OpenGL.

I have said that OpenGL is an API, but in fact it is a series of APIs that have been subject to repeated extension and revision. The current version, in early 2018, is 4.6, and it is very different from the 1.0 version from 1992. Furthermore, there is a specialized version called OpengGL ES for “embedded systems” such as mobile phones and tablets. And there is also WebGL, for use in Web browsers, which is basically a port of OpenGL ES 2.0. Furthermore, a new API named Vulkan has been defined as a replacement for OpenGL; Vulkan is a complex, low-level API designed for speed and efficiency rather than ease-of-use, and it will likely not completely replace OpenGL for some time, if ever. It will be useful to know something about how and why OpenGL has changed.

First of all, you should know that OpenGL was designed as a “client/server” system. The server, which is responsible for controlling the computer’s display and performing graphics com- putations, carries out commands issued by the client. Typically, the server is a GPU, including its graphics processors and memory. The server executes OpenGL commands. The client is the CPU in the same computer, along with the application program that it is running. OpenGL commands come from the program that is running on the CPU. However, it is actually possible to run OpenGL programs remotely over a network. That is, you can execute an application program on a remote computer (the OpenGL client), while the graphics computations and display are done on the computer that you are actually using (the OpenGL server).

The key idea is that the client and the server are separate components, and there is a communication channel between those components. OpenGL commands and the data that

they need are communicated from the client (the CPU) to the server (the GPU) over that channel. The capacity of the channel can be a limiting factor in graphics performance. Think of drawing an image onto the screen. If the GPU can draw the image in microseconds, but it takes milliseconds to send the data for the image from the CPU to the GPU, then the great speed of the GPU is irrelevant—most of the time that it takes to draw the image is communication time.

For this reason, one of the driving factors in the evolution of OpenGL has been the desire to limit the amount of communication that is needed between the CPU and the GPU. One approach is to store information in the GPU’s memory. If some data is going to be used several times, it can be transmitted to the GPU once and stored in memory there, where it will be immediately accessible to the GPU. Another approach is to try to decrease the number of OpenGL commands that must be transmitted to the GPU to draw a given image.

OpenGL draws primitives such as triangles. Specifying a primitive means specifying coordinates and attributes for each of its vertices. In the original OpenGL 1.0, a separate command was used to specify the coordinates of each vertex, and a command was needed each time the value of an attribute changed. To draw a single triangle would require three or more commands. Drawing a complex object made up of thousands of triangles would take many thousands of commands. Even in OpenGL 1.1, it became possible to draw such an object with a single command instead of thousands. All the data for the object would be loaded into arrays, which could then be sent in a single step to the GPU. Unfortunately, if the object was going to be drawn more than once, then the data would have to be retransmitted each time the object was drawn. This was fixed in OpenGL 1.5 with Vertex Buffer Objects . A VBO is a block of memory in the GPU that can store the coordinates or attribute values for a set of vertices. This makes it possible to reuse the data without having to retransmit it from the CPU to the GPU every time it is used.

Similarly, OpenGL 1.1 introduced texture objects to make it possible to store several images on the GPU for use as textures. This means that texture images that are going to be reused several times can be loaded once into the GPU, so that the GPU can easily switch between images without having to reload them.

As new capabilities were added to OpenGL, the API grew in size. But the growth was still outpaced by the invention of new, more sophisticated techniques for doing graphics. Some of these new techniques were added to OpenGL, but the problem is that no matter how many features you add, there will always be demands for new features—as well as complaints that all the new features are making things too complicated! OpenGL was a giant machine, with new pieces always being tacked onto it, but still not pleasing everyone. The real solution was to make the machine programmable . With OpenGL 2.0, it became possible to write programs to be executed as part of the graphical computation in the GPU. The programs are run on the GPU at GPU speed. A programmer who wants to use a new graphics technique can write a program to implement the feature and just hand it to the GPU. The OpenGL API doesn’t have to be changed. The only thing that the API has to support is the ability to send programs to the GPU for execution.

The programs are called shaders (although the term does’t really describe what most of them actually do). The first shaders to be introduced were vertex shaders and fragment shaders . When a primitive is drawn, some work has to be done at each vertex of the primitive, such as applying a geometric transform to the vertex coordinates or using the attributes and global lighting environment to compute the color of that vertex. A vertex shader is a program that can take over the job of doing such “per-vertex” computations. Similarly, some work has to be done for each pixel inside the primitive. A fragment shader can take over the job of performing such “per-pixel” computations. (Fragment shaders are also called pixel shaders.)

The idea of programmable graphics hardware was very successful—so successful that in OpenGL 3.0, the usual per-vertex and per-fragment processing was deprecated (meaning that its use was discouraged). And in OpenGL 3.1, it was removed from the OpenGL standard, although it is still present as an optional extension. In practice, all the original features of OpenGL are still supported in desktop versions of OpenGL and will probably continue to be available in the future. On the embedded system side, however, with OpenGL ES 2.0 and later, the use of shaders is mandatory, and a large part of the OpenGL 1.1 API has been completely removed. WebGL, the version of OpenGL for use in web browsers, is based on OpenGL ES 2.0, and it also requires shaders to get anything at all done. Nevertheless, we will begin our study of OpenGL with version 1.1. Most of the concepts and many of the details from that version are still relevant, and it offers an easier entry point for someone new to 3D graphics programming.

OpenGL shaders are written in GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language). Like OpenGL itself, GLSL has gone through several versions. We will spend some time later in the course studying GLSL ES 1.0, the version used with WebGL 1.0 and OpenGL ES 2.0. GLSL uses a syntax similar to the C programming language.

As a final remark on GPU hardware, I should note that the computations that are done for different vertices are pretty much independent, and so can potentially be done in parallel. The same is true of the computations for different fragments. In fact, GPUs can have hundreds or thousands of processors that can operate in parallel. Admittedly, the individual processors are much less powerful than a CPU, but then typical per-vertex and per-fragment computations are not very complicated. The large number of processors, and the large amount of parallelism that is possible in graphics computations, makes for impressive graphics performance even on fairly inexpensive GPUs.

Relationship between Hardware and Software

Hardware and software relationship.

• Hardware refers to the tangible or physical components of a computer system.
• Software , on the other hand, represents the collection of programs that instruct hardware to perform tasks.
• An intimate relationship exists between hardware and software as neither can work without the other.

Role of Hardware

• Hardware is designed to carry out computations and tasks but it cannot do so without instructions from software.
• Loved by gamers, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) need software (games themselves and drivers) to utilise their raw computing power.
• Central Processing Units (CPUs) need a compatible operating system and applicable software to perform calculations and process information.
• Peripheral devices , such as printers or scanners, require appropriate software drivers to function properly with a computer system.

Role of Software

• System software coordinates and controls hardware functionality. The operating system (OS) is an essential part of system software that manages computer hardware and software resources.
• Application software , often just called applications, refers to programs designed for end users. Such programs use an operating system (OS) and hardware to deliver their function.
• For instance, a word processing app heavily relies on the capabilities of the OS, CPU (processing), memory (storing document as you work), hard drive (long term storage), display (visualisation) and input devices (keyboard and mouse for interface).

Interdependence

• Hardware and software are highly interdependent . Without software, hardware is meaningless and without hardware, software has nothing to run on. They must cooperate together to execute tasks.
• For example, when a user requests to open an application, the OS (software) harnesses the CPU (hardware) to launch it.
• With advances in technology, the relationship between hardware and software has become more cooperative rather than strictly hierarchical. New hardware often inspires new software development, and vice versa.
• Hardware upgrades often require corresponding software updates . This is evident in new generations of CPUs often necessitating updates to the OS.
• Virtualisation is blurring the lines between hardware and software as software is used to emulate hardware setups leading to greater flexibility.

Importance of Understanding Relationship

• As aspiring computer scientists, understanding the symbiotic relationship between hardware and software lets you diagnose and rectify system failures, design efficient systems, and predict future trends in technology.
• In summary, hardware provides the raw power and structure for the system while software tells the hardware what, when and how to accomplish tasks. A mutual understanding and communication exists that makes the functioning of a computer system possible.

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Introduction to Hardware and Operating Systems

This course is part of multiple programs. Learn more

This course is part of multiple programs

Taught in English

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Instructor: IBM Skills Network Team

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What you'll learn

Demonstrate an understanding of operating system fundamentals.

Recognize desktop and laptop hardware components and devices.

Identify and describe internal desktop and laptop computer components, interfaces, and peripherals.

Explain basic workstation setup, locate operating system settings, and identify good troubleshooting practices.

Skills you'll gain

• Technical Support
• Operating Systems
• Troubleshooting
• IT Fundamentals

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There are 7 modules in this course

Get ready to enter the thriving field of Information Technology (IT), with job ready skills! This beginner friendly course provides the core hardware and operating system knowledge needed by anyone new to IT and computer hardware who wants to start a new career in technology, including IT Support, Networking, Cybersecurity, and Software Development.

You will first be introduced to computing fundamentals, the four functions of computing, and the benefits of computing. You will become knowledgeable of internal computer components, including motherboards, central processing units (CPUs), memory, hard drives, expansion slots, and others. Learn to identify interfaces, ports, connectors, and peripherals. You will become familiar with tasks that IT professionals perform; including workstation procurement, workstation setup processes, configure commonly used operating system settings & screen capture commands, computer acquisition practices, and job-essential troubleshooting processes. By the end of this course, you will become knowledgeable about hardware and operating systems, mobile operating systems, interfaces and connectors, Linux, and macOS. Throughout the course you will practice what you learn using interactive exercises and hands-on labs. At the end of the course, you will have the opportunity to complete a final project where you will apply your understanding of course content. This course is also part of the series to help you prepare for CompTIA ITF+ and A+ certification exams.

 Introduction to Computing Fundamentals

Welcome to your first module! After completing this module, you’ll be able to define what a computer is. You’ll learn about the four functions of computing, the parts of a computer associated with each of those functions, and the benefits of computing. Explore how to classify computing devices based on size and usage and describe the evolution of operating systems. Discover how computers communicate using notational (numeric) systems for processing and storing data, displaying onscreen text, hardware addresses, website colors, and web addresses. You’ll gain the practical knowledge needed to evaluate computing performance and storage. You’ll know the four ways to log into Microsoft Windows, be able to describe how to use the Start menu, Tiles, taskbar, and settings capabilities, and will be able to explain how to manage Windows on the desktop. You’ll round out your week with a lab where you’ll locate programs and navigate Windows to find important information about the computer and the Windows operating system.

What's included

7 videos 1 reading 2 quizzes 1 app item 1 discussion prompt

7 videos • Total 43 minutes

• Course Introduction • 3 minutes • Preview module
• Introduction to Computing Fundamentals  • 6 minutes
• Common Computing Devices and Platforms • 8 minutes
• Understanding How Computers Talk • 7 minutes
• An Introduction to Operating Systems  • 7 minutes
• Getting Started with Microsoft Windows • 6 minutes
• Using Your Windows Lab Workspace • 3 minutes

1 reading • Total 3 minutes

• Summary & Highlights • 3 minutes

2 quizzes • Total 40 minutes

• Practice Quiz: Introduction to Computing Fundamentals and Operating Systems • 10 minutes
• Graded Quiz:  Introduction to Computing Fundamentals • 30 minutes

1 app item • Total 15 minutes

• Lab: Microsoft Windows Navigation Basics • 15 minutes

1 discussion prompt • Total 5 minutes

• Introduce Yourself • 5 minutes

Computing Devices and Peripherals

Computer hardware is the set of physical parts that make up the interior of your computer. Peripherals are pieces of hardware that are added to the outside of a computer for it to work more efficiently. Both hardware and peripherals are used to take input, store data, display output, and execute commands. This week, you will learn about several types of hardware components and peripherals. You will learn about printers and scanners, input and output devices, external storage devices, and audio and video devices.

7 videos 1 reading 2 quizzes 3 app items 1 plugin

7 videos • Total 34 minutes

• Identifying Hardware Components and Peripherals  • 3 minutes • Preview module
• Input and Pointing Devices   • 3 minutes
• Hard Drives • 5 minutes
• Optical Drives and External Storage • 7 minutes
• Display Devices • 4 minutes
• Printers and Scanners • 4 minutes
• Audio and Visual Devices • 4 minutes

2 quizzes • Total 45 minutes

• Practice Quiz: Computing Devices and Peripherals • 15 minutes
• Graded Quiz: Computing Devices and Peripherals • 30 minutes

3 app items • Total 40 minutes

• Lab: Exploring Installed Hardware and System Information • 10 minutes
• Lab: Using Device Manager for the Keyboard and Pointing Devices • 15 minutes
• Lab: Using Disk Management for Managing Disk Drives • 15 minutes

1 plugin • Total 5 minutes

• Activity: Identifying Hardware Devices • 5 minutes

Interfaces and Connectors

A computer’s multiple components, both internal and external, are constantly interacting with each other to receive input, perform requested computing functions, and provide output. As technology has evolved and connection methods have standardized, a vast array of external devices can now easily and successfully connect with computers and reliably perform their tasks. This week, you will learn how hardware and peripheral devices connect to form a functioning computer. You will learn about ports, interfaces, and connectors used by graphics, audio, networks, printers, and other peripheral devices. You will also learn about the types of installations these devices use to become operational.

6 videos 1 reading 2 quizzes 2 app items 1 plugin

6 videos • Total 36 minutes

• Identifying Ports and Connectors • 8 minutes • Preview module
• Identifying Graphic Devices • 9 minutes
• Identifying Audio Connectors • 3 minutes
• Wired and Wireless Connections • 6 minutes
• Peripheral and Printer Connections • 5 minutes
• Installation Types • 3 minutes
• Practice Quiz: Interfaces and Connectors • 15 minutes
• Graded Quiz: Interfaces and Connectors • 30 minutes

2 app items • Total 30 minutes

• Lab: Reviewing Display Settings and Configuration • 15 minutes
• Lab: Installing a Local Printer • 15 minutes

1 plugin • Total 10 minutes

• Activity: Identifying Devices and Connectors • 10 minutes

Internal Computer Components

Computer hardware, the physical part of a computer, is infrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. When you think of the term computer hardware, you probably think of what's inside your personal computer at home or your computer at work. However, computer hardware does not specifically refer to personal computers. Instead, it is all types of computer systems. Computer hardware is located in embedded systems in automobiles, microwave ovens, CD players, DVD players, and many more devices. In this lesson, you’ll learn about common internal components of home and business computer systems.

6 videos • Total 28 minutes

• Internal Computer Components • 3 minutes • Preview module
• Data Processing and Storage • 7 minutes
• Internal Storage • 6 minutes
• Display Cards and Sound Cards • 3 minutes
• Network Interface Cards • 3 minutes
• Cooling and Fans • 3 minutes
• Practice Quiz: Internal Computer Components • 15 minutes
• Graded Quiz: Internal Computer Components • 30 minutes

2 app items • Total 35 minutes

• Lab: Using Device Manager for Monitor and Display Adapters • 20 minutes
• Lab: Using Device Manager for Network Adapters and Disk Drives • 15 minutes
• Activity: Identifying Internal Computer Components • 10 minutes

Windows Workstation Setup, Evaluation, and Troubleshooting

Workstation setup, operating system configuration, and workstation troubleshooting are all in a day’s work for IT support. Whether the task is selecting a new computer for a colleague, reconfiguring an operating system for a coworker’s accessibility needs, or troubleshooting a file or directory visibility issue, IT support personnel need procedures that help them complete these tasks quickly, confidently, and correctly. This week, you’ll gain knowledge of workstation procurement and basic Windows operating system configuration and management. You’ll discover techniques that help you optimize file and folder organization and perhaps even help users locate hidden files. Learn timesaving keyboard commands to capture screens using Windows 10 workstations, macOS workstations, and Chromebooks. You will complete your learning with an overview of business continuity principles used for fault tolerance and disaster recovery.

10 videos 1 reading 3 quizzes 2 app items 3 plugins

10 videos • Total 63 minutes

• Installing Microsoft Windows 10 Operating System • 4 minutes • Preview module
• Microsoft Windows 10 Operating System Configuration • 5 minutes
• Microsoft Windows 10 Management and Performance • 5 minutes
• Managing File and Folders • 8 minutes
• Evaluating Computing Performance and Storage • 6 minutes
• Workstation Evaluation and Setup • 6 minutes
• Screen Capture and Tools • 4 minutes
• Introduction to Troubleshooting • 6 minutes
• Advanced Microsoft Windows 10 Management and Utilities • 5 minutes
• Introduction to Business Continuity Principles • 8 minutes

3 quizzes • Total 55 minutes

• Practice Quiz: Microsoft Windows Workstation Setup and Management • 10 minutes
• Practice Quiz: Introduction to Workstation Evaluation, Setup, and Troubleshooting • 15 minutes
• Graded Quiz: Introduction to Microsoft Workstation Setup and Management and Workstation Evaluation, Setup, and Troubleshooting • 30 minutes

2 app items • Total 50 minutes

• Lab: Using File Explorer to Manage Files and Folders • 20 minutes
• Lab: Using System Settings to Troubleshoot Internet Connection Issues • 30 minutes

3 plugins • Total 50 minutes

• Activity: Navigating Files and Folders • 10 minutes
• Instructional Lab: Evaluating Computer Systems • 30 minutes
• Activity: Setting Up Workstations and Changing Settings • 10 minutes

Final Quiz and Assignment

In this module, you’ll assess your course knowledge through a final quiz based on the previous five modules.

2 videos 2 readings 1 quiz 1 peer review 1 plugin

2 videos • Total 8 minutes

• Optional: IBM Technical Support Professional Certificate • 5 minutes • Preview module
• Optional: Professional Certificate: Overview of Courses • 2 minutes

2 readings • Total 13 minutes

• Congrats and Next Steps • 3 minutes
• Thanks from the Course Team • 10 minutes

1 quiz • Total 60 minutes

• Graded Quiz: Final Quiz • 60 minutes

1 peer review • Total 120 minutes

• Peer Reviewed Assignment • 120 minutes

1 plugin • Total 15 minutes

• Glossary for Computing Fundamentals • 15 minutes

Bonus Module - Exploring Additional Desktop and Mobile Operating Systems

Welcome to your bonus module! Although Microsoft Windows dominates the desktop operating system market, organizations also use computers that run Linux, macOS, and ChromeOS operating systems. And many organizations also support users who have devices that use iOS and Android mobile operating systems. When you complete this module, you’ll be able to explain why organizations support these alternative operating systems. You’ll be able to compare and contrast operating system log-in processes, network connection methods, onscreen navigation, menus, and features. You’ll also gain the knowledge needed to explain where each operating system stores device identifiers, version information, and system settings. Stretch and grow your Linux skills using the Linux lab.

6 videos 1 app item

6 videos • Total 44 minutes

• Exploring Linux Operating System Essentials • 6 minutes • Preview module
• Getting Started with macOS • 7 minutes
• Networking and Performance macOS Essentials • 7 minutes
• ChromeOS Operating System Essentials • 6 minutes
• Introduction to Mobile Devices - iOS • 7 minutes
• Introduction to Mobile Devices - Android • 8 minutes

1 app item • Total 60 minutes

• Hands-on Lab: Getting Started with Linux Terminal • 60 minutes

Instructor ratings

We asked all learners to give feedback on our instructors based on the quality of their teaching style.

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very good experience i have learn how the operating system work and many more things , thanks a lot

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The specifics of the assignment and potential changes would depend on the objectives and requirements of the course or educational program in which the assignment is being conducted.

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This is an amazing course. I understand hoe to troubleshoot and feel more confident moving forward.

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Lecture on Computer Hardware and Software

This is a Lecture on Computer Hardware and Software. Objective of this lecture is Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware; Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems; Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage; Describe several important trends occurring in computer software; Give examples of several major types of application and system software; Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing.

Presentation on Total Quality Management

Lecture on project monitoring, tailoring strategy to fit specific industry and company situations, evaluating a company’s resources and competitive position, mr. pottle and culture, graphene-based functional semiconductor, heart circulatory system, guidelines for improve visual merchandising, advantages of amino acids, annual report 2009 of itc limited, latest post, mid-ocean ridge (mor), harnessing hydrogen at the genesis of life, ngc 5728’s faint characteristics are exposed, astronomers discover the oldest black hole ever observed, atomic hydrogen welding, variable-frequency transformer (vft).

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1.2 Hardware and software

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

• define Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Information Technology
• provide an overview of a general model of a computer
• provide an overview and concepts of the main components of a computer system
• define shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software
• explain the interdependency of hardware and software
• state and differentiate between the types of computers
• categorise computers/classification of computers
• list the advantages and disadvantages of using computers
• explain and differentiate between data and information
• explain the information processing cycle
• provide an overview of uses and examples of information within an organisation
• explain why is information useful
• provide an overview of a general model of an ICT system.

input device – any hardware or peripheral device that allows you to enter data into a computer or interact with a computer

storage device – a hardware device that is used for storing data

random-access memory (RAM) – a hardware device, usually on the motherboard, that allows information and data to be temporarily stored and retrieved on a computer while it is on

processing device – a hardware device that receives the data, performs a set of instructions, and then returns the processed data to the RAM

output device – a device that formats and presents data in a form understandable to a user

communication device – a hardware device capable of transmitting a signal over a wire or wireless connection.

INTRODUCTION

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) is the combination of computer-based technologies (such as computing devices and smartphones) with communication technologies (such as telephones, cell phones and the internet). In practice, it refers to all the hardware, software, and systems essential to communicate electronically.

Over the last twenty years, the field of ICT has grown from a small niche field to one of the most important fields in the world. Refer to the YouTube video to see how ICT has changed over the years.

https://youtu.be/FBmWaxir8Dg

UNIT 1.1 General model of a computer

In this unit, you will:

• explain the information processing cycle.

ICT SYSTEMS AND IT

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refers to technologies that capture, transmit and display data and information electronically and includes all devices, applications and networking elements that allow people to connect in a digital world.

An ICT system refers to the overall set-up, consisting of hardware, software, data and its users. ICT systems as a whole include:

• People – to supply the data and to make decisions from the output supplied from the system information, which is based on the results from processing data and the output from an ICT system.
• Hardware e.g. input devices, storage, processor, output devices and communication devices.
• Procedures – to determine what needs to be done and when. This causes the passing of data or information between people.
• Software – the computer programs which provide the step-by-step instructions to complete the task.
• Data – raw material that is processed by the system to provide the information for the output provided by the system. Data can come in different formats, such as sounds, images, and videos, etc.

In order for an ICT system to function, it needs to receive, store, retrieve, manipulate and transmit data.

Computers are programmable electronic devices designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations. Computers are used in Information Technology (IT) – which is a subset of ICT. Computers store, transmit, retrieve and manipulate data for businesses and other enterprises. Computers refer to the hardware, and since computers cannot initiate functionality on their own, they start functioning as soon as they receive data to work with (to process). This data is then stored on the computer, the computer manipulates the data according to the instructions it has received, before sending the new information back to the user.

Thus, we can say that Information technology (IT) is the development, maintenance and use of computer systems, software, and networks for processing and communicating data.

THE GENERAL MODEL OF A COMPUTER

The following illustration demonstrates a general model of a computer and shows that the functions of a computer are similar to the steps of the information processing cycle. All basic computers consist of four functions: input, storage, processing and output.

IPO is often called IPOS or input, process, output, storage. The computer receives input, processes the input as per user instructions and provides output and can be stored in a desired format.Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it, is called information. Raw facts and figures that can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain information are called data.

The general model of computers can be used to explain how each computer (or smartphone) works.

Once you understand how a computer operates, it becomes a lot easier to think about creating your own programs. When you begin learning about coding a program, you need to understand that you must create a set of step-by-step instructions that manages the flow of information: from when your program receives data from the user, up to the point when it returns output back to the user.

1.1.1 Differentiate between ICT and IT.

1.1.2 List the output devices of your computer.

1.1.3 Follow the guidelines below to provide a diagrammatic example of the general model of computers.

a. Draw a diagram of the five steps of the general model of computers.

b. Define each step.

c. Think about when you send a WhatsApp message. How can you apply the general model of a computer to this?

Hint: Watch the video given in the QR code to help you answer this question.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEjPop-aK_w

UNIT 1.2 Hardware and software

In this unit, you will learn about the following:

• explain the interdependency of hardware and software.

HARDWARE VS. SOFTWARE

For a computer to function properly, it must consist of both hardware and software, because the hardware and software are interdependent. This means that the one will not function without the other.

• Hardware consists of the physical components of a computer, also referred to as the equipment of a computer. Hardware devices can be categorised according to their functionality on the computing device.
• Software Application software (Apps) and System software (Operating System ) refers to the programs used to direct the operation of a computer. It also contains the instructions for how to use the software.

HARDWARE: THE PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

The common physical components of a computer system that will be discussed are input (keyboard, mouse), storage (hard drive), memory (RAM), processing (CPU), output (monitor, printer) and communication (Network Interface Card, NIC).

• Input devices are any hardware devices that allows you to input data into a computer or interact with a computer. In the past, the most popular input devices included the mouse and keyboard. These days, however, there is quite a variety of input devices. One very popular example is the touchscreen keyboard on mobile smartphones.
• A storage device is a hardware device that allows you to store data for later use. There are many different storage devices, with each device having advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most popular storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). The different storage devices will be discussed in more detail in later chapters.

• Random-access memory (RAM) refers to a fast, temporary form of storage. All data and instructions that is currently being executed is stored in RAM. RAM is volatile, that is, all data is erased from your RAM when your computer is turned off. RAM is also referred to as memory.

• Processing devices receive the data from the RAM, perform sets of instructions, and returns the processed data to the RAM. The two most important processing devices in modern computers are:
• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for processing general instructions. Every application makes use of the CPU to collect, decode and execute instructions as required by the application.
• The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is responsible for processing the instructions that create the pictures on your screen, for example, three-dimensional games rely heavily on the GPU to create their images.

• Output devices are devices that return the computer’s instructions, as results, to the user. Popular output devices include monitors / screens and printers.

Do not mistake the screen of a computer for the computer itself! In many films, actors destroy the screen of a computer to destroy the computer. In most situations, the computer would continue working without a screen and users would be able to use the computer as soon as a new screen is connected.

• A communication device is a hardware device capable of transmitting an analog or digital signal over a wired or wireless connection. Examples include, a modem and a network interface card (NIC) that can be either wired or wireless

SOFTWARE: THE NON-PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Software refers to the set of instructions a computer uses to complete any instructed task. Software is the program that is operated by the hardware. These include programs such as, Microsoft Applications or InDesign Creative Suite. As a result, hardware and software are interdependent.

Remember that this interdependence means that neither the software nor the hardware can function without the other one. Hardware cannot do anything without software because it depends on the processed instructions to provide input, while software cannot function without hardware to process the user’s instructions.

The two most important types of software are:

• system software (including the operating system)
• application software.

One of the primary outcomes of this subject is to teach you how to write your own software. This will allow you to use the power of a computer to make your life, and the lives of the people all around the world, better and easier!

You will learn more about the different types of hardware and software and the relationship between them.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software is the specific type of software that manages the flow of data and the information contained on the computer. The operating system (OS) is the most important type of system software.

Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS, iOS and Android. The OS is designed to control and coordinate the tasks and functions of computer hardware.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application software is a program that is built for a specific purpose, like sending a message, browsing the internet, or typing a document. Application software refers to any software that lets the user accomplish a function or create content. Application software requires system software in order to function. This type of software includes media players, spreadsheets and word processors. When multiple applications are packaged together it is called an application suite. Examples include Microsoft Office, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox and Skype. Games and mobile applications such as Spotify and Uber, are also considered application software.

SHAREWARE, FREEWARE, FREE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (FOSS) AND PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE

Let’s have a look at the table on the next page. The table shows the differences and uses between shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software.

When a program is developed, the developers decide whether the code is proprietary or open source software (OSS). The table below explains more about open source software.

Table 1.1: Shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software

Keep in mind that there are safety precautions you should follow when downloading free or paid software. Nothing stops the developer from bundling the software with malicious software, malware (virus, worms, or spyware) and still make you pay for it. There is also a lot of freeware that is useless or ineffective and you need to be aware of the importance of practicing good software safety, so that you can choose the best software for your needs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ehpgbb3XD0

https://qrs.ly/3eab1zk

1.2.1 Explain the difference between hardware and software.

1.2.2 Explain the interdependency of hardware and software.

1.2.3 Match column A with column B. Only write the question number and the alphabet letter, e.g. 1, M:

1.2.4 a. Differentiate between system software and application software.

b. List two examples of operating systems.

c. List two examples of application software.

1.2.5 a. Define shareware, freeware, free open source software (FOSS) and proprietary software.

b. Evaluate which categories given in question 1.2.4 a. above would most likely be used for the following:

ii. a businessman who has online meetings

iii. a student researching for a project

iv. a teacher designing lesson plans

1.2.6 a. Distinguish between the six main components of a computer system.

b. Provide an example for each of the main components of a computer system.

1.2.7 What is a storage device? Give examples of those that you have in your computer lab.

1.2.8 Read the following article taken from an eNCA report and answer the questions that follow.

Subdued growth to dominate SA’s ICT market

By KAUTHAR GOOL

Johannesburg, 15 Feb 2018

S outh Africa’s overall ICT market is expected to reach $21.4 billion (R248 billion) by the end of 2018, and $23.4 billion (R273 billion) by 2021, representing a compound average growth rate of 2.9%.

This is according to market research firm IDC, which hosted its IDC Directions 2018 event in Johannesburg this week.

Speaking at the event, Mark Walker, associate vice-president for Sub-Saharan Africa at IDC, said this is in line with overall macro-economic growth expectations which are relatively subdued.

According to Walker, IT services, software and infrastructure roll-out are the fastest growth segments in SA’s ICT market.

‘The government and financial sectors dominate spend in South Africa,’ he noted. ‘In finance, this is driven by investment in upgrading legacy systems, compliance, as well as risk mitigation and improving customer experience.’

He pointed out that government spend is focused on maintaining and upgrading existing systems while rolling out infrastructure and improving connectivity as progress is made on various discrete smart city initiatives.

[Source: https://www.itweb.co.za/content/xnklOvzbkd8v4Ymz [Last accessed April 2019]]

a. ICT and IT are mentioned in the excerpt. Explain and describe the difference between these terms.

b. The term ‘legacy systems’ is used in the text. Research this term and explain its meaning in your own words.

c. Explain what in meant by ICT infrastructure.

d. What is meant by connectivity in this context?

UNIT 1.3 Types of computers

• categorise computers/classification of computers.

Wouldn’t it be fantastic if each morning, 10 minutes before your alarm goes off, your coffee machine automatically pours you a cup of coffee, tea or hot chocolate, your toaster makes fresh toast, your lights slowly turn on and music starts playing?

Less than 15 years ago these concepts could only be found in science fiction films. Today, thanks to the development of affordable computers, all these smart devices exist and are ready to make your life more comfortable. These devices are generally called smart devices or embedded computers and are one of the five types of computers you can find today.

Supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, microcomputers and mobile computers are the main categories under which computers can be classified.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Computers can be classified as general-purpose computers, specific purpose computers or super computers.

General-purpose computers compute a range of tasks but lack super speed and efficiency. The purpose of computers in this category might differ from one another: Examples are:

• desktop computers
• smartphones.

Specific purpose computers handle a specific problem or task. It uses a high level of accuracy and processing power. Examples are:

• embedded devices.

Super computers are extremely expensive, and the applications are for specialised activities or tasks such as weather forecasting.

Classification of computers in terms of data processing power and capacity could be done in the following grouping:

Table 1.2: Types of computing devices

Examples of embedded computers are:

• ATM machines
• MP3 players
• DVD players
• Anti-lock braking system
• Airbag control system
• Digital watches.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dS58AfaOAxk

https://qrs.ly/daab1zl

1.3.1 Identify the different types of computers illustrated below.

1.3.2 Differentiate between the six types of computing devices.

1.3.3 Which of the devices below are examples of embedded devices? Support your answers.

a. Mobile phone

b. Navigating system in a motor vehicle

c. A tablet

d. A robotic vacuum cleaner

d. Television decoder

1.3.4 Your school wants to upgrade their computers in the media centre. A debate has started about whether to replace the desktop computers with laptops or tablets. Critique the options and give reasons for your choice.

UNIT 1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of using computers

• list the advantages and disadvantages of using computers.

ADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER

There are many advantages of using computers. However, the following are some of the most important ones to know:

1. Provides access to more information

2. Completes tasks that might be impossible for humans to complete

3. Saves time

4. Automates repetitive tasks

5. Allows for greater productivity

6. Allows for better communication and connections

7. Entertainment

DISADVANTAGES OF USING A COMPUTER

Unfortunately computers also have some disadvantages. These disadvantages include:

1. Social risks: computers provide humans access to social media, which can be addictive, make people less happy, lead to jealousy, and get in the way of real-world friendships. In fact, a study found that of 1 500 Facebook users interviewed, 62% said Facebook occasionally made them feel like they are not good enough, and 60% said that comparing themselves to other people on Facebook made them jealous.

2. Health risks: research has shown that excessive computer use can result in several medical problems, including back pain, eyestrain, obesity, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and repetitive strain injury (RSI) . However, with good ergonomic practices, many of these health risks could be reduced or removed.

RSI (REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY) – a painful inflammation of the tendons that often results from overuse. A tendon is tissue that attaches muscle to the bone

ergonomics – the study of how humans interact with fabricated objects, the goal is to create an environment that is well suited to the users’ physical needs

3. Security risks: computer security risk can be created by malware, that is, bad software, that can attack your computer system, destroy your files, steal your data, or allow an attacker to gain access to your system without your knowledge. Computers are programmed to follow instructions, and sometimes people program computers to act in a way that harms a user.

4. High cost: computers are expensive. Even the most affordable computers are still very expensive for the average person in South Africa. Since computers empower people, the high cost of computers puts pressure on people who are not able to afford them, and places them at a disadvantage.

5. Distractions/disruptions: if you have ever spent hours browsing the internet or watching videos on YouTube, then you know how distracting computers can be! Because of their high entertainment value, it is easy for computers to distract people and stop them from being productive.

6. Environmental impact: computers use a lot of electricity and in most cases the generation of electricity is harmful to the environment because of the carbon emissions. This has a huge impact on our planet.

1.4.1 List any TWO advantages of computers.

1.4.2. List any TWO disadvantages of computers.

1.4.3. What do you use a desktop computer for?

1.4.4. In two teams, debate for and against the use of computers. Support your answers.

UNIT 1.5 Data and information management

• explain why information is useful

So far, we have spoken a lot about computers receiving data, manipulating the data, and then turning data into useful information. But what exactly is data and how does it differ from information?

Data can be defined as unprocessed numbers, or facts. Without first processing or changing data, it is meaningless. For example, your school might have data on the names, surnames, addresses, contact details, as well as the results of every class test, assignment, test, and exam of all current and past learners stored on a computer somewhere. While this data is important to store, it could be hundreds or even thousands of pages long and very difficult to interpret!

Information can be defined as facts and numbers that have been organised / processed so that it is useful / meaningful to people. For example, if your mathematics teacher wanted to see how well your current class is performing compared to last year’s class, she might ask your school’s database administrator to process the available data into averages for the two years. In that way, all those thousands of pages of data are processed into two numbers that can be compared easily. Similarly, the report you receive at the end of each school year takes all the data that teachers have collected during the year and turns that data into a single report that you can use to measure your performance.

One of the main functions of a computer is to take unprocessed data (data that is useless to humans) and then turn it into something that is meaningful and easy to understand for humans.

OVERVIEW OF AN ICT SYSTEM IN ORGANISATIONS

Information is useful in an organisation because it will speed up the decision-making process, and help the business to improve their business service offering.

For example, supermarkets and chain stores use ICT systems for a variety of reasons. Let’s look at an example of a Point of sale (POS) system, paying special attention to the processes of receiving, storing, conveying, and manipulating data.

EXAMPLE OF A POINT OF SALE SYSTEM PROCESS:

From the cashier and customer’s perspective, a supermarket’s ICT system is a standalone computer, called a cash register. However, it consists of much more than that.

Most products have a barcode, which is a pattern of narrow and wide stripes that is read by a barcode reader. The barcode consists of information about the product such as, availability in store, quantities, orders, etc. The scan reader will scan the barcode optically and convert the stripes into numerical data, which is then transferred automatically to the checkout computer (cash register). The barcode reader sometimes beeps after scanning an item to signal to the cashier that the item is now identified.

Look at the IPO table below to see how this process works:

Answer the questions, which are based on the three scenarios below.

Increasingly, the internet and big data are combined with mobility and social networking to allow companies to respond speedily to customer demands. Let’s use the Red Robin restaurant chain in the United States as an example.

A while ago, they tested a new hamburger across the chain and gave their frontline waiters devices on which to input customer feedback – likes and dislikes – about the burger. Normally the testing, feedback and response loop would have taken 12 to 18 months. This time round they were able to get a new, improved burger on to the menu within four weeks.

In South Africa, the Johannesburg Road Agency’s (JRA) Find and Fix app allows motorists to report issues such as potholes and broken traffic lights as they encounter them, with one or two clicks on a smartphone.

The internet of things (IOT) is about four big trends: social, mobile, cloud and big data; by using data and information collected through things like mobility and sensors and the cloud to make smarter, better decisions or to provide better, quicker service. It helps to collect and analyse data faster, understand customers, make decisions faster, and provide better service to customers.

[Adapted from The Mail and Guardian, 4 June 2014 ( http://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-04-inside-the-internet-of-things )]

1.5.1 Explain the term ‘data’.

1.5.2 List the examples of data in each scenario.

1.5.3 List the examples of information in each scenario.

1.5.4 What device do you think the Red Robin restaurant gave their waiters to capture customer feedback?

1.5.5 Draw an input processing output diagram for each of the scenarios.

1.5.6 Explain the advantages of having information for each of the scenarios above.

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY Chapter 1: Basic concepts of computing

1. Which ONE of the following options gives the CORRECT order of the information processing cycle?

a. Input, processing, output, storage

b. Input, output, processing, storage

c. Input, processing, storage, output

d. Input, storage, output, processing

2. Which one of the following best describes this definition: This is a combination of computer-based technologies (such as computers and smartphones) with communication technologies (such as telephones, cell phones and the internet).

c. Internet

d. None of the above

3. Which one of the following is NOT an output device?

b. Keyboard

c. Speakers

4. Which ONE of the following is short-term memory?

a. Flash drive

c. Hard drive

5. Which type of software is built for a specific purpose, like playing a game?

a. System software

b. Application software

c. Utilities

6. Choose the answer and write TRUE or FALSE next to the question number. Correct the statement if it is FALSE. Change the word(s) in bold to make the statement TRUE where necessary. (You may not simply use the word ‘NOT’ to change the statement.)

a. A communication device is a device that allows a computer to connect to a network.

b. Hardware refers to the set of instructions a computer uses to complete any task.

c. Smartphones and tablets have less processing power than notebooks. They also do not have a dedicated keyboard.

d. Information is defined as raw, unorganised numbers, signals, or facts.

e. Supercomputers are devices designed for a single purpose.

7. Fill in the missing information at a, b, c, d and e.

8. Look at the following input-process-output table.

The processes have been jumbled up. Copy the table and place them in the correct order.

9. How do input and output devices differ from each other in terms of their function in a computing device?

10. Give TWO examples of a communication device.

11. What is the most popular input device on a smartphone?

12. What is the difference between data and information?

13. Briefly explain why software and hardware are interdependent.

14. Explain THREE disadvantages that computers have.

15. Explain what the function of a computer is in relation to data and information.

16. Your father has decided to buy the following computing device for his personal use. Use the specifications given to answer the following questions.

a. What category of computing device did he purchase?

b. What type of CPU is specified?

c. Give a disadvantage of this computing device.

17. Explain how an embedded computer differs from a general purpose computer. Give examples in your answer.

18. Complete the crossword puzzle below:

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Computer Hardware and Software

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• Hardware and Software

Hardware and software related questions are very common in computer aptitude exams. There is no fixed pattern from where you can prepare. Hence, it is important to know the basics. In this article, we will learn about the hardware and software parts of the computer.

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Hardware and software form the main parts of any computing device. The physical parts of the computer make up the hardware, while the apps or programs is the software of any computing device. Furthermore, the hardware is often referred to as the machinery of the computer. Let us learn more about each of them.

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• Practice Problems On Basics Of Computers

Hardware is the ‘soul’ of the computer. It is the physical entity. Moreover, not every part of the computer hardware is visible to us. In fact, many hardware parts are internal. For example, hardware components such as motherboard, RAM and CPU are internal. Other examples of hardware include output devices such as printer and monitor. Input devices such as the keyboard and mouse. Also, secondary storage devices such as CD, DVD, hard disk, etc. are all hardware components of a computer.

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Software is the applications and programs of a computer. It is a set of instructions to perform the tasks. These instructions are given by a software developer. They are written in a way that a computer can understand it. Furthermore, if you design a program for a Linux operating system, it will only work for Linux systems. In short, a software designed for a particular hardware is not compatible with other hardware. For example, if we design software for Windows 7 then there might be a compatibility issue if we use it for Windows 10.

A software developer creates software using a high-level programming language. A high-level programming language is easy to read and understand for programmers. But a computer cannot understand these instructions. So, these instructions should be changed to ‘machine language’ which the computer understands. A machine language consists of instructions in binary code. So, when you are installing software, instructions are already in the binary form.

Computer hardware can only perform mechanical tasks. While software can perform several complex tasks. This is because the software provides means required to perform the tasks.

Furthermore, there are two types of software. Namely, system software and application software. An application software performs specific tasks for users. Examples of application software include a web browser, word processor, and other software that we install on our computer. On the other hand, a system software helps to run the computer system and its hardware. Examples of system software include device drivers, operating system, diagnostic tools and many more. As compared to the application software, the system software is always pre-installed on your PC.

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How are hardware and software connected to each other?

The hardware and software of the computer are interconnected with each other. In other words, hardware cannot function without the software. As it requires supporting software to run. Hence, it is important to have the relevant software installed on the hardware to get the job done.

Furthermore, without the hardware, the software cannot perform the required tasks. Software development is considered expensive because it needs regular updates. Also, it is a continuing process. While hardware development is initially expensive but after that, there are no expenses. It is only a one-time expense.

Moreover, we can run different software programs on the same hardware. The software acts as an interface between the hardware and the user. We can say that hardware is the soul of the computer while the software is the heart of the computer. Both complement each other.

Practice Questions

In banking exams, we need expertise in all type of questions that can be asked. Here are a few questions for your practice. Remember these are only given so that you get a hold of it. Try and solve as many as you can.

Q . What is processed data is?

A. Input                B. Output

C. Data                 D. None of these

Stay updated and don’t get stuck in an exam. Prepare your General Awareness topics here.

Q . Full form of DTP?

A. Desktop publisher         B. Differential protocol

C. Dot-matrix printing      D. Desktop publishing

Q . What type of memory is RAM?

A. Main                               B. Internal

C. External                         D. Auxillary

Q . Out of the following keys which are not on the number pad?

A. Enter                            B. Ctrl

C. Del                                D. Num lock

Q . _____ manual instructs you on how to use the software.

A. Documentation           B. Help

C. Technical                      D.User

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What Is Network Hardware? Definition, Architecture, Challenges, and Best Practices

Network hardware refers to the physical devices that facilitate communication between hardware running on a computer network.

Network hardware is defined as a set of physical or network devices that are essential for interaction and communication between hardware units operational on a computer network . This article looks at the fundamentals of network hardware, network architecture and its key components, challenges of network hardware, and the top 10 best practices for efficient network hardware management for 2022.

Table of Contents

What is network hardware, network architecture: key components, 8 challenges of network hardware today.

• Top 10 Best Practices Network Hardware Management for 2022

Network hardware is a set of physical or network devices that are essential for interaction and communication between hardware units operational on a computer network. These are dedicated hardware components that connect to each other and enable a network to function effectively and efficiently.

Today, technology has penetrated its tentacles into every nook and corner of our lives. It has gone from being just an industry add-on to an inevitable necessity. As tech enablement is driving the industrial transformation, it’s important for businesses to build a network that is secure, reliable and keeps the users in touch with their applications. The core of this very foundation is leveraged by the basic network hardware.

Network hardware plays a key role as industries grow as it supports scalability. It integrates any number of components depending on the enterprise’s needs. Network hardware helps establish an effective mode of communication, thereby improving the business standards. It also promotes multiprocessing and enables sharing of resources, information, and software with ease.

Network equipment is part of advancements of the Ethernet network protocol and utilizes a twisted pair or fiber cable as a connection medium. Routers, hubs, switches, and bridges are some examples of network hardware.

Let’s look at the fundamental devices of a computer network.

• Modems: A modem enables a computer to connect to the internet via a telephone line. The modem at one end converts the computer’s digital signals into analog signals and sends them through a telephone line. At the other end, it converts the analog signals to digital signals that are understandable for another computer.
• Routers: A router connects two or more networks. One common use of the router is to connect a home or office network ( LAN ) to the internet (WAN). It generally has a plugged-in internet cable along with cables that connect computers on the LAN. Alternatively, a LAN connection can also be wireless (Wi-Fi-enabled), making the network device wireless. These are also referred to as wireless access points (WAPs).
• Hubs, bridges, and switches: Hubs, bridges, and switches are connecting units that allow multiple devices to connect to the router and enable data transfer to all devices on a network. A router is a complex device with the capabilities of hubs, bridges, and even switches.          Hubs: A hub broadcasts data to all devices on a network. As a result, it consumes a lot of bandwidth as many computers might not need to receive the broadcasted data. The hub could be useful in linking a few gaming consoles in a local multiplayer game via a wired or wireless LAN.          Bridges: A bridge connects two separate LAN networks. It scans for the receiving device before sending a message. This implies that it avoids unnecessary data transfers if the receiving device is not there. Moreover, it also checks to see whether the receiving device has already received the message. These practices improve the overall performance of the network.          Switches: A switch is more powerful than a hub or a bridge but performs a similar role. It stores the MAC addresses of network devices and transfers data packets only to those devices that have requested Thus, when the demand is high, a switch becomes more efficient as it reduces the amount of latency.
• Network interface cards : A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware unit installed on a computer, which allows it to connect to a network. It is typically in the form of a circuit board or chip. In most modern machines, NICs are built into the motherboards, while in some computers, an extra expansion card in the form of a small circuit board is added externally.
• Network cables : Cables connect different devices on a network. Today, most networks have cables over a wireless connection as they are more secure, i.e., less prone to attacks, and at the same time carry larger volumes of data per second.
• Firewall: A firewall is a hardware or software device between a computer and the rest of the network open to attackers or hackers. Thus, a LAN can be protected from hackers by placing a firewall between the LAN and the internet connection. A firewall allows authorized connections and data-like emails or web pages to pass through but blocks unauthorized connections made to a computer or LAN.

See More: What Is Network Security? Definition, Types, and Best Practices

Network architecture defines the structural and logical design of a network. It constitutes hardware devices, physical connections, software, wireless networks, protocols, and transmission media. It gives a detailed overview of the whole network, which organizations use to create LAN, WAN , and other specific communication tunnels.

Network Architecture

Network architecture can be viewed from different vantage points depending on the size and purpose of the network. WAN refers to a group of interconnected networks distributed over large distances, while LAN refers to a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited space. Therefore, the architecture of a WAN will vary from that of a LAN in a small office.

Setting up the layout of the network architecture is critical, as it can either enhance or hamper the overall performance of the entire system. For example, selecting inappropriate transmission media or equipment for an expected server load in a network can cause slowdowns in different parts of the network.

As more user devices connect to the network, network architecture becomes even more significant by adding a security layer to protect connected devices. Additionally, modern network architectures support advanced user recognition and authorization.

Most network architectures are built on the open systems interconnection (OSI) model. Here, network tasks are segregated into seven logical layers, right from the lowest to the highest abstraction. For example, the lowest physical layer manages the wire and cable connections of the network, while the highest application layer deals with APIs that perform application-specific functions such as chat or file sharing. Overall, with the OSI model, troubleshooting the network is easier as the problems are isolated from each other at different layers.

Network architecture design is more about optimizing its fundamental building blocks. These include four key components:

1. Hardware

Hardware refers to network devices that form the core of any network. These include user devices (laptops, PDAs, mobile phones), routers, servers, and gateways. The basic objective of any network architecture is to establish an efficient mechanism to transfer data from one hardware device to another.

2. Transmission media

Transmission media encompasses all physical connections between network (hardware) devices. The properties of different transmission media determine the speed of data transfer from one endpoint to another. These can be wired and wireless. Wired media include physical wires or cables used for connections within a network, such as coaxial or fiber optics. On the other hand, wireless media operates on properties of microwave or radio signals, such as Wi-Fi or cellular.

3. Protocols

Protocols refer to the rules that govern data movement between network devices. Various machines on a network communicate with each other using this common protocol language. Without these protocols in place, it would be difficult for your iPhone to access a web page that is essentially stored on a Linux server .

The nature of data decides the type of network protocol it needs to adopt. For example, transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) is used to connect to the internet, while file transfer protocol (FTP) is used for sending and receiving files to and from a server. Similarly, Ethernet protocol is used for connecting one computing device to another.

4. Topology

Network topology defines how the network is wired together and highlights the network’s structure. This is important because variables such as distance between communicating devices can impact its data transfer speed, thereby affecting overall network performance.

Several topologies exist, each with specific strengths and weaknesses. For example, consider a star topology. In this case, all the network devices are connected to a central hub. The strength of this topology is such that any device can connect to the network easily. However, in situations when the central hub fails, the whole network can crash almost instantly.

Another topology is that of a bus, where all devices are connected along a single pathway, termed as a bus. The bus resembles a highway that transports data from one endpoint to another. Although this topology is easy and affordable to implement, its performance can take a hit as more devices get added to the network.

Today, most network architectures adopt a hybrid approach where different topologies are combined and blended to compensate for each one’s weakness.

See More: Wide Area Network (WAN) vs. Local Area Network (LAN): Key Differences and Similarities

Addressing common hardware issues such as overloaded servers or overheated equipment is crucial for any business to flourish. Failing to do so can cause substantial revenue loss or hamper business growth through unexpected customer attrition.

According to a recent Infrascale survey of 500 C-level executives at SMBs, hardware failures are the reason for 38% of network downtime. This creates inevitable business challenges for several SMBs. Hence, it is important to have a system that monitors the hardware 24/7.

Although hardware failure can occur due to several factors, here are some of the main challenges of network hardware.

Network Hardware Challenges

1. Physical connectivity challenges

Defective cables and connectors on a network can generate errors on the network devices to which they are connected. The problem aggravates due to a broken or malfunctioning cable. The issue can even crop up on the outside of the LAN infrastructure. Damage to a copper cable or fiber optic connector can significantly reduce the volume of data it can transfer. It can also lead to considerable packet loss.

This challenge can be overcome by adopting a network performance monitoring software that monitors the network for defective cables or connectors. It can also aid in measuring errors on all network interfaces and trigger alerts as and when problems are identified.

2. Malfunctioning hardware devices

Network issues can arise due to malfunctioning network equipment, including firewalls, routers , switches, and wireless access points. The possible reasons for this could be bad configurations, faulty connections, or even disabled devices. It is essential to ensure that all the devices on the network are configured appropriately, as misconfiguration issues can affect different parts of the network, thereby impacting its performance. Such a challenge can be countered by paying close attention to all the devices and switches to verify if they are working normally.

3. DNS issues

Domain name system (DNS) is analogous to a directory for the internet, and every internet-connected device matches domain names with the IP addresses of the websites. Computers can connect to other devices via the internet and look up websites through their IP addresses. As you enter the domain name in a web browser, the DNS finds the content connected to that domain.

DNS problems are common in most networks and can be caused due to hardware failure on the host machine or network. Such challenges can be addressed by troubleshooting network/ hardware configuration settings via network performance monitoring software. This helps in identifying problems at their source.

4. Temperature issues

Most hardware failures occur due to an abnormal spike in temperature. Abnormal heating or cooling in network units can cause the abrupt shutting down or freezing of hardware systems, which eventually results in their failure. As network devices compute large quantities of data, the optimal temperature needs to be maintained to function efficiently.

5. Ventilation problems

As the temperature of the network equipment rises, the performance and speed of its operation slow down. It can even break down in some cases. Poor ventilation arising due to inappropriate device arrangement or wrongful fan setup may not be able to tackle or handle the extra heat produced by network devices. This can worsen and have an adverse effect on network productivity.

6. Overutilization of capacity

Exploiting the surplus capacity of network equipment can slow it down considerably, thereby leading to performance lag. This is one of the prominent network hardware challenges where devices with limited computing resources are overburdened with the excess workload. Such challenges can be tackled by controlling the overutilization of device capacity by resorting to workload division and distribution among other network devices.

7. Fluctuation in power supply

Corroded cable connections or other external factors can lead to notable fluctuations in power supply. In some cases, there can be a sudden surge in power supply, which can cause unplanned outages. Such events can lead to short circuits that can impact the performance of an individual device or the entire network.

8. Battery overuse

The efficiency of a battery takes a hit once 80% of its energy is utilized. Draining the battery can cause cache data loss or a sudden device or server shutdown. Moreover, low-capacity batteries lack power efficiency and have a short shelf life. Such battery units can affect the overall capability of the device and, in turn, affect the entire network.

See More: What Is a Content Delivery Network (CDN)? Definition, Architecture, and Best Practices

Top 10 Best Practices of Network Hardware Management for 2022

Proper network hardware management can help address various hardware challenges. It can ensure that the network infrastructure is secure and not susceptible to device hardware failures. Let’s look at the top 10 practices to leverage better hardware management and establish efficient network operations. The practices listed below provide solutions in addition to addressing the hardware challenges that have been discussed above.

Network Hardware Management Best Practices

1. Opt for multi-vendor support

Modern networks comprise heterogeneous approaches to increase their capability compared to traditional homogeneous networks. Along with default vendor-supported systems, businesses are embracing custom-configured devices that provide specific business solutions. Thus, hardware monitoring practices should support multi-vendor devices irrespective of vendor or configuration barriers.

Moreover, technicians resolving network issues need to have complete visibility into multi-vendor hardware devices in real time.

2. Prioritize critical alerts

Network hardware issues should be prioritized considering two factors: the criticality of the device and the significance of the underlying issue. Additionally, hardware problems are managed by several parties spread across teams and even geographies. It is crucial to push the alerts to the right teams through the right channels in such cases. This creates a well-defined fault resolution path that is properly regulated and managed and will help resolve hardware faults faster and in an optimized manner.

3. Proactively monitor and troubleshoot

Instead of resolving hardware problems after an issue occurs, practicing proactive measures to avoid hardware failure in the initial stage can save a lot of time and resources. Technicians should be alerted in advance based on preemptive hardware device monitoring and management. This will ensure that issues are addressed before they worsen and damage the organizational network.

This practice can be enabled by utilizing historic performance reports to predict and forecast untimely hardware failure. The method of proactive monitoring and troubleshooting ensures that issues are taken care of well in advance.

4. Gain deeper visibility

Hardware issues require an in-depth understanding of the root cause of the problem to resolve them without impacting the network’s overall performance. Hence, one has to gain deeper visibility into the performance of hardware devices to address the minutest problems. Technicians can easily diagnose and fix issues in network hardware devices if they have access to the tiniest details of the hardware devices. This not only improves hardware efficiency but ensures that the network is not affected by hardware problems.

5. Automate basic tasks

L1/L2 troubleshooting operations and fundamental maintenance tasks are quite repetitive. These are time- and resource-consuming activities. As such, automating such tasks can give technicians the liberty and more time to focus on critical hardware alerts that require immediate remedial action. Moreover, technicians also need to keep a tab on the interruptions or failures that may occur in these automated tasks. In simple words, a healthy blend of manual and automation can help in resolving hardware issues quickly.

6. Ensure clarity on hardware dependencies & processes

Failure in one hardware device implies that another device dependent on it will face significant performance degradation. In some cases, it may even lead to the failure of a series of hardware devices. Thus, to prevent total network outage, it is vital to keep track of connectivity along all the hardware devices in the network.

Internal processes and applications can also sometimes cause hardware failures. Hence, having an effective process and application management system in place can ensure that performance slowdown does not result in hardware failure at any point in time.

7. Troubleshoot cable connectivity issues

The cables used for network connections differ depending on the required connectivity type. For example, connectivity between a router and a computer is enabled with a crossover cable. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that a suitable cable is used to make a physical connection between any two network devices .

If the connections are fine, you can conclude that the cable is faulty. This can be verified by replacing the existing cable with a newer one and checking the connectivity. If the problem persists, the port or interface on which the link is terminated needs to be checked, as there is a slim chance that the port may be faulty.

8. Handle faulty ports

In a faulty port scenario, one needs to check that the port or interface on which the link is established is not off or shut down. Verifying the duplex mode and data transfer speed can also help. Additionally, when the port is running fine, but still the problem exists, you can check the indicator lights on each device.

The lights show the running status of the port, i.e., whether the port is physically radiating or not functioning. The physically malfunctioning port will be evident from the light status. It is recommended to configure the link on any other free port or interface in such cases.

9. Verify traffic overload

In situations where there is more traffic than the carrying capacity at a link or interface, it may start behaving abnormally. Thus it is vital to verify traffic overload at a link or interface by inspecting the volume of data packets at a given time on the link under consideration. This ensures the smooth running of hardware devices on the network.

10. Troubleshoot routing problems

While routing data packets on a network, the possibility of fault occurrence is high. Hence, plans for resolving issues can be laid down depending on the fault type. Floating data packets from source to destination hosts can become rogue if the wrong routing protocol is used to find the route to the next hop.

Another issue can relate to malfunctioning firewalls or routing devices. In one scenario, the firewall may prevent the entry of data packets to the destination. In another case, configuration faults at the router end can cause problems for the movement of data packets in a network. Therefore, it is important to troubleshoot concerned routing devices to allow the seamless movement of data packets.

See More: What Is Content Filtering? Definition, Types, and Best Practices

Having a clear understanding of the types of network devices operational on your network can help you enhance the security of your network. Ongoing network security and availability can further be amplified if you track and monitor your network devices and the activities revolving around them. You can easily spot any hardware or configuration problems on the network and resolve them immediately through these practices.

Do you think organizations pay enough attention to network hardware management? Comment below or let us know on LinkedIn Opens a new window , Twitter Opens a new window , or Facebook Opens a new window . We’d love to hear from you!

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Storage, Backup and Recovery Hardware, Peripherals and Software, 2024-SYSALL-00562-RFB

University of Wisconsin System – Office of Procurement 660 West Washington Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53703

*DISCLAIMER* – No security authorization has been granted for any manufactured product listed on this contract. Please contact your Information Security and/or Information Technology Department before proceeding with a purchase.

COMMODITY OR SERVICE:

Storage, Backup and Recovery Hardware, Peripherals and Software for the University of Wisconsin System

CONTRACT NO.: 2024-SYSALL-00562-RFB

NIGP CODE: 20689, 20437, 20787 & 20890

ELIGIBLE PURCHASERS:

UW System Campuses, other State Agencies and Municipalities shall be eligible to purchase from this contract unless otherwise noted under vendor information.

CONTRACT TERM: April 8, 2024 through April 7, 2027 with option of two (2) additional one-year renewals.

FOB : Destination – Prepay and Add Freight to Invoice

VENDORS:  00562-Vendor-Listing xlsx

PRICING:  00562-Pricing-list xlsx

TERMS: Net 30 Days

REFERENCE: Request for Bid No. 2024-SYSALL-00562-RFB

CONTRACT ORIGIN: UW System

For information concerning this contract contact: Todd Pooler at 608.890.0128 or Email: [email protected]