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Frequently Asked Question

What will be the cut-off point for a programme this academic year.

Admission cut-off points are determined by two factors: quotas for admission and performance of applicants in the WASSCE of that year.

The student handbook says every student must do a minimum credit of 15 per semester but I am in Level 100 and have only been able to register for my three regular courses. What do I do?

  In addition to the three regular courses for the humanities, Level 100 students are expected to register for one of the University Required Courses (UGRCs) in each semester in Level 100 and L 200 respectively. A Level 100 student shall also register for Humanities and Education Required Course (HERC). which are taken over two semesters. If a student is unable to register for any of the University of Ghana Required Courses in the first semester, he can do so in the second semester or even at higher levels.

How do I register for my academic courses online?

To register online, the university must first open the system for online registration, the student must pay his/her fees (both residential and academic) and wait for at most 48 working hours before logging on to the university’s website to register.

How do I register a University Required Course (UGRC)?

UGRCs registration is done differently from the regular course registration. A UGRC portal is usually opened in the second week of the semester. Eligible students can click on the portal and follow the necessary steps to register. Students in higher levels should however print their academic records, write the correct course code of the UGRC on it and submit it at the UGRC Coordinator’s office. University of Ghana Required Courses (UGRCs): 3 credits per semester In the first semester, Level 100 students must enroll in any of the following University required courses: UGRC 110 Academic Writing I – 3 credits UGRC 150 Critical Thinking and Practical Reasoning – 3 credits (In the second semester another UGRC must be taken)

How do I register a Humanities and Education Required Course (HERC)

In each semester L 100 students must enroll in any of their bouquet-based prescribed Humanities and Education Required Courses (3 – 4 credits per semester). In most cases, students can select a HERC to take from 4-6 courses listed on their registration page after login on: https://sts.ug.edu.gh Courses offered as HERC, including French Language, normally carry three (3) credits per semester. All the other foreign language courses carry only 2 credits per course. As such, a student who wishes to select a foreign language HERC must take 2 conjoined foreign language courses from the list. Such a student will therefore earn four credits of HERC for the semester. Apart from French, Foreign language courses are only available in the first semester.  (In the second semester another HERC must be selected from the same list as presented in the first semester). 

How many credit hours (maximum credit hours) am I allowed to register per semester as a College of Humanities student?

A maximum of 17 credit hours is required by students offering B.A., BSc Administration, and LLB students. Students offering B.F.A can take up to a maximum of 21 credit hours (Refer to page 42  of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016)

How do I add/delete a course online?

The process of Adding or Dropping courses is now part of mainstream registration. It can therefore be done when the system is opened for registration. A student after registering his courses can add more courses by logging onto his MIS web page and clicking on “Add subjects to a registration” and follow the steps to add. For deletion, you can also click on “cancel a subject” after logging onto your MIS web page and follow the steps. Note however that you cannot re-register a course that you have dropped. So make sure that you do not have to register a course before you drop it.

 I should have completed school but have to re-sit a paper I failed whilst in school, how do I go about it?

Print the appropriate re-sit form on the university’s website and fill it. Send it to the department where you are re-sitting the course for the HOD to endorse. Then make the appropriate payment at the cash office of the University and submit your form at the Academic Affairs Office of the College after payment. Failure to submit this form for registration means that you have not registered even though you have paid (payment for re-sit is not the same as registering for a re-sit). Failure to register means that you cannot be issued with a provisional ID card for the examination. You will therefore not be allowed to write the examination.

I wrote a course and got grade ‘D’ but I don’t like it and want to re-sit it, can I?

Students in the college who belong to the new grading system are only allowed by the regulations to re-sit courses that they have scored grades ‘E’ and ‘F’. Students do not have the option to re-sit any course that they have scored a better grade than these two grades in.

I have been awarded a grade ‘X’ in a course, what is the meaning of that grade?

A grade X is awarded to a student who is unable to complete a course for reasons adjudged by the Board of Examiners as unsatisfactory. It is a failed grade. (Refer to page 47 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

How many years do I have to resit a paper after completing School?

The University has provided for four semesters or two academic years to students to redeem all resit papers. After this period, such persons are no longer eligible to take resit examinations.

Do I have the opportunity to re-sit a paper if it clashes with any other paper in my examination?

The University has scheduled a time period for Supplementary examinations. Students have the opportunity to re-sit first semester papers at the end of the 2nd semester regular examination period, and second-semester re-sit papers at the end of the 1st semester regular examination period. 

I am too ill to sit my examination, what should I do?

Students who are unable to take their exams on the basis of ill health should bring this to the attention of the Director of Academic Affairs.

 Where can I check for the semester’s examination timetable?

Examination timetables are displayed on all notice boards as well as the University’s website.

My picture did not appear on the Attendance register when I wrote the Interim Assessment. What should I do?

Take a passport picture and visit the ground floor of the University of Ghana Computing Systems Building. For validation purposes, you will be required to provided and ID card which has your picture.

What should I do if I misplace my Student ID card during the period of examinations?

You will be required to get a provisional one from the Academic Affairs Office of the College of Humanities or Registration points at the Examination Centres at a fee determined by the University.

My results are not showing on my academic record, what should I do?

Place a report to your Departmental Examination Officer and fill out a complaint form.

What are the procedures for remarking?

You will apply to the Director of Academic Affairs and pay the appropriate fee.

Can I graduate with a grade ‘F’ in an elective course under the College of Humanities?

Yes. This is however not applicable to all departments in the College of Humanities.

Can I graduate with a grade ‘E’ in a core course in the College of Humanities?

Yes. This does not however apply to University Required Courses (UGRCs) where students can only graduate with grade ‘D’ and above. Students in the college can graduate with grade ‘E’ in any core course; provided the total number of grades ‘Es’ and ‘Fs’ is not more than 16 credit hours (Refer to page 49 of Regulations for Junior Members (Students), Vol. 1; September 2016).

How many credit hours do I need to pass to be eligible for graduation in the College of Humanities?

A minimum of 120 credit hours for B.A, BSc Administration, and LLB students. In the case of B.F.A students the requirement is a minimum of 131 credit hours (Refer to page 49 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

How many University Required Courses must I take as a student in the College of Humanities and which courses must I take?

Students of the College of Humanities are required to take six UGRCs as follows: UGRC110 (All students) UGRC120 (All Humanities students except those offering LLB, BSc/BA Administration, Economics/Mathematics/ Computer Science/Statistics) UGRC141-146 (All Humanities students)  UGRC150 (All students) UGRC160 (Students offering Bsc/BA Administration/Mathematics/Computer Science/Statistics) UGRC170 (Students offering Economics without Mathematics) UGRC210 (All students) UGRC220-239 (All students) (Refer to page 44 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

 I completed my course of study in the previous year but had some outstanding results and so could not graduate with my colleagues. The outstanding results have now been entered but I cannot find my name in this year’s graduating list. What do I do?

You are required to print your academic records and submit it at the Academic Affairs office of the college for processing.

I have been shortchanged by the University. The CGPA on my academic record for my final semester is 3.20 but my name has been added to students who got Second Lower class in the graduating list.

It is the FGPA that determines your class and not the CGPA.  The CGPA is calculated using equal weighting but the FGPA is calculated using a ratio of 1:1:2:2 (Refer to page 50 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

How do I calculate my GPAs?

Total GPTs/ Total credits

What are the classifications of the degree in UG?

The Final Grade Point Averages (FGPAs) are as follows: 3.60- 4.00-First Class Honours 3.00-3.59 -Second Class Honours (Upper Division) 2.00-2.99- Second Class Honours (Lower Division) 1.50-1.99- Third Class Honours 1.00-1.49- Pass 0.99- Fail (Refer to page 50 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

What are the ranges for the new grading system for undergraduates?

A (80-100) B+ (75-79) B (70-74) C+ (65-69) C (60-64) D+ (55-59) D (50-54) E (45-49) F (0-44) (Refer to page 46 of Regulations for Junior Members, Vol. 1; September 2016).

Can I be part of the graduation ceremony after completion of school when I have passed all re-sits papers?

A student who has passed all resit papers is eligible to attend the graduation ceremony provided he/she belongs to the cohort graduating.

How do I know I am eligible to graduate?

A student who has satisfied all Departmental requirements and passed all UGRCs is eligible to graduate. Section 9.30 of the regulations for Junior members spells out the requirements.

 I cannot find my name on the graduating list online, what should I do?

Send your enquiries through the congregation link on the University of Ghana website.

Where can I collect my certificate if I do not take part in the graduation ceremony?

Graduated students can collect their certificates from the Academic Affairs Directorate with their student ID cards after paying the appropriate fee (amount will be on the notice Board of the Cash Office)

I have misplaced my certificate; can I apply for a new one?

The University issues only one certificate to each student. In the event that you lose your certificate, the student can apply for a transcript and a letter of Attestation from the Academic Affairs Directorate

I am out of the country but need to have my certificate; can I send someone to collect it on my behalf?

A letter of authorization signed by the student can be given to someone to collect the certificate on his /her behalf. However, it will be solely at the discretion of the Director of Academic Affairs

What should I do when my name does not appear correctly for the online registration for graduation?

Visit the University website, for the Congregation link for all inquiries.

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119 Logical Reasoning Questions with Answers

This post consists more than 100 questions from Logical Reasoning  from previous years UGC NET papers. this will help you to understand the pattern of questions comes under this section. Generally 5 out 50 questions comes from Logical Reasoning. New syllabus issued by the NTA is given in this post. this post also highlight the questions from each years. try to solve the questions.

Best of luck for your NTA UGC NET  preparation.

Logical Reasoning

( 5 Questions out of 50)

 Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.  Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.  Analogies.  Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.  Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.  Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).  Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

• Among the following propositions two are related in such a way that one is the denial of the other. Which are those propositions ?  Select the correct code: Propositions: (a) All women are equal to men (b) Some women are equal to men (c) Some women are not equal to men (d) No women are equal to men Codes: (1) (a)and(b) (2) (a)and(d) (3) (c)and(d) 4) (a)and(c)
• If the proposition ‘All thieves are poor’ is false, which of the following propositions can be claimed certainly to be true ? Propositions: (1) Some thieves are poor. 2) Some thieves are not poor. (3) No thief is poor. (4) No poor person is a thief.
• Consider the following statement and select the correct code stating the nature of the argument involved in it: To suppose that the earth is the only populated world in the infinite space is as absurd as to assert that in an entire field of millet only one grain will grow. (1) Astronomical          (2) Anthropological             (3) Deductive          4) Analogical
• Select the code which is not correct about Venn diagram: (1) Venn diagram represents propositions as well as classes. (2) It can provide clear method of notation. 3) It can be either valid or invalid. (4) It can provide the direct method of testing the validity.
• Select the code which is not correct in the context of deductive argument with two premises: (1) An argument with one true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion may be valid. 2) An argument with two true premises and a false conclusion may be valid. (3) An argument with one true premise, one false premise and a true conclusion may be valid. (4) An argument with two false premises and a false conclusion may be valid.
• Given below are two premises and four conclusions are drawn from them (taking singly or together). Select the code that states the conclusions validly drawn. Premises: (i) All religious persons are emotional. (ii) Ram is a religious person. Conclusions : (a) Ram is emotional. (b) All emotional persons are religious. (c) Ram is not a non-religious person. (d) Some religious persons are not emotional. Codes: (1) (a),(b),(c)and(d) (2) (a)only 3) (a) and (c) only (4) (b) and (c) only

DECEMBER 2015

• Consider the argument given below ; ‘Pre – employment testing of teachers is quite fair because doctors; architects and engineers who are now employed had to face such a testing.’ What type of argument it is ? (1) Deductive       2) Analogical  (3) Psychological        (4) Biological
• Among the following propositions two are related in such a way thai they can both be true although they cannot both be false. Which are those propositions ? Select the correct code. Propositions : (a) Some priests are cunning. (b) No priest is cunning. (c) All priests are cunning. (d) Some priests are not cunning. Codes : (1) (a) and (b)         (2) (c) and (d) (3) (a) and (c)        4) (a) and (d)
• A Cluster of propositions with a structure thai exhibits some inference is called : (1) An inference         2) An argument (3) An explanation     (4) A valid argument
• Consider the following assertion (A) and  reason (R)  and select the correct code given below : (A)  : No man is perfect. (R)  : Some men are not perfect. 1) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) does not provide sufficient reason for (A). (2) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) provides sufficient reason for (A). (3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) (A) is false but (R) is true
• A definition that has a meaning that is deliberately assigned to some symbol is called : (1) Lexical         (2) Precising        3) Stipulative  (4) Persuasive
• If the proposition ‘No men are honest’ is taken to be false which of the following proposition/ propositions can be claimed certainly to be true ? Propositions : (1) All men are honest                 2) Some men are honest (3) Some men are not honest      (4) No honest person is man
• If we want to seek new knowledge of facts about the world, we must rely on reason of the type: 1) Inductive(2) Deductive (3) Demonstrative (4) Physiological
• A deductive argument is invalid if: (1) Its premises and conclusions are all false

2) Its premises are true but its conclusion is false (3) Its premises are false but its conclusion is true (4) Its premises and conclusions are all true

• Inductive reasoning is grounded on : (1) Integrity of nature (2) Unity of nature 3) Uniformity of nature(4) Harmony of nature
• Among the following statements two are contradictory to each other. Select the correct code that represents them : Statements : (a) All poets are philosophers. (b) Some poets are philosophers. (c) Some poets are not philosophers. (d) No philosopher is a poet. Codes : (1) (a)and(b) (2) (a) and (d) 3) (a) and (c) (4) (b) and (c)
• Which of the codes given below contains only the correct statements ? Select the code : Statements : (a) Venn diagram represents the arguments graphically. (b) Venn diagram can enhance our understanding. (c) Venn diagram may be called valid or invalid. (d) Venn diagram is clear method of notation. Codes : (1) (a), (b) and (c) 2) (a), (b) and (d) (3) (b), (c) and (d) (4) (a), (c) and (d)
• When the purpose of a definition is to explain the use or to eliminate ambiguity the definition is called: (1) Stipulative (2) Theoretical (3) Lexical (4) Persuasive Codes: (1) (a), (b), (c) and (d) (2) (a), (b) and (c) 3) (a), (b) and (d) (4) (b), (c) and (d)

DECEMBER 2014

• “A man ought no more to value himself for being wiser than a woman if he owes his advantage to a better education, than he ought to boast of his courage for beating a manwhen his hands were tied.” The above passage is an instance of (A)    Deductive argument    (B)    Hypothetical argument (C)    Analogical argument    (D)    Factual argument
• By which of the following proposition, the proposition wise men are hardly afraid death is contradicted ? (A)    Some wise men are afraid of death. (B)    All wise men are afraid of death. (C)    No wise men is afraid of death. (D)    Some wise men are not afraid of death.
• When in a group of propositions, one proposition is claimed to follow from the others, thegroup of propositions is called (A)    An argument      (B)    A valid argument (C)    An explanation    (D)    An invalid argument
• Namita and Samita are brilliant and studious. Anita and Karabi are obedient and irregular Babita and Namita are irregular but brilliant. Samita and Kabita are regular and obedient. Who among them is/are brilliant, obedient, regular and studious ? A) Samita alone  (B) Namita and Samita (C) Kabita alone    (D) Anita alone
• If two propositions having the same subject and predicate terms can both be true but can not both be false, the relation between those two propositions is called (A) contradictory (B) contrary C) sub-contrary (D) subaltern
• One writes all numbers from 50 to 99 without the digits 2 and 7. How many numbers have been written ? A) 32(B) 36 (C) 40 (D) 38
• “If a large diamond is cut up into little bits, it will lose its value just as an army is divided up into small units of soldiers, it loses its strength.” The argument put above may be called as A) Analogical(B) Deductive (C) Statistical (D) Causal
• Given below are some characteristics of logical argument. Select the code which expresses a characteristic which is not of inductive in character. (A) The conclusion is claimed to follow from its premises. (B) The conclusion is based on causal relation. C)The conclusion conclusively follows from its premises. (D) The conclusion is based on observation and experiment.
• Given below is a diagram of three circles A, B & C inter-related with each other. The circle A represents the class of Indians, the circle B represents the class of scientists and circle C represents the class of politicians, p, q, r, s … represent different regions. Select the code containing the region that indicates the class of Indian scientists who are not politicians. Codes: (A) q and s only B) s only (C) s and r only (D) p, q and s only
• Given below are two premises and four conclusions drawn from those premises. Select the code that expresses conclusion drawn validly from the premises (separately or jointly). Premises: (a) All dogs are mammals. (b) No cats are dogs. Conclusions: (i) No cats are mammals. (ii) Some cats are mammals. (iii) No dogs are cats. (iv) No dogs are non-mammals. Codes: (A) (i) only (B) (i) and (ii) C) (iii) and (iv)(D) (ii) and (iii)

DECEMBER 2013

• If two propositions having the same subject and predicate terms are such that one is the denial of the other, the relationship between them is called A) Contradictory (B) Contrary (C) Sub-contrary (D) Sub-alternation
• Ananya and Krishna can speak and follow English. Bulbul can write and speak Hindi as Archana does.Archana talks with Ananya also in Bengali. Krishna can not follow Bengali. Bulbul talks with Ananya in Hindi. Who can speak and follow English, Hindi and Bengali ? (A) Archana (B) Bulbul C) Ananya (D) Krishna

31.A stipulative definition may be said to be (A) Always true (B) Always false (C) Sometimes true, sometimes false D) Neither true nor false

32.When the conclusion of an argument follows from its premise/premises conclusively, the argument is called (A) Circular argument (B) Inductive argument C) Deductive argument (D) Analogical argument

33.Saturn and Mars are planets like the earth. They borrow light from the Sun and moves around the Sun as the Earth does. So those planets are inhabited by various orders of creatures as the earth is.What type of argument is contained in the above passage ? (A) Deductive (B) Astrological C) Analogical (D) Mathematical

• Given below are two premises. Four conclusions are drawn from those two premises in four codes. Select the code that states the conclusion validly drawn. Premises: (i) All saints are religious, (major) (ii) Some honest persons are saints. (minor) Codes : (A) All saints are honest. (B) Some saints are honest. (C) Some honest persons are religious. D) All religious persons are honest
• If the statement ‘some men are honest’ is false, which among the following statements will be true Choose the correct code given below (i) All men are honest (ii) No men are honest (iii) Some men are not honest (iv) All men are dishonest

Codes: (A) (i), (ii) and (iii) B) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (C) (i), (iii) and (iv) (D) (ii), (i) and (iv)

• Choose the proper alternative given in the codes to replace the question Bee – Honey, Cow – Milk, Teacher – ? (A) Intelligence (B) Marks (C) LessonsD) Wisdom
• P is the father of R and S is the son of Q and T is the brother of P, If R is the sister of S, how is Q related to T? (A) Wife B) Sister-in-law (C) Brother-in-law (D) Daughter-in-law
• A definition put forward to resolve a dispute by influencing attitudes or stirring emotions is called (A)LexicalB) Persuasive (C) Stipulative (D)Precisions
• Which of the codes given below contains only the correct statements? Statements: (i) Venn diagram is a clear method of notation (ii) Venn diagram is the most direct method of testing the validity of categorical syllogisms (iii) In Venn diagram method the premises and the conclusion of a categorical syllogism is diagrammed. (iv) In Venn diagram method the three overlapping circles are drawn for testing a categorical syllogism

Codes: (A) (i) (ii) & (iii) B) (i) (ii) &(iv) (C) (ii) (iii)& (iv) (D) (i) (iii) &(iv)

• Inductive reasoning presupposes (A) Unity in human nature (B) Integrity in human nature C) Uniformity in human nature (D) Harmony in human nature

DECEMBER 2012

• By which of the following proposition, the proposition ‘some men are not honest’ is contradicted ? A) All men are honest. (B) Some men are honest. (C) No men are honest. (D) All of the above.
• A stipulative definition is (A) always true (B) always false (C) sometimes true sometimes false D) neither true nor false

43.Choose the appropriate alternative given in the codes to replace the question mark. Examiner – Examinee,    Pleader – Client, Preceptor – ? (A) Customer    (B) Path-finder (C) Perceiver     D) Disciple

44.If the statement ‘most of the students are obedient’ is taken to be true, which one of the following pair of statements can be claimed to be true ? I.   All obedient persons are students. II.  All students are obedient. III. Some students are obedient. IV. Some students are not disobedient. Codes : (A) I&II           (B) II & III C) III & IV     (D) II&IV

• Choose the right code : A deductive argument claims that : I.   The conclusion does not claim something more than that which is contained in the premises. II.  The conclusion is supported by the premise/premises conclusively. III. If the conclusion is false, then premise/premises may be either true or false. IV  If premise/combination of premises is true, then conclusion must be true. Codes : A)   I and II   (B)   I and III (C)   II and III      (D)   All the above
• The basis of the following classification is : ‘first President of India’ ‘author of Godan’ ‘books in my library’, ‘blue things’ and ‘students who work hard’ (A) Common names (B) Proper names C) Descriptive phrases (D) Indefinite description
• In the expression ‘Nothing is larger than itself’ the relation ‘is larger than’ is (A) antisymmetric (B) asymmetrical (C) intransitive D) irreflexive
• Assertion (A) : There are more laws on the books today than ever before, and more crimes being committed than ever before. Reason (R) : Because to reduce crime we must eliminate the laws. Choose the correct answer from below : A) (A) is true, (R) is doubtful and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (B) (A) is false, (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (C) (A) is doubtful, (R) is doubtful and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (D) (A) is doubtful, (R) is true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
• If the proposition “All men are not mortal” is true then which of the following inferences is correct ? Choose from the code given below : 1. “All men are mortal” is true. 2. “Some men are mortal” is false. 3. “No men are mortal” is doubtful. 4. “All men are mortal” is false. Code : (A) 1, 2 and 3 B) 2, 3 and 4 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 1 and 3
• Determine the nature of the following definition : “Abortion” means the ruthless murdering of innocent beings. (A) LexicalB) Persuasive(C) Stipulative (D) Theoretical
• Which one of the following is not an argument ? (A) Devadutt does not eat in the day so he must be eating at night. B) If Devadutt is growing fat and if he does not eat during the day, he will be eating at night. (C) Devadutt eats in the night so he does not eat during the day. (D) Since Devadutt does not eat in the day, he must be eating in the night.
• Venn diagram is a kind of diagram to A) represent and assess the validity of elementary inferences of syllogistic form. (B) represent but not assess the validity of elementary inferences of syllogistic form. (C) represent and assess the truth of elementary inferences of syllogistic form. (D) assess but not represent the truth of elementary inferences of syllogistic form.
• Reasoning by analogy leads to (A) certainty (B) definite conclusion C) predictive conjecture (D) surety
• Which of the following statements are false ? Choose from the code given below : 1. Inductive arguments always proceed from the particular to the general. 2. A cogent argument must be inductively strong. 3. A valid argument may have a false premise and a false conclusion. 4. An argument may legitimately be spoken of as ‘true’ or ‘false’. Code : (A) 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1 and 3 C) 2 and 4 (D) 1 and 2
• Six persons A, B, C, D, E and F are standing in a circle. B is between F and C, A is between E and D, F is to the left of D. Who is between A and F ? (A) B (B) C C) D (D) E
• The price of petrol increases by 25%. By what percentage must a customer reduce the consumption so that the earlier bill on the petrol does not alter ? A) 20%(B) 25% (C) 30% (D) 33.33%
• If Ram knows that y is an integer greater than 2 and less than 7 and Hari knows that y is an integer greater than 5 and less than 10, then they may correctly conclude that A) y can be exactly determined (B) y may be either of two values (C) y may be any of three values (D) there is no value of y satisfying these conditions
• Four pipes can fill a reservoir in 15, 20, 30 and 60 hours respectively. The first one was opened at 6 AM, second at 7 AM, third at 8 AM and the fourth at 9 AM. When will the reservoir be filled ? (A) 11 AM (B) 12 Noon C) 1 PM(D) 1:30 PM

DECEMBER 2011

• The basis of the following classification is ‘animal’, ‘man’, ‘house’, ‘book’, and ‘student’ : (A) Definite descriptions (B) Proper names (C) Descriptive phrases D) Common names
• Assertion (A) : The coin when flipped next time will come up tails. Reason (R) : Because the coin was flipped five times in a row, and each time it came up heads. Choose the correct answer from below : (A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanationof (A) (B) Both (A) and (R) are false, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) C) (A) is doubtful, (R) is true, and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (D) (A) is doubtful, (R) is false, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
• The relation ‘is a sister of ’ is (A) non-symmetrical (B) symmetrical (C) asymmetrical D) transitive Ref:: “Discrete Structures Essentials” By Research & Education Association PgNo. 30
• If the proposition “Vegetarians are not meat eaters” is false, then which of the following inferences is correct ? Choose from the codes given below : 1. “Some vegetarians are meat eaters” is true. 2. “All vegetarians are meat eaters” is doubtful. 3. “Some vegetarians are not meat eaters” is true. 4. “Some vegetarians are not meat eaters” is doubtful. Codes : A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 2, 3 and 4 (C) 1, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 4
• Determine the nature of the following definition : ‘Poor’ means having an annual income of ` 10,000. (A) persuasiveB) precising(C) lexical (D) stipulative
• Which one of the following is not an argument ? A) If today is Tuesday, tomorrow will be Wednesday. (B) Since today is Tuesday, tomorrow will be Wednesday. (C) Ram insulted me so I punched him in the nose. (D) Ram is not at home, so he must have gone to town.
• Venn diagram is a kind of diagram to (A) represent and assess the truth of elementary inferences with the help of Boolean Algebra of classes. B) represent and assess the validity of elementary inferences with the help of Boolean Algebra of classes. (C) represent but not assess the validity of elementary inferences with the help of Boolean Algebra of classes. (D) assess but not represent the validity of elementary inferences with the help of Boolean Algebra of classes.
• Inductive logic studies the way in which a premise may (A) support and entail a conclusion (B) not support but entail a conclusion (C) neither support nor entail a conclusion D) support a conclusion without entailing it
• Which of the following statements are true ? Choose from the codes given below. 1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid. 2. A sound argument may be invalid. 3. A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion. 4. A statement may be true or false. Codes : (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1, 3 and 4 (C) 4 aloneD) 3 and 4
• If the side of the square increases by 40%, then the area of the square increases by (A) 60 % (B) 40 % (C) 196 %D) 96 %
• There are 10 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. The number of ways in which hall can be illuminated is (A) 102 B) 1023(C) 210 (D) 10 !
• How many numbers between 100 and 300 begin or end with 2 ? (A) 100 B) 110(C) 120 (D) 180
• In a college having 300 students, every student reads 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read by 60 students. The number of newspapers required is (A) at least 30 (B) at most 20 C) exactly 25 (D) exactly 5
• If the statement ‘some men are cruel’ is false, which of the following statements/statement are/is true ? (i) All men are cruel. (ii) No men are cruel. (iii) Some men are not cruel. (A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (ii) (C) (ii) and (iii) D) (iii) only

DECEMBER 2010

• Two statements I and II given below are followed by two conclusions (a) and (b). Supposing the statements are true, which of the following conclusions can logically follow ? Statements : I. Some flowers are red. II. Some flowers are blue. Conclusions : (a) Some flowers are neither red nor blue. (b) Some flowers are both red and blue. Codes: (A) Only (a) follows. (B) Only (b) follows. (C) Both (a) and (b) follow. D) Neither (a) nor (b) follows.
• If the statement ‘all students are intelligent’ is true, which of the following statements are false ? (i) No students are intelligent. (ii) Some students are intelligent. (iii) Some students are not intelligent. (A) (i) and (ii) B) (i) and (iii) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (i) only
• A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and conclude with a universal statement is called (A) Deductive Reasoning (B) Inductive Reasoning (C) Abnormal Reasoning D) Transcendental Reasoning
• What is the smallest number of ducks that could swim in this formation – two ducks in front of a duck, two ducks behind a duck and a duck between two ducks ? (A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 4 D) 3
• Mr. A, Miss B, Mr. C and Miss D are sitting around a table and discussing their trades. (i) Mr. A sits opposite to the cook. (ii) Miss B sits right to the barber (iii) The washerman sits right to the barber (iv) Miss D sits opposite to Mr. C What are the trades of A and B ? (A) Tailor and barber (B) Barber and cook C) Tailor and cook(D) Tailor and washerman
• Which of the following is an example of circular argument ? (A) God created man in his image and man created God in his own image. (B) God is the source of a scripture and the scripture is the source of our knowledge of God. (C) Some of the Indians are great because India is great. (D) Rama is great because he is Rama.
• Lakshmana is a morally good person because (A) he is religious (B) he is educated (C) he is rich (D) he is rational
• Two statements I and II given below are followed by two conclusions (a) and (b). Supposing the statements are true, which of the following conclusions can logically follow ? I. Some religious people are morally good. II. Some religious people are rational. Conclusions : (a) Rationally religious people are good morally. (b) Non-rational religious persons are not morally good. (A) Only (a) follows. (B) Only (b) follows. (C) Both (a) and (b) follow. (D) Neither (a) nor (b) follows.
• Certainty is (A) an objective fact (B) emotionally satisfying (C) logical (D) ontological

DECEMBER 2009

• Deductive argument involves (A)   sufficient evidence       (B)   critical thinking C)   seeing logical relations(D)   repeated observation
• Inductive reasoning is based on or presupposes A)   uniformity of nature  (B)   God created the world (C)   unity of nature    (D)   laws of nature
• To be critical, thinking must be (A)    practical   B)    socially relevant (C)    individually satisfying    (D)    analytical
• Which of the following is an analogous statement ? A)    Man is like God (B)    God is great (C)    Gandhiji is the Father of the Nation (D)    Man is a rational being.
• In a deductive argument conclusion is : (A) Summing up of the premises (B) Not necessarily based on premises C) Entailed by the premises (D) Additional to the premises
• ‘No man are mortal’ is contradictory of : A) Some man are mortal(B) Some man are not mortal (C) All men are mortal (D) No mortal is man
• A deductive argument is valid if: (A) premises are false and conclusion true (B) premises are false and conclusion is also false (C) premises are true and conclusion is false D) premises are true and conclusion is true
• Structure of logical argument is based on : A) Formal validity(B) Material truth (C) Linguistic expression (D) Aptness of examples
• Two ladies and two men are playing bridge and seated at North, East, South and West of a table. No lady is facing East. Persons sitting opposite to each other are not of the same sex. One man is facing South. Which direction are the ladies facing to ? (A) East and WestB) North and West (C) South and East (D) None of these

DECEMBER 2008

• There are five books A,B,C,D and E.  The book C lies above D, the book E is below A and B is below E. Which is at the bottom ? (A)    E   B)     B    (C)    A    (D)    C
• Logical reasoning is based on: (A)    Truth of involved propositions B)    Valid relation among the involved propositions (C)    Employment of symbolic language (D)    Employment of ordinary language
• Two propositions with the same subject and predicate terms but different in quality are: (A)    Contradictory     (B)     Contrary    (C)    Subaltern    (D)    Identical
• The premises of a valid deductive argument: (A)    Provide some evidence for its conclusion (B)    Provide no evidence for its conclusion (C)    Are irrelevant for its conclusion (D)    Provide conclusive evidence for its conclusion
• Syllogistic reasoning is: (A)    Deductive    (B)     Inductive (C)    Experimental    (D)    Hypothetical
• The following question is based on the diagram given below. If the two small circles represent formal class-room education and distance education and the big circle stands for university system of education, which figure represents the university systems.Ans: (B)
• The statement, ‘To be non-violent is good’ is a : (A)    Moral judgement    (B)     Factual judgement (C)    Religious judgement    (D)    Value judgement
• Assertion (A) :   Man is a rational being. Reason (R):   Man is a social being. (A)    Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (B)    Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (C)    (A) is true but (R) is false (D)    (A) is false but (R) is true
• Value Judgements are: (A)    Factual Judgements (B)    Ordinary Judgements (C)    Normative Judgements (D)    Expression of public opinion
• Deductive reasoning proceeds from : (A)    general to particular (B)    particular to general (C)    one general conclusion to another general conclusion (D)    one particular conclusion to another particular conclusion
• AGARTALA is written in code as 14168171, the code for AGRA is : (A)    1641    (B)     1416    (C)    1441   D)    1461

DECEMBER 2007

• Logical arguments are based on: (A)    Scientific reasoning           (B)     Customary reasoning (C)    Mathematical reasoning   D)    Syllogistic reasoning
• Insert the missing number: 4 : 17 : : 7 : ? (A)    48    (B)     49 C)    50 (D)    51
• Choose the odd word: (A)    Nun      B)     Knight (C)    Monk    (D)    Priest
• Choose the number which is different from others in the group : (A)    49    (B)     63 (C)    77    D)    81
• From the given four statements, select the two which cannot be true but yet both can be false. Choose the right pair : (i)      All men are mortal (ii)     Some men are mortal (iii)    No man is mortal (iv)    Some men are not mortal (A)    (i)and(ii)     (B)     (iii) and (iv) (C)    (i)and(iii)    D)     (ii)and(iv)
• A Syllogism must have: (A)    Three terms     B)    Four terms (C)    Six terms         (D)    Five terms
• Copula is that part of proposition which denotes the relationship between : A)    Subject and predicate (B)    Known and unknown (C)    Major premise and minor premise (D)    Subject and object
• “E” denotes: A)    Universal Negative Proposition (B)    Particular Affirmative Proposition (C)    Universal Affirmative Proposition (D)    Particular Negative Proposition
• ‘A’ is the father of ‘C, and ‘D’ is the son of ‘B’. ‘E’ is the brother of ‘A’. If ‘C is the sister of ‘D’, how is ‘B’ related to ‘E’? (A)    daughter         (B)    husband C)    sister-in-law  (D)    brother-in-law

DECEMBER 2006

• Which one of the following statements is completely non-sensical ? (A) He was a bachelor, but he married recently. (B) He is a bachelor, but he married recently. (C) When he married, he was not a bachelor. (D) When he was a bachelor, he was not married.
• Which of the following statements are mutually contradictory ? (i) All flowers are not fragrant. (ii) Most flowers are not fragrant. (iii) None of the flowers is fragrant. (iv) Most flowers are fragrant. Choose the correct answer from the code given below : Code : (A) (i) and (ii) (B) (i) and (iii) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (iii) and (iv)
• Which of the following statements say the same thing ? (i) “I am a teacher” (said by Arvind) (ii) “I am a teacher” (said by Binod) (iii) “My son is a teacher” (said by Binod’s father) (iv) “My brother is a teacher” (said by Binod’s sister) (v) “My brother is a teacher” (said by Binod’s only sister) (vi) “My sole enemy is a teacher” (said by Binod’s only enemy) Choose the correct answer from the code given below : Code : (A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) (C) (ii) and (vi) (D) (v) and (vi)
• Which of the following are correct ways of arguing ? (i) There can be no second husband without a second wife. (ii) Anil is a friend of Bob, Bob is a friend of Raj, hence Anil is a friend of Raj. (iii) A is equal to B, B is equal to C, hence A is equal to C. (iv) If everyone is a liar, then we cannot prove it. Choose the correct answer from the code given below : Code : (A) (iii) and (iv) (B) (i), (iii) and (iv) (C) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
• Which of the following statement/s are ALWAYS FALSE ? (i) The sun will not rise in the East some day. (ii) A wooden table is not a table. (iii) Delhi city will be drowned under water. (iv) Cars run on water as fuel. Choose the correct answer from the code given below : Code : (A) (i), (iii) and (iv) (B) Only (iii) (C) (i), (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) alone
• Which of the following conclusions is logically valid based on statement given below? Statement:    Most teachers are hard working. Conclusions: (I) Some teachers are hard working. (II)Some teachers are not hard working. (A) Only (I) is implied (B) Only (II) is implied C) Both (I) and (II) are implied (D) Neither (I) nor (II) is implied
• Who among the following can be asked to make a statement in Indian Parliament ? (A) Any MLA (B) Chief of Army Staff C) Solicitor General of India (D) Mayor of Delhi
• Which of the following conclusions is logically valid based on statement given below ? Statement :     Most of the Indian states existed before independence. Conclusions : (I) Some Indian States existed before independence. (II) All Indian States did not exist before independence. (A) only (I) is implied B) only (II) is implied (C) Both (I) and (II) are implied (D) Neither (I) nor (II) is implied
• Water is always involved with landslides. This is because it: (A) reduces  the shear strength of rocks B) increases the weight of the overburden (C) enhances chemical weathering (D) is a universal solvent
• Direction for this question: Given below are two statements (a) and (b) followed by two conclusions (i) and (ii). Considering the statements to be true, indicate which of the following conclusions logically follow from the given statements by selecting one of the four response alternatives given below the conclusion : Statements : (a) all businessmen are wealthy. (b) all wealthy people are hard working. Conclusions : (i) All businessmen are hard working. (ii) All hardly working people are not wealthy A) Only (i) follows (B) Only (ii) follows (C) Only (i) and (ii) follows (D) Neither (i) nor (ii) follows

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Critical Thinking and Practical Reasoning

Critical thinking includes, but not limited to, variety of deliberative processes aimed at making wise decisions about what to believe and do, processes that centre on evaluation of arguments, among others. The course will integrate logic, both formal and informal, with a variety of skills and topics useful in making sound decisions about claims, actions, and practices and to make it all palatable by presenting it in real-life contexts. This course is interactive and conversational in tone and aim at helping students to appreciate how to use the tools in logic in arriving at most cogent conclusions given different issues of life.