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Applying to MD-PhD Programs

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Are you considering a MD-PhD program? Here the basics about applying to MD-PhD programs to help you get started.

The MD-PhD dual degree training prepares you for a career that is busy, challenging, and rewarding, and offers opportunities to do good for many people by advancing medical science, developing new diagnostics and treatments for diseases, and pushing back the boundaries of the unknown.

How do I know if a combined program is right for me?

MD-PhD programs are specifically designed for those who want to become physician-researchers, also known as physician-scientists. Graduates of MD-PhD programs often go on to become faculty members at medical schools, universities, and research institutes such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

MD-PhD program students are being prepared for careers in which they will spend most of their time doing research in addition to caring for patients. It is critical that applicants have a passion for doing both—most MD-PhD graduates feel strongly that they would not be fulfilled by only pursuing medicine or science.

How do I apply?

Nearly all MD-PhD programs participate in the application process via the American Medical College Application Service® (AMCAS®) . On the AMCAS application, students designate themselves as MD-PhD applicants and complete two additional essays: one related to why they are interested in MD-PhD training, and the other highlighting their significant research experiences.

What schools offer this type of program?

Nationwide, there are more than 90 MD-PhD programs affiliated with medical schools. The National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) supports Medical Scientist Training Programs or MSTPs. They currently provide training grants that partially support MD-PhD programs at 49 degree-granting institutions. You can see which schools offer MD-PhD degrees in the  Medical School Admission Requirements  profiles under “Combined Degrees and Special Programs.” You can also review  Individual MD-PhD Program Information for Prospective Applicants  for easy access to individual MD-PhD program websites.

How long does it take?

Students enter an integrated curriculum that typically takes seven to eight years to complete. During which time, they satisfy the full requirements for both the MD and the PhD degrees.

What kind of work can I do? How much time is spent as an MD? As a researcher?

According to a  study of MD-PhD program outcomes , nearly 80 percent of graduates are following career paths consistent with the goals of their training, including working as full-time faculty in academic medical centers or for the NIH, research institutes, industry, and federal agencies. Those in academia, spend between 50 and 80 percent of their time conducting research, though this can vary by specialty. Their research may be lab-based, translational, or clinical. The remaining time is often divided between clinical service, teaching, and administrative activities.

MD-PhD Application Timeline

AMCAS application opens:  May preceding the year of expected entry Applicants interviewed:  October–March Final decisions sent to applicants:  December–March Applicants revisit program(s) to decide where to matriculate:  March–April MD-PhD programs start:  June–August

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When I was in college, I was in a premed “bubble” a lot of the time. I took many of my courses and labs alongside hundreds of other aspiring physicians. I would see the same people throughout my academic day, and sometimes even outside of the lecture hall. Because of this, I unintentionally overheard conversations […]

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Forum Kamdar , Credentials MD, PhD, FACC

Dr. Kamdar is an Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Cardiovascular Division of the Department of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. She received her M.D. from the University of Minnesota Medical School. She completed her training in internal medicine and cardiovascular disease at the University of Minnesota through the Physician-Scientist Training Pathway, in which she pursued a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology and Physiology. She completed her advanced heart failure, heart transplant, and mechanical circulatory support fellowship at the Cleveland Clinic. Her clinical and research interests focus on cardiomyopathy associated with neuromuscular disorders, such as muscular dystrophies, and clinical and translational research in mechanical circulatory support.

Research Summary

Cardiac Calcium Regulation Muscular Dystrophy Associated Cardiomyopathy Human induced pluripotent stem cell research Myocardial structural proteins Mechanical circulatory support Kamdar Lab Website

Clinical Summary

Advanced heart failure, Advanced hemodynamic support, Cardiac transplant/Mechanical Circulatory Support, Heart failureHeart transplantation and regeneration, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Mechanical circulatory support, Muscular dystrophy associated cardiomyopathy, Right ventricular dysfunction, Women's heart health

School of Medicine M.D./Ph.D. Training Program

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M.D./Ph.D. Training Program

Sofia vignolo.

Current Program Year: Grad 2 Current Student, Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine M.D./Ph.D. Program Students, School of Medicine

Bertassoni Lab

Research interests: tissue engineering and bone regeneration

Clinical interests: craniofacial surgery

​​​​​​​ Sofia Vignolo received her BS in BME from the University of Miami in 2018. Following graduation, she worked as a research data manager at Boston Children's Hospital in the Precision Vaccines Program. In 2020, she joined the Medical Scientist Training Program at OHSU. As an ARCS recipient, Sofia is a rising 4th-year MD-PhD student in Dr. Luiz Bertassoni's lab. Her research interests are in craniofacial surgery and biomedical engineering, specifically bone regeneration. Outside of lab, she has been involved in many leadership positions like being president of BMES and lead coordinator of PSI, a program focused on teaching research basics to URM high school students.

Education and training

B.S., 2018, University of Miami

Publications

Selected publications.

Strandmark J, Darboe A, Diray-Arce J, Ben-Othman R, Vignolo SM , Rao S, et al. A single birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine induces polyfunctional CD4(+) T helper cells. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1043375. Epub 20221108. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043375. PubMed PMID: 36426360; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC9681035.

Vignolo SM , Diray-Arce J, McEnaney K, Rao S, Shannon CP, Idoko OT, et al. A cloud-based bioinformatic analytic infrastructure and Data Management Core for the Expanded Program on Immunization Consortium. J Clin Transl Sci. 2020;5(1):e52. Epub 20200922. doi: 10.1017/cts.2020.546. PubMed PMID: 33948273; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC8057481.

Lee AH, Shannon CP, Amenyogbe N, ... Consortium E ( Vignolo S )  et al. Dynamic molecular changes during the first week of human life follow a robust developmental trajectory. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):1092. Epub 20190312. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08794-x. PubMed PMID: 30862783; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6414553.

Orbay JL, Gray R, Vernon LL, Sandilands SM, Martin AR, Vignolo SM . The EFCR Approach and the Radial Septum-Understanding the Anatomy and Improving Volar Exposure for Distal Radius Fractures: Imagine What You Could Do With an Extra Inch. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2016;20(4):155-60. doi: 10.1097/BTH.0000000000000139. PubMed PMID: 27801774.

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Student Spotlight: Lily Koffman

Lily Koffman is a PhD candidate in the Department of Biostatistics. She was previously a WiST (Women in Sports Tech, Inc.) Summer Fellow, and a High Performance Intern at U.S. Ski & Snowboard.

Lily Koffman is a PhD candidate in the Department of Biostatistics. Her academic and professional interests include sports science, public health, and biostatistics methods for data from wearables and other technology.

• Hometown:  Orono, Maine
• Previous Degrees Earned: BA in Statistics, Harvard University; MS in Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
• Current Program: PhD
• Starting Year: 2021
• Area of Focus:  Methods and applications for wearable device data

How did you get interested in biostatistics? 

My path to biostatistics lies through two classes I was lucky enough to stumble upon in college. After taking Joe Blitzstein’s “Introduction to Probability” in my sophomore year, I fell in love with and decided to major in statistics; however, I wasn’t certain what career path I wanted to pursue. The following year, Giovanni Parmigiani’s “Data Analysis in Modern Biostatistics” introduced me to biostatistics. I loved how the field combined mathematical rigor with innovative problem-solving and provided the opportunity for impactful applications in medicine and public health.

What has been your favorite class so far at Hopkins? 

The Advanced Methods in Biostatistics series was the most rewarding class I’ve taken at Hopkins. While undeniably challenging, the class allowed me to immerse myself in the math and theory that underpins the methods we use every day in our field, from simple linear regression to Bayesian mixed effects models.

Can you name an academic highlight you've had during your time as a Biostats student? 

One of my projects involves working with high-density hemodynamic time series data collected during cardiac surgery. Our collaborators, anesthesiologists at the School of Medicine, invited me and Marina Hernandez, a fellow PhD student, to observe an open-heart surgery. It was incredible to witness the precision and expertise of the surgical team. The experience emphasized the tangible impact our research can have on advancing clinical care and improving patient outcomes.

Have you been involved in any interesting projects or organizations during your time here?

I’m a member of the wearable and implantable technology (WIT) working group , and our meetings are my favorite part of the week. Some of the projects our group is working on include modeling data collected from continuous glucose monitors, developing algorithms to accurately count steps and detect walking using wearable accelerometers, and exploring mortality and disease prediction based on patterns of physical activity. 

What do you enjoy most about living in Baltimore? 

There is a genuine sense of community pride here, living up to the nickname “Charm City.” I love running in Patterson Park, walking along the Harbor, exploring the distinct personalities of each neighborhood, and finding quirky restaurants, bars, and coffee shops tucked into former row homes (see: Little Donna’s , La Barrita , Pie Time ). As an outdoor enthusiast, I love the fact that the NCR Trail, Patapsco State Park , the C&O Canal , Catoctin Mountain Park , and many more recreation areas are accessible within an hour’s drive of the city.

What advice do you have for prospective students considering the Department of Biostatistics? 

My advice to prospective students is to talk to engage with current students and professors in the Department and ask lots of questions! I think this is the best way to get a sense of the community and culture in the Department and help decide whether it would be a good fit for you. 

#12 Jennifer Yu, MD, PhD: Insights on Sports-related Ocular Trauma Sports Ophthalmology

How are we doing?? Click ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠here⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ to complete a brief, 2-minute survey. Dr. Jennifer Yu shares insights from her trauma experience at Harborview Medical Center -- a level 1 Trauma center serving 5 states. Dr. Jennifer Yu is a comprehensive ophthalmologist in Seattle, Washington. Dr. Yu received her bachelor's degree at the University of Michigan and her MD and PhD from Washington University School of Medicine, where she also completed ophthalmology residency. Dr. Yu currently serves as the Director of Trauma and Consult Services for ophthalmology at Harborview Medical Center. She is passionate about resident education and is a board member for the American Society of Ophthalmic Trauma. *Interested in joining our team? Click ⁠here⁠* References: More Than a Pickle: Fastest-Growing U.S. Sport May Pose Ocular Injury Risks Moe et al. "International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus paper on sports-related ophthalmology issues in elite sports" - doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001644

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Craig Kent, MD, and Lian-Wang Guo, PhD, Target Prevention of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

April 24, 2024 by [email protected]

Craig Kent, MD (left), Lian-Wang Guo, PhD

A new $2.7 million grant from the National Institutes of Health will support research led by Craig Kent, MD, and Lian-Wang Guo, PhD, in their efforts to tackle the prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysms — a potentially fatal condition affecting the body’s largest blood vessels.

Researchers Craig Kent, MD, chief executive officer of UVA Health, executive vice president for health affairs, and professor of surgery, and Lian-Wang Guo, PhD, professor of surgery, have partnered with Shaoqin Gong, PhD, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, to investigate novel therapeutic approaches for treating this disease.

The team has pinpointed PERK, a signaling protein central to the cellular stress response, as a potential target for intervention against aortic aneurysms. Aberrant activation of PERK has been implicated in the progression of this condition. To counteract this, the team aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms that contribute to the development of aneurysms, and devise a precise drug delivery system so that treatments can be delivered to the aneurysm site.

Their innovative approach involves the development of injectable, bio-camouflaged nanoclusters, likened to a cluster bomb. “Detonated” at the disease site, these nanoclusters disperse smaller drug-loaded nanoparticles, facilitating efficient penetration into the aneurysmal tissue. This precision-targeting strategy holds potential for minimizing systemic side effects, while maximizing therapeutic efficacy of aneurysm treatments — a significant advancement in the pursuit of the first safe and effective medicinal treatment for this disease.

Additional researchers who played a major part in developing this project include Bowen Wang, PhD, a co-investigator at Northwestern University; Nisakorn Yodsanit, PhD, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; and Takuro Shirasu, MD, PhD, and Yitao Huang, PhD, at the University of Virginia.

Collaborators on the project include Jianjie Ma, PhD, Chengli Shen, MD, PhD, Gary Owens, PhD, and Mete Civelek, PhD, at the University of Virginia and Morgan Salmon, PhD, at the University of Michigan.

A provisional patent application has been made possible and filed by the UVA Licensing & Ventures Group.

Filed Under: Research

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UCI School of Medicine Recognizes Middle Eastern and North African Heritage Month: Mehdi Abouzari, MD, PhD

In our present moment, new histories are being written through the passionate and innovative care that our colleagues bring to work everyday. It is our honor and privilege to work alongside these men and women and countless others throughout our school – true champions of diversity, equity and inclusion who are leaving an indelible mark on the future of our campus and their respective fields of medicine.

Mehdi Abouzari , MD, PhD, assistant professor and Wellness Officer in the Department of Otolaryngology, has been recognized by colleagues for his mentorship of diverse individuals across the medical education continuum, including undergraduates, medical students, residents, postdoctoral fellows, research coordinators and junior specialists.

“Mentoring is my passion and by championing the diversity of my mentees, my goal is to reduce inequities and inequalities that they face throughout their career,” says Dr. Abouzari.

Dr. Abouzari has dedicated extensive research and practice in pursuit of gender equity in the field of otolaryngology. In 2023, Dr. Abouzari and several colleagues from UCI’s Department of Otolaryngology published an article in Head & Neck that analyzed gender disparities in female authorship and citation among the 100 most-cited articles in the field of head and neck surgery. In addition, he has actively diversified his research team, demonstrating a commitment to working with immigrants who speak English as a second language, as well as female students from medical schools without a home otolaryngology program. These efforts were recognized in 2020 when the UCI Graduate Division awarded Dr. Abouzari the Tom Angell Fellowship Award.

When asked about the impact of his Iranian American identity on his work, he stated, “I have personally experienced how being a minority in terms of language, race and cultural background can impact you by making you feel different with a touch of isolation at times. Trying to fit into the new academic and professional environment required me to enhance my confidence, strengthen my skills and learn to communicate in a professional language that was much different from what I had been accustomed to.”

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Ramin Tadayoni, MD, PhD

Dr. Ramin Tadayoni, Retina Visionary and President of EURETINA, Dies at 54

Ramin Tadayoni, MD, PhD, the recently inducted president of the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA) and a dedicated contributor to the global retina community, passed away suddenly on Saturday, April 20, 2024, at the age of 54. Dr. Tadayoni was a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Paris and head of the ophthalmology departments at both the Rothschild Foundation Hospital and the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris. He played a major role in the development of EviRed, a 5-year research project investigating the use of artificial intelligence and OCT imaging for diabetic retinopathy. With colleagues in Asia, Dr. Tadayoni also founded the French Institute of Myopia. Dr. Alain Gaudric, professor emeritus at Université Paris-Cité, said of Dr. Tadayoni in a statement by EURETINA: “Everyone recognizes [Ramin’s] intelligence combined with a simplicity, delicacy, and availability that made him a rare person…Deeply respected and admired by his colleagues and collaborators, he will be tragically missed by ophthalmology.”

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