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This is a Core Course for students who have opted program BAG under IGNOU BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory 2023-2024 With CBCS Pattern. We Provide the All Assignment Questions And Their Solutions.

IGNOU BAG BPSC 131 SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS have been uploaded. IGNOU University Assignment of BAG Program of New Session BAG Student Assignment Questions can be downloaded from this page. Students must download compulsory assignments. With which he can give term and exam.

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You will have to do three Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) for a six credit course and two TMAs for a four credit course.

Assignment I has Descriptive Category Questions (DCQs). These are meant for writing essay type answers, with an introduction and a conclusion.

Assignment II has Middle Category Questions (MCQs). These questions require you to first analyze the topic in terms of arguments and explanations and then write the answers in a concise manner.

Assignment III has Short Category Questions (SCQs). These questions are meant to improve your skill of recall in brief the relevant/precise information about persons, writing, events, or clear understanding of concepts and processes.

Before you attempt the assignments, please read the instructions carefully provided in the Programme Guide.

Important Notes on BPSC 131 Introduction to Political Theory

• Write all the assignments with your own hand. Do not write to anyone else in a quick affair. This assignment can also be cancelled.
• The weight of IGNOU assignment is: 30% in total marks, so take this carefully.
• Submit the assignment to the teacher of your learning center before due date.

Viva Voce is mandatory while submitting the Assignment. If any one student Assigns the assignment and does not give viva voce, its assignment Will not be successfully completed and will be marked as ZERO

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• December 15th October Session

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BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023-24: Free PDF Download

• September 21, 2023
• Bachelor's Assignment

BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023-24: The pursuit of education is a lifelong journey, and for those enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts (BA) program with the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), it’s no different.

Assignments are an integral part of the learning process, helping students reinforce their understanding of the subjects and demonstrate their knowledge. Among these assignments, BPSC 131 is a significant one, focusing on Indian Administration.

Download BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023-24 PDF, Click Here

In this article, we will discuss the importance of the BPSC 131 Solved Assignment for the academic year 2023-24 and highlight the convenience of accessing it through IGNOUbank.com.

Table of Contents

BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2023-24 Questions and Answers

1. write a note on politics as a political activity..

Ans: Politics is an essential facet of human society, serving as a mechanism for governing and organizing collective life. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including policy-making, governance, elections, and advocacy.

At its core, politics is a political activity that influences the distribution of power, resources, and opportunities within a society.

In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted nature of politics as a political activity, its significance, and its impact on individuals and communities.

The Essence of Politics:

Politics, as a political activity, is the process through which individuals and groups engage in the pursuit and exercise of power.

This exercise of power can take many forms, from the crafting of laws and policies to the election of representatives and leaders.

At its essence, politics involves the negotiation of competing interests, values, and beliefs within a society to establish rules, norms, and institutions that govern collective behavior.

Key Components of Politics:

1. Governance: Politics plays a central role in the governance of a nation or community. Government institutions are created to formulate and implement policies that address societal needs and concerns.

Political actors, such as elected officials and bureaucrats, are responsible for making decisions that impact the lives of citizens. Effective governance requires the art of compromise, as diverse interests and perspectives must be considered.

2. Elections: Elections are a fundamental aspect of politics in democratic societies. They provide citizens with the opportunity to participate in the selection of their representatives and leaders.

Through the electoral process, individuals express their preferences and hold political actors accountable for their actions. Elections are a cornerstone of democracy, ensuring that power remains vested in the hands of the people.

3. Advocacy: Politics also involves advocacy efforts by various interest groups, civil society organizations, and individuals.

Advocacy seeks to influence political decisions and policies by raising awareness, mobilizing support, and applying pressure on decision-makers.

Advocacy can be instrumental in bringing about social change and addressing issues that might otherwise be ignored.

4. Policy-Making: The formulation and implementation of policies are core elements of political activity. Policymakers analyze complex issues, consider different viewpoints, and develop solutions to address societal challenges.

The policy-making process involves debates, negotiations, and compromises to arrive at decisions that reflect the collective will.

Significance of Politics as a Political Activity:

1. Representation: Politics ensures that citizens have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives. Elected representatives serve as conduits between the people and the government, working to translate the diverse interests and concerns of their constituents into policies and legislation.

2. Conflict Resolution: Politics provides a structured means for resolving conflicts and disagreements within a society. Instead of resorting to violence or coercion, individuals and groups can engage in political processes to seek redress for their grievances.

3. Social Progress: Political activity is instrumental in driving social progress and change. Through politics, societies can address issues such as civil rights, environmental protection, healthcare access, and economic inequality. Political activism and advocacy have played pivotal roles in advancing these causes.

4. Accountability: Politics establishes a system of checks and balances that holds leaders accountable for their actions. Elected officials must answer to their constituents, and independent institutions ensure that those in power are held to ethical and legal standards.

Impact on Individuals and Communities:

Politics has a profound impact on individuals and communities, shaping the quality of life, opportunities, and freedoms available to them. It determines the allocation of resources, the provision of public services, and the protection of individual rights.

The level of political engagement and participation also affects the extent to which individuals and communities can influence their political landscape. Furthermore, politics can either foster inclusivity and social cohesion or exacerbate divisions and conflicts.

In societies marked by political polarization, the ability to find common ground and work toward shared goals becomes increasingly challenging.

Conversely, in more inclusive political systems, diversity of opinion and perspective is valued and leveraged for the betterment of society.

2. Examine the interface of political theory and inter–related terms.

Ans: Political theory is a multifaceted field that explores the ideas, concepts, and principles underlying political systems, governance, and the exercise of power. It serves as the intellectual foundation for understanding and critically analyzing various aspects of politics.

The interface of political theory with interrelated terms such as ideology, policy, governance, and democracy is crucial in elucidating the dynamics of political thought and practice.

Ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that guide individuals and groups in their political actions and decisions. Political theory provides a framework for analyzing and evaluating different ideologies, such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and feminism.

It helps us understand the historical development of these ideologies, their philosophical underpinnings, and their implications for policy and governance.

Political theorists examine how ideologies shape political discourse, influence policymaking, and impact the distribution of power within societies.

Political theory is intimately connected to the formulation and analysis of policies. It provides the conceptual tools to assess the moral and ethical dimensions of policies, as well as their alignment with broader political philosophies.

Theories of justice, for example, help us evaluate whether policies promote fairness, equality, and the common good.

Political theorists also engage in normative discussions about the role of government in shaping and implementing policies, addressing questions of state intervention, regulation, and the protection of individual rights.

• Governance:

Governance refers to the mechanisms and structures through which political authority is exercised and decisions are made.

Political theory examines various forms of governance, from authoritarianism to democracy, and assesses their legitimacy, efficiency, and ethical foundations.

It helps us understand the role of institutions, the rule of law, and the separation of powers in ensuring accountable and effective governance.

Moreover, political theorists explore the tension between individual rights and collective interests in the context of governance, offering insights into the balance of power in society.

Democracy, as a system of government, is a focal point in political theory. Scholars in this field analyze the philosophical foundations of democracy, debate its normative principles, and scrutinize its real-world manifestations.

Political theory engages with questions about the nature of democratic participation, the protection of minority rights, and the role of civil society in sustaining democratic institutions.

Additionally, it delves into the challenges and vulnerabilities that democracies face, including populism, authoritarianism, and the erosion of democratic norms.

The Interface:

The interface between political theory and these interrelated terms is dynamic and mutually influential:

• Ideology and Political Theory: Political theory provides the analytical tools to deconstruct and evaluate ideological beliefs. It helps us understand the intellectual roots of ideologies and their implications for political action. Conversely, ideologies often inform the development of political theories, shaping the way scholars conceptualize justice, liberty, and equality.
• Policy and Political Theory: Political theorists play a vital role in critiquing and shaping policies. They offer normative frameworks for assessing the ethical dimensions of policy choices. At the same time, practical policy considerations inform the evolution of political theory, as theorists grapple with the real-world implications of their ideas.
• Governance and Political Theory: The study of governance draws extensively from political theory to explore questions of legitimacy, authority, and accountability. Political theorists, in turn, examine governance structures and institutions to assess their alignment with democratic principles and ethical standards.
• Democracy and Political Theory: Political theory informs our understanding of democracy’s philosophical foundations and ethical imperatives. It also helps identify the challenges and threats that democracies face, serving as a guide for preserving and enhancing democratic governance.

3. What is J.S. Mill’s notion of Liberty’? Explain.

Ans: John Stuart Mill’s notion of liberty is a fundamental concept in his political philosophy, expounded upon in his essay “On Liberty” published in 1859.

Mill’s idea of liberty revolves around the principle that individuals should have the maximum possible freedom to act as they wish, as long as their actions do not harm others. Here’s an explanation of Mill’s notion of liberty in 300 words:

Mill begins by distinguishing between two types of liberty: negative and positive liberty. Negative liberty is the absence of external constraints or interference in an individual’s actions.

Mill strongly advocates for negative liberty, asserting that individuals should be free to think, speak, and act as they please, as long as they do not infringe upon the rights and well-being of others.

This freedom of thought and expression is crucial for the development of individuality and the pursuit of truth.

Mill argues that society’s interference in an individual’s actions is only justified when it is aimed at preventing harm to others. This principle is often summarized in his famous harm principle:

“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.”

In other words, the state or society should only intervene in the affairs of individuals when their actions pose a direct threat to the rights or well-being of others.

Mill further emphasizes the importance of tolerating diverse opinions and ideas, even those with which one vehemently disagrees.

He argues that through the free exchange of ideas and the clash of different perspectives, society can arrive at the truth and avoid falling into the tyranny of the majority.

In Mill’s view, the protection of individual liberty is essential for human progress and the flourishing of society.

He believes that when individuals have the freedom to pursue their own interests and experiment with different ways of living, it leads to innovation, creativity, and societal advancement.

4. Discuss equality of opportunity.

Ans: Coming Soon

5. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.

6. Human Rights

7. People’s Democracy

8. Patriarchy

9. Determining factors of citizenship

10. Civil Society

The Significance of BPSC 131 Assignment

BPSC 131, titled “Indian Administration,” is a course that delves into the intricacies of public administration in India. It covers topics such as governance, bureaucracy, and the administrative structure of the country.

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• Academic Assessment: Assignments are a key component of the evaluation process in IGNOU. They contribute significantly to your final grades and provide an opportunity to showcase your understanding of the course material.
• Learning Reinforcement: Completing the assignment requires you to revisit the course content, engage with it, and apply your knowledge to specific questions. This process reinforces your learning and helps you grasp the subject matter more effectively.
• Skill Development: Assignments encourage critical thinking, research, and problem-solving skills, all of which are essential in the field of public administration.
• Self-Paced Learning: IGNOU’s open and distance education system allows students to study at their own pace. Assignments provide a structured way to keep up with the course curriculum.

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IGNOU: BPSC -131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 (INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL THEORY)

• 1 Assignment – I
• 2 Answer the following in about 500 words each.
• 3 1.Write a note on politics as a political activity.
• 4 2. Examine if political theory is dead.
• 5 Assignment – II
• 6 Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.
• 7 3. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain.
• 8 4. Discuss equality of opportunity.
• 9 5. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.
• 10 Assignment – III
• 11 Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.
• 12 6. Theory of Natural Rights
• 13 7. Substantive democracy
• 14 8. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy
• 15 9. Libertarian theory of citizenship
• 16.1 How to Download BPSC -131 Solved Assignment?
• 16.2 Is the BPSC -131 Assignment Free?
• 16.3 What is the last submission date for BPSC -131 Assignment?

Assignment – I

Answer the following in about 500 words each., 1.write a note on politics as a political activity..

Ans: Politics is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that has a significant impact on our lives and society. It is the process of making decisions and taking actions that affect a group of people or a community. Politics as a political activity refers to the use of power and influence to shape the policies and outcomes of a society.

Politics can be classified into two main categories: formal politics and informal politics. Formal politics refers to the structured and institutionalized process of decision-making that takes place in government institutions and political parties. This type of politics is guided by rules, laws, and regulations that ensure a degree of fairness and transparency. On the other hand, informal politics refers to the more informal and personal ways of influencing decision-making that occur outside of formal political institutions. This type of politics includes political activism, lobbying, and interest groups.

Politics is a central aspect of democratic societies, where citizens have the right to participate in the political process and influence decision-making. In democratic societies, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, and political parties compete for power through elections. However, politics is not limited to democratic societies. Even in authoritarian regimes, politics plays a crucial role in shaping policies and outcomes.

Politics can have a significant impact on various aspects of our lives, such as economic policies, social policies, and foreign policies. For example, political decisions can affect the distribution of wealth and resources, the provision of public services, and the regulation of markets. In addition, political decisions can shape the way we interact with other countries and the international community, such as through trade agreements, diplomatic relations, and military interventions.

The study of politics is known as political science, which seeks to understand the ways in which power and influence are exercised in society. Political science aims to provide insights into the functioning of political systems, the behavior of political actors, and the outcomes of political decisions. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws on a variety of disciplines, including economics, history, sociology, and psychology.

2. Examine if political theory is dead.

Ans: Political theory has been an essential part of the study of politics for centuries. It is the systematic and critical examination of the concepts and principles that shape our political systems, institutions, and practices. Political theory seeks to understand the nature of power, authority, justice, and freedom, and how these concepts are reflected in our political arrangements. In recent years, however, there have been debates about the relevance and vitality of political theory, with some arguing that it is dead or in a state of crisis.

One of the main criticisms of political theory is that it has become too abstract and disconnected from the reality of politics. Some argue that political theory has become overly focused on abstract concepts and idealized models, neglecting the practical realities of politics and the complexity of social and political problems. This has led to a lack of engagement with contemporary political issues, making political theory less relevant and useful to policymakers and citizens.

Another criticism is that political theory has become too narrow and exclusionary. Some argue that the dominant traditions in political theory, such as liberalism and conservatism, have failed to fully embrace diversity and the experiences of marginalized groups. As a result, political theory has become disconnected from the realities of those who experience the consequences of political decisions, leading to a lack of representation and accountability.

Despite these criticisms, political theory remains an essential aspect of the study of politics. Political theory provides a framework for understanding the values and principles that underpin our political systems and practices, and helps us to reflect on the ethical and moral implications of political decisions. By providing a critical examination of political concepts and principles, political theory can help to promote democratic discourse and accountability, and ensure that political decisions are informed by a deeper understanding of justice and freedom.

Furthermore, political theory is not static and continues to evolve in response to new political challenges and developments. New political theories, such as critical theory, feminist theory, and post-colonial theory, have emerged to challenge dominant traditions and provide a more inclusive and diverse understanding of politics. These new theories have opened up new avenues for understanding the complexity of contemporary political problems, such as globalization, inequality, and environmental degradation.

Assignment – II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each., 3. what are j.s. mill’s notions of liberty’ explain..

Ans: John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher and economist who lived in the 19th century. He is most famous for his works on political philosophy, particularly for his ideas on liberty. Mill’s notions of liberty can be understood by considering two distinct but interrelated concepts: individual liberty and social liberty.

Individual liberty refers to the idea that each person should be free to act as they see fit, so long as they do not harm others. Mill believed that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own goals and interests, as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others. He argued that limiting individual freedom should only be done in extreme circumstances where it is necessary to prevent harm to others.

Social liberty, on the other hand, refers to the idea that society should be structured in such a way that it provides individuals with the greatest possible amount of freedom. Mill believed that this could be achieved through a system of representative democracy, in which individuals have a say in the decisions that affect their lives. He argued that democracy is the best form of government because it allows individuals to have a voice in the political process and protects their rights and freedoms.

4. Discuss equality of opportunity.

Ans: Equality of opportunity refers to the idea that everyone should have a fair and equal chance to succeed in life, regardless of their background, ethnicity, race, gender, or other factors. It is the belief that everyone should have the same chances to achieve their goals and aspirations, and that no one should be unfairly disadvantaged based on their circumstances.

This concept is closely related to the idea of meritocracy, which holds that people should be selected and promoted based on their abilities and achievements, rather than their social status or connections. Equality of opportunity is important because it ensures that everyone has an equal shot at success, regardless of where they come from or what they look like. It is seen as a cornerstone of liberal democracies, as it provides individuals with the freedom to pursue their own goals and aspirations.

However, in practice, equality of opportunity can be difficult to achieve, as there are often systemic barriers and inequalities that prevent some people from having an equal shot at success. For example, racism, sexism, and poverty can all create significant barriers that make it difficult for some individuals to succeed. To address these inequalities, many countries have implemented policies and programs aimed at promoting equal opportunities, such as affirmative action programs, diversity initiatives, and anti-discrimination laws.

5. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.

Ans: Justice is a term that refers to the principle of fairness and impartiality in the treatment of individuals and groups. It is often used as a term of synthesis to describe a holistic concept that encompasses a wide range of values, including equality, fairness, and respect for individual rights.

One way to understand justice as a term of synthesis is to consider it as a way of bringing together different values and principles in a coherent and harmonious way. In this sense, justice can be seen as a way of balancing competing interests and ensuring that everyone is treated fairly and equitably. For example, justice may require balancing the rights of individuals with the needs of the community, or balancing the needs of the present with the interests of future generations.

Another way to understand justice as a term of synthesis is to consider it as a way of reconciling different perspectives and world views. For example, justice may require balancing the interests of different ethnic or religious groups, or balancing the interests of different social classes or economic groups. In this sense, justice can be seen as a way of fostering cooperation and collaboration between different groups and ensuring that everyone has a voice in the decisions that affect their lives.

Assignment – III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each., 6. theory of natural rights.

Ans: The Theory of Natural Rights is a political philosophy that argues that individuals have inherent rights that are not derived from governments or societies but exist independently. These rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, are considered natural and unalienable and are seen as the foundation of a just and free society. The theory was first articulated by Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and was a central principle of the American Revolution. Natural rights theory holds that the primary role of government is to protect these rights and that individuals have the right to overthrow a government that fails to do so. The theory remains influential in contemporary political discourse, particularly in debates about individual freedoms and the proper role of government.

7. Substantive democracy

Ans: Substantive democracy is a concept that emphasizes the substance or outcomes of democracy, rather than just the procedural aspect of democratic decision-making. In substantive democracy, the focus is on ensuring that the distribution of power and resources within a society is equitable and that all individuals have a meaningful say in the decisions that affect their lives. This approach views democracy not just as a form of government, but as a way of life that requires the active participation of citizens in the political process and the promotion of social justice. Proponents of substantive democracy argue that traditional liberal democracies have failed to address the underlying inequalities that limit the effective exercise of democratic rights and that a more robust form of democracy is necessary to address these challenges. Substantive democracy remains a subject of debate and an important aspect of democratic theory and practice.

8. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy

Ans: Gender mainstreaming is a strategy aimed at promoting gender equality by integrating a gender perspective into all aspects of political, economic, and social policies and programs. This approach seeks to address the root causes of gender inequalities by challenging the assumptions, norms, and structures that sustain them. The goal of gender mainstreaming is to ensure that both women and men have equal opportunities, rights, and responsibilities, and that the concerns and experiences of women are fully considered in all policy decisions. To implement gender mainstreaming effectively, it is necessary to involve both women and men in the process, build capacities and knowledge on gender issues, and monitor and evaluate the outcomes of gender-mainstreamed policies and programs. Gender mainstreaming has been widely adopted as a strategy by governments and international organizations, but its effectiveness in promoting gender equality remains a subject of debate and ongoing evaluation.

9. Libertarian theory of citizenship

Ans: The Libertarian theory of citizenship is a political philosophy that emphasizes individual freedom and autonomy as the fundamental principles of a just society. According to this theory, the role of the state is limited to the protection of individual rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property. Libertarians believe that the state should not interfere with the lives of individuals unless necessary to protect the rights of others. In this view, the ideal society is one in which individuals are free to pursue their own goals and ambitions without interference from the state or other individuals. The theory also places a strong emphasis on the importance of property rights and limited government, as it is believed that these are essential for ensuring individual freedom and protecting against tyranny and oppression. Overall, the Libertarian theory of citizenship values individual liberty and self-determination above all else and views the role of the state as being limited to the protection of these rights.

10. Censorship

Ans: Censorship is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. It is the act of controlling or limiting access to information or ideas that are deemed to be harmful or offensive. Censorship can take many forms, including government censorship, media censorship, and self-censorship. Censorship is often justified on the grounds of protecting public morality, national security, or the rights of individuals. However, censorship can also have negative effects, such as limiting free speech, stifling creativity, and suppressing important information that is essential for informed public debate and decision-making. The issue of censorship continues to be a subject of intense debate and discussion, with many people calling for greater freedom of expression and others advocating for greater restrictions on speech to protect vulnerable individuals and communities.

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Assignment I

Question 1:.

Write a note on politics as a political activity. (20)

Politics is an inherent aspect of human societies, encompassing the processes through which decisions are made, power is exercised, and resources are allocated within communities. At its core, politics revolves around the competition for power and the negotiation of interests among individuals and groups. However, politics extends beyond mere power struggles; it embodies a complex interplay of values, ideologies, and institutions that shape the governance of societies. Central to the dynamics of politics is political activity, which constitutes the engagement of individuals and groups in various actions and behaviors aimed at influencing political decisions and outcomes.

Understanding Politics: Politics can be conceptualized as the process of decision-making and governance within a society. It involves the formulation of policies, the enactment of laws, and the administration of public affairs by government institutions. Politics also encompasses the negotiation of conflicting interests, the resolution of disputes, and the maintenance of order within communities. It reflects the distribution of power and resources among different actors, including government officials, political parties, interest groups, and ordinary citizens.

Exploring Political Activity: Political activity refers to the actions and behaviors undertaken by individuals and groups to influence political decisions and outcomes. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including electoral participation, advocacy, protest, lobbying, and community organizing. Political activity serves as a means through which citizens express their preferences, advance their interests, and hold their leaders accountable. It is the lifeblood of democratic societies, empowering individuals to shape the direction of public policy and participate actively in the governance of their communities.

Forms of Political Activity: Political activity manifests in various forms, each serving different purposes and objectives. Electoral participation, such as voting in elections and running for office, is one of the most fundamental forms of political activity in democratic societies. It allows citizens to choose their representatives and influence the composition and policies of government bodies. Advocacy and lobbying involve efforts to influence policymakers and public opinion on specific issues through campaigns, petitions, and direct communication. Protest and civil disobedience are forms of political activity aimed at challenging existing power structures and bringing about social change through collective action.

Significance of Political Activity: Political activity plays a crucial role in shaping the governance of societies and ensuring the representation of diverse interests and viewpoints. It serves as a mechanism for public engagement, fostering civic participation and democratic deliberation. Political activity enables citizens to voice their concerns, advocate for change, and mobilize support for social causes. It holds governments accountable to the people and safeguards democratic values such as freedom of expression and the rule of law. Moreover, political activity contributes to the dynamism and resilience of democratic systems, allowing societies to adapt to changing circumstances and address emerging challenges.

Conclusion: In conclusion, politics as a political activity is integral to the functioning of democratic societies and the maintenance of political order. It embodies the collective efforts of individuals and groups to participate in the governance of their communities and shape the direction of public policy. By engaging in political activity, citizens exercise their rights, express their values, and contribute to the advancement of common goals. Thus, politics as a political activity remains essential for promoting democratic governance, fostering social cohesion, and ensuring the well-being of society as a whole.

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IGNOU BPSC-131 July 2023 - January 2024 - Solved Assignment

Are you looking to download a PDF soft copy of the Solved Assignment BPSC-131 - Introduction to Political Theory ? Then GullyBaba is the right place for you. We have the Assignment available in English and Hindi language.

This particular Assignment references the syllabus chosen for the subject of Political Science , for the July 2023 - January 2024 session. The code for the assignment is BPSC-131 and it is often used by students who are enrolled in the BAG Degree.

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IGNOU BPSC-131 (July 2023 - January 2024) Assignment Questions

Assignment - I

Answer the following in about 500 words each.

1. Write a note on politics as a political activity. 2. Examine the interface of political theory and inter –related terms.

Assignment - II

Answer the following questions in about 250 words each.

1. What is J.S. Mill’s notion of Liberty’? Explain. 2. Discuss equality of opportunity. 3. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.

Assignment - III

Answer the following questions in about 100 words each.

1. Human Rights 2. People’s Democracy 3. Patriarchy 4. Determining factors of citizenship 5. Civil Society

IGNOU BPSC-131 (July 2022 - January 2023) Assignment Questions

1. Write a note on politics as a political activity.

2. Examine if political theory is dead.

1. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain.

2. Discuss equality of opportunity.

3. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.

1. Theory of Natural Rights

2. Substantive democracy

3. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy

4. Libertarian theory of citizenship

5. Censorship

सत्रीय कार्य - I

निम्न वर्णनात्मक श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 500 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

1) एक राजनीतिक गतिविधि के तौर पर राजनीति पर एक लेख लिखिए। 2) राजनीतिक सिद्धान्त और उसके अंर्त संबंधित पदों के अंतरफलको (interface) का परीक्षण कीजिए।

सत्रीय कार्य - II

निम्न मध्यम श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 250 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

1) जे. एस. मिल की स्वतंत्रता की धारणा क्या हैं? व्याख्या कीजिए। 2) अवसर की समानता पर चर्चा कीजिए । 3) संश्लेषण के तौर पर, न्याय का विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए।

सत्रीय कार्य - III

निम्न लघु श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 100 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए।

1) मानव अधिकार 2) जनता का लोकतंत्र 3) पितृसत्ता 4) नागरिकता के निर्धारक कारक 5) नागरिक समाज (Civil Society)

सत्रीय कार्य I

निम्न वर्णनात्मक श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 500 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए ।

1) एक राजनीतिक गतिविधि के तौर पर राजनीति पर एक लेख लिखिए ।

2) विवेचना कीजिए यदि राजनीतिक सिद्धान्त जीवित है अथवा नहीं।

सत्रीय कार्य II

निम्न मध्यम श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 250 शब्दों (प्रत्येक ) में दीजिए ।

1) जे. एस. मिल की स्वतंत्रता की धारणायें क्या हैं? व्याख्या कीजिए ।

2) अवसर की समानता पर चर्चा कीजिए ।

3) न्याय का संश्लेषण के तौर पर विस्तारपूर्वक वर्णन कीजिए ।

सत्रीय कार्य III

निम्न लघु श्रेणी प्रश्नों के उत्तर लगभग 100 शब्दों (प्रत्येक) में दीजिए।

1) प्राकृतिक अधिकारों का सिद्धान्त

2) वास्तविक लोकतंत्र

3) एक रणनीति के तौर पर ज़ेंडर को मुख्यधारा से जोड़ना

4) नागरिकता का उदारवादी सिद्धान्त

5) सेंसरशिप (Censorship)

BPSC-131 Assignment Details

• University IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University)
• Title Introduction to Political Theory
• Language(s) English and Hindi
• Session July 2023 - January 2024
• Code BPSC-131
• Subject Political Science
• Degree(s) BAG
• Course Core Courses (CC)
• Author Gullybaba.com Panel
• Publisher Gullybaba Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Assignment Submission End Date

The IGNOU open learning format requires students to submit study Assignments. Here is the final end date of the submission of this particular assignment according to the university calendar.

• 30th April  (if Enrolled in the June Exams)
• 31st October (if Enrolled in the December Exams).

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• July 2023 - January 2024 10 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAG-BPSC131-EN-375
• July 2022 - January 2023 8 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAG-BPSC131-EN-218

Hindi Language

• July 2023 - January 2024 8 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAG-BPSC131-HI-375
• July 2022 - January 2023 10 Pages (0.00 ), PDF Format SKU: IGNGB-AS-BAG-BPSC131-HI-212

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• 1 IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23
• 2 Q.1. Write a note on politics as a political activity.
• 3 Q.2. Examine if political theory is dead.
• 4 Q1. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain.
• 5 Q2. Discuss equality of opportunity.
• 6 Q3. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.
• 7 Q1. Theory of Natural Rights
• 8 Q2. Substantive democracy Q3. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy Q4. Libertarian theory of citizenship Q5. Censorship
• 9.1 IGNOU Instructions for the BPSC 131 Assignment 2022-23
• 10 [ads_color_box color_background=”#ffdd00″ color_text=”#000000″]GUIDELINES FOR IGNOU Assignments 2022-23[/ads_color_box]
• 11 IGNOU Assignment Front Page
• 12.1 Related

IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-23

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Important Note – IGNOU BPSC 131 Solved Assignment 2022-2023 Download Free You may be aware that you need to submit your assignments before you can appear for the Term End Exams. Please remember to keep a copy of your completed assignment, just in case the one you submitted is lost in transit.

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Submission Date :

• 31st March 2033 (if enrolled in the July 2033 Session)
• 30th Sept, 2033 (if enrolled in the January 2033 session).

There are three Sections in the Assignment. You have to answer all questions in the Sections. Answer the following in about 500 words each in section I and Each question carries 20 marks. Answer the following questions in about 250 words each in section II and Each question carries 10 marks. Answer the following questions in about 100 words each in section III and Each question carries 6 marks

SECTION – I

Q.1. Write a note on politics as a political activity.

All Department of Justice employees are subject to the Hatch Act, 5 U.S.C. 7323(a) and 7324(a), which generally prohibits Department employees from engaging in partisan political activity while on duty, in a federal facility or using federal property.  Political activity is activity directed toward the success or failure of a political party, candidate for partisan political office, or partisan political group. The statute carries serious penalties including REMOVAL from federal employment. The Hatch Act applies to all federal employees; however, application of its restrictions is broken down into two groups, based on position.

“Less restricted”  employees, including most career employees in the executive branch, are able to participate actively in political management or partisan political campaigns, while off-duty, outside a federal facility and not using federal property.

“Further restricted ” employees are held to stricter rules that preclude active participation in political management or partisan political campaigns, even off-duty. The following Department of Justice employees are “further restricted” by statute: all career Senior Executive Service (SES) employees; administrative law judges; employees in the Criminal Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the National Security Division; and criminal investigators and explosives enforcement officers in ATF. Further restricted employees may not campaign for or against candidates or otherwise engage in political activity  in concert with  a political party, a candidate for partisan political office, or a partisan political group.

Considering the Department’s mission, it has been determined that, as a matter of Department policy,  all political appointees  will be subject to the rules that govern “further restricted” employees under the Hatch Act to ensure there is not an appearance that politics plays any part in the Department’s day to day operations.  Guidance to all Department employees is provided in two memoranda from the Assistant Attorney General for Administration, dated August 30, 2022, one to  career employees  and one to non-career  appointees .

The Attorney General has issued an  additional memo for non-career appointees .

Any Department employees who have questions beyond what is included here should consult their component’s ethics official.

Less restricted employees  may :

• Be candidates for public office in nonpartisan elections
• Register and vote as they choose
• Assist in voter registration drives
• Contribute money to political campaigns, political parties or partisan political groups
• Attend political fundraising functions
• Attend and be active at political rallies and meetings
• Join and be an active member of political clubs or parties
• Hold office in political clubs and parties
• Sign and circulate nominating petitions
• Campaign for or against candidates in partisan elections

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Q.2. Examine if political theory is dead.

In the middle of the twentieth century, many observers readily wrote an obituary of political theory. Some spoke of its decline. Others proclaimed its death. One referred to political theory as being in the doghouse. This dismal view is because the classical tradition in political theory is, by and large, loaded with value judgements beyond the control of empirical testing. The criticism of normative theory came from logical positivists in the 1930s and from behaviouralism, subsequently. Easton contends that since political theory is concerned with some kind of historical form, it had lost its constructive role. He blames William Dunning, Charles H. Mcllwain, and George M. Sabine for historicism in political theory. This kind of political theory has dissuaded students from a serious study of value theory. 

In the past, theory was a vehicle whereby articulate and intelligent individuals conveyed their thoughts on actual direction of affairs and offered for serious consideration, some ideas about the desirable course of events. In this way, they revealed to us the full meaning of their moral frame of reference. Today, however, the kind of historical interpretation with which we are familiar in the study of political theory has driven from the latter its only unique function; that of constructively approaching a valuational frame of reference. In the past, theory was approached as an intellectual activity whereby the student could learn how he was to go about exploring the knowable consequences and, through them, the ultimate premises of his own moral outlook. Scrutiny of the works by American political theorists reveals that their authors have been motivated less by an interest in communicating such knowledge than in retailing information about the meaning, internal consistency and historical development of past political values.

Dunning in his three volumes entitled A History of Political Theories(1902) set the tone for research in political theory. This training as a historian enables him to approach political theory primarily as offering problems of historical change and to unfold the role of political ideas in this process. As a result political theory, for Dunning, becomes a historical account of the conditions and consequences of political ideas. He seeks to uncover the cultural and political conceptions of an age and to isolate the influences of these ideas, in turn, on the social conditions. 

Easton describes Dunning as a historicist, for he deflects political theory from moral considerations and consciously avoids dealing with moral issues in a purely historical context. Dunning perceives political theory as essentially historical research into issues that arise from observation of political facts and practices. He confines his study to the legal rather than the ethical dimensions of political life, though subsequently his students broadened it to encompass theories of political activity. He considers moral views as a product of caprice, dogmas without justification and hence, not worthy of analysis or interpretation. He neglects the meaning and logical consistency of ideas.

Mcllwain’s The Growth of Political Thought in the West (1932) uses historical research, for he regards political ideas as an ‘effect rather than an influential interacting part of social activity’. Being virtual ciphers in the changing patterns of actual life, ideas can have meaning only as a

part of a history of theories in which ideas may condition, subsequent ideas, but in which they leave no impact upon action. Political theory is construed here as a branch of the sociology of knowledge, which deals primarily with the circumstances shaping knowledge as it has varied over time. The task of the political theorist is to show the way in which a social milieu moulds and shapes political thought. It is concerned with the exclusively empirical task of uncovering the determinants of ideology.

Sabine’s A History of Political Theory (1939) has singularly influenced studies in political theory more than any other book written during the thirties. Like Dunning and Mcllwain, Sabine considers the historical study of theory as an appropriate approach to the subject matter. The impression that one gets from the book and from a description of his method is ‘that a historical study of theory provides its own self-evident justification’. Sabine combines the approach of both Dunning and Mcllwain. Like Dunning, he believes that political thought is a part of the political process which interacts and influences social action. He shares Mcllwain’s belief that it is necessary to describe and analyse moral judgement in each theory as these are the determining factors in history and not mere rationalisations of an activity. Moral judgements are not inferior to factual propositions as Dunning contends. Though Sabine reiterates Dunning’s interpretation of the relation between ideas and action, he differs in his conception of the nature of history of political theory by his emphasis on the role of ethical judgement.

SECTION – II

Q1. What are J.S. Mill’s notions of Liberty’? Explain.

John Stuart Mill, a 19th century philosopher and political economist, is known for his contributions to liberal political theory, including his ideas about liberty.

In his famous work, “On Liberty,” Mill argues that individual liberty is of the utmost importance. He contends that individuals should be free to think, act, and express themselves in any way they choose, as long as they do not harm others. This principle is known as the harm principle and is considered the foundation of Mill’s philosophy of liberty.

According to Mill, the harm principle holds that “the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.” He argues that individuals should be free to make their own choices and take responsibility for the consequences of those choices, as long as those choices do not harm others.

Mill also emphasizes the importance of individuality and self-expression. He argues that individuals should be free to express their unique thoughts, beliefs, and opinions without fear of censorship or repression. He contends that the exchange of ideas, even those that are considered offensive or unpopular, is essential for the growth and development of a free and open society.

Q2. Discuss equality of opportunity.

Ans. Equality of opportunity is the idea that all individuals should have an equal chance to succeed, regardless of their background or circumstances. This principle is often applied to the job market and education system, where it suggests that everyone should have the same access to jobs, education, and training, regardless of their race, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, or other characteristics.

In practice, achieving equality of opportunity can be difficult, as individuals may have different starting points and face different barriers to success. For example, a child from a low-income family may have fewer resources and less access to high-quality education than a child from a wealthy family, which can make it more difficult for the former to succeed in the job market.

To promote equality of opportunity, various policies and programs have been proposed, including:

• Increasing access to education and training, particularly for disadvantaged groups
• Affirmative action policies, which are designed to increase the representation of underrepresented groups in education and the workforce
• Policies to address poverty, such as welfare programs or increasing the minimum wage
• Eliminating discrimination and bias in hiring, promotion, and other employment practices.

Equality of Opportunity is complement with Equality of outcome, which is the idea that everyone should have the same end results, regardless of their background or circumstances. However, it is important to note that both Equality of outcome and Equality of opportunity are related but different concepts and having both in place is desirable

While the concept of equality of opportunity is widely accepted, there is often debate about the best way to achieve it in practice. Some argue that policies that aim to promote equality of outcome, such as redistributive taxation or universal basic income, are more effective at promoting equality of opportunity than policies that focus on increasing access to education and training.

Q3. Elaborate upon justice as a term of synthesis.

Ans. – The term “justice” is often used as a synthesis or a way to bring together different concepts and principles. In this sense, justice can be thought of as a way to reconcile or balance competing values or interests.

In political philosophy, justice is a central concept that is often used to evaluate the fairness and moral correctness of various social institutions and practices. Different theories of justice propose different criteria for what constitutes a just society. For example, John Rawls’s “theory of justice as fairness” argues that a society is just if its basic institutions are arranged so as to maximize the welfare of the least advantaged members of society. On the other hand, Robert Nozick’s “Anarchy, State, and Utopia” presents a libertarian view of justice in which individuals have the right to do as they please as long as they respect the rights of others, as well as minimal state would be there to protect those rights.

In legal system, justice is often associated with the idea of fairness and the rule of law. A just legal system is one in which laws are applied impartially, without discrimination or bias, and in which the rights of all individuals are protected. The concept of “fair trial” or “due process” is seen as central to the justice system.

In ethics and morality, justice is often linked to the idea of fairness and treating others as one would like to be treated. This can manifest in the form of ideas like the Golden Rule and the Categorical Imperative.

In all these contexts, justice is often considered a normative or ideal concept, meaning that it represents an ideal standard against which actual social institutions and practices can be evaluated. There can be many different perspectives on what constitutes justice and these perspective can change over time and across cultures.

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Q1. Theory of Natural Rights

The theory of natural rights is a political and philosophical idea that certain rights are innate to human beings and are not dependent on any particular government or society. These rights are considered to be natural, in the sense that they are not granted by any external authority, but rather are inherent to human nature. According to this theory, individuals have certain natural rights simply by virtue of being human, and these rights cannot be taken away by any government or other external force.

One of the most famous formulations of the theory of natural rights can be found in the Declaration of Independence of the United States, which states that all men are “endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” This statement asserts that these rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are not granted by the government, but rather are inherent to human beings.

The theory of natural rights has been influential in the development of liberal political thought and the concept of individual rights. It has also been used to justify the limitation of government power and the protection of individual freedom.

One of the most notable philosopher that developed the theory of natural rights was John Locke. In his two treatises of Government, he explains that human beings have natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that government should exist to protect those rights. He argued that if the government fails to do so, the people have the right to overthrow it and establish a new government that will protect their rights.

It’s worth noting that there are critiques of natural rights theory as well. Some argue that the concept of natural rights is inherently problematic, as it is not clear what criteria should be used to determine which rights are natural and which are not. Others point out that the idea of natural rights is often used to justify the interests of those in power, rather than to protect the rights of all people.

Overall, the theory of natural rights is an important and influential idea in political philosophy and has played an important role in the development of liberal democracy and the protection of individual rights. But it has also been criticized and its application and implementation, as well as its concept may be debated.

Q2. Substantive democracy Q3. Gender mainstreaming as a strategy Q4. Libertarian theory of citizenship Q5. Censorship

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