tourism in bihar essay

Tourism Sector of Bihar: BPSC Notes

With a 3000-year-long history, Bihar in eastern India is one of the oldest cities in the world. The various historical monuments scattered throughout the state of Bihar are evidence of the state’s rich culture and heritage. Tourism is one of the most important sectors contributing to the nation’s GDP. Over the next ten years, India’s travel and tourism industry is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 7.8%, outpacing the nation’s 6.7% overall economic growth rate, eventually making up 7.2% of the GDP, or more than $33.8 trillion.

The topic is also significant in competitive exams. Here, we provide comprehensive information on the “Tourism Sector of Bihar” to make it easier for aspirants to succeed in competitive exams like the BPSC and other state-level exams.

Find details about the exam notification, syllabus and exam pattern of the BPSC Exam , by visiting the linked article.

Tourism In Bihar

A significant number of tourists from all over the world travel to Bihar to visit its many tourist attractions. Each year, 6 million tourists from all over the world travel to Bihar. The tourism sector of Bihar finds its mention in history as well. During Chandragupta Maurya’s reign, Megasthenes (B.C. 350–290) made a visit to the region. He noted his observations in Indika. Megasthenes’ son Dionysius travelled to Pataliputra during the rule of Ashoka. In the seventh century, I Ching and Hsuan-Tsang travelled to Nalanda to study.

The creation of the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation has improved tourism. The creation of the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation has improved tourism. Its principal objective is to make all of Bihar’s tourist resources commercially viable. Under it, there have been developments such as tourist information centres, hospitality services, heritage hotels, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks.

The state of Bihar offers thematic tourist sites to cater for all kinds of tourism, like Buddhist Circuit (Tourism), Sikh Circuit, Jain Tourism etc. Each thematic tourism site is discussed in detail, in the paragraph given below:

Sikh Tourism Circuit

As the birthplace of Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Maharaj, the 10th Sikh Guru, Bihar holds a special place in the hearts of Sikhs. He was the first to successfully unite Guru Nanak’s devotees. 

Patna Sahib:  

• Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, was born in Patna on 22nd December 1666. 
• He was the son of the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur.
• At his birthplace, Takhat Sri Harmandir Ji Sahib also referred to as the Patna Sahib is a magnificent gurudwara. 

Gurudwara Shri Handi Sahib :

• The Gurudwara Shri Handi Sahib is located near Danapur, a popular Sikh pilgrimage destination. 
• On his way to Punjab, the 10th Sikh guru, Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, is reported to have stopped here with a large group of followers. The locals are said to have welcomed Guru Sahib and Sangat with open arms. The custom of serving Khichdi as langar here dates back to the day when an elderly woman served Khichdi to Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Sangat.

One can visit other gurudwaras and Sikh shrines that honour the Sikh Guru’s life events by touring the Sikh Circuit of Bihar. These places of worship are not just important Sikh pilgrimage sites; they are also extremely popular tourist destinations.

Also, read in detail about Road Ahead for Tourism & Hospitality Industry: RSTV in the linked article.

Jain Tourism Circuit

For Jains, Bihar is a holy place because it was the birthplace of their final Tirthankara. One can gain insight into Lord Mahavira’s life and journey by travelling to some of the Jain pilgrimage sites in Bihar. He gave up his material possessions, meditated for many years, and preached the Jain way of life for the emancipation of the self here. A trip along this circuit also allows for visits to numerous additional holy sites honouring other Jain monks. A few important places to visit are

• Kundalpur is located near the Nalanda ruins. 
• The Digambar sect of Jains holds that Lord Mahavir, the 24th and last Tirthankar, was born here. 
• There are many Jain temples in this village.
• Due to its proximity to the historic city of Rajgir, the location is a popular pilgrimage and vacation destination.
• Samosharan Temple
•  Lord Mahavira delivered his last teaching here
• It is a spectacular marble temple in the middle of a lotus pond that stands marvellously on a rectangular platform.
• It designates the location of Lord Mahavira’s cremation of mortal remains. 
• This temple is believed to have been constructed by King Nandivardhan, the elder brother of Lord Mahavira.
• The main deity of the beautiful temple is a very old “Charan Paduka” of Lord Mahavira. 
• The Jains’ holy place of Pawapuri or Pavapuri, also known as Apapapuri, which means “the sinless town”, is situated in the Nalanda district of Bihar state in eastern India.
• Jal Mandir, a famous and sacred pilgrimage destination for Jains is located in Pawapuri.
• The temple is dedicated to Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara (religious preacher of Jainism), which marks the place of his cremation. 
• Mahavira attained Nirvana in Pawapuri in 527 BC.
• It is the birthplace of Lord Mahavir Jain.
• Built in 1874, the Jain temple and Dharamshala at Lachuar are revered by Jains.
• There is a Mandir of Lord Mahavira inside the Dharmsala. The idol in this temple is more than 2,600 years old.
•  This black stone idol is of weighs around 250 kg.

Buddhist Tourism Circuit

The state of Bihar in India is the one most closely associated with the life of the Buddha, leading to a path of pilgrimages that has come to be known as the Buddhist circuit. The state of Bihar is where Gautam Buddha first started looking for solutions to human suffering and ultimately attained enlightenment. 

The Mahabodhi Temple presently stands in the renowned location of the Buddha’s spiritual enlightenment beneath the Mahabodhi Tree, and it is a popular destination for Buddhist pilgrims and travellers from all over the world. UNESCO has also designated this temple as a World Heritage Site. The central government also announced the Buddhist Circuit project in 2016, under Swadesh Darshan Scheme.

The Buddhist route starts in Patna, the nation’s capital, where a notable museum houses an impressive collection of Hindu and Buddhist artworks as well as a terracotta urn believed to have Lord Buddha’s ashes. The main places of the Buddhist Circuit in the state are given below:

• It was formerly known as Uruvela.
• Among Buddhists, it is the most significant place of pilgrimage.
• Buddha obtained enlightenment on the banks of the river Niranjana, and the tree that protected him with shelter is regarded as the Bodhi Tree.
• A large Buddha statue in the position of a sitting Buddha is situated here.
• UNESCO classified the Mahabodhi Temple as a World Heritage Site.
• Buddha delivered his last sermon here.
• Here the Second Buddhist Council was convened by King Kalashoka.
• It served as the capital of numerous great dynasties, including the Mauryas and the Guptas.
• It was earlier referred to as Patliputra.
• The town of Patliputra had been developed by Udayin.
• King Ashoka convened the third Buddhist Council in 250 B.C. here.
• The Patliputra fort was built by Ajatshatru.
• It is the highest stupa in India measured from the base in East Champaran.
• The stupa is the symbol glorious past of the Buddhism era. It has a polygonal base and is capped with polygonal-shaped bricks from the top.
• A centre of study during the Pala dynasty, the historic Vikramshila University was located in Antichak in the Kahalgaon subdivision, 38 km from Bhagalpur. King Dharmapala founded the university.
• The first was the rocky hillock at Bateshwar Sthan, which was not only a prominent Tantric location but also a picturesque feature located around the junction of the Kosi and Ganga rivers. 
• Second, the location was a site for pilgrimage that attracted enormous numbers during Varsavardhana because the Ganga here was Uttar Vahini (flowing northwards).

Know in detail about the Swadesh Darshan Scheme on the link provided here.

Since the Buddhist Circuit is related to Buddha, the table below lists a few important articles that are relevant for aspirants’ preparation-

Sufi Tourism Circuit

In the medieval period, Pataliputra (Patna) attracted many Sufi saints who taught in a very humanistic manner, making the area a centre of pilgrimage for followers of all religions.

• Bihar Sharif:
• Bihar Sharif Museum : The first Bihar Museum was established here by Alexander Meyrick Broadley in the late 19th century, making it the oldest museum in Bihar and only the oldest museum in Bihar but also one of the oldest in all of India.
• The Bihar Sharif Pillar Inscriptions from the Gupta Empire were found in front of the northern gate of the fort of Bihar (Bihar Sharif). 
• The pillar was removed and set up on a brick pedestal opposite the Bihar Court House, and then later transferred to the Patna Museum.
• The Langot Fair in Baba Maniram Akhara, which Raja Biththal built to teach young people how to fight, is another important location in the city.
• The mausoleum of Syed Ibrahim Mallick Baya is situated atop Badi Pahadi, also known as Hiranya Parvat, which also houses a sizable park, a temple, and other buildings.
• The tomb was completed in 1569.
• The shrine of the Sufi Saint Sheikh Makhdoom Sharfuddin Ahmed Yahya Maneri, is located near the ruins of Odantapuri.
• Phulwari Sharif: 
• Hazrat Pir Muzibullah Quadri established Khankah Muzibia.
• The sacred hair of the beard of Paigamber Hazrat Mohammad is preserved here.
• Sangi Masjid located here was constructed by Humayun.
• Maner Sharif: 
• It was also an important centre of learning.
• The ceilings have carved inscriptions from Koran
• Sufi saint Makhdoom Yahya Maneri is known as the Bari Dargah (the great shrine). 
• Makhdum Shah Daulat, popularly called Chhoti Dargah (the small shrine).

Know more about Sufism by visiting the page in the linked article.

Also, learn about more such topics given in the linked article.

Ramayan Tourism Circuit

• Bihar plays an important role in the history and development of Hinduism as a religion. 
• This legendary land is where most of the tales of Lord Ram and Goddess Sita took place in Valmiki’s epic that has contributed to the Hindu religious and social fabric. 
• Many locations mentioned in this legend are in Bihar and considered holy sites for Hindus. 
• Temples depicting the tales of Ram and Sita can be found in this circuit.
• The temple is dedicated to Gautam Rishi’s wife, Ahilya.
• It is believed that the curse placed on her by her husband caused her to turn to stone, and only Lord Rama’s presence in the area allowed her redemption.
• The temple is a magnificent example of traditional Indian architecture.
• The flat stone inside the shrine is said to hold the footprints of Goddess Sita.
• It is said to be the most historic worship place in Darbhanga. 
• Sita Kund in Munger: It is believed to be the same place where after proving her chastity, Sita bathed in the pool which absorbed her heat.
• Sitamarhi: Janki Temple, which is believed to be the birthplace of Sita, is situated here.
• Singheshwar Sthan in Madhepura: Ir is considered to be the abode of Lord Shiva.

Ecological Tourism Circuit

Bihar is a popular ecotourism destination because of its abundant wildlife and natural beauty. The Eco circuit includes everything, from seeing the spectacular big animals to taking in Bihar’s natural beauty. The objective of a tour of this circuit is to inform visitors about these ecologically vulnerable places, the local population, and conservation activities.

• Ghora Katora Lake: is a beautiful spot near Rajgir.  The shape of the lake resembles that of a horse and the lake is surrounded by mountains on three sides. It is located near World Peace Pagoda. 
• Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary: This wildlife sanctuary is located in the Rohtas Plateau and Kaimur plateau of Kaimur Range in the southwestern part of Bihar. Bengal Tigers are also found in this sanctuary. Other significant places are
• Karkat waterfall
• Telhar waterfall
• Anupam Lake
• Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the southwest of Munger district. 
• Bhimbandh is situated south of the Ganges River, at the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and west of Santhal Pargana.
• It is surrounded on all sides by densely inhabited non-forestry areas. In the valley portions and at the foothills are several hot springs of which the finest are at Bhimbandh, Sita Kund and Rishi Kund.
• There are several hot water springs that maintain nearly the same temperature all year round.
• It is more famous for birds than land animals.
• Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary : The sanctuary is located in Bhagalpur, stretching from Sultanganj to Kahalgaon. It is the only protected area for Gangetic Dolphins.
• Kakolat Waterfalls: The 160-foot Kakolat Waterfalls are located in the Nawada district close to the Jharkhand border.

Related Links

Popular Sites In Bihar

There are a few sites which are very famous in the state of Bihar:

• Golghar : Under the direction of Lord Warren Hastings, Captain John Garstin constructed Golghar in Patna.
• Rajgir : The ancient capital of the Magadha Empire.
• Mauryan pillars at Lauriya Nandangarh, Rampurva, and Lauriya Areraj.
• Eighty Pillared Hall of Magadhan empire in Kumhrar (Patna).
• Didarganj Yakshini: One of the most treasured possession of the Patna Museum.
• Khudabaksh Library: Central Patna is home to the Khudabaksh Library, one of Asia’s biggest libraries.
• Qila-i-Rohtas : Sher Shah Suri constructed Qila-i-Rohtas in the Rohtas district in 1541.
• Nalanda University: The renowned ancient University is located in Nalanda.

This was all about the tourism sector of Bihar. The topic is essential for all the candidates preparing for the government exams and state PCS. 

For more information on related exams, preparation strategy for government exams and more, visit BYJU’S.

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Buddhist pilgrimage in Bihar India: a tourism policy perspective

2020, International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Related Papers

isara solutions

International Research Journal Commerce arts science

Tourism policies formulated and implemented by the union and state governments of India and Bihar respectively, over the past five decades, have played a significant role in attracting religious tourists to the Buddhist sites in Bihar from all across the world. This exploratory research is a historiographical narrative of Buddhist tourism in view of tourism development policies and plans. The study finds that favorable and effective policies have increased domestic and foreign tourism in India, especially international Buddhist pilgrimage to Bihar. However, the state of Bihar still needs better policies and marketing to promote Buddhist tourism. The paper explores the overlooked role of government tourism development policies in promoting spiritual and religious tourism in India, in addition to chronicling the development of tourism in Bihar. The study paves the path for further research into a potential tourism resource that the state of Bihar possesses but has not been able to fully realize.

Interal Res journa Managt Sci Tech

India's Buddhist heritage spans millennia across the entire subcontinent and large parts of South and South East Asia. Laying host to Lord Buddha's journey, and the subsequent development of the social and moral precepts of Buddhist thought, the plethora of intangible as well as tangible Buddhist heritage has made the Buddhist Circuit one of the most popular tourist products that India has to offer. Tourism in India, particularly Buddhist tourism has the potential to deliver socioeconomic benefits in developing states, engender cross-cultural respect, inculcate pride and encourage conservation of natural and cultural resources. Through the prism of local culture, Buddhism has inculcated diverse practices and traditions. Sustainability in tourism can be achieved through fostering community participation in business which will not only promote inclusive growth, but will also strengthen the forward and backward linkages of the industry and ensure innovation and optimum resource utilization in design and implementation of strategic tourism projects.

Md. Anisur Rahman

UGC Approved Journal of Marketing Strategy(JMS)

The Buddhist tourism industry in India is continuously putting its effort to sustain the image of top Buddhist tourism destination in the world. The industries have to think about new strategies and policies to handle their customers and tourists to optimize their customer loyalty and revenues. A new impetus is given to Buddhist Tourism when Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said; I would prefer calling 'India' as 'Buddhist India' and simultaneously also declared Bodh Gaya as 'Spiritual Capital of India'. Since Bodh Gaya is the epicentre of Buddhist Tourism, it will help to increase number of tourist to Buddhist India. The Buddhist Circuit is a globally important route for over 450 million Buddhists across the world, especially in East and South East Asian regions, making it an important platform for strengthening bilateral and cultural ties. However, despite its cultural and religious significance, Tourism infrastructure along the Buddhist Circuit remains relatively underdeveloped and large volumes of tourists have failed to translate into higher incomes for the local communities. The cornerstone of our National and State policy framework should therefore be to nurture a business environment conducive for the private sector, encourage and invest in local enterprises and domestic industry as well as foreign investment to build quality infrastructure, hotels, and services at these sites. Buddhist tourism today is highlighted for its immense business opportunities. With its lucrative linkages with transport, hotel industry etc., the potential and performance of India's Buddhist tourism industry needs to be gauged in terms of its socioeconomic magnitudes. Creating a profile of a customer in a systematic manner, delivering consistent development process across all media and integrating multi-channel customer interactions will help in building positive image of Indian Buddhist tourism. This paper is an attempt to envisage the various factors crucial to business development strategy and to find out the issues pertaining to the travelers, tourists and customer's in the Buddhist tourism sector and the attempts being made by various Journal of Marketing Strategy (JMS) Email: [email protected], http://www.jmspublication.com (An open access scholarly, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary and fully refereed journals.) 72 stake holders. The paper also makes some policy suggestions to address the constraints in promoting Buddhist tourism in India. METHODOLOGY Primary data gathered by using structured questionnaires administered to numerous Indians and foreigners/expatriates, interviews of officials in the tourism department and through internet sources. Both open and close-ended questions are used. Secondary data collected through internet sources pertaining to the statistical data. Also the method of SWOT analysis of tourism services through the feedback from various stake holders has been used to decipher the inter-linkage of strategy to the environment factors.

Kiran Shinde

"This paper examines the current policy framework under which religious tourism operates in India. It is based on a study of Vrindavan, a pilgrimage site representative of a majority of Hindu religious tourism destinations in India, receiving more than six million pilgrims annually. Using a case study approach, the paper highlights how most religious tourism activity takes place outside the state’s framework of policies and institutions. The contemporary religious tourism industry has largely evolved from the tradition of pilgrimages and continues to thrive on the economy of religious devotion. Religious actors drive this industry by providing religious services, accommodation and transport options in pilgrimage sites yielding an explicit ‘religious’ and ‘informal’ orientation. Following the colonial legacy, quasi-religious entrepreneurs continue to enjoy exemptions from the state with regard to revenue generation and abstain from civic responsibilities. While the role of the state is undeniable, at present, this is fairly limited due to the lack of understanding of the informality of the industry, absence of adequate policy, and an ‘institutional vacuum’ in dealing with religious tourism. The fragmentation resulting from the free-market situation and the absence of regulation and lack of infrastructural support lead to a condition where a high influx of religious tourists threatens the cultural and environmental sustainability of religious tourism destinations."

Dr. Himanshu Choudhary

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the key reasons of lack of promotion of Buddhist tourist sites in India and compare the awareness of foreign and Indian tourists towards India as a destination for Buddhist sites vis-a` -vis other countries such as Japan, Thailand and China. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an exploratory research design. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to Indian and foreign tourists, interviews of officials in the tourism department and through internet sources. Findings – Findings show a low level of awareness among both Indian and foreign tourists about India as a destination for Buddhist sites as compared to countries such as Japan, Thailand and China. Further, the findings to show a low level of engagement in promoting India as a destination for Buddhist tourism on part of tourist officials. Practical implications – The paper develops insights into better promotion of Buddhist tourist sites in India. Originality/value – The paper serves as a stepping stone towards future research on overlooked religious sites and their promotion.

Knut Aukland

In this article I draw on a wide range of studies including my own field research to provide a bird’s-eye perspective of the various points of connection, confluence and overlap between Hindu pilgrimage and domestic tourism in contemporary India. This serves three aims. First, it presents an overview of the contemporary scene in India which lends itself to comparison. Second, it illustrates the ways in which a pilgrimage tradition can be explored via tourism, as opposed to something contrasted with tourism. Thus, I hope to demonstrate the many potential research avenues beyond asking who is a pilgrim and who is a tourist. Third, it seeks to locate lacunas for future research. I suggest four entry points into tourism that can each serve as departures for studying the contemporary nexus between a pilgrimage tradition and tourism: tourism as (1) a service industry, (2) a sector that motivates states and public bodies to act, (3) a travel culture and (4) a negotiated category, part of public discourses and imaginations. The article demonstrates the variety of ways in which Hindu pilgrimage becomes evermore entangled with domestic tourism, and the potential for new research angles this entanglement generates. Hinduism, Hindu pilgrimage, India, pilgrimage and tourism

Religious tourism constitutes the dominant form of tourism in India and yet little is known about how it is governed and managed. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of governance and management of religious tourism. It first provides an overview of policy framework and governance mechanisms that are relevant for religious tourism. Then a market profile is presented to examine how the religious tourism economy intersects with the state-apparatus of policies and institutions. To better explain the complexities of religious tourism, the paper employs the axis of formal-informal economy: the informal end is where the religious tourism economy is based on the traditional practice of pilgrimage, that relies on the informal networks built around social patronage relationships between visitors and religious actors; while at the formal end, it is often the state-sponsored and/or public charitable trusts that act as corporate religious bodies for providing and organising a range of services in religious tourism. Detailed studies of two sites - Vrindavan and Shirdi - provide the empirical data. The pilgrimage-town of Vrindavan in the state of Uttar Pradesh in north India represents the former; the pilgrimage town of Shirdi in the western state of Maharashtra is an example of the latter. Vrindavan is associated with traditional religious practice and sacred geography pertaining to the Hindu god Krishna while Shirdi is dedicated to a 20th century saint, Sai Baba. Consequently, the former involves elaborate rituals and performances while the latter is fairly limited in terms of visitors’ engagement, and exhibits more mass-tourism-like features. The analytical triad of religious geography - specialists - performances is used to explore the range of management systems involved in the religious tourism of the two sites. It is found that the transformations of the religious tourism economy from a traditional pilgrimage practice bring in uneasy tensions: while religious actors actively participate in promotion and management of the religious tourism economy at local levels, they hardly shoulder responsibilities of addressing the negative environmental impacts. Thus, there is often an ‘institutional vacuum’ in dealing with both direct and indirect impacts of religious tourism. The paper shows how the reality of religious tourism is at odds with the state’s envisioned role since it largely operates beyond the state-policy framework. The paper argues that identifying the formal and informal systems in management can help to better address the multi-faceted impacts of religious tourism and contribute in developing measures for its sustainability.

Srusti Management Review

Amrita Pani

Buddhism, as a religion, includes a variety of traditions and beliefs based on the philosophy and doctrines of Siddhartha Gautama, the Lord Buddha. Buddhism has spread extensively throughout India since a long time. Buddhism acts as a significant component in the religious history of Odisha. Buddhism had influenced the social and cultural life of Odisha since the Ashokan era. Odisha tourism has attracted tourists globally for its rich cultural heritage. The main purpose of the paper is to focus on the emerging role of Odisha tourism for promoting Buddhism in the global context. The research aims to investigate the link between ancient Odisha and Buddhist culture. The study further highlights the growth and development of the Buddhist tourist circuit of Odisha. The scope of the study is limited to the diamond-triangle of Odisha only. Based on the data collected through secondary sources, this paper makes an assessment of the extent of awareness and responsiveness of Odisha tourism sector for promoting Buddhism. In the concluding section, limitations of the study have been discussed and recommendations provided for undertaking more detailed investigations in the area.

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

Aruna Dhamija

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Essay on Bihar in English for Students | 500+ Words Essay

December 10, 2020 by Sandeep

Essay on Bihar: Bihar is the state located in the eastern part of India. It is nestled around Nepal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Jharkhand. It has a sub-tropical climate experiencing hot summers and cold winters. Agriculture is the main occupation in Bihar. Due to the favourable climate and good quality soil, it is the major producer of fruits and vegetables.The famous festival of Bihar is Chhath Pooja which is celebrated along the banks of the river by performing rituals. Popular cuisines like Litti Chokha, Sattu Paratha and Khaja are enjoyed by the people. Hindi and Urdu languages are spoken by the population of the state. Bodhi-Tree is an emblem of the state. Prominent places like, Bodh-Gaya, Darbhanga and Nalanda are the well-known tourist’s attraction.

Below we have provided Essay on Bihar in English, written in easy and simple words for class 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 students.

Essay on Bihar in 500 Words

Below we have provided Bihar Essay, usually given for class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Bihar is a state located in the eastern part of India. The state is surrounded by West Bengal in the east, Nepal in the north, Uttar Pradesh in the west and Jharkhand in the south. The capital of Bihar is Patna. The name Bihar comes from the word Vihara, which means abode. It is a composition of thirty-eight districts and holds the eleventh position in India’s area. Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is the second official language. Moreover, the state emblem of Bihar is a Bodhi tree. The state animal is bear, and the state bird is an owl.

Several kingdoms existed in the ancient period. One of the kings called Videhas, father of the princess Sita from Ramayan ruled the plains. It was in Magadha period where Gautama Buddha developed the Buddhists religion and then later Mahavira reformed the theology of Jainism. Moreover, King Ashoka, Gupta dynasty even laid their foundation, which transformed the state gradually.

The total area of Bihar is 94,163 km. Ganga River divides the fertile plain unevenly. The centre of the Bihar consists of some hills, such as Rajgir hills. The climate of Bihar is diverse with a sub-tropical temperature in general, having hot summers and cold winters. The most suitable time to visit Bihar is in winter as it is the most pleasant part of the year. Though the vegetation of Bihar has a deciduous forest, only a small fraction of the total area is forested.

Mixed shrubs, grass and reeds dominate the forest. Common trees include bamboo, banyan and palmyra palms. The Himalayan foothills witness the most concentration of forest cover. Large mammals like Bengal tiger, leopards, elephants and different species of deer are found. Along the Kosi River, crocodile seems to rule. Also, birds, reptiles and fish are common in the state. Valmiki National park holds the 18th position in terms of tiger population. Moreover, other notable reserves include Gautama Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary and Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary.

Bihar’s economy is largely depended on agriculture. It is the fourth largest state to produce vegetables and fruits in India. The chief agriculture crops are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, and sunflower. The state’s 80% of the population is employed in agriculture. Favourable climate and fertile soil are the conditions that favour agriculture, but it can be sabotaging during flood and storms.

The major industrial centres in Bihar are Barauni and Hajipur. Gradually, the government has taken the initiative to improve the industrial sector in the state, especially in Patna city. Soon the project of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand is estimated to complete.

Among the paintings, Mithila painting is the famous style of painting used in Bihar. The painting is also known as Madhubani art which depicts the association of humans with nature. It is usually done on walls during festivals, marriages and events. Notable Mithila painters like the late Ganga Devi, Sita Devi and Mahasundari Devi were born in Bihar.

The painting was traditionally practised by women and passed down to generation. Bihar is rich in culture and known as the land of Buddha because Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh-Gaya. The famous dishes that encompass the cuisine are Litti Chokha, Sattu Paratha, Bihari Boti and Bihari Kebabs. In dessert, they prefer eating Khaja a traditional sweet dish. The most celebrated festival is the Chhath Puja.

The best tourist’s attraction is the ancient monuments which reflect the culture and heritage of Bihar. Monuments like Sabhyata Dwar in Patna, Bodh-Gaya, Darbhanga, the ancient city of Vaishali, etc. are visited. Around 24 million people visit Bihar each year. Furthermore, it is also well-known for religious places. Several Hindu, Buddhists, Jains and Muslims shrines are constructed which abound this ancient land.

If we date back in history, Bihar was known as the centre of learning as the prominent universities like Nalanda and Vikramashila reside here. Items of the woodcarving, brass work, bamboo work, Zari embroidery, lacquer bangles and the popular Bhagalpur sarees can be bought from the state.

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Tourism In India Essay

One of the most significant and fastest-growing industries in the world is tourism. It generates extensive foreign exchange without materially depleting domestic resources. It provides both income and employment. There are certain nations whose primary source of income is tourism. Here are a few sample essays on “Tourism In India”.

100 Words Essay On Tourism In India

One of the most well-liked tourist destinations in Asia is India. India's secularism and culture have captivated people from all over the world. India, therefore, has a lot of potential for tourism. India offers a variety of sights to see and things to do. The Himalayan ranges border it in the north and the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean on three sides. India is beautiful because of its picturesque backwaters, hill towns, and landscapes. Thus it has a lot to offer to the tourist. Both skilled and unskilled workers are employed in the tourism sector. It encourages global fraternity and national integration.

200 Words Essay On Tourism In India

India's vast natural and cultural diversity has given it a special place on the global tourism map. The third-largest industry in India is tourism, which directly or indirectly employs about 10 million people.

What Draws Tourists To India

Tourists are drawn to India because of its welcoming customs, diverse way of life, cultural legacy, and vibrant fairs and festivals. From the beginning, the kings of various regions of India constructed opulent palaces, magnificent temples, evergreen gardens, lofty forts, and graves. Tourism-friendly natural and cultural settings abound in India. Some of India's tourist attractions include its stunning beaches, animals, national parks, sanctuaries, snow-covered mountains, rivers, and mountain peaks, as well as its technical parks and places of worship. Tourists are drawn to historical trains, yoga, meditation, Ayurveda, Siddha, and natural health resorts.

My Trip To Kashmir

I had Kashmir on the itinerary for my Navarathri holidays. I took a flight to Srinagar from Delhi. I was thrilled to see the snow-capped mountains and lovely valleys outside my window. I visited Shalimar Bagh and Nishant Bagh that evening before taking a shikara ride on the Dal Lake. There were floating markets on the Dal Lake. In the following days, I went to Gulmarg, Pahalgam and Sonmarg. After visiting all those places, this trip was one of the best trips of my life. I met a lot of new people who were international tourists coming here for the first time.

500 Words Essay On Tourism In India

India offers a tremendous deal of variety and tourist attractions. Goa is one of many places in India that attracts a lot of foreign visitors.

Benefits Of Tourism

What are the benefits of being an attractive tourist destination for India?

Revenue | People travel to various nations worldwide, which generates revenue for the tourism industry. As we've already seen, tourism is a sizable business with numerous social and economic advantages. It generates employment in the hospitality, dining, and other travel-related sectors. Additionally, it supports operations so visitors can get the most out of their trips.

Creates Jobs | Tourism generate more jobs, which can also be a substantial source of cash for nearby towns. Many new jobs are created businesses in the hotel and agricultural sectors. The housing market is also helped by tourism, which promotes economic growth and job prospects in other sectors.

Economic Growth | For many countries, tourism has been a critical driver of growth. It supports economic expansion and is advantageous for the environment. However, there are numerous strategies to promote tourism. Many nations provide tax rebates or low corporation tax rates as investment incentives. These incentives enable businesses to spend money on building the country's infrastructure for transportation, real estate, and other sectors.

Global Connect | Tourism does just that, it fosters a global connect. New friendships are formed through tourism. Travelling allows tourists to comprehend their destination more thoroughly. Additionally, they get to take in their location's sights, sounds, and flavours.

Global Value | The nation's economy is stimulated by tourism. It offers a wide range of advantages, including new technology, the development of jobs, the sharing ideas, and cultural enrichment. Many nations have begun to invest in the tourism industry to make it simpler for people to travel internationally for personal or professional reasons.

My Holidays In Goa

Last year, I travelled to Goa. I truly enjoyed the trip, which was one of the best of my life. Goa is a fantastic location for a fun vacation. I was eager for the holiday. As I began to enter Goa, I noticed a wonderland. Goodness, what a scene! One thing I was really impressed by was how many green trees there were along the route. The highway was not at all noisy. People gather and start having fun on the beach as the day transitions into the evening.

I also visited Panjim, where I saw a lot of lovely things. I went to a well-known church in Goa. There were plenty of people on the beaches, in restaurants, pubs, etc., and I realised Goa is a very choosing option for tourists around the globe. And thus, it helps to promote Indian tourism.

The travel and tourism sector has expanded significantly in recent years. Due to India's extensive natural and cultural legacy, the tourism industry has enormous growth potential. The tourism sector has several difficulties. These difficulties must be reduced for the industry to reach its full potential. The policies implemented in the tourism industry today will influence tourism in the future.

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Guest Essay

The Real Danger if Trump Is Re-elected

By Jacob Heilbrunn

Mr. Heilbrunn is the editor of The National Interest, a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and the author, most recently, of “America Last.”

Donald Trump may be regularly depicted as an impetuous toddler in chief, but he appears to possess genuine convictions about international relations. Ever since he gave an interview to Playboy magazine in 1990 decrying Mikhail Gorbachev for failing to hold the Soviet empire together (“not a firm enough hand”) and praising the Chinese Communist leadership for crushing the student uprising at Tiananmen Square (“they were vicious, they were horrible, but they put it down with strength”), Mr. Trump has extolled authoritarian leaders as possessing the right stuff, while he has dismissed democratic ones as weak and feckless.

This impulse is not a new phenomenon for the United States; it dates back to World War I and World War II, when leading American conservatives praised foreign autocrats such as Kaiser Wilhelm II, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Francisco Franco as their ideological comrades in arms. Until now, however, no modern president has lauded autocracy as a model for America.

During his four years in office, Mr. Trump blustered about alliances and praised foreign dictators but never actually upended America’s foreign policy. That could change in a second Trump administration. The former president is poised to adopt a radical program centered on constructive engagement with foreign strongmen and hostility toward democratic allies; it would include abandoning NATO. It would convert America from a dominant economic and military power into what Mr. Trump purports to abhor — a global loser.

To understand why Mr. Trump’s approach might well differ from the one he took in his initial term, it’s helpful to look at the foreign policy advisers who are being talked about as potential members of a new Trump administration. They can be divided into two camps, which might be called Restorationists and Revisionists.

Restorationists are establishment Republicans such as former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and the former national security adviser Robert C. O’Brien who want to go back in time — specifically, to Ronald Reagan’s foreign policy hawkishness and staunch internationalism, which they believe led straight to the fall of the Berlin Wall and victory in the Cold War. During the Trump presidency, they worked overtime to maneuver Mr. Trump in this direction, pushing him to adopt tough stances toward Iran, Russia and China, while maintaining ties to traditional allies in Asia and Europe.

Now, in a variety of interviews, speeches and books, they have been sketching out their vision for a second Trump term — one that would shore up America’s alliances, pursue peace through strength and confront Iran, Russia and China — while camouflaging their crusading Reaganite views in a thin veneer of Trumpian nationalism.

Revisionists, by contrast, are “America First” advocates who espouse a much harder-edged approach and, more often than not, want to go it alone.

Organizations such as the Heritage Foundation and the America First Policy Institute, the two main think tanks vying to staff the next Trump administration, have been vetting potential appointees to establish a government in waiting. As Keith Kellogg, a retired lieutenant general and former Trump national security official, observed in his 2021 memoir, “War by Other Means,” “Our problem was that we did not always know who our enemies were; in some cases, they were our own political appointees.” Mr. Trump himself has loudly complained about many of the advisers he appointed, such as John Bolton.

The conservative activists around him wish to install purists who will preach America First precepts, not least the dogma that America’s security isn’t tied to Europe’s because, as Mr. Trump recently put it, “an ocean” separates the territories.

The Revisionists don’t place as much value on our membership in NATO and are generally ardent proponents of a longstanding dream on the right of a Fortress America that can strike unilaterally whenever and wherever it pleases, unencumbered by nettlesome international alliances and organizations.

Take Mr. Trump’s former ambassador to Germany and acting national intelligence director, Richard Grenell. He has opposed Sweden and Finland’s joining NATO while supporting far-right populists in Serbia, Guatemala and elsewhere. Then there is Russ Vought. A former Trump budget director who might serve as the White House chief of staff, Mr. Vought has decried American aid to Ukraine and stated that he would reassess “the old idea of NATO’s collective defense.”

Mr. Kellogg, who might serve as defense secretary under Mr. Trump, is not a staunch opponent of sending aid to Ukraine, but even he has suggested that we should be prepared to use the threat of cutting it off to push the country into peace talks with Moscow — a recipe for pre-emptive surrender.

Former Trump Defense Department official Elbridge Colby, who is widely seen as a top contender to become national security adviser if Mr. Trump wins re-election, typifies the radicalism of the Revisionist camp. Mr. Colby has insisted that confronting China requires slashing support to Ukraine, and he recently lambasted Britain’s foreign secretary, David Cameron, for “lecturing” Republican politicians about the imperative to assist Kyiv, deeming it “foreign interference.”

Mr. Trump’s own hostility to sending aid to Ukraine suggests that he would most likely be receptive to a deal with President Vladimir Putin of Russia, allowing him to operate freely in Central and Eastern Europe — in the name of stability and peace. By the same token, for all his bluff and bombast about the China threat, Mr. Trump, unlike President Biden, has never indicated that he would stand by Taiwan were China to invade.

He appears to view American alliances with South Korea and Japan with skepticism, if not outright hostility. Less than a year after the Japanese prime minister, Fumio Kishida, met with Mr. Biden in April to announce new security agreements, Mr. Trump could simply decide that he has no intention of honoring America’s commitments abroad.

Rupturing America’s alliances would lead to arms races and nuclear proliferation in Asia and Europe. Nationalists like Hungary’s prime minister, Viktor Orban, and Serbia’s president, Aleksandar Vucic, who is known as a “little Putin,” would be emboldened to strengthen their ties with the Kremlin and undermine European security.

And the domestic consequences could be severe. Many of Mr. Trump’s economic advisers, including the former trade chief Robert Lighthizer (a leading candidate to be the Treasury secretary under Mr. Trump), are apparently intent on pursuing the Great Depression redux — waging trade wars with Europe and Asia. They’re floating a host of other risky measures, including curbing the independence of the Federal Reserve, weakening the dollar to try to increase exports, and imposing high tariffs on goods from China and Europe.

While Mr. Biden’s new tariffs on China aggressively target the solar industry and electric cars, Mr. Trump wants to decouple the world’s two largest economies from each other. These measures would weaken the confidence of foreign investors and fuel higher inflation.

With Ukraine and Russia at war, China threatening its neighbors and the Middle East aflame, warnings of a new world war already abound. Add in Mr. Trump’s strongman predilections — purging the State Department, the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. as redoubts of the deep state, cozying up to Mr. Putin, threatening China and reportedly sending assassination squads into Mexico to target drug kingpins — and the odds of a calamity rise.

Would the damage be irreversible? Chancellor Otto von Bismarck of Germany supposedly remarked that “God has a special providence for fools, drunkards and the United States of America.” But Mr. Trump’s return might test even the Almighty’s patience.

Mr. Trump’s economic and foreign policy nationalism would subvert the preponderance of power that America has enjoyed since 1945 and that he has promised to bolster. It has been threatened from without but never from within. As he vows to upend America’s relations with the rest of the globe, the danger is not that Mr. Trump would fail to live up to his principles. It’s that he would.

Jacob Heilbrunn ( @JacobHeilbrunn ) is the editor of The National Interest, a nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council and the author, most recently, of “America Last.”

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

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