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How to insert page numbers: apa 7th edition guidelines, published by steve tippins on january 17, 2022 january 17, 2022.

Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 02:56 am

There are straightforward guidelines for inserting page numbers according to APA 7th edition guidelines. To start with, here are the basics:

• The numbers should be put in a header at the top right of the page.
• They should be the same font and size as the rest of your paper.
• Number the first page, with a 1. Thereafter, each of the subsequent pages will be numbered automatically.
• Do not write “page” or “p.” or “pp.”

Here are step-by-step instructions for inserting APA page numbers, with screenshots to guide your way.

Inserting Numeral Page Numbers

Step 1: Open the “Header & Footer” tab in the header, click on Insert and select “Page Number.”

Step 2: If you want to have a different first page and do not want number 1 to appear on this page, then click on “Different First Page.”

Step 3: From the drop-down list, choose “Top of Page.” Next, choose “Plain Number 3.”

Step 4: Click on “Close Header and Footer” in the ribbon.

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Inserting Roman Numeral Page Numbers

If you need to paginate front matter material, such as an abstract, acknowledgments, or table of contents, the process is a little different.

Step 1: Insert a section break between the front material and Chapter 1.

Step 2: In the “Layout” tab, click on the drop-down arrow beside “Breaks.”

Step 3: Click on “Next Page” in “Section Breaks.”

Step 4: Repeats steps 1 or 2 above. In the drop-down list, open “Format Page Numbers.”

Step 5: Select “Roman” in the “Page Number Format” part of the drop-down list.

Step 6: On the first page of Chapter 1, repeat the above process. This is when you begin to start numbering the pages of your Chapter 1 using numerals 1, 2, 3, etc. To paginate Chapter 1 as page 1, choose “Start at,” and then put in the number 1.

Note : For more information, refer to Section 2.18 of the APA Publication Manual , Seventh Edition.

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Honors Guidelines: Page Numbering/Thesis Organization

• General Submission Guidelines/Approvals
• Submitting Your Project
• Page Numbering/Thesis Organization
• Support and Questions

Page Numbering Tips

There is no prescribed page numbering style for all honors project. We only ask that you do not print the page number on the title page.    The easiest way to format page numbers for different sections, for example using roman and arabic numbers, is to create section breaks in your document. Instructions for Word users.   . If you have difficulty with the page numbering appearing as would like, please do not hesitate to con tact us for help .

You may use the formatting style recommended by your discipline's style manual, or whatever style is acceptable to your advisor and department .  (For a list of print & online style manuals, see Style and Citation Guides, by Title or Subject .)  

You may also wish to view theses submitted by others in your department in previous years to get some ideas for formatting.

Below is an example of the order of pages, and the Roman or Arabic page numbering, as recommended in one of the style guides, Turabian’s  A Manual for Writers of Research papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 8 th  ed. 

Not every thesis will contain all the parts listed below:

1.    Front Matter (preliminary pages):  use lower-case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) in this order:

Title Page (required):  counts as page i, but  the number is not printed on the page .  Title Page is  not  listed in the Table of Contents.

Dedication; Epigraph  (both optional): these count in sequence of Roman numerals, but the number is not printed on the page.  These are  not  listed in the Table of Contents.

Table of Contents (required for all papers divided into chapters; recommended for all)  Your Table of Contents would list all items shown below, IF your thesis includes them. (See  Chicago Manual of Style  for more about Tables of Content )

List of Figures, Tables, or Illustrations  (optional, but recommended if appropriate): should be listed in Table of Contents

Preface; Acknowledgments; List of Abbreviations or Glossary; Abstract  (all optional):  should be listed in Table of Contents

2.     Text:  includes everything between the front matter and the back matter; begins a new numbering sequence, using         Arabic numerals.   (Introduction, chapters and/or major sections typically are listed in the Table of Contents.)

Introduction  (optional): if included, this is page 1.

Chapters or Sections :  if no Introduction, Chapter 1 would be page 1.  Begin each new chapter on a new page.  Continue sequence of Arabic numbering.

 3.     Back Matter: continues numbering with Arabic numerals.   (List these parts in the Table of Contents.)

Illustrations  (optional)

Appendixes  (optional): this is where you could put black & white copies of color images from the body of the text.

Endnotes, Bibliography, or Reference List  (required in most papers): One of these lists will be the final section of the paper.

If you have difficulty with the page numbering appearing as would like, please do not hesitate to con tact us for help.

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Q. How do I format the headers, title, and page numbers for my research paper in APA style using Microsoft Word?

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Answered By: Jeffrey Orrico Last Updated: Jan 24, 2019     Views: 126426

Use Microsoft Word's automatic Header and Page Number functions rather than inserting them into the text of your paper manually. 

To create Flush Left first page running head and page number:

• On your title page, the Header is in the form "Running Head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER". Click on the "Insert" tab in the ribbon at the top of the Word program, then choose the Header tool.
• Choose the "Blank" style from the drop-down menu.
• Check the box labeled "Different First Page."
• In the Header space, type your first page style header "Running Head: SHORT TITLE OF PAPER"
• Move cursor to the end of your title. Then, with the Design Tools displayed, click the "Insert Alignment Tab"  and select the Alignment option "Right." Click OK.​
• Click on the Quick Parts tool and click on Field in the menu.
• In the Field pop-up menu, scroll down to Page and click on that.
• In Field Properties: Format, choose the page number style [1, 2, 3, ...] and click OK.

To create Flush Left running head and page numbers the following pages:

• Scroll down to the second page to repeat process for the rest of your paper.
• Click in header area above line; if line is not visible, double-click in space at top of page to activate header space.
• Enter SHORT TITLE at left. While the Header area is active, mover your cursor to the end of your title. Then, with the Design Tools displayed, click "Insert Alignment Tab" and select the Alignment option "Right." Use Quick Parts tool to create page numbers (will automatically start at “2”).

To start page numbering after title page: 

• In first page header area, delete page number; the second page will still be numbered "2".
• To start numbering on second page with number "1", click on the Insert tab, in the Headers & Footers group, click Page Number, and then click Format Page Numbers.
• In the Page Number Format pop-up box, choose "Start at 0" and click OK. You can also change the style of the page numbers from this menu.

See the attached file for screenshots of the process.

If you have any more questions, feel free to contact us at the reference desk!

For more information about formatting papers in APA style, consult the APA Manual. A copy is located behind the reference desk.

The preferred font in APA is Times New Roman with 12-pt font size. Double-space between all text lines of the paper/manuscript. Leave margins at least 1 inch all around and on each page. Do not justify lines. 

The APA rules for "running heads" are on pages 229-230 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (§8.03):

• a maximum of 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words;
• flush left;
• all uppercase letters;
• at the top of the title page and all subsequent pages;
• do not use your name to identify each page

You can find the requirements for the Title and Byline in §§ 2.01 and 2.02 (pp. 22-23) of the APA manual. In general, the title should summarize the main idea of the paper and, if possible, with style. It should be a concise statement of the main topic.

The text formatting is detailed in §8.03; examples of a formatted manuscript are shown on pp. 41-59.

Links & Files

• Formatting papers in APA style.pdf
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Comments (8)

• I've got the 1st page numbered as 0 and my Header is established. Now how do I get out of it to start typing my docement? Also the font and size keeps changing from Times Roman 12 . Please help. by Ann Newton on Oct 06, 2015
• It sounds like you are in the special "Headers & Footers" tool bar. Click on the big X at the right end of the tool bar to close it. Then you will be able to edit your primary text, print, etc., as a regular Word doc. The typeface for headers, footers, footnotes, etc. it normally smaller than the one used in the main body of the paper. You want the number to start at 1 on the second page, with no number on the first page. Click on the HELP ? symbol (top left of screen) and search "start page numbering on page 2". The Help window gives a good step-by-step for making this change. Call the Reference Desk if you'd like more help (203-371-7726). by Barbara Hampton on Oct 06, 2015
• I have tried to number my research proprosal with different formats but I failed, what can I do? Roman numerals & numberings by Henry Am on Jan 02, 2016
• See second PowerPoint which shows the location of page number formatting tools. by Barbara Hampton on Jan 02, 2016
• How many times can I say "THANK YOU". One hundred times is not enough, THANK YOU. I have been wrestling with this for weeks and just could not get it right. Thank you. by Clyn on Jan 19, 2017
• This was incredibly useful even though I have the newest WORD version. You saved the day on my PhD dissertation. Love it! Love it!!! Keep up the good work. Thanks for all you do and blessings always. Joycelyne by Joycelyne on Jan 13, 2018
• According to the APA Manual, 6th edition, the title page is page number 1. If you have the APA manual you can research this fact on page 229. The exact quote from the manual is "Identify the title page with the page number 1. The remaining pages should be numbered consecutively" Hope this helps everyone. by APA Researcher on Jan 15, 2019
• I want to give different page formats but I could not? by Gadissa Terecha on Apr 27, 2022

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APA Guide: 7th Edition

Page numbers.

• Figures/Images
• Webpages and Other Online Content
• Legal Citations
• Writing Style
• Summary of Changes

To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word:

          1.  Click the "Insert" tab in the top menu. 

          3 . Select Page Number,   then choose Plain Number 3  from the options. 

          4.  On the second page, Select Page Number , choose Plain Number 3 from the

               options. The page number will show up with a consecutive number in every page in the header.

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• Next: Title Page >>
• Last Updated: May 13, 2024 12:06 PM
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13.1 Formatting a Research Paper

Learning objectives.

• Identify the major components of a research paper written using American Psychological Association (APA) style.
• Apply general APA style and formatting conventions in a research paper.

In this chapter, you will learn how to use APA style , the documentation and formatting style followed by the American Psychological Association, as well as MLA style , from the Modern Language Association. There are a few major formatting styles used in academic texts, including AMA, Chicago, and Turabian:

• AMA (American Medical Association) for medicine, health, and biological sciences
• APA (American Psychological Association) for education, psychology, and the social sciences
• Chicago—a common style used in everyday publications like magazines, newspapers, and books
• MLA (Modern Language Association) for English, literature, arts, and humanities
• Turabian—another common style designed for its universal application across all subjects and disciplines

While all the formatting and citation styles have their own use and applications, in this chapter we focus our attention on the two styles you are most likely to use in your academic studies: APA and MLA.

If you find that the rules of proper source documentation are difficult to keep straight, you are not alone. Writing a good research paper is, in and of itself, a major intellectual challenge. Having to follow detailed citation and formatting guidelines as well may seem like just one more task to add to an already-too-long list of requirements.

Following these guidelines, however, serves several important purposes. First, it signals to your readers that your paper should be taken seriously as a student’s contribution to a given academic or professional field; it is the literary equivalent of wearing a tailored suit to a job interview. Second, it shows that you respect other people’s work enough to give them proper credit for it. Finally, it helps your reader find additional materials if he or she wishes to learn more about your topic.

Furthermore, producing a letter-perfect APA-style paper need not be burdensome. Yes, it requires careful attention to detail. However, you can simplify the process if you keep these broad guidelines in mind:

• Work ahead whenever you can. Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” includes tips for keeping track of your sources early in the research process, which will save time later on.
• Get it right the first time. Apply APA guidelines as you write, so you will not have much to correct during the editing stage. Again, putting in a little extra time early on can save time later.
• Use the resources available to you. In addition to the guidelines provided in this chapter, you may wish to consult the APA website at http://www.apa.org or the Purdue University Online Writing lab at http://owl.english.purdue.edu , which regularly updates its online style guidelines.

General Formatting Guidelines

This chapter provides detailed guidelines for using the citation and formatting conventions developed by the American Psychological Association, or APA. Writers in disciplines as diverse as astrophysics, biology, psychology, and education follow APA style. The major components of a paper written in APA style are listed in the following box.

These are the major components of an APA-style paper:

Body, which includes the following:

• Headings and, if necessary, subheadings to organize the content
• In-text citations of research sources
• References page

All these components must be saved in one document, not as separate documents.

The title page of your paper includes the following information:

• Title of the paper
• Author’s name
• Name of the institution with which the author is affiliated
• Header at the top of the page with the paper title (in capital letters) and the page number (If the title is lengthy, you may use a shortened form of it in the header.)

List the first three elements in the order given in the previous list, centered about one third of the way down from the top of the page. Use the headers and footers tool of your word-processing program to add the header, with the title text at the left and the page number in the upper-right corner. Your title page should look like the following example.

The next page of your paper provides an abstract , or brief summary of your findings. An abstract does not need to be provided in every paper, but an abstract should be used in papers that include a hypothesis. A good abstract is concise—about one hundred fifty to two hundred fifty words—and is written in an objective, impersonal style. Your writing voice will not be as apparent here as in the body of your paper. When writing the abstract, take a just-the-facts approach, and summarize your research question and your findings in a few sentences.

In Chapter 12 “Writing a Research Paper” , you read a paper written by a student named Jorge, who researched the effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets. Read Jorge’s abstract. Note how it sums up the major ideas in his paper without going into excessive detail.

Write an abstract summarizing your paper. Briefly introduce the topic, state your findings, and sum up what conclusions you can draw from your research. Use the word count feature of your word-processing program to make sure your abstract does not exceed one hundred fifty words.

Depending on your field of study, you may sometimes write research papers that present extensive primary research, such as your own experiment or survey. In your abstract, summarize your research question and your findings, and briefly indicate how your study relates to prior research in the field.

Margins, Pagination, and Headings

APA style requirements also address specific formatting concerns, such as margins, pagination, and heading styles, within the body of the paper. Review the following APA guidelines.

Use these general guidelines to format the paper:

• Set the top, bottom, and side margins of your paper at 1 inch.
• Use double-spaced text throughout your paper.
• Use a standard font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, in a legible size (10- to 12-point).
• Use continuous pagination throughout the paper, including the title page and the references section. Page numbers appear flush right within your header.
• Section headings and subsection headings within the body of your paper use different types of formatting depending on the level of information you are presenting. Additional details from Jorge’s paper are provided.

Begin formatting the final draft of your paper according to APA guidelines. You may work with an existing document or set up a new document if you choose. Include the following:

• Your title page
• The abstract you created in Note 13.8 “Exercise 1”
• Correct headers and page numbers for your title page and abstract

APA style uses section headings to organize information, making it easy for the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought and to know immediately what major topics are covered. Depending on the length and complexity of the paper, its major sections may also be divided into subsections, sub-subsections, and so on. These smaller sections, in turn, use different heading styles to indicate different levels of information. In essence, you are using headings to create a hierarchy of information.

The following heading styles used in APA formatting are listed in order of greatest to least importance:

• Section headings use centered, boldface type. Headings use title case, with important words in the heading capitalized.
• Subsection headings use left-aligned, boldface type. Headings use title case.
• The third level uses left-aligned, indented, boldface type. Headings use a capital letter only for the first word, and they end in a period.
• The fourth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are boldfaced and italicized.
• The fifth level follows the same style used for the previous level, but the headings are italicized and not boldfaced.

Visually, the hierarchy of information is organized as indicated in Table 13.1 “Section Headings” .

Table 13.1 Section Headings

A college research paper may not use all the heading levels shown in Table 13.1 “Section Headings” , but you are likely to encounter them in academic journal articles that use APA style. For a brief paper, you may find that level 1 headings suffice. Longer or more complex papers may need level 2 headings or other lower-level headings to organize information clearly. Use your outline to craft your major section headings and determine whether any subtopics are substantial enough to require additional levels of headings.

Working with the document you developed in Note 13.11 “Exercise 2” , begin setting up the heading structure of the final draft of your research paper according to APA guidelines. Include your title and at least two to three major section headings, and follow the formatting guidelines provided above. If your major sections should be broken into subsections, add those headings as well. Use your outline to help you.

Because Jorge used only level 1 headings, his Exercise 3 would look like the following:

Citation Guidelines

In-text citations.

Throughout the body of your paper, include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase material from your research sources. As you learned in Chapter 11 “Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?” , the purpose of citations is twofold: to give credit to others for their ideas and to allow your reader to follow up and learn more about the topic if desired. Your in-text citations provide basic information about your source; each source you cite will have a longer entry in the references section that provides more detailed information.

In-text citations must provide the name of the author or authors and the year the source was published. (When a given source does not list an individual author, you may provide the source title or the name of the organization that published the material instead.) When directly quoting a source, it is also required that you include the page number where the quote appears in your citation.

This information may be included within the sentence or in a parenthetical reference at the end of the sentence, as in these examples.

Epstein (2010) points out that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (p. 137).

Here, the writer names the source author when introducing the quote and provides the publication date in parentheses after the author’s name. The page number appears in parentheses after the closing quotation marks and before the period that ends the sentence.

Addiction researchers caution that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (Epstein, 2010, p. 137).

Here, the writer provides a parenthetical citation at the end of the sentence that includes the author’s name, the year of publication, and the page number separated by commas. Again, the parenthetical citation is placed after the closing quotation marks and before the period at the end of the sentence.

As noted in the book Junk Food, Junk Science (Epstein, 2010, p. 137), “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive.”

Here, the writer chose to mention the source title in the sentence (an optional piece of information to include) and followed the title with a parenthetical citation. Note that the parenthetical citation is placed before the comma that signals the end of the introductory phrase.

David Epstein’s book Junk Food, Junk Science (2010) pointed out that “junk food cannot be considered addictive in the same way that we think of psychoactive drugs as addictive” (p. 137).

Another variation is to introduce the author and the source title in your sentence and include the publication date and page number in parentheses within the sentence or at the end of the sentence. As long as you have included the essential information, you can choose the option that works best for that particular sentence and source.

Citing a book with a single author is usually a straightforward task. Of course, your research may require that you cite many other types of sources, such as books or articles with more than one author or sources with no individual author listed. You may also need to cite sources available in both print and online and nonprint sources, such as websites and personal interviews. Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” , Section 13.2 “Citing and Referencing Techniques” and Section 13.3 “Creating a References Section” provide extensive guidelines for citing a variety of source types.

Writing at Work

APA is just one of several different styles with its own guidelines for documentation, formatting, and language usage. Depending on your field of interest, you may be exposed to additional styles, such as the following:

• MLA style. Determined by the Modern Languages Association and used for papers in literature, languages, and other disciplines in the humanities.
• Chicago style. Outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style and sometimes used for papers in the humanities and the sciences; many professional organizations use this style for publications as well.
• Associated Press (AP) style. Used by professional journalists.

References List

The brief citations included in the body of your paper correspond to the more detailed citations provided at the end of the paper in the references section. In-text citations provide basic information—the author’s name, the publication date, and the page number if necessary—while the references section provides more extensive bibliographical information. Again, this information allows your reader to follow up on the sources you cited and do additional reading about the topic if desired.

The specific format of entries in the list of references varies slightly for different source types, but the entries generally include the following information:

• The name(s) of the author(s) or institution that wrote the source
• The year of publication and, where applicable, the exact date of publication
• The full title of the source
• For books, the city of publication
• For articles or essays, the name of the periodical or book in which the article or essay appears
• For magazine and journal articles, the volume number, issue number, and pages where the article appears
• For sources on the web, the URL where the source is located

The references page is double spaced and lists entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If an entry continues for more than one line, the second line and each subsequent line are indented five spaces. Review the following example. ( Chapter 13 “APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting” , Section 13.3 “Creating a References Section” provides extensive guidelines for formatting reference entries for different types of sources.)

In APA style, book and article titles are formatted in sentence case, not title case. Sentence case means that only the first word is capitalized, along with any proper nouns.

Key Takeaways

• Following proper citation and formatting guidelines helps writers ensure that their work will be taken seriously, give proper credit to other authors for their work, and provide valuable information to readers.
• Working ahead and taking care to cite sources correctly the first time are ways writers can save time during the editing stage of writing a research paper.
• APA papers usually include an abstract that concisely summarizes the paper.
• APA papers use a specific headings structure to provide a clear hierarchy of information.
• In APA papers, in-text citations usually include the name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
• In-text citations correspond to entries in the references section, which provide detailed bibliographical information about a source.

Writing for Success Copyright © 2015 by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA page numbers

MLA page numbers

When you write a research essay in MLA format, page numbers will be included in the running head of your paper, the in-text citations, and on your Works Cited page. All three of those types of page numbers can also be seen in this MLA sample paper . Here is everything you need to know about using page numbers in MLA format, including guidelines and examples.

Page numbers in running head

When you write an essay in MLA, numbers marking the pages should appear in a running head at the top of your paper.

Formatting a running head

A running head should appear ½ inch from the top and 1 inch from the right side of each page of your essay. A running head in MLA should follow the last name page number format, listing your last name followed by the number of the page.

Your Last Name page #

• In MLA, number the pages using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.). Do not use a comma or “p.” in the running head.
• If you are including a title/cover page for your paper (refer to your instructor’s guidelines), do not put the running head on your cover page. The running head will begin on the first page of your essay.
• You must include the running head on the Works Cited page.
• You must include the running head on the Works Consulted page (if applicable – always ask your instructor before including a Works Consulted page).

Page numbers in in-text citations

Besides the running head of your paper, you will also need to include page numbers in the in-text citations of your paper.

Formatting page numbers

Use page numbers in your in-text citations whenever possible to make finding the sources of your information easier for the reader. In-text citations follow the last name page number format, enclosed in parentheses.

(Author Last Name page #)

(Hemingway 14)

(Briggs 129)

Key Points:

• Omit the first repeating digit in page numbers (eg: 263-67, not 263-267 or 263-7).
• Do not use “p.” or “pp.” in the in-text citations.
• All sources included in an in-text citation must have a full citation on the Works Cited page at the end of the research paper.
• If you are citing a source without page numbers, MLA suggests referring to paragraph numbers if applicable, but never assign page numbers or make up your own page number system.

Page numbers in the Works Cited page

Every source you cite within the body of your paper must have a full citation on a Works Cited page at the end of your paper.

In your Works Cited page, include an MLA citation page number whenever possible for each source. This is especially important for situations like citing a journal article in MLA , or other sources that are part of a larger work, so that your audience can easily locate the particular source you are citing. Page numbers on a Works Cited page should look like this:

• As with in-text citations, omit the first digit in repeating page numbers (eg: 263-67, not 263-267 or 263-7).
• Use the abbreviation p. to cite a single page and pp. to cite multiple pages.

Published October 16, 2020. Updated July 11, 2021.

Written by Grace Turney , freelance writer and artist. Grace is a former librarian and has a Master’s degree in Library Science and Information Technology. 

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

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• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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• University of Michigan Library
• Research Guides

Microsoft Word for Dissertations

• Page Numbers
• Introduction, Template, & Resources
• Formatting for All Readers
• Applying a Style
• Modifying a Style
• Setting up a Heading 1 Example
• Images, Charts, Other Objects
• Footnotes, Endnotes, & Citations
• Cross-References
• Appendix Figures & Tables
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures/Tables
• Chapter and Section Numbering
• Landscape Pages
• Combining Chapter Files
• Commenting and Reviewing
• The Two-inch Top Margin
• Troubleshooting
• Finalizing Without Styles
• Preparing Your Final Document

Page Contents

If you're having problems with page numbers restarting at 1 for some chapters, see our Troubleshooting section .

This page will inform you about page numbers, including:

• Adding page numbers general information
• Using sections to control page numbering
• Breaking the connection between sections
• Adding the page numbers

Adding Page Numbers

Again, please remember that our template (available on the Main Page of this Guide ) has all of this already built in.

Page Numbers are placed in the footer of your document, which is a shared space among all your pages. Anything you put in the footer will appear on all pages of your document, though you can also use Breaks to divide your document into different sections. This is how we get small Roman numerals in the front matter section, and Arabic numerals in the rest of the document, for example.

You edit the headers and footers by double clicking in the space in which they appear on the document. When you are finished editing, you can get back to the rest of your document by clicking the  Close Header and Footer button in the  Header Design  Ribbon.

Microsoft Word provides you with the option of selecting a numbering style (e.g. “Roman Numeral”, “Arabic”) and gives you the option of selecting the “starting at” number.  You can set the page numbers for your entire document, or if you need more control, you can do it section-by-section as well.

If you want continuous pagination that is all in the same format, go to the Insert Ribbon, and in the Header & Footer Group , click on the Page Number icon. Choose the appropriate placement of the number and a style.

If you are writing a Rackham dissertation, you have somewhat more complicated pagination. For example, Rackham’s guidelines require that the page numbers begin on the third or fourth page of your document (depending on if you include a graphical frontispiece) and the page number on that page should be Roman numeral “ii”. Page numbering should continue on in Roman numerals until the first page of Chapter 1 is reached.  At that point, the numbering should restart in Arabic (“1, 2, 3…”). Rackham requires that all of your page numbers be placed at the bottom center of your pages.

View this video  (despite the Word 2010 references, it's still accurate), or read below on how to achieve this.

Step 1: Using Sections to Control Page Numbering

Using Sections to Control Page Numbering

The following instructions demonstrate numbering a dissertation document according to Rackham’s guidelines.  These steps assume you are including a title page, a copyright page, dedication and acknowledgements and other front matter, and then the body of your dissertation.

• Put your cursor before the first letter of “Dedication” or whatever is the first thing that comes after your copyright page.
• On the Page Layout Ribbon, in the Page Setup Group , click on the arrow next to the Breaks icon () and select Next Page under the Section Breaks section.
• If you turn on the paragraph markers, you should now see a section break on the previous page.
• Put your cursor before the first letter of your first chapter and repeat steps 2 and 3.

You have just separated your dissertation into sections. If you want to see what section you are working in, on the left end of Status Bar (at the bottom of your Word document), Word tells you what page you are on, how many words are in your document, which section you are in, and so on.

If you don’t see the section information, right-click on the Status Bar, and select Section in the menu that appears.

Step 2: Breaking the Connection Between Sections

Breaking the Connection Between Sections

By default, the headers and footers of each section are connected to those of the sections before and after it.  Therefore, if you want different page number styles to vary from one section to the next (such as Roman or Arabic), you’ll need to break the connection between the sections. Particularly with landscaped pages, it is often helpful to break the connection in the header as well as in the footer.

• Put your cursor on the first page that needs the Roman numeral.
• On the Insert Ribbon, in the Header & Footer Group , click on the arrow under the Footer icon and select Edit Footer .
• You should now be in the footer of that page; in the Header & Footer Tools Design Ribbon , in the Navigation Group , unlink this section’s footer from previous sections’ footer by clicking the highlighted Link to Previous icon.
• Put your cursor in the header area, and again click the highlighted Link to Previous icon.
• Scroll down to the first page of the body of your dissertation (the chapters), make sure your cursor is in the footer, and click the highlighted Link to Previous icon again.

You have now successfully unlinked footers of these sections. Any page numbers you put in the body of your document will not affect the page numbering of your front matter, and vice versa.

Step 3: Adding the Page Numbers

Adding the Page Numbers

• Scroll up to the section that contains your front matter and click in the footer of any page (don’t do anything for your title page and other pages that don’t require a page number).
• On the Insert Ribbon, in the Header & Footer Group , click on the arrow next to the Page Number icon and select the positioning you’d like.  Generally, Bottom of the Page is the choice, and either Plain Number 2 (centered) or Plain Number 3 (right aligned).
• To change to Roman Numerals, on the Insert Ribbon, in the Header & Footer Group , click on the arrow next to the Page Number icon and select Format Page Numbers… to set the “start at” number and the style of numbering.
• Scroll down to the first page of the next section (where your chapters start) and click in the footer.

The Michael Schwartz Library

• Michael Schwartz Library
• Ask A Librarian

Q. How do I number pages differently in the various sections of my thesis or dissertation?

• 18 General (hours, borrowing, employment, etc)
• 10 Remote Access to Library Resources & Services
• 12 Research
• 16 Technical Support

Answered By: Jeff Beuck Last Updated: Apr 03, 2020     Views: 1396445

See Also:  How do I add page numbers in Microsoft Word?

To use different page numbering schemes in different sections of your Word document, there are two tricks: 1) you must include a "Section Break - Next page" between each section of your document where the numbering will change, and 2) you must "unlink" each section's footer from the one before it.

To start, temporarily turn on the viewing of hidden formatting symbols by clicking the "Show/Hide" symbol on the "Home" tab in the "Paragraph" box -- this will enable you to see the Section Breaks between sections of your document.

One of the required page numbering changes for your thesis or dissertation is that you need to use Roman numerals (e.g., "i, ii, iii") for your introductory sections (Abstract, Table of Contents), and then switch to Arabic numerals (e.g., "1, 2, 3") and begin the page numbering at "1" at the start of Chapter I of your main text.

If you do not already have a "Section Break" between these two sections of your document, you will need to add one.  Place your cursor at the very end of the text in the first section (after your Table of Contents and any Lists of Tables and Figures), being careful NOT to place it in the footer where the page number is (if the text above becomes grayed out, you are in the footer – try clicking higher).

Add a "Section Break – Next Page" by selecting the "Page Layout" tab on the menu, clicking the arrow next to "Breaks", and selecting "Next Page" under Section Breaks.

After doing this, you should see a "Section Break (Next Page)" code inserted into your document.  This tells Word that the next page begins a new section which may have a different header or footer.

Go down to the next page below the section break (in this example, the first page of Chapter I), and click on the page number in the Footer.  If your cursor is in the Footer, you should see "Footer -Section [#]-" to the left, and "Same as Previous" on the right.

You should also see a new tab appear on the menu, labeled "Header & Footer Tools: Design".  Select this.  (Be careful not to confuse this with another tab labeled "Design" between the "Insert" and "Page Layout" tabs.)  In the "Navigation" section of this tab, you will see a highlighted button labeled "Link to Previous" which tells Word to link the footer in this section to the previous section and to continue its page numbering scheme.  Click the "Link to Previous" button to UNSELECT it.

After clicking this, the "Link to Previous" button should no longer be highlighted.  The "Same as Previous" box to the right of your footer should also disappear.

Confirm your cursor is still next to the page number in the Footer, then go back to the Header & Footer Tools – Design tab on the menu, and in the "Header & Footer" section, select Page Number > Format Page Numbers.

The "Page Number Format" window will appear.  Select the appropriate "Number format" for this section ("1, 2, 3," or "i, ii, iii", etc.), and tell Word whether to continue the page numbering from the previous section or to start at "1" or another number.  In this example, we want Section 2 (which begins at Chapter I and contains the main text of our thesis or dissertation) to use Arabic numerals and to start numbering this section from page 1.  Click "OK" to finish.

You will notice that the page numbering for the current section has now been corrected, and if you unlinked it properly from the previous sections, the numbering in those sections should remain as it was before.

Next, you will need to change the page number format to lower-case Roman numerals (i.e., "i, ii, iii, ...") for the section with your Abstract and Table of Contents.  Click your cursor on the footer of your Abstract or Table of Contents page.

Open the "Format Page Numbers" window by going to the Header & Footer Tools – Design tab on the menu, and in the "Header & Footer" section, select Page Number > Format Page Numbers.

Next to "Number format", select the "i, ii, iii, ..." option for lower-case Roman numerals, then click "OK".

The page numbering for the section with your Abstract and Table of Contents should change to lower-case Roman numerals.  As long as you correctly unlinked the following section from this one, the page numbering in the following section, the main body of your text, should remain Arabic numerals starting with 1.

You will also need to remove page numbers completely from the title page and other preliminary pages of your thesis or dissertation.  To do this, you will use the same method as above, but delete the page numbers from the first section of your document.

Place your cursor at the very end of the last page which will not be numbered (probably your approval page, dedication, or acknowledgment), being careful NOT to place it in the footer where the page number is (if the text above becomes grayed out, you are in the footer – try clicking higher).

After doing this, you should see a "Section Break (Next Page)" code inserted into your document on the page before your Abstract.

Go down to the next page below the section break (in this example, the Abstract), and click on the page number in the Footer.  If your cursor is in the Footer, you should see "Footer -Section [#]-" to the left, and "Same as Previous" on the right. Be sure you are not in Section 1 of your document.

On the main menu, select the "Header & Footer Tools: Design" tab, then in the "Navigation" section of this tab, click the "Link to Previous" button if it is highlighted to UNSELECT it and unlink this section from the section above.  This will allow you to modify the page number in the first section without affecting this or subsequent sections.

Return to your Title Page (or any page in Section 1 which will not be numbered) and click on the page number in the footer.  Click-and-drag your cursor over the page number to select it.

Click the "Delete" key on your keyboard to delete the page number from this section.  As long as you removed the "Link to Previous" connection from the next section, you should the page number disappear from the first section, but remain in the following sections.

If your paper includes additional sections (for example, if your Approval Page was added as a separate section from your Title page), you may have to experiment with linking and unlinking sections from each other -- unlink a section if its page numbering will be different from the one before it, but link together any sections where the page numbering will continue from the one before it.  It is generally a good idea to start with the last section of your document and work your way backwards.

When you are finished, don't forget that you can hide the formatting symbols to make it easier to view your text by turning off the "Show/Hide" symbol on the "Home" tab in the "Paragraph" box.

Footer Sections and page numbering can be very complex, especially if your document has multiple sections.  If you need additional assistance getting your page numbering correct, contact Jeff Beuck at 216-523-7486 to set up an appointment.

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Comments (378)

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Page Numbers

Numbering Requirements

Preliminary pages:

• The pages of your Abstract, Copyright, and Title Page should not be numbered. Since your Title Page is presumed to be the first page, but is not numbered, numbering should start with lowercase Roman numeral “ii” on the page that appears after your title page. This will be either your optional Dedication page or your required Biography page. These lowercase Roman numerals should continue, consecutively, for the remainder of your preliminary pages.

Main body pages:

• On the first page of Chapter 1 (or your main body text), numbering should start with the Arabic numeral “1” and continue, consecutively, for the remainder of your document.

If you aren’t using the template, it can be a bit tricky to set these page numbers up correctly. If you’re having trouble with it, this website is a useful guide.

All page numbers must be vertically centered  within  the top or bottom 1-inch margin ( outside  of the document’s main body area).

When editing a header in Microsoft Word, the “Header from Top” or “Footer from Bottom” settings should be .5 inches to achieve this. There is an easy way to double-check this: if you select “Gridlines,” under the “View” tab, a grid will cover the entire main body area; the page number should be  outside  of this grid area. See this screenshot for a visual reference.

Pages may be numbered in one of the following locations:

• vertically centered in the top 1-inch margin and right-aligned.
• vertically centered in the bottom 1-inch margin and right-aligned.
• vertically centered int he bottom 1-inch margin and centered.

All page numbers should be the same font and size as your body text.

• Lower-case Roman numerals should be used for all preliminary pages, starting with “ii” on the page that appears after the title page. The title page is assumed to be the first page, but remains unnumbered.
• Arabic numerals should begin on the first page of the opening chapter, starting with “1”.
• Page numbers should appear within the 1-inch margins, in a location that is approximately the same as the page numbers on portrait-oriented pages.

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How To See Page Numbers On Kindle Books (And Why They Aren't Always There)

E very book has page numbers to help readers know how far along in the story they are, but when it comes to reading on an Amazon Kindle , how in the world can users find them? From jotting down notes right on the paper, dog-earing pages to easily find them later on, and appreciating how a book wears after years of ownership, there's a lot to love about the physicality of an actual book. Will all of that said, it's also difficult not to appreciate the convenience of an e-reader. They're lightweight, can hold thousands of books at once, and are often very affordable. Plus, with e-ink technology used on all Kindles, reading on them is every bit as comfortable as looking at a traditional book.

Another way Kindles preserve the traditional reading experience is by showing page numbers. While digging through a good book, select Kindle titles show the current page someone is on. It's the same page number as what's found in the physical copy of a book, so sharing progress with friends regardless of how they're reading is a cinch. To see page numbers on a Kindle, all users have to do is the following: open a book on the Kindle and tap the bottom-left corner of the screen. This cycles through a few different reading progress options. If a book supports it, it'll eventually show the page number.

Related: Amazon Kindle: How To Exit A Book & Get Back To Your Home Screen

Not All Kindle Books Support Page Numbers

While that's technically all there is to it, there is one big caveat to consider: not all Kindle books support page numbers. If someone keeps tapping the left corner of their screen and doesn't see normal page numbers, there's a good chance the book they're reading doesn't support them. To confirm this, open a book on the Kindle, tap the top area of the screen, and tap the ' Aa ' icon towards the top-right. From here, tap ' More ' and tap ' Reading Progress .' This shows users a few options, including ' Time left in book ,' ' Time left in chapter ,' and ' Location in book .' If the ' Page in book ' option is grayed-out and says ' Not Available ,' it means that book cannot show normal page numbers.

Users can also confirm this before downloading or buying a Kindle book . Head to Amazon, search for a book, and select its Kindle version. If under ' Print length ' it shows the number of pages, that means users can see normal page numbers as if they were reading the physical book. Most Kindle books should support traditional page numbers, though users are likely to come across certain titles that don't.

In these situations, it may be helpful to use the ' Location in book ' option. This is basically the standardized way of tracking reading progress on Kindles. Since Kindles (and all e-readers) come with varying display sizes and customizable fonts and font sizes , location numbers use lines of text to help readers track where they are in a book.

For example, instead of seeing a book as having 350 pages, it may have 3,420 location numbers. It's the same basic idea as a page number, and it can actually be more accurate for finding a specific page/location thanks to how much text size can vary from Kindle to Kindle. Some readers might prefer seeing the traditional page number, but other options, such as the time left in a chapter or the time left in a book, are out there if you want to give them a chance. If not, finding page numbers on a Kindle remains as easy as possible.

Find Page Numbers On The Kindle App

For those who prefer to read on the Kindle app on their iPhone, Android phone, iPad, or Android tablet, the method to find page numbers in books is the same. All users need to do is open a book in the Kindle app, and then tap the bottom-left corner of the screen to cycle through the different options. If page numbers are available for the book, they'll appear as ' Page 10 of 400, ' for example. If page numbers aren't available, the location number will be displayed.

Users can check if page numbers are available for a book by tapping near the top of the screen and selecting ' Aa .' Tap ' More ,' and then ' Reading Progress .' If page numbers are available, a ' Page in book ' option will be displayed. There should be a blue tick next to this option. If not, tap it to display the page numbers. It's also worth making sure that the option to ' Hide reading progress ' is unchecked. If a Kindle book doesn't have page numbers, only ' Location in book ' will appear in the reading progress options.

Source: Amazon

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Volume 629 Issue 8011, 9 May 2024

Fossil fuels supply most of the world’s energy and are the basis of many key products used in everyday life, but they are also a major source of carbon dioxide emissions. Although renewable energy has the potential to replace fossil-fuel-generated energy, there will still be a need for the transport fuels and chemicals produced by oil refineries. In this week’s issue, Eelco Vogt and Bert Weckhuysen examine ways in which oil refineries could be reinvented to be completely fossil-free. They note that with sufficient long-term commitment and support, the science and technology for such a refinery could be developed, and they sketch a roadmap towards this goal.

Cover image: Jasiek Krzysztofiak/Nature

Reinvent oil refineries for a net-zero future

From petrol to plastics, oil-derived products define modern life. A bold plan to change that comes with huge costs — but researchers and policymakers should take it seriously.

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Expat grants won’t fix Brazilian research

Permanent jobs and fairer hiring practices would encourage overseas scientists to return.

• Juliano Morimoto

Research Highlights

A magnetic liquid makes for an injectable sensor in living tissue.

Fluid studded with microscopic magnetic particles can be inserted into the body and later retrieved.

Pandemic lockdowns were less of a shock for people with fewer ties

During periods of enforced isolation, life satisfaction for older adults took less of a hit in those who were already socially isolated.

Not just truffles: dogs can sniff out surpassingly rare native fungus

Daisy, a member of a breed used to find fungal delicacies, detected a critically endangered Australian fungus faster than a trained human could.

Never mind little green men: life on other planets might be purple

Bacteria that make food using a compound other than chlorophyll could paint other planets in a wide range of colours.

News in Focus

What china’s mission to collect rocks from the moon’s far side could reveal.

The Chang’e-6 mission aims to land in the Moon’s oldest and largest crater, where it will collect rocks to bring back to Earth.

First fetus-to-fetus transplant demonstrated in rats

The tissue developed into functioning kidneys and produced urine.

• Smriti Mallapaty

Superconductivity hunt gets boost from China’s $220 million physics ‘playground’

From extreme cold to strong magnets and high pressures, the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility (SECUF) provides conditions for researching potential wonder materials.

• Gemma Conroy

Scientists tried to give people COVID — and failed

Researchers deliberately infect participants with SARS-CoV-2 in ‘challenge’ trials — but high levels of immunity complicate efforts to test vaccines and treatments.

• Ewen Callaway

Epic blazes threaten Arctic permafrost. Can firefighters save it?

Some scientists argue that it’s time to rethink the blanket policy of letting blazes burn themselves out in northern wildernesses.

• Jeff Tollefson

How reliable is this research? Tool flags papers discussed on PubPeer

Browser plug-in alerts users when studies — or their references — have been posted on a site known for raising integrity concerns.

• Dalmeet Singh Chawla

‘ChatGPT for CRISPR’ creates new gene-editing tools

Some of the AI-designed gene editors could be more versatile than those found in nature.

Dark energy is tearing the Universe apart. What if the force is weakening?

The first set of results from a pioneering cosmic-mapping project hints that the repulsive force known as dark energy has changed over 11 billion years, which would alter ideas about how the Universe has evolved and what its future will be.

• Davide Castelvecchi

Hacking the immune system could slow ageing — here’s how

Our immune system falters over time, which could explain the negative effects of ageing.

• Alison Abbott

Books & Arts

Book review, smarty plants controversial plant-intelligence studies explored in new book.

A deep dive into plant behaviour and consciousness asks why the topic has been taboo for so long, and whether botanists are changing their minds about plants’ cognitive abilities.

• Beronda L. Montgomery

How rich is too rich?

Where should society draw the line on extreme wealth? A fresh account sets out the logic and suggests how to redress inequality.

• Lucas Chancel

From multiverses to cities: Books in brief

Andrew Robinson reviews five of the best science picks.

• Andrew Robinson

Allen J. Bard obituary: electrochemist whose techniques underpin clinical diagnostics, materials discovery and more

Innovator who pioneered scanning electrochemical microscopy, bioassays and solar fuels.

• Michael Rose
• Henry S. White

Correspondence

Beware of graphene’s huge and hidden environmental costs.

• Qingyuan Ding

Japan can embrace open science — but flexible approaches are key

Countering extreme wildfires with prescribed burning can be counterproductive.

• David Lindenmayer
• Philip Zylstra

Finding millennia-old ‘monumental’ corals could unlock secrets of climate resilience

• Simone Montano
• Federica Siena
• Giovanni Strona

Hunger on campus: why US PhD students are fighting over food

Graduate students are relying on donated and discounted food in the struggle to make ends meet.

• Laurie Udesky

Technology Feature

Powerful ‘nanopore’ dna sequencing method tackles proteins too.

Latest methods bring the speed, portability, and long read lengths of nanopore sequencing to proteomics.

• Caroline Seydel

Collection:

Where I Work

I make 3d models of conifer needles to explore their climate effects.

Jan Pisek seeks a better understanding of how forests absorb sunlight, carbon and heat.

• Nic Fleming

News & Views

Ancient dna traces family lines and political shifts in the avar empire.

Genetic pedigrees spanning nine generations uncover the social organization of a nomadic empire that dominated much of central and eastern Europe from the sixth to the early ninth century.

• Lara M. Cassidy

Vibration isolation could boost performance of near-infrared organic LEDs

The development of high-performance organic LEDs and other devices that emit near-infrared light has been hindered by seemingly fundamental features of the light-emitting molecules. A potential solution has been identified.

• Margherita Maiuri

Streamlined skull helps foxes take a nosedive

Some fox species leap up and pounce head first into snow to capture prey that they hear below the surface. An analysis of the forces involved reveals how the shape of the skull has evolved to minimize damage from this behaviour.

• Mary Abraham

Coupled neural activity controls working memory in humans

How does the human brain temporarily store information without losing track of it? Neuroscientists have discovered that neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes work together to hold information in working memory.

• Ziv Williams

Bioengineered ‘mini-colons’ shed light on cancer progression

Cells grown on a 3D scaffold have generated a ‘mini-colon’ that mimics key features of the organ. Controlled expression of cancer-associated genes in the system offers a way to examine tumour formation over space and time.

• Nicolò Riggi
• Felipe de Sousa e Melo
• Cancer at Nature Portfolio

Perspective

The refinery of the future.

Efforts to find renewable alternatives to fossil fuels that might enable a carbon-neutral society by 2050 are described, as well as outlining a possible roadmap towards a refinery of the future and evaluating its requirements.

• Eelco T. C. Vogt
• Bert M. Weckhuysen

Venus water loss is dominated by HCO + dissociative recombination

Water loss to space late in Venus history is shown to be more active than previously thought, with unmeasured HCO + dissociative recombination dominating present-day H loss.

• M. S. Chaffin
• E. M. Cangi

An atomic boson sampler

Boson sampling using ultracold atoms in a two-dimensional, tunnel-coupled optical lattice is enabled by high-fidelity programmable control with optical tweezers of a large number of atoms trapped in an optical lattice.

• Aaron W. Young
• Shawn Geller
• Adam M. Kaufman

Observation of Nagaoka polarons in a Fermi–Hubbard quantum simulator

Emergence of Nagaoka polarons and kinetic magnetism is observed in a Hubbard system realized with strongly interacting fermions trapped in a triangular optical lattice.

• Martin Lebrat
• Markus Greiner

Directly imaging spin polarons in a kinetically frustrated Hubbard system

A triangular-lattice Hubbard system realized with ultracold atoms is used to directly image spin polarons, revealing ferromagnetic correlations around a charge dopant, a manifestation of the Nagaoka effect.

• Max L. Prichard
• Benjamin M. Spar
• Waseem S. Bakr

All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales

All-optical subcycle microscopy is achieved on atomic length scales, with picometric spatial and femtosecond temporal resolution.

Multi-project wafers for flexible thin-film electronics by independent foundries

The iconic 6502 microprocessor designed in two key thin-film transistor technologies by independent foundries is used to demonstrate and expand the multi-project wafer approach for flexible electronics.

• Hikmet Çeliker
• Wim Dehaene

Chemical short-range disorder in lithium oxide cathodes

The introduction of chemical short-range disorder substantially affects the crystal structure of layered lithium oxide cathodes, leading to improved charge transfer and structural stability.

• Zhenpeng Yao
• Chenglong Zhao

Growth of diamond in liquid metal at 1 atm pressure

Diamond crystals and polycrystalline diamond films can be grown using liquid metal at standard pressure and high temperature instead of conventional high pressure and high temperature.

• Rodney S. Ruoff

Decoupling excitons from high-frequency vibrations in organic molecules

A molecular design strategy for reducing the vibration-induced non-radiative losses in emissive organic semiconductors is realized by decoupling excitons from high-frequency vibrations.

• Pratyush Ghosh
• Antonios M. Alvertis

Copper-catalysed dehydrogenation or lactonization of C( sp 3 )–H bonds

Use of N -methoxyamides as oxidants enables controllable, redox-neutral, green catalysis of bimodal dehydrogenation/lactonization reactions with methanol as the only by-product.

• Shupeng Zhou
• Zi-Jun Zhang
• Jin-Quan Yu

Ghost roads and the destruction of Asia-Pacific tropical forests

An effort to map roads in the Asia-Pacific region finds that there are 3.0–6.6 times more roads than other sources suggest, and that unmapped ‘ghost roads’ are a major contributor to tropical forest loss.

• Jayden E. Engert
• Mason J. Campbell
• William F. Laurance

Network of large pedigrees reveals social practices of Avar communities

Analysis of ancient DNA from 424 individuals in the Avar period, from the sixth to the ninth century AD, reveals population movement from the steppe and the prolonged existence of a steppe nomadic descent system centred around patrilineality and female exogamy in central Europe.

• Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
• Zsófia Rácz
• Zuzana Hofmanová

Cell-type-resolved mosaicism reveals clonal dynamics of the human forebrain

Using mosaic variant barcode analysis, clonal dynamics of specific cell types are deconvolved in the human forebrain.

• Changuk Chung
• Xiaoxu Yang
• Joseph G. Gleeson

Control of working memory by phase–amplitude coupling of human hippocampal neurons

Hippocampal theta–gamma phase–amplitude coupling integrates cognitive control and working memory storage across brain areas in humans.

• Jonathan Daume
• Jan Kamiński
• Ueli Rutishauser

Control of neuronal excitation–inhibition balance by BMP–SMAD1 signalling

Signalling by the developmental morphogen BMP2 through the transcription factor SMAD1 has a key role in controlling the glutamatergic innervation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and maintaining the balance between excitation and inhibition in the mammalian cortex.

• Zeynep Okur
• Nadia Schlauri
• Peter Scheiffele

DNA glycosylases provide antiviral defence in prokaryotes

A screen utilizing an environmental DNA library in Escherichia coli is used to identify Brig1, a previously unknown anti-phage defence system with homologues across distinct clades of bacteria.

• Amer A. Hossain
• Ying Z. Pigli
• Luciano A. Marraffini

PGE 2 limits effector expansion of tumour-infiltrating stem-like CD8 + T cells

Tumour-derived prostaglandin E 2 , signaling through its receptors EP 2 and EP 4 , is shown to restrain the responses of tumour-infiltrating stem-like TCF1 + CD8 + T lymphocytes, and modulation of T cell EP 2 and EP 4 can restore anticancer immunity.

• Sebastian B. Lacher
• Janina Dörr
• Jan P. Böttcher

PGE 2 inhibits TIL expansion by disrupting IL-2 signalling and mitochondrial function

Prostaglandin E2 from the tumour microenvironment impairs interleukin-2 sensing by tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, restricting proliferative response and promoting T cell death via metabolic impairment and ferroptosis. 

• Matteo Morotti
• Alizee J. Grimm
• George Coukos

Chemoproteomic discovery of a covalent allosteric inhibitor of WRN helicase

VVD-133214, a clinical-stage, covalent allosteric inhibitor of the helicase WRN, was well tolerated in mice and led to robust tumour regression in multiple microsatellite-instability-high colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.

• Kristen A. Baltgalvis
• Kelsey N. Lamb
• Todd M. Kinsella

Discovery of WRN inhibitor HRO761 with synthetic lethality in MSI cancers

HRO761 is a potent, selective, allosteric WRN inhibitor that binds at the interface of the D1 and D2 helicase domains, locking WRN in an inactive conformation.

• Stephane Ferretti
• Jacques Hamon
• Marta Cortés-Cros

Spatiotemporally resolved colorectal oncogenesis in mini-colons ex vivo

Topobiologically complex mini-colons—which enable the faithful in vitro recapitulation of colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and its environmental determinants—offer the possibility to reduce animal use in a wide range of experimental applications.

• L. Francisco Lorenzo-Martín
• Tania Hübscher
• Matthias P. Lutolf

Single-cell analysis reveals context-dependent, cell-level selection of mtDNA

A new method for tracking single-cell heteroplasmy, called SCI-LITE, is combined with mitochondrial DNA base editing to reveal principles of heteroplasmy dynamics in dividing cells.

• Anna V. Kotrys
• Timothy J. Durham
• Vamsi K. Mootha

Structures and activation mechanism of the Gabija anti-phage system

Structures of complexes containing GajA and GajB proteins of the prokaryotic Gabija anti-phage defence system reveal the mechanism of its activation after DNA cleavage upon ATP depletion.

• Longfei Wang

Ligand efficacy modulates conformational dynamics of the µ-opioid receptor

Studies on the µ-opioid receptor using fluorescent labelling of intracellular residues and energy transfer experiments in the presence of different ligands with or without G-protein binding reveals conformational changes that correlate to ligand efficacy.

• Jiawei Zhao
• Matthias Elgeti
• Chunlai Chen

Promiscuous G-protein activation by the calcium-sensing receptor

Structures of the human calcium-sensing receptor can be bound into complex with G proteins from three different Gα subtypes while maintaining G-protein-binding specificity.

• Jinseo Park
• Qing R. Fan

Amendments & Corrections

Author correction: targeting swi/snf atpases in enhancer-addicted prostate cancer.

• Abhijit Parolia
• Arul M. Chinnaiyan

Author Correction: Interim analyses of a first-in-human phase 1/2 mRNA trial for propionic acidaemia

• Dwight Koeberl
• Andreas Schulze
• Stephanie Grunewald

Publisher Correction: FOXO1 is a master regulator of memory programming in CAR T cells

• Alexander E. Doan
• Katherine P. Mueller
• Evan W. Weber

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