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1 What Is Practice Research and Why Is It Important

• Published: April 2020
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Chapter 1 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model discusses the evolving definition of practice research. It highlights the need to identify ways to improve practice in the complex situations that characterize human services, by developing knowledge that emerges directly from everyday practice. Practice research often focuses on the relationships between service providers and service users, between service providers and their managers, between agency-based service providers and community advocacy and support groups, and between agency managers and policymakers. The chapter outlines the “practice” and “research” components of practice research, the role of theory, and the importance of local context in shaping specific approaches to practice research. It provides an overview of the university-agency partnership that provided the platform for carrying out the studies described in the volume, and offers perspectives on the related phenomena associated with learning organizations and evidence-informed practice.

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Principles of Social Research Methodology pp 15–28 Cite as

Research: Meaning and Purpose

• Kazi Abusaleh 4 &
• Akib Bin Anwar 5  
• First Online: 27 October 2022

2170 Accesses

The objective of the chapter is to provide the conceptual framework of the research and research process and draw the importance of research in social sciences. Various books and research papers were reviewed to write the chapter. The chapter defines ‘research’ as a deliberate and systematic scientific investigation into a phenomenon to explore, analyse, and predict about the issues or circumstances, and characterizes ‘research’ as a systematic and scientific mode of inquiry, a way to testify the existing knowledge and theories, and a well-designed process to answer questions in a reliable and unbiased way. This chapter, however, categorizes research into eight types under four headings, explains six steps to carry out a research work scientifically, and finally sketches the importance of research in social sciences.

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Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Transparency International Bangladesh (TIB), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1209, Bangladesh

Kazi Abusaleh

Community Mobilization Manager, Winrock International, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh

Akib Bin Anwar

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

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Correspondence to Kazi Abusaleh .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Centre for Family and Child Studies, Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

M. Rezaul Islam

Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Niaz Ahmed Khan

Department of Social Work, School of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Rajendra Baikady

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Abusaleh, K., Anwar, A.B. (2022). Research: Meaning and Purpose. In: Islam, M.R., Khan, N.A., Baikady, R. (eds) Principles of Social Research Methodology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_2

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_2

Published : 27 October 2022

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Practical research 1 / Esther L. Baraceros.

• Baraceros, Esther L [author. ]
• 9789712378447
• Qualitative research -- Methodology
• 001.4 .B223 2016
• Holdings ( 1 )
• Title notes ( 6 )
• Comments ( 0 )

"Applied Track contextualized subjects" --Cover

"Kto12" --Cover

Includes bibliographical references (pages 155-158) and index.

"Practical Research 1 will let the students experience a suyperior way of seeking answers to questions about things that they do not only find amazing or peculiar, but also puzzling or baffling. The desire to find out more about a certain subject or free the mind from any puzzling question will make them think of conducting a research, specifically a qualitative research. This type of research enables the students to discover the views, thoughts, and feelings of others, which will help them in unraveling their curiosities and explaining problematic ideas. This book is a one-stop source for everything that the students need to know about qualitative research." --Provided by publisher.

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7 Writing the Research Paper

Writing in a formal, academic, and technical manner can prove a difficult transition for clinicians turned researchers; however, there are several ways to improve your professional writing skills.  This chapter should be considered a collection of tools to consider as you work to articulate and disseminate your research.

Chapter 7: Learning Objectives

This is it! You’re ready to tell the world of the work you’ve done. As you prepare to write your research paper, you’ll be able to

• Discuss the most general components of a research paper
• Articulate the importance of framing your work for the reader using a template based on the research approach
• Identify the major components of a manuscript describing original research
• Identify the major components of a manuscript describing quality improvement projects
• Contrast the specifications of guidelines and protocols
• Identify the major components of a narrative review

Guiding Principles

Although it is wise to identify a potential journal or like avenue as you begin to write up you research, this is not always feasible. For this reason, it is a good idea to have an adequate understanding of the general expectations of what is required of written research articles and manuscripts. Here are some things to keep in mind:

Consider the articles you read

As you begin to research potential research interests, pay close attention to the style of writing found in peer-reviewed and academic journals.  You will notice that the ‘tone’ of ‘voice’ is often formal and rarely uses the first-person narrative.  You will be expected to develop writing of this caliber in order to be published in a reputable peer-reviewed forum.  One of the most difficult concepts for novice researchers to understand is that professional or technical writing is very different from casual or conversational writing.  There is little room for anecdotes, opinions, or overly descriptive narratives.  Keep your writing succinct and focused.

Keep it simple, silly! (KISS)

Recall when you were first introduced to writing a paper in an early English Composition course.  It is likely that you were told that the key components of a paper are the introduction, body, and conclusion.  This is truly the foundational structure of any good paper.  Consider the following outline for your writing assignments:

Introduction

• Brief overview of the topic which identifies the gap of understanding about a particular topic that you hope to address (why is it important?)
• Statement of problem (what issue are you going to address?)
• Purpose statement/thesis statement (what is the objective of this paper?)

Typically the body of the paper will be broken down into themes or elements outlined in the introduction.  Occasionally rather than themes or topics to be addressed, the ‘body’ of the paper will have specific components such as a literature review, methodology, data analysis, discussion, and/or recommendation section.  Each of these sections may have specific requirements within that section. Later in this chapter, you will be introduced to specific requirements of different types of research papers.

The body of any paper is the ‘meat and potatoes’ of the work.  That is, this is the section wherein you both present and explain your ideas in support of the purpose of the paper (described in the introduction).  The body of your paper, regardless of specific structure, is where the majority of your evidentiary base should be included.  That is, many of the statements you make in these sections will require substantiation from outside resources.  It is vital to include appropriate citations of all references used. To save yourself time, cite and reference correctly as you write. Doing so will help ensure that you stay organized as your work evolves.

Sections such as methods or data analyses, will not require as much substantiation and should be considered very ‘cut and dry’. That is, there will be little to no discussion or interpretation of the evidence here. Results sections, similarly, should be focused on the presentation of results specific to your investigation, including statistical analyses. When reporting results of your work consider the format and whether it makes sense to summarize results in a table, figure, or appendix. The appropriate method will depend on both the type and amount of information that you are trying to convey.

The discussion section is the point at which you should frame your results in the context of your interpretation of the existing literature and how your work addresses the gap in knowledge. You’ll work to substantiate your interpretation by utilizing references to present evidence to support your rational. Pay close attention to your approach as you discuss your results and the impact of your work. Be careful not to make declarative statements if your data does not support a cause-and-effect relationship. Additionally, be careful not to draw inference as a result of bias. That is, use caution in skewing the evidence to support your hypothesis.

The conclusion is exactly that.  This is your opportunity to wrap your thoughts up succinctly.  A good conclusion will remind the reader of the point or focus of the paper, reiterate the arguments outlined in the body as well as summarize any discussion or recommendations posed in those respective sections, and articulate what the content of the paper added to the knowledge base of the subject.  This is not a time to introduce new arguments, concepts, or evidence.  The reader should be able to finish the paper understanding the purpose of the paper, the main arguments, and the impact of the work on the subject.

References should be cited correctly in text as well as appropriately formatted at the end of each body of work. The format of your references will depend on the guidelines required of the intended journal or forum you’re submitting to. For example, papers written utilizing the American Psychological Association (APA) formatting standards will include reference pages which are organized on a separate page, titled ‘References’, and organized alphabetically by author surname. If you’re not quite sure of where you’ll be submitting your paper for publication, it may be best to write using APA format; because the references are listed in ascending alphabetical order, adding or removing references during the revision process will be minimally impactful on the designation of subsequent references. Altering your references can then be done once you identify a method of dissemination and review specific guidelines.

Understanding how to present your work can be difficult. It’s one thing to plan and do the research; it’s quite another to put it down on paper in a logical and articulate way. As we discussed in chapters 1 and 2, planning is essential to the success of your research. Similarly, planning the layout of your manuscript will help ensure that you stay both organized and focused. Although most articles can be generalized as having an introduction, body, and conclusion; the specific components within each of those sections varies depending on the approach to research.

Original Research

Although many journals may outline specific requirements for how your manuscript or research paper is to be formatted, there are some generally acceptable formats. One of the most generalizable formats is referred to as IMRaD. IMRaD is an acronym and includes the following elements:

• Introduction- 25%
• Methods- 25%
• Results- 35%
• Discussion/conclusion- 15%
• Clearly state the focus for the work. Provide a brief overview of the issue and the gap in knowledge identified; including both a problem and purpose statement in the context of what is currently understood about the topic. This is where you ‘reel’ the reader in and also highlight the important themes which are consistently addressed in the existing literature.
• General and specific approaches
• Participant selection/randomization
• Instrumentation/measurements utilized
• Here is where you report specific findings and outcomes of your work. There should be very little discussion in this section. Rather, you should present your results and comment, briefly, on how this may relate to the existing literature and state the bottom line. That is, what do these findings suggest. These succinct comments should frame the lens of the discussion section.
• In the discussion section you can further elaborate on your interpretation, based in the evidence, of how your findings relate to what other researchers have found. You can discuss flaws in your work as well as suggestions for direction of future research. You should address each of the main points you presented in your introduction section(s).

QI Projects

When presenting your QI project; a systematic reporting tool, such as the SQUIRE method , is helpful to ensure that you appropriately present the information in a way that both adds to the understanding of the problem as well as a descriptive approach to solving the issue.

SQUIRE Method

Titling your QI project

• Your title should indicate that the project addresses a specific initiative to improve healthcare.

Example of QI Project title

Quality Improvement Initiative to Standardize High Flow Nasal Cannula for Bronchiolitis: Decreases Hospital and Intensive Care Stay

• Addresses specific initiative to improve healthcare
• Directly identifies the bounds and focus of the project
• Provide enough information to help with searching and indexing of your work
• Summarize all key findings in the format required by the publication. Typical sections include background (including statement of the problem), methods, intervention, results, and conclusion
• Include a description on the nature and significance of the problem
• Summary of what is currently understood about the problem
• Overview of framework, model, concepts and/or theory used to explain the problem. Include an assumptions, delimitations, or definitions used to both describe the problem as well as develop the intervention and why the intervention was intended to work.
• Describe the purpose of the project
• Describe the contextual elements relevant to both the problem and intervention (e.g. environmental factors contributing to the problem)
• Include team-based approach, if applicable
• Describe the approach used to assess the impact of the intervention as well as what approach was used to evaluate/assess the intervention
• What tools did you use to study both the process and intervention and why?
• What tools are in place for ongoing assessment of efficacy of the project?
• How is completeness and accuracy of the data measured?
• Describe the quantitative/qualitative methods used to draw inference from the data collected
• Describe how ethical considerations were addressed and whether the project was overseen by an Institutional Review Board (IRB)
• Initial steps of intervention and evolution over time; including modifications to the intervention or project
• Details of the process measures and outcome
• Key findings including relevance to the rational and specific aims
• Strengths of the projects
• Nature of the association between intervention and outcome
• Comparison of the findings with those of other publications
• Impact of the project
• Reasons for differences between observed and anticipated outcomes; include contextual rationale
• Costs and strategic implications
• Limits to the generalizability of the work
• Factors that may have limited internal validity (e.g. confounding variables, bias, design)
• Efforts made to minimize or adjust for limitations
• Usefulness of the work
• Sustainability
• Potential for application to other contexts
• Implications for practice and further study
• Suggested next steps
• This section would be included if you received funding for the projects.

Narrative Reviews

As mentioned in chapter 2, development of either guidelines or protocols is an intensive process which often requires a systematic team approach to ensure that the scope and purpose of the work is as generalizable as possible. The best approach for the development of guidelines can be found by reviewing the World Health Organization handbook for guideline development .

Presenting a narrative review of a topic is an excellent way to contribute to the knowledge base on a particular subject as well as to provide framework for development of a protocol or guideline. The elements included in presentation of a narrative review are not all that different from those of traditional research studies; however, there are some notable differences. Here is a brief outline of what should be included in a quality narrative review, adapted from Green, Johnson, and Adams (2006) and Ferarri (2015):

• Objective: State the purpose of the paper
• Background: Describe why the paper is being written; include problem statement and/or research question
• Methods: Include methods used to conduct the review; including those used to evaluate articles for inclusion into your work
• Discussion: Frame the findings of the review in the context of the problem
• Conclusion: State what new information your work contributes as a result of your review and synthesis
• Key words: List MeSH terms and words that may help organize and/or locate your work
• Clearly state the focus for the work. Provide a brief overview of the issue and the gap in knowledge identified; including both a problem and purpose statement
• Provide an overview of how information related to the review was located. This includes what terms were searched and where as well as why studies were included in your review. Delimiting your search is important to describe the scope of the review
• Themes or constructs should be identified throughout the review of the literature and arranged in a way such that the discussion of the theme and the link to the evidence should directly address the purpose of your inquiry
• What sets a review apart from an annotated bibliography is synthesis of the evidence around major points identified consistently throughout the research (i.e. themes). Both consensus and diverging approaches should be included in the discussion of the evidence. This should not be considered simply a comparison of the existing evidence, but should be framed through the lens of the author’s interpretation of that evidence.
• Tie back to the purpose as well as the major conclusions identified in the review. No new information should be discussed here, apart from suggestions for future research opportunities

An extremely important part of disseminating your work is ensuring that you have correctly attributed thoughts and content that you did not create. Depending on the nature of your research, discipline, or intended publication, the format by which you list your references or outline resources utilized may differ. Regardless of referencing formatting guidelines, it is imperative to keep your references organized as you draft different iterations of your work. For example, it may be easier to draft your work utilizing American Psychological Association (APA) formatting guidelines, which arrange references by author’s last name, in ascending alphabetical order, than in other formats which require that references be numbered in order of appearance in the text. As you add, delete, or rearrange references within the text of your manuscript, it may be both difficult and time consuming to constantly re-number each of your references. Note : Depending on the reference guidelines for your intended journal, you may be required to list the abbreviated names of journals. Finding this information can be difficult. Consider this resource for locating and identifying how best to list journal titles within a reference.

Key Takeaways

• Identifying an appropriate outline for the research approach you selected is essential to developing a publishable manuscript
• Academic writing is formal in both voice and tone
• Academic writing is technical
• Refrain from the use of the first person narratives, including anecdotes, or interjecting your unsubstantiated opinion
• All research papers have an introduction, body, and conclusion
• Specific components of the introduction and body will vary depending on the approach
• Proper citation, referencing, or attributing must be included in all work

Green, B.N., Johnson, C.D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 3 (5), 101-117.

Ferrari, R. (2015). Writing narrative style literature reviews. The European Medical Writers Association, 2 4(4), 230-235. doi: 10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329

SQUIRE. (2017). Explanation and elaboration of SQUIRE 2.0 guidelines . SQUIRE. http://www.squire-statement.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Page.ViewPage&pageId=504

World Health Organization. (2020). WHO handbook for guideline development, 2nd Ed . World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/145714

Practical Research: A Basic Guide to Planning, Doing, and Writing Copyright © by megankoster. All Rights Reserved.

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Practical Research 1: Long Quiz

Life skills, english.

30 questions

Introducing new   Paper mode

No student devices needed.   Know more

It refers to the fundamental components of research such as the research problems, purpose, specific questions to be addressed and the conceptual framework to be applied.

The Research Paradigm

Research Foundations

Review of Related Literature

The Problem and Its Background

A research method that seeks to explain naturally occurring phenomena in the natural world by generating credible theories.

Scientific research

Experimental research design

Exploratory design

Artistic research

The research design which looks into a large group of people composed of individuals with varied characteristics is referred to as __________________.

Descriptive design

Cross-sectional design

Cohort design

It prefaces the study by providing a summary of the main idea and is usually short and concise.

Research abstract

Research questions

Research title

Research problem

These are essential attitudes that bring anticipated satisfaction or enjoyment in the completion of research tasks.

Support of the academic community

External support

Experience, training ad qualification

Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity and perceptiveness

All but one is NOT the right of research participants.

Voluntary participation

Risk of harm

Informed consent

Principal investigators

Research should maintain objectivity. What does objectivity means?

Being impartial and independent from different factors.

Establishing validity among the data collected.

Showing prejudice to the subject matter.

Having partiality to the decisions being undertaken on the process.

What initiates the process of research?

Significance of the study

The design which combines aspects of various research design and methods is referred to as ________________.

Sequential design

Mixed-method design

Causal design

Karina wanted to know the effects of playing Mobile Legends to the academic performance of Grade 11 STEM 3 students. What research design would she best use to realize her main objective?

Action research

It describes how the researcher will answer the research questions in a credible manner.

Research design

Research framework

Research methodology

Having a well-developed design will enable the researcher to achieve the following, EXCEPT:

Review and synthesize previous studies ad literature related to the topic.

Describe the methods of analysis that will be used on the data gathered.

Clearly identify hypothesis that are significant to the problem.

Promote cost-effectiveness through documentation.

Intellectual property code of the Philippines is also known as _________________.

In the field of medicine, a new drug was must be tested to determine its efficacy in curing sickness before it ca be prescribed.

This statement only proved that research __________________.

Provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in a any field or discipline.

Helps develops tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice or operation.

Aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications.

Impacts decision marking.

The repetition of a prior research study in a different setting and time is called ___________________.

Redubplication

Replication

Double research

Research duplication

All the data to be reported should include all facts with accuracy.

Objectivity

The researchers should accept all comments and give considerations.

Respect for Intellectual Property

Non-discrimination

Responsible mentoring

When a paper is already submitted to a publication, no submission to another should be done.

Responsible Publication

The researcher should be fully equipped with research skills when conducting the study.

Confidentiality

An experienced researcher should impart knowledge to his or her students.

Respect for Colleagues

Social Responsibility

The researcher should ensure that the participants will not be adversely affected by the research and its results.

Human subjects protection

Respect for colleagues

Social responsibility

Any participants to any research activity must not be forced to take part in the study.

Informed Consent

Informed consent for a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?

Talking to him or her privately.

Surprising him or her with a questionnaire.

Writing him or her a letter.

Using a padrino system.

Confidentiality of a participant is best exemplified in which of the following actions?

Asking the participant to write his or her name in the questionnaire.

Not mentioning his or her name in the Participants of the Study section.

Introducing himself or herself in an interview.

Taking his or her picture and placing it in the appendix.

This research focuses on a group of people sharing common characteristics.

Longitudinal

Experimental

Descriptive

Some issues include tardiness of employees, incentives given to the staff, sportsmanship among school athletes, and implementation of a “clean and green” program in school.

Research is important as it ___________________.

Develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline.

Aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a practitioner.

Impacts decision making.

Provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different areas of work.

Researcher A had presented the name of the barangay captain who helped him in giving him a legit information about the criminalities happened in their barangay as part of the data. Does the researcher did the right thing?

Yes, because the barangay captain deserves an appreciation for helping.

Yes, because his name was just used during the presentation.

No, because this is not preserving the confidentiality of the matter.

No, because he is not the direct person involved in the study.

It defines the geographic boundaries and certain demographic characteristics of the study.

Setting of the Problem

Literature Review

Objective of the Study

Research's Purpose

This design combines elements from various research designs and uses both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Exploratory

Mixed-method

This research looks into a large group of people with different characteristics.

Cross-sectional

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