how to save endangered species essay

Essay on Endangered Species

Introduction to Endangered Species

“Endangered species” refers to organisms at risk of extinction due to declining populations and severe threats to their survival.

In the grand theater of Earth’s biodiversity , a cast of characters is so rare and precious that their presence adds a mystical allure to our planet’s narrative. From the elusive vaquita, the world’s smallest porpoise, to the majestic snow leopard, these creatures captivate our imaginations with their beauty and resilience. Yet, beneath their enchanting facade, a stark reality lies – their populations are dwindling at an alarming rate, making them endangered. As stewards of this magnificent stage, it is our solemn duty to protect these species, for their loss would not only dim the brilliance of our world but unravel the intricate threads of life itself.

Watch our Demo Courses and Videos

Valuation, Hadoop, Excel, Mobile Apps, Web Development & many more.

World’s Most Endangered Animals

Here’s a list represents a snapshot of some of the most critically endangered animals facing extinction,

The Significance of Endangered Species

Endangered species, in particular, hold immense significance for both the natural world and human society. Understanding their importance is essential for recognizing the urgency of conservation efforts. Here are several key reasons why endangered species matter:

• Biodiversity Maintenance: Endangered species represent the culmination of millions of years of evolution, each finely tuned to its specific ecological niche. They contribute to the rich tapestry of biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem balance and functionality. Losing even a single species can disrupt intricate food webs, leading to cascading effects on other organisms.
• Ecological Services: Endangered species often provide invaluable ecological services for human well-being. For example, pollinators like bees and butterflies help plants reproduce, which is important for many human foods. Predators help regulate prey populations, preventing overgrazing and maintaining ecosystem health.
• Genetic Diversity: Endangered species harbor unique genetic traits and adaptations that may be key to future medicine, agriculture , and industry innovations. By conserving genetic diversity within species, we preserve the potential for future scientific discoveries and technological advancements.
• Cultural and Aesthetic Value: Many endangered species hold cultural significance for indigenous communities and societies worldwide. They feature prominently in folklore, rituals, and traditions, embodying spiritual connections to the natural world. Additionally, their beauty and uniqueness inspire awe and wonder, enriching human experiences and fostering a sense of stewardship for the natural world.
• Economic Benefits: Endangered species contribute to local and global economies through ecotourism, recreational activities, and bioprospecting. Protected areas that harbor rare and endangered species attract visitors, generating revenue for local communities and supporting conservation efforts. Furthermore, natural products derived from endangered species, such as medicinal plants, have economic value and potential for sustainable use.

Causes of Endangerment

The plight of endangered species is often a result of various anthropogenic and natural factors that undermine their survival. Understanding these causes is paramount to formulating effective conservation strategies. Here are some of the primary contributors to the endangerment of species:

• Habitat Loss and Degradation: The relentless expansion of human activities, including agriculture, urbanization, logging, and infrastructure development, has led to widespread destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. As habitats shrink, species lose crucial resources such as food, shelter, and breeding grounds, pushing them toward extinction.
• Exploitation and Overharvesting: Unsustainable exploitation of natural resources , including hunting, fishing, and logging, has decimated many species’ populations. The poaching of famous animals like tigers , rhinos, and elephants for the illicit wildlife trade is still a serious threat to their survival. Similarly, overfishing has depleted marine species, disrupting marine ecosystems.
• Climate Change: The biodiversity is facing an existential threat due to the swift rate of climate change . Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events disrupt ecosystems and alter species distribution and abundance. Numerous species experience population decreases and local extinctions because they cannot travel or adapt to suitable environments.
• Pollution: Pollution in various forms, including habitat contamination, chemical runoff, and air and water pollution , poses a significant threat to wildlife. Pesticides, heavy metals, plastics , and other pollutants accumulate in ecosystems, poisoning species and disrupting their physiology, reproduction, and behavior.
• Invasive Species: Introducing non-native species into ecosystems, intentionally or unintentionally, can have devastating consequences for native flora and fauna. Invasive species outcompete native species for resources, prey upon them, or introduce diseases, leading to population declines and ecosystem degradation.
• Disease: Emerging infectious diseases, exacerbated by habitat destruction, climate change, and wildlife trade, pose a significant threat to vulnerable species. Diseases like chytridiomycosis in amphibians and white-nose syndrome in bats have caused widespread declines and extinctions in affected populations.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Conflicts between humans and wildlife escalate as human populations expand into wildlife habitats. Competition for resources, livestock depredation, and retaliatory killings of problem animals exacerbate the threats faced by endangered species, huge carnivores, and conflict-prone species.

Impacts of Endangered Species Loss

The loss of endangered species reverberates through ecosystems, economies , and societies, triggering a cascade of far-reaching impacts that underscore the interconnectedness of life on Earth. Exploring these impacts in detail reveals the profound consequences of species extinction:

1. Ecological Disruption

• Food Web Imbalance: Endangered species often occupy unique ecological niches, playing critical roles in maintaining the balance of food webs. Their disappearance can lead to population explosions of prey species or unchecked growth of invasive species, disrupting ecosystem dynamics.
• Habitat Degradation: Many endangered species are habitat specialists, relying on specific environments for survival. Their decline or extinction can signal habitat degradation or loss, exacerbating ecosystem fragmentation and reducing overall biodiversity.

2. Loss of Ecosystem Services

• Pollination and Seed Dispersal: Endangered pollinators and seed dispersers are essential for the reproduction of plant species and the regeneration of forests. Their decline threatens agricultural productivity, food security, and the resilience of natural ecosystems.
• Carbon Sequestration: Endangered species, including trees and marine organisms, play a vital role in carbon sequestration by using photosynthesis and storing carbon in biomass and soil. Their loss diminishes the capacity of ecosystems to mitigate climate change and adapt to rising carbon dioxide levels.

3. Economic Repercussions

• Decline in Tourism Revenue: Endangered species are often flagship species, attracting tourists and wildlife enthusiasts to ecotourism destinations. Their disappearance can lead to declining tourism revenue, negatively impacting local economies dependent on nature-based tourism.
• Loss of Ecosystem Services: Ecosystem services provided by endangered species, such as water purification, soil stabilization, and flood regulation, have tangible economic value. Their loss may necessitate costly human interventions to replicate these services artificially.

4. Human Health Implications

• Medicinal Resources: Endangered species are potential novel pharmaceutical compounds and substance sources. Their extinction would result in the loss of possible cures for diseases and ailments, hindering medical research and drug discovery efforts.
• Ecological Resilience: Healthy ecosystems, sustained by diverse and abundant species, provide critical ecosystem services that support human health and well-being. The loss of endangered species diminishes ecosystem resilience, increasing vulnerability to environmental stressors and disease outbreaks.

5. Ethical and Cultural Considerations

• Moral Responsibility: Humans, as planet stewards, have a moral obligation to safeguard and preserve biodiversity for future generations. Allowing endangered species to go extinct represents a failure to uphold this responsibility and a disregard for the intrinsic value of life.
• Cultural Heritage: Endangered species hold cultural significance for indigenous communities. They symbolize cultural identity, traditional knowledge, and a spiritual connection to the natural world. Their loss erodes cultural diversity and threatens traditional ways of life.

Challenges and Obstacles

Addressing the conservation of endangered species is fraught with numerous challenges and obstacles stemming from diverse sources ranging from human activities to systemic limitations. Having a thorough understanding of these obstacles is essential to coming up with workable solutions:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Rapid urbanization , agricultural expansion, and industrial development continue encroaching upon natural habitats, fragmenting ecosystems and reducing the available habitat for endangered species. Deforestation, land conversion, and infrastructure projects further exacerbate habitat loss, making establishing and maintaining viable populations of endangered species increasingly challenging.
• Human-Wildlife Conflict: Conflicts between humans and endangered species escalate as human populations expand and encroach upon wildlife habitats. Crop raiding, property damage, and livestock depredation fuel negative attitudes toward conservation efforts. Mitigating human-wildlife conflict requires innovative strategies such as habitat restoration, conflict resolution programs, and community-based conservation initiatives that balance the needs of both humans and wildlife.
• Poaching and Illegal Trade: Poachers and wildlife traffickers target endangered species for their valuable parts, including tusks, horns, fur, and organs. The illegal trade in wildlife items seriously threatens numerous species, pushing them into extinction. Strengthening law enforcement, enhancing anti-poaching measures, and reducing consumer demand for wildlife products are essential to combating poaching and illegal trade.
• Climate Change: Climate change increases the risks that already confront endangered species by disrupting ecosystems, altering habitats, and increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Species with limited mobility or specialized habitat requirements are particularly vulnerable. Adaptation strategies, habitat restoration, and landscape connectivity initiatives can help endangered species cope with climate change’s impacts, but concerted global efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions are essential for long-term conservation success.
• Limited Resources and Funding: Inadequate funding, limited resources, and competing priorities often hamper conservation efforts. Conservation organizations and government agencies face challenges in securing sufficient financial support for conservation projects and initiatives. Innovative financing mechanisms, public-private partnerships, and philanthropic investments can help bridge funding gaps and leverage resources for endangered species conservation.
• Lack of Political Will and Policy Implementation: Despite international agreements and conservation policies, enforcing and implementing regulations to protect endangered species are often inadequate. Political will and commitment to conservation may vary among governments, hindering effective conservation action. Advocacy efforts, public pressure, and diplomatic engagement are essential for holding governments accountable and enforcing conservation laws and policies.
• Inadequate Scientific Knowledge and Data: Limited scientific knowledge and data gaps hinder conservation efforts by impeding our understanding of species biology, population dynamics, and ecological requirements. Incomplete information may lead to ineffective management strategies and conservation interventions. Investing in scientific research, monitoring programs, and data collection initiatives is essential for improving our understanding of endangered species and informing evidence-based conservation decision-making.

The Role of Individuals

Individuals play a pivotal role in conserving endangered species and catalyzing positive change at the grassroots level. By recognizing their capacity to make a difference and taking action in various ways, individuals can contribute significantly to efforts aimed at safeguarding biodiversity. Here are several key roles individuals can play in endangered species conservation:

• Raising Awareness: Individuals can raise awareness about the plight of endangered species by sharing information with their communities, networks, and social media platforms. By educating others about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing endangered species, individuals can inspire collective action and foster a culture of conservation.
• Supporting Conservation Organizations: Individuals can financially support conservation organizations through donations, memberships, and fundraising events. By contributing to reputable conservation groups protecting endangered species, they can help fund vital research, habitat restoration projects, and on-the-ground conservation efforts.
• Advocacy and Policy Engagement: Individuals can advocate for stronger environmental policies and legislation to protect endangered species and their habitats. Individuals can amplify their voices and influence local, national, and international decision-making processes by writing letters to policymakers, signing petitions, and participating in advocacy campaigns.
• Promoting Sustainable Practices: Individuals can adopt sustainable lifestyle choices and encourage others to do the same. By reducing their ecological footprint, practicing responsible consumption, and supporting sustainable businesses, individuals can help minimize habitat destruction, pollution, and other threats to endangered species and their habitats.
• Participating in Citizen Science: Individuals can contribute valuable data to conservation efforts through citizen science initiatives. By participating in wildlife surveys, monitoring programs, and habitat restoration projects, individuals can provide scientists and conservationists with useful information to better understand and protect endangered species.
• Engaging in Ecotourism and Responsible Travel: Individuals can support conservation efforts through ecotourism and responsible travel practices. By visiting protected areas, wildlife reserves, and eco-friendly destinations, individuals can generate revenue for local communities and conservation initiatives while promoting the conservation of endangered species and their habitats.
• Inspiring Future Generations: Individuals can inspire and educate future generations about the importance of endangered species conservation. By engaging children and young people in outdoor activities, environmental education programs, and conservation initiatives, individuals can instill a lifelong appreciation for nature and a sense of stewardship for the planet.

Success Stories in Endangered Species Recovery

Despite the daunting challenges facing endangered species, notable success stories have demonstrated the effectiveness of conservation efforts. These stories provide hope and inspiration, highlighting nature’s resilience and the positive outcomes achievable through dedicated conservation initiatives. Here are several success stories in endangered species recovery:

1. California Condor Recovery Program

• Background: In the late 20th century, the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) was threatened with extinction due to habitat degradation, lead poisoning, and poaching. By the 1980s, the population had plummeted to just 22 individuals, prompting a collaborative effort to save the species from extinction.
• Conservation Strategies: The California Condor Recovery Program, a partnership between government agencies, conservation organizations, and zoos, implemented a comprehensive conservation strategy. This included captive breeding, habitat protection, lead poisoning mitigation, and public education initiatives.
• Key Achievements: The California condor population has rebounded significantly through decades of dedicated conservation efforts. As of [latest year], there are over 500 condors, with approximately half living in the wild across California, Arizona, Utah, and Baja California, Mexico. Successful captive breeding programs have increased population numbers and genetic diversity.
• Lessons Learned: The California condor recovery program underscores the importance of collaborative partnerships, adaptive management strategies, and long-term commitment to species recovery. It also highlights the effectiveness of captive breeding as a conservation tool for critically endangered species facing imminent extinction threats.

2. Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction Program

• Background: By the late 20th century, habitat loss and the decline of its primary prey, prairie dogs, led to the belief that the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) had become extinct in the wild. The discovery of a small ferret population in Wyoming in 1981 led to intense conservation efforts to preserve the species.
• Conservation Strategies: The Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction Program, led by federal and state agencies, conservation organizations, and private landowners, focused on captive breeding, habitat restoration, and reintroduction efforts. Conservationists worked to establish viable populations of black-footed ferrets in their historic range across the Great Plains.
• Key Achievements: Through coordinated efforts, multiple stakeholders have successfully reintroduced black-footed ferret populations to several sites across North America. As of [latest year], over 1,000 black-footed ferrets live in the wild, and efforts are ongoing to expand their range and ensure genetic diversity.
• Lessons Learned: The black-footed ferret recovery program highlights the importance of adaptive management, landscape-scale conservation planning, and collaboration with landowners and stakeholders. It also emphasizes the value of engaging local communities in conservation efforts and addressing the underlying threats to species recovery, such as habitat loss and fragmentation.

3. Giant Panda Conservation Efforts

• Background: The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic symbol of wildlife conservation , facing threats from habitat loss, fragmentation, and poaching. By the late 20th century, the wild population had dwindled to a few hundred individuals, prompting international conservation efforts to save the species.
• Conservation Strategies: Giant panda conservation efforts have focused on habitat protection, captive breeding, and community-based conservation initiatives. Local communities, governmental entities, and conservation groups have created protected areas, replanted bamboo forests, and launched public awareness and education initiatives.
• Key Achievements: The giant panda population has rebounded thanks to decades of concerted conservation efforts, with the latest estimates indicating over 1,800 individuals in the wild. Captive breeding programs have also been successful, with pandas reintroduced to the wild in select areas. As a result of the giant panda’s recovery, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reduced the species’ status from “endangered” to “vulnerable” in 2016.
• Lessons Learned: The giant panda conservation success story highlights the importance of integrated conservation approaches, long-term commitment, and international collaboration. It also demonstrates the value of flagship species in raising awareness and mobilizing support for broader conservation efforts aimed at protecting entire ecosystems and biodiversity hotspots.

Preserving endangered species is not merely a conservation imperative but a moral responsibility to safeguard biodiversity. We can ensure that these amazing animals and their ecosystems survive by addressing the underlying issues and implementing effective conservation measures. Each success story in species recovery serves as a beacon of hope, demonstrating the potential for positive change when individuals, communities, and governments unite in the cause of conservation. As stewards of the planet, we must protect and cherish these vulnerable species, ensuring a future where all life thrives in harmony with nature.

*Please provide your correct email id. Login details for this Free course will be emailed to you

By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .

Valuation, Hadoop, Excel, Web Development & many more.

Forgot Password?

This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to our Privacy Policy

Explore 1000+ varieties of Mock tests View more

Submit Next Question

🚀 Limited Time Offer! - 🎁 ENROLL NOW

How to help protect endangered species

As you read this, countless species are on the brink of extinction. We live in an era where global biodiversity faces threats that are caused in large part by human actions.

But there are things we can do to help. Individuals committed to conservation can take collective action to protect endangered species from extinction. Here we explore some practical strategies that you can implement in your daily life to protect endangered wildlife.

16 things you can do to help endangered species

Conservation efforts don’t just have to be spearheaded by large organizations—individuals can make a difference, too. The choices we make in our day-to-day lives can have a positive impact on threatened species. 

Buy products from sustainable sources

Choosing cruelty-free alternatives helps reduce the demand for goods that contribute to the endangerment of species. Avoid buying products made from animal skins, scales, ivory, or other endangered animal products. 

Though it can seem like a personal choice that only affects you, you directly contribute to wildlife conservation by actively purchasing from sustainable sources. 

If enough people make these choices, businesses will be encouraged to adopt ethical practices and invest in more sustainable alternatives. 

Advocate for conservation

Using your voice to bring attention to the plight of endangered species educates others and builds support for conservation causes.

This can be as simple as talking to your friends and sharing resources or links on social media, along with attending events, signing petitions, and writing to elected officials.

Not sure where to start? We have a list of active petitions that you can sign to help ensure your voice is heard—from helping to save North Atlantic right whales from extinction to forming a national biodiversity strategy. 

Avoid plastic use and littering, and recycle properly

Ensuring that you properly dispose of waste and recyclables can play a huge part in protecting the environment and animal populations. Recycling plays a pivotal role in breaking the cycle of plastic pollution by diverting materials from landfills and ensuring that plastics don’t end up endangering wildlife through ingestion or entanglement.

Beyond proper recycling, try to use alternatives to plastic products (especially single-use plastics). Products like metal straws instead of plastic ones, beeswax wraps instead of cling film, and reusable water bottles can all make a difference. 

Learn more about wildlife and educate others 

Empower yourself through knowledge. By learning more about wildlife and endangered species —and then sharing that knowledge with others—you can create a ripple effect of awareness.

IFAW is all about educating, sharing knowledge, and promoting collective action. Our blog is a great place to start if you want to learn more about conservation and endangered species. Learn more about endangered wildlife in Africa , Europe , Asia , Australia , North America , and South America , or take a look at our list of the world’s most endangered mammals or birds .

Support conservation organizations 

Supporting conservation organizations is a great way to protect endangered species. Donations provide crucial funding for research, habitat protection, wildlife rescue, and species recovery programs.

If you’re not in a position to provide financial support, there are other ways you can support conservation efforts. Identify organizations dedicated to causes you to care about, follow them on social media, and reshare their posts. This helps to amplify their reach and spread awareness. You can also look for volunteering opportunities at conservation organisations and wildlife centres in your local community.

Through these actions, you can support the collective effort to safeguard endangered species. 

Support policy initiatives that help animals

One of the most effective ways to protect endangered species is through policies prioritizing animal welfare and conservation. Many animals are already protected by law, and the more we can introduce legislation to protect threatened species, the better.

You can stay informed about relevant legislation and advocate for stronger protections for endangered species. Or try engaging with your local elected officials by expressing concerns and providing input on wildlife-related policies. You can also join or support organizations lobbying for effective conservation policies. 

Protect wildlife habitats

Individuals play a crucial role in protecting endangered species by safeguarding their habitats. Simple actions can make a significant impact, for example: 

• Letting your lawn grow provides a haven for important pollinating insects and small animals. 
• Planting native trees (and not cutting down existing ones) helps restore natural ecosystems. 
• Setting up water sources in your yard or garden aids local wildlife, especially during dry periods. 
• Planting native flowers supports pollinators, which is essential for the reproductive success of many species. 

You should also refrain from disturbing wildlife in your community. If you see a wild animal that appears orphaned or distressed, contact your local wildlife rehabilitation center for help. 

Participate in park, roadside, or beach cleanups

Participating in park, roadside, or beach cleanups is a direct action that can help you contribute to the protection of endangered species. Have a look to see if there are any community- or council-led cleanups in your area. 

Removing litter and waste preserves natural ecosystems, prevents harm to wildlife, and raises public awareness about the impact of pollution on endangered species and their habitats.

Host a community fundraising event

Organizing events like charity walks, auctions, or educational seminars can raise funds for conservation efforts. These events not only generate financial support but also help spread the word about the importance of biodiversity and conservation. 

Your event’s funds can be given directly to conservation organizations to support their efforts to conserve biodiversity.

Volunteer with an animal shelter or sanctuary that rehabilitates wildlife

Volunteering at a shelter is a hands-on way to directly contribute to protecting endangered species. 

Find an organization near you dedicated to wildlife rescue and rehabilitation and inquire if they’re open to volunteers. By dedicating your time and skills to these organizations, you can help with the care of animals while also learning more about the cause. 

Use alternatives to pesticides

If you have a garden, avoid using pesticides on your plants and vegetables. Opting for natural and eco-friendly pest control methods helps maintain a balanced ecosystem without harming non-target species. Planting native vegetation that attracts natural predators can also reduce the need for chemical interventions.

For more information, you can speak with workers at your local garden center to find a solution that will protect your harvest without harming native wildlife around your home. 

Travel sustainably and support wildlife-friendly tourism

The next time you take a trip, avoid booking a package holiday and instead think a bit more deeply about ways you can travel sustainably to help reduce the negative impact of tourism on ecosystems.

This can include wildlife tourism, like safaris or whale watching, but make sure you look into tour operators that prioritize conservation and animal well-being.

Here are some ideas to make your trips more sustainable:

• Opt for eco-friendly accommodations and tour operators that prioritize conservation practices.
• Choose destinations with responsible wildlife tourism guidelines, ensuring minimal disturbance to natural habitats. 
• Participate in educational programs and eco-tours that raise awareness about endangered species and their conservation needs. 
• Respect local wildlife regulations, keeping a safe distance from animals in their natural habitats. 

Follow vessel speed rules on the ocean

If you’re a boat owner or driver, it’s essential to always follow vessel speed rules. This isn’t just for your safety—it also protects marine life below the surface. 

Strict ocean speed limits help protect whales and dolphins, whose navigation and communication can be disrupted by loud ocean traffic . Faster speeds are also linked to vessel strikes, which can be fatal for animals in the ocean. 

Support habitat connectivity 

Urbanization of natural habitats may be inevitable in some places, but it can cause habitat fragmentation for already vulnerable wildlife populations. For example, fences that mark land boundaries can become obstacles to animals looking to move around their habitats. 

You may not realize that individuals can take action to help prevent fragmentation or even reconnect habitats. For example, you can plant hedges or native trees in your yard instead of building fences. 

Make your home wildlife-friendly

Making your home as wildlife-friendly as possible is especially important if you live in a rural or suburban area. You can do many small things that will have a big impact on local wildlife. For example, you can:

• Keep your cats inside, especially at night.
• Secure garbage in bins with locking lids.
• Stick decals on windows to deter bird collisions.
• Place bird baths outside, and replace the water often to avoid disease transmission.
• Add native plants to your garden, along with plenty of wildflowers for pollinators.

Visit a national park

Next time you have a day or a long weekend off, take the time to visit a national park, wildlife refuge, or protected area. These places provide safe habitats for thousands of endangered species. While you get the chance to experience and enjoy nature, you’re also financially supporting the park, helping them continue their good work. 

Plus, the more people who visit these parks, the more likely governments are to fund them. 

Help IFAW protect endangered species

Protecting endangered species is necessary for the ongoing health of our planet’s ecosystems.

Organizations like IFAW need help from people like you who are committed to helping endangered animals. Embracing sustainable practices, helping us advocate for policy change, and supporting our conservation efforts are ways you can help endangered species worldwide.

Wildlife Rescue

Expert opinions

How we work with the Maasai community to give wildlife room to roam

What is deforestation and how does it impact wildlife?

Human-elephant conflicts down nearly 90% in Tsavo community thanks to fencing

every problem has a solution, every solution needs support.

The problems we face are urgent, complicated, and resistant to change. Real solutions demand creativity, hard work, and involvement from people like you.

Unfortunately, the browser you use is outdated and does not allow you to display the site correctly. Please install any of the modern browsers, for example:

November 1, 2023

20 min read

Can We Save Every Species from Extinction?

The Endangered Species Act requires that every U.S. plant and animal be saved from extinction, but after 50 years, we have to do much more to prevent a biodiversity crisis

By Robert Kunzig

Snail Darter Percina tanasi. Listed as Endangered: 1975. Status: Delisted in 2022.

© Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark

A Bald Eagle disappeared into the trees on the far bank of the Tennessee River just as the two researchers at the bow of our modest motorboat began hauling in the trawl net. Eagles have rebounded so well that it's unusual not to see one here these days, Warren Stiles of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service told me as the net got closer. On an almost cloudless spring morning in the 50th year of the Endangered Species Act, only a third of a mile downstream from the Tennessee Valley Authority's big Nickajack Dam, we were searching for one of the ESA's more notorious beneficiaries: the Snail Darter. A few months earlier Stiles and the FWS had decided that, like the Bald Eagle, the little fish no longer belonged on the ESA's endangered species list. We were hoping to catch the first nonendangered specimen.

Dave Matthews, a TVA biologist, helped Stiles empty the trawl. Bits of wood and rock spilled onto the deck, along with a Common Logperch maybe six inches long. So did an even smaller fish; a hair over two inches, it had alternating vertical bands of dark and light brown, each flecked with the other color, a pattern that would have made it hard to see against the gravelly river bottom. It was a Snail Darter in its second year, Matthews said, not yet full-grown.

Everybody loves a Bald Eagle. There is much less consensus about the Snail Darter. Yet it epitomizes the main controversy still swirling around the ESA, signed into law on December 28, 1973, by President Richard Nixon: Can we save all the obscure species of this world, and should we even try, if they get in the way of human imperatives? The TVA didn't think so in the 1970s, when the plight of the Snail Darter—an early entry on the endangered species list—temporarily stopped the agency from completing a huge dam. When the U.S. attorney general argued the TVA's case before the Supreme Court with the aim of sidestepping the law, he waved a jar that held a dead, preserved Snail Darter in front of the nine judges in black robes, seeking to convey its insignificance.

On supporting science journalism

If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing . By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today.

Now I was looking at a living specimen. It darted around the bottom of a white bucket, bonking its nose against the side and delicately fluttering the translucent fins that swept back toward its tail.

“It's kind of cute,” I said.

Matthews laughed and slapped me on the shoulder. “I like this guy!” he said. “Most people are like, ‘Really? That's it?’ ” He took a picture of the fish and clipped a sliver off its tail fin for DNA analysis but left it otherwise unharmed. Then he had me pour it back into the river. The next trawl, a few miles downstream, brought up seven more specimens.

In the late 1970s the Snail Darter seemed confined to a single stretch of a single tributary of the Tennessee River, the Little Tennessee, and to be doomed by the TVA's ill-considered Tellico Dam, which was being built on the tributary. The first step on its twisting path to recovery came in 1978, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled, surprisingly, that the ESA gave the darter priority even over an almost finished dam. “It was when the government stood up and said, ‘Every species matters, and we meant it when we said we're going to protect every species under the Endangered Species Act,’” says Tierra Curry, a senior scientist at the Center for Biological Diversity.

Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus. Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Delisted in 2007. Credit: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark

Today the Snail Darter can be found along 400 miles of the river's main stem and multiple tributaries. ESA enforcement has saved dozens of other species from extinction. Bald Eagles, American Alligators and Peregrine Falcons are just a few of the roughly 60 species that had recovered enough to be “delisted” by late 2023.

And yet the U.S., like the planet as a whole, faces a growing biodiversity crisis. Less than 6 percent of the animals and plants ever placed on the list have been delisted; many of the rest have made scant progress toward recovery. What's more, the list is far from complete: roughly a third of all vertebrates and vascular plants in the U.S. are vulnerable to extinction, says Bruce Stein, chief scientist at the National Wildlife Federation. Populations are falling even for species that aren't yet in danger. “There are a third fewer birds flying around now than in the 1970s,” Stein says. We're much less likely to see a White-throated Sparrow or a Red-winged Blackbird, for example, even though neither species is yet endangered.

The U.S. is far emptier of wildlife sights and sounds than it was 50 years ago, primarily because habitat—forests, grasslands, rivers—has been relentlessly appropriated for human purposes. The ESA was never designed to stop that trend, any more than it is equipped to deal with the next massive threat to wildlife: climate change. Nevertheless, its many proponents say, it is a powerful, foresightful law that we could implement more wisely and effectively, perhaps especially to foster stewardship among private landowners. And modest new measures, such as the Recovering America's Wildlife Act—a bill with bipartisan support—could further protect flora and fauna.

That is, if special interests don't flout the law. After the 1978 Supreme Court decision, Congress passed a special exemption to the ESA allowing the TVA to complete the Tellico Dam. The Snail Darter managed to survive because the TVA transplanted some of the fish from the Little Tennessee, because remnant populations turned up elsewhere in the Tennessee Valley, and because local rivers and streams slowly became less polluted following the 1972 Clean Water Act, which helped fish rebound.

Under pressure from people enforcing the ESA, the TVA also changed the way it managed its dams throughout the valley. It started aerating the depths of its reservoirs, in some places by injecting oxygen. It began releasing water from the dams more regularly to maintain a minimum flow that sweeps silt off the river bottom, exposing the clean gravel that Snail Darters need to lay their eggs and feed on snails. The river system “is acting more like a real river,” Matthews says. Basically, the TVA started considering the needs of wildlife, which is really what the ESA requires. “The Endangered Species Act works,” Matthews says. “With just a little bit of help, [wildlife] can recover.”

The trouble is that many animals and plants aren't getting that help—because government resources are too limited, because private landowners are alienated by the ESA instead of engaged with it, and because as a nation the U.S. has never fully committed to the ESA's essence. Instead, for half a century, the law has been one more thing that polarizes people's thinking.

I t may seem impossible today to imagine the political consensus that prevailed on environmental matters in 1973. The U.S. Senate approved the ESA unanimously, and the House passed it by a vote of 390 to 12. “Some people have referred to it as almost a statement of religion coming out of the Congress,” says Gary Frazer, who as assistant director for ecological services at the FWS has been overseeing the act's implementation for nearly 25 years.

Gopher Tortoise Gopherus polyphemus . Listed as Threatened: 1987. Status: Still threatened. Credit: ©Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark

But loss of faith began five years later with the Snail Darter case. Congresspeople who had been thinking of eagles, bears and Whooping Cranes when they passed the ESA, and had not fully appreciated the reach of the sweeping language they had approved, were disabused by the Supreme Court. It found that the legislation had created, “wisely or not ... an absolute duty to preserve all endangered species,” Chief Justice Warren E. Burger said after the Snail Darter case concluded. Even a recently discovered tiny fish had to be saved, “whatever the cost,” he wrote in the decision.

Was that wise? For both environmentalists such as Curry and many nonenvironmentalists, the answer has always been absolutely. The ESA “is the basic Bill of Rights for species other than ourselves,” says National Geographic photographer Joel Sartore, who is building a “photo ark” of every animal visible to the naked eye as a record against extinction. (He has taken studio portraits of 15,000 species so far.) But to critics, the Snail Darter decision always defied common sense. They thought it was “crazy,” says Michael Bean, a leading ESA expert, now retired from the Environmental Defense Fund. “That dichotomy of view has remained with us for the past 45 years.”

According to veteran Washington, D.C., environmental attorney Lowell E. Baier, author of a new history called The Codex of the Endangered Species Act, both the act itself and its early implementation reflected a top-down, federal “command-and-control mentality” that still breeds resentment. FWS field agents in the early days often saw themselves as combat biologists enforcing the act's prohibitions. After the Northern Spotted Owl's listing got tangled up in a bitter 1990s conflict over logging of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the FWS became more flexible in working out arrangements. “But the dark mythology of the first 20 years continues in the minds of much of America,” Baier says.

Credit: June Minju Kim ( map ); Source: David Matthews, Tennessee Valley Authority ( reference )

The law can impose real burdens on landowners. Before doing anything that might “harass” or “harm” an endangered species, including modifying its habitat, they need to get a permit from the FWS and present a “habitat conservation plan.” Prosecutions aren't common, because evidence can be elusive, but what Bean calls “the cloud of uncertainty” surrounding what landowners can and cannot do can be distressing.

Requirements the ESA places on federal agencies such as the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management—or on the TVA—can have large economic impacts. Section 7 of the act prohibits agencies from taking, permitting or funding any action that is likely to “jeopardize the continued existence” of a listed species. If jeopardy seems possible, the agency must consult with the FWS first (or the National Marine Fisheries Service for marine species) and seek alternative plans.

“When people talk about how the ESA stops projects, they've been talking about section 7,” says conservation biologist Jacob Malcom. The Northern Spotted Owl is a strong example: an economic analysis suggests the logging restrictions eliminated thousands of timber-industry jobs, fueling conservative arguments that the ESA harms humans and economic growth.

In recent decades, however, that view has been based “on anecdote, not evidence,” Malcom claims. At Defenders of Wildlife, where he worked until 2022 (he's now at the U.S. Department of the Interior), he and his colleagues analyzed 88,290 consultations between the FWS and other agencies from 2008 to 2015. “Zero projects were stopped,” Malcom says. His group also found that federal agencies were only rarely taking the active measures to recover a species that section 7 requires—like what the TVA did for the Snail Darter. For many listed species, the FWS does not even have recovery plans.

Endangered species also might not recover because “most species are not receiving protection until they have reached dangerously low population sizes,” according to a 2022 study by Erich K. Eberhard of Columbia University and his colleagues. Most listings occur only after the FWS has been petitioned or sued by an environmental group—often the Center for Biological Diversity, which claims credit for 742 listings. Years may go by between petition and listing, during which time the species' population dwindles. Noah Greenwald, the center's endangered species director, thinks the FWS avoids listings to avoid controversy—that it has internalized opposition to the ESA.

He and other experts also say that work regarding endangered species is drastically underfunded. As more species are listed, the funding per species declines. “Congress hasn't come to grips with the biodiversity crisis,” says Baier, who lobbies lawmakers regularly. “When you talk to them about biodiversity, their eyes glaze over.” Just this year federal lawmakers enacted a special provision exempting the Mountain Valley Pipeline from the ESA and other challenges, much as Congress had exempted the Tellico Dam. Environmentalists say the gas pipeline, running from West Virginia to Virginia, threatens the Candy Darter, a colorful small fish. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provided a rare bit of good news: it granted the FWS $62.5 million to hire more biologists to prepare recovery plans.

The ESA is often likened to an emergency room for species: overcrowded and understaffed, it has somehow managed to keep patients alive, but it doesn't do much more. The law contains no mandate to restore ecosystems to health even though it recognizes such work as essential for thriving wildlife. “Its goal is to make things better, but its tools are designed to keep things from getting worse,” Bean says. Its ability to do even that will be severely tested in coming decades by threats it was never designed to confront.

T he ESA requires a species to be listed as “threatened” if it might be in danger of extinction in the “foreseeable future.” The foreseeable future will be warmer. Rising average temperatures are a problem, but higher heat extremes are a bigger threat, according to a 2020 study.

Scientists have named climate change as the main cause of only a few extinctions worldwide. But experts expect that number to surge. Climate change has been “a factor in almost every species we've listed in at least the past 15 years,” Frazer says. Yet scientists struggle to forecast whether individual species can “persist in place or shift in space”—as Stein and his co-authors put it in a recent paper—or will be unable to adapt at all and will go extinct. On June 30 the FWS issued a new rule that will make it easier to move species outside their historical range—a practice it once forbade except in extreme circumstances.

Credit: June Minju Kim ( graphic ); Brown Bird Design ( illustrations ); Sources: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Environmental Conservation Online System; U.S. Federal Endangered and Threatened Species by Calendar Year https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/species-listings-by-year-totals ( annual data through 2022 ); Listed Species Summary (Boxscore) https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/boxscore ( cumulative data up to September 18, 2023, and annual data for coral ); Delisted Species https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/report/species-delisted ( delisted data through 2022 )

Eventually, though, “climate change is going to swamp the ESA,” says J. B. Ruhl, a law professor at Vanderbilt University, who has been writing about the problem for decades. “As more and more species are threatened, I don't know what the agency does with that.” To offer a practical answer, in a 2008 paper he urged the FWS to aggressively identify the species most at risk and not waste resources on ones that seem sure to expire.

Yet when I asked Frazer which urgent issues were commanding his attention right now, his first thought wasn't climate; it was renewable energy. “Renewable energy is going to leave a big footprint on the planet and on our country,” he says, some of it threatening plants and animals if not implemented well. “The Inflation Reduction Act is going to lead to an explosion of more wind and solar across the landscape.

Long before President Joe Biden signed that landmark law, conflicts were proliferating: Desert Tortoise versus solar farms in the Mojave Desert, Golden Eagles versus wind farms in Wyoming, Tiehm's Buckwheat (a little desert flower) versus lithium mining in Nevada. The mine case is a close parallel to that of Snail Darters versus the Tellico Dam. The flower, listed as endangered just last year, grows on only a few acres of mountainside in western Nevada, right where a mining company wants to extract lithium. The Center for Biological Diversity has led the fight to save it. Elsewhere in Nevada people have used the ESA to stop, for the moment, a proposed geothermal plant that might threaten the two-inch Dixie Valley Toad, discovered in 2017 and also declared endangered last year.

Does an absolute duty to preserve all endangered species make sense in such places? In a recent essay entitled “A Time for Triage,” Columbia law professor Michael Gerrard argues that “the environmental community has trade-off denial. We don't recognize that it's too late to preserve everything we consider precious.” In his view, given the urgency of building the infrastructure to fight climate change, we need to be willing to let a species go after we've done our best to save it. Environmental lawyers adept at challenging fossil-fuel projects, using the ESA and other statutes, should consider holding their fire against renewable installations. “Just because you have bullets doesn't mean you shoot them in every direction,” Gerrard says. “You pick your targets.” In the long run, he and others argue, climate change poses a bigger threat to wildlife than wind turbines and solar farms do.

For now habitat loss remains the overwhelming threat. What's truly needed to preserve the U.S.'s wondrous biodiversity, both Stein and Ruhl say, is a national network of conserved ecosystems. That won't be built with our present politics. But two more practical initiatives might help.

The first is the Recovering America's Wildlife Act, which narrowly missed passage in 2022 and has been reintroduced this year. It builds on the success of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act, which funds state wildlife agencies through a federal excise tax on guns and ammunition. That law was adopted to address a decline in game species that had hunters alarmed. The state refuges and other programs it funded are why deer, ducks and Wild Turkeys are no longer scarce.

The recovery act would provide $1.3 billion a year to states and nearly $100 million to Native American tribes to conserve nongame species. It has bipartisan support, in part, Stein says, because it would help arrest the decline of a species before the ESA's “regulatory hammer” falls. Although it would be a large boost to state wildlife budgets, the funding would be a rounding error in federal spending. But last year Congress couldn't agree on how to pay for the measure. Passage “would be a really big deal for nature,” Curry says.

Oyster Mussel. Epioblasma capsaeformis.  Listed as Endangered: 1997. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark

The second initiative that could promote species conservation is already underway: bringing landowners into the fold. Most wildlife habitat east of the Rocky Mountains is on private land. That's also where habitat loss is happening fastest. Some experts say conservation isn't likely to succeed unless the FWS works more collaboratively with landowners, adding carrots to the ESA's regulatory stick. Bean has long promoted the idea, including when he worked at the Interior Department from 2009 to early 2017. The approach started, he says, with the Red-cockaded Woodpecker.

When the ESA was passed, there were fewer than 10,000 Red-cockaded Woodpeckers left of the millions that had once lived in the Southeast. Humans had cut down the old pine trees, chiefly Longleaf Pine, that the birds excavate cavities in for roosting and nesting. An appropriate tree has to be large, at least 60 to 80 years old, and there aren't many like that left. The longleaf forest, which once carpeted up to 90 million acres from Virginia to Texas, has been reduced to less than three million acres of fragments.

In the 1980s the ESA wasn't helping because it provided little incentive to preserve forest on private land. In fact, Bean says, it did the opposite: landowners would sometimes clear-cut potential woodpecker habitat just to avoid the law's constraints. The woodpecker population continued to drop until the 1990s. That's when Bean and his Environmental Defense Fund colleagues persuaded the FWS to adopt “safe-harbor agreements” as a simple solution. An agreement promised landowners that if they let pines grow older or took other woodpecker-friendly measures, they wouldn't be punished; they remained free to decide later to cut the forest back to the baseline condition it had been in when the agreement was signed.

That modest carrot was inducement enough to quiet the chainsaws in some places. “The downward trends have been reversed,” Bean says. “In places like South Carolina, where they have literally hundreds of thousands of acres of privately owned forest enrolled, Red-cockaded Woodpecker numbers have shot up dramatically.”

The woodpecker is still endangered. It still needs help. Because there aren't enough old pines, land managers are inserting lined, artificial cavities into younger trees and sometimes moving birds into them to expand the population. They are also using prescribed fires or power tools to keep the longleaf understory open and grassy, the way fires set by lightning or Indigenous people once kept it and the way the woodpeckers like it. Most of this work is taking place, and most Red-cockaded Woodpeckers are still living, on state or federal land such as military bases. But a lot more longleaf must be restored to get the birds delisted, which means collaborating with private landowners, who own 80 percent of the habitat.

Leo Miranda-Castro, who retired last December as director of the FWS's southeast region, says the collaborative approach took hold at regional headquarters in Atlanta in 2010. The Center for Biological Diversity had dropped a “mega petition” demanding that the FWS consider 404 new species for listing. The volume would have been “overwhelming,” Miranda-Castro says. “That's when we decided, ‘Hey, we cannot do this in the traditional way.’ The fear of listing so many species was a catalyst” to look for cases where conservation work might make a listing unnecessary.

An agreement affecting the Gopher Tortoise shows what is possible. Like the woodpeckers, it is adapted to open-canopied longleaf forests, where it basks in the sun, feeds on herbaceous plants and digs deep burrows in the sandy soil. The tortoise is a keystone species: more than 300 other animals, including snakes, foxes and skunks, shelter in its burrows. But its numbers have been declining for decades.

Urbanization is the main threat to the tortoises, but timberland can be managed in a way that leaves room for them. Eager to keep the species off the list, timber companies, which own 20 million acres in its range, agreed to figure out how to do that—above all by returning fire to the landscape and keeping the canopy open. One timber company, Resource Management Service, said it would restore Longleaf Pine on about 3,700 acres in the Florida panhandle, perhaps expanding to 200,000 acres eventually. It even offered to bring other endangered species onto its land, which delighted Miranda-Castro: “I had never heard about that happening before.” Last fall the FWS announced that the tortoise didn't need to be listed in most of its range.

Miranda-Castro now directs Conservation Without Conflict, an organization that seeks to foster conversation and negotiation in settings where the ESA has more often generated litigation. “For the first 50 years the stick has been used the most,” Miranda-Castro says. “For the next 50 years we're going to be using the carrots way more.” On his own farm outside Fort Moore, Ga., he grows Longleaf Pine—and Gopher Tortoises are benefiting.

Whooping Crane. Grus americana.  Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark

The Center for Biological Diversity doubts that carrots alone will save the reptile. It points out that the FWS's own models show small subpopulations vanishing over the next few decades and the total population falling by nearly a third. In August 2023 it filed suit against the FWS, demanding the Gopher Tortoise be listed.

The FWS itself resorted to the stick this year when it listed the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, a bird whose grassland home in the Southern Plains has long been encroached on by agriculture and the energy industry. The Senate promptly voted to overturn that listing, but President Biden promised to veto that measure if it passes the House.

B ehind the debates over strategy lurks the vexing question: Can we save all species? The answer is no. Extinctions will keep happening. In 2021 the FWS proposed to delist 23 more species—not because they had recovered but because they hadn't been seen in decades and were presumed gone. There is a difference, though, between acknowledging the reality of extinction and deliberately deciding to let a species go. Some people are willing to do the latter; others are not. Bean thinks a person's view has a lot to do with how much they've been exposed to wildlife, especially as a child.

Zygmunt Plater, a professor emeritus at Boston College Law School, was the attorney in the 1978 Snail Darter case, fighting for hundreds of farmers whose land would be submerged by the Tellico Dam. At one point in the proceedings Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., asked him, “What purpose is served, if any, by these little darters? Are they used for food?” Plater thinks creatures such as the darter alert us to the threat our actions pose to them and to ourselves. They prompt us to consider alternatives.

The ESA aims to save species, but for that to happen, ecosystems have to be preserved. Protecting the Northern Spotted Owl has saved at least a small fraction of old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest. Concern about the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the Gopher Tortoise is aiding the preservation of longleaf forests in the Southeast. The Snail Darter wasn't enough to stop the Tellico Dam, which drowned historic Cherokee sites and 300 farms, mostly for real estate development. But after the controversy, the presence of a couple of endangered mussels did help dissuade the TVA from completing yet another dam, on the Duck River in central Tennessee. That river is now recognized as one of the most biodiverse in North America.

The ESA forced states to take stock of the wildlife they harbored, says Jim Williams, who as a young biologist with the FWS was responsible for listing both the Snail Darter and mussels in the Duck River. Williams grew up in Alabama, where I live. “We didn't know what the hell we had,” he says. “People started looking around and found all sorts of new species.” Many were mussels and little fish. In a 2002 survey, Stein found that Alabama ranked fifth among U.S. states in species diversity. It also ranks second-highest for extinctions; of the 23 extinct species the FWS recently proposed for delisting, eight were mussels, and seven of those were found in Alabama.

One morning this past spring, at a cabin on the banks of Shoal Creek in northern Alabama, I attended a kind of jamboree of local freshwater biologists. At the center of the action, in the shade of a second-floor deck, sat Sartore. He had come to board more species onto his photo ark, and the biologists—most of them from the TVA—were only too glad to help, fanning out to collect critters to be decanted into Sartore's narrow, flood-lit aquarium. He sat hunched before it, a black cloth draped over his head and camera, snapping away like a fashion photographer, occasionally directing whoever was available to prod whatever animal was in the tank into a more artful pose.

As I watched, he photographed a striated darter that didn't yet have a name, a Yellow Bass, an Orangefin Shiner and a giant crayfish discovered in 2011 in the very creek we were at. Sartore's goal is to help people who never meet such creatures feel the weight of extinction—and to have a worthy remembrance of the animals if they do vanish from Earth.

With TVA biologist Todd Amacker, I walked down to the creek and sat on the bank. Amacker is a mussel specialist, following in Williams's footsteps. As his colleagues waded in the shoals with nets, he gave me a quick primer on mussel reproduction. Their peculiar antics made me care even more about their survival.

There are hundreds of freshwater mussel species, Amacker explained, and almost every one tricks a particular species of fish into raising its larvae. The Wavy-rayed Lampmussel, for example, extrudes part of its flesh in the shape of a minnow to lure black bass—and then squirts larvae into the bass's open mouth so they can latch on to its gills and fatten on its blood. Another mussel dangles its larvae at the end of a yard-long fishing line of mucus. The Duck River Darter Snapper—a member of a genus that has already lost most of its species to extinction—lures and then clamps its shell shut on the head of a hapless fish, inoculating it with larvae. “You can't make this up,” Amacker said. Each relationship has evolved over the ages in a particular place.

The small band of biologists who are trying to cultivate the endangered mussels in labs must figure out which fish a particular mussel needs. It's the type of tedious trial-and-error work conservation biologists call “heroic,” the kind that helped to save California Condors and Whooping Cranes. Except these mussels are eyeless, brainless, little brown creatures that few people have ever heard of.

For most mussels, conditions are better now than half a century ago, Amacker said. But some are so rare it's hard to imagine they can be saved. I asked Amacker whether it was worth the effort or whether we just need to accept that we must let some species go. The catch in his voice almost made me regret the question.

“I'm not going to tell you it's not worth the effort,” he said. “It's more that there's no hope for them.” He paused, then collected himself. “Who are we to be the ones responsible for letting a species die?” he went on. “They've been around so long. That's not my answer as a biologist; that's my answer as a human. Who are we to make it happen?”

Robert Kunzig is a freelance writer in Birmingham, Ala., and a former senior editor at National Geographic, Discover and Scientific American .

Search the site

Links to social media channels

Protecting Endangered Species

Still Only One Earth: Lessons from 50 years of UN sustainable development policy

Despite continued conservation efforts, the status of many endangered species remains unchanged. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) are the primary treaties tasked with protection of endangered species. But moving forward, species conservation efforts should expand to include lesser known species that serve important ecosystem services. ( Download PDF ) ( See all policy briefs ) ( Subscribe to ENB )

The Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), the largest subspecies of leopards, used to roam widely across Central Asia and the Caucasus. They are large spotted cats—about five feet in length—with slender hindquarters and long, thick tails. Both male and female leopards lead solitary lives, though they come together during winter mating. They are very territorial, patrolling wide home ranges to scent-mark trees, shrubs, and rocks. The leopard inhabits a wide variety of habitats: from mountain crags up to 3,000 meters in elevation, to grasslands and cold desert ecosystems, with a preference for cliff and rocky areas, as well as juniper and pistachio woodlands that give them cover for hunting.

During the past century, human-wildlife conflict, indiscriminate killing of their prey, habitat loss, and bounties incentivizing their killing have reduced their historic range by 72-84% (Jacobson et al., 2016). Today, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species—the world’s most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of species and subspecies, which uses a set of defined criteria to evaluate their extinction risk (Rodrigues et al., 2006)—the Persian leopard is endangered.

The story of the Persian leopard is the story of many species pushed by human action to the brink of extinction. Strong conservation measures can still reverse the course for some species. For many others, it is too late.

During the past century, human-wildlife conflict, indiscriminate killing of their prey, habitat loss, and bounties incentivizing their killing have reduced the leopard’s historic range by 72-84% JACOBSON ET AL., 2016

The foundations of global species conservation measures date back to the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment . Principle 2 of the Stockholm Declaration says “the natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and especially representative samples of natural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations.” Principle 4 reads “Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat, which are now gravely imperilled by a combination of adverse factors.”

Among the 109 recommendations found in the Stockholm Action Plan , Recommendation 99 calls for the preparation and adoption of an international treaty to regulate international trade in certain species of wild plants and animals. This treaty, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), had been drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of IUCN. As a result of the push provided by the Stockholm Conference, the Convention was finally adopted at a meeting of representatives of 80 countries in Washington, D.C. on 3 March 1973.

There are a few other relevant recommendations. Recommendation 29 draws attention to species of wildlife that may serve as indicators for future wide environmental disturbances. Recommendation 30 emphasizes drawing attention to the situation of animals endangered by their trade value. The Stockholm Declaration and Action Plan also legitimized the role of IUCN and especially the Red List, which had been established in 1964. In fact, IUCN was one of the few environmental organizations formally involved in the preparations of the Stockholm Conference and in the drafting and implementation of the three conventions that followed it: the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), CITES, and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1971).

What are Endangered Species: The Role of the IUCN Red List

Since its establishment, the IUCN Red List has been the key tool to assess the status of species and catalyze action for conservation and policy change. Through the List’s rigorous assessment processes, experts linked to the IUCN Species Survival Commission’s specialist groups collect information on a species’ range, population size, habitat and ecology, use and/or trade, threats, and conservation actions that inform necessary conservation decisions.

The assessments published in the IUCN Red List are used by governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and multilateral environmental agreements. The assessments drive conservation action and funding, albeit still in insufficient ways to always ensure saving species. In fact, Betts et al. (2020) noted that without successful communication between species experts, academics, policymakers, funders, and practitioners, IUCN Red List assessments may not lead to development and implementation of conservation action plans.

The IUCN Red List has nine categories to indicate how close a species is to becoming extinct. The closest to extinction is the “critically endangered” category, with a species example being the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), a subspecies found only in Iran that has dwindled to fewer than 50 animals remaining in the wild. The least critical category is defined as “least concern.” For example, the global brown bear (Ursus arctos) population is considered to be of “least concern” because it is large and spread over three continents, even though there are some local populations that are under threat. The categories in the middle, i.e., “vulnerable” and “endangered,” are for species considered under threat.

In other words, if a species is either critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable, it is in popular terms “endangered.”

This mismatch between the technical terms of the IUCN Red List and common language can lead to confusion. In 2016, a re-assessment of the snow leopard prompted an outcry from some members of the conservation community due the species’ being reclassified from endangered to vulnerable (McCarthy et al., 2016). Their anger was echoed by members of the public, in part because they did not understand “being vulnerable” under IUCN Red List criteria still means at high risk of extinction.

The way a species is assessed under the IUCN Red List can also determine whether such species deserve protection under two international treaties aimed at species conservation: CITES and the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). Listing an endangered species under either of these two conventions can catalyze further action and, possibly, save a species from extinction (Zahler & Rosen, 2013).

Without successful communication between species experts, academics, policy makers, funders, and practitioners, IUCN Red List assessment may not lead to development and implementation of conservation action plans. BETTS ET AL. (2020)

Regulating the Protection of Endangered Species

CITES and CMS are the key conventions tasked with regulating protection of endangered species.

CITES regulates international trade and therefore looks at the impact of trade on species conservation. Annually, international wildlife trade is estimated to be worth billions of dollars and to include hundreds of millions of plant and animal specimens. The trade is diverse, ranging from live animals and plants to an array of products derived from them, including food, exotic leather goods, wooden musical instruments, timber, tourist curios, and medicines. Since trade in wild animals and plants crosses borders between countries, the effort to regulate it requires international cooperation to safeguard certain species from over-exploitation. Today, CITES accords varying degrees of protection to more than 37,000 species of animals and plants, whether they are traded as live specimens, fur coats, or dried herbs (CITES, n.d.)

In the language of CITES, species listed under Appendix I are considered threatened with extinction and afforded the highest level of protection, including restrictions on commercial trade. Examples of the 931 species currently listed under Appendix 1 include gorillas (Gorilla sp.), tigers (Panthera tigris), and snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Appendix II includes species that, while currently not threatened with extinction, may become so without trade controls. It also includes species that resemble other listed species and must be regulated to effectively control the trade in those other listed species. Currently 34,419 species are listed under Appendix II, including saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica), wolf (Canis lupus), argali sheep (Ovis ammon), and kiang (Equus kiang). Appendix III includes a list of wildlife and plant species identified by particular CITES parties as being in need of international trade controls.

The purpose of CMS is conservation of migratory species, their habitats, and migration routes. “Migratory” is broadly defined as species that straddle international borders (Lewis & Trouwborst, 2019). Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed in Appendix I of the Convention. Appendix I listing is a mechanism to promote conservation measures called, in CMS terminology, “Concerted Action” among the range states of the listed species. CMS parties commit to ensure strict protections under national laws and conserving their habitats, mitigating obstacles to migration, among other threats. Migratory species viewed as benefiting from international cooperation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention (CMS, n.d.). To date, seven specialized regional agreements and 19 memoranda of understanding have been concluded for Appendix II species under the CMS.

Representative Frameworks for the Conservation of Endangered Species

The development of models tailored to conservation needs throughout migratory ranges is a unique feature of the CMS. Along these lines, there are two important initiatives benefiting endangered species in Africa and Central Asia under the CMS umbrella.

One is the Central Asian Mammals Initiative (CAMI) and its associated Programme of Work. Established in 2014, CAMI aims to strengthen the conservation of Central Asian migratory mammals through a common framework to coordinate conservation activities in the region and coherently address major threats to migratory species. By developing an initiative for Central Asian mammals, CMS is catalyzing collaboration between all stakeholders, with the aim of harmonizing and strengthening the implementation of the Convention (Rosen & Roettger, 2014). One of the most recent projects under CAMI is the proposed development of a regional strategy for the conservation of the Persian leopard.

The Joint CITES-CMS African Carnivores Initiative (ACI), established in 2017, stems from the recognition of the importance of synergies and coordination of measures toward species that are protected under both Conventions. Supported by IUCN Species Survival Commission ’s specialist groups, the Secretariats are tasked to drive effective conservation of African lion, leopard, cheetah, and wild dog, and help avoid duplicate activities and associated costs, and generate funding.

By developing an initiative for Central Asian mammals, CMS is catalyzing collaboration between all stakeholders, with the aim of harmonizing and strengthening the implementation of the Convention ROSEN & ROETTGER, 2014

There are also two other important frameworks, each focused on the conservation of single species. One is the Global Tiger Initiative Council (GTIC), and the other is the Global Snow Leopard Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP).

GTIC was originally set up as the Global Tiger Initiative (GTI), a global alliance of governments, international organizations, NGOs, and the private sector, with the goal to save tigers from extinction. Established by the World Bank, the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Smithsonian Institution, Save the Tiger Fund, and International Tiger Coalition (representing more than 40 NGOs), the initiative is led by the 13 tiger range countries. The St. Petersburg Declaration , adopted in 2010 at the Tiger Summit in Russia, defines the priorities.

GSLEP, propelled by GTI and established in 2013, is driven by 12 snow leopard range states, NGOs, and international organizations, which sit on a steering committee. The foundation of the GSLEP is 12 individual National Snow Leopard and Ecosystems Priorities (NSLEPs). Under GSLEP, specific activities are grouped under broad themes that correspond to the commitments of the Bishkek Declaration adopted at the 2013 Global Snow Leopard Conservation Forum (Zakharenka et al., 2016).

Some of these initiatives have successfully catalyzed attention, resources, and conservation action. They have received a high level of political attention, especially GTI in Russia and GSLEP in Kyrgyzstan, as respective hosts of the Tiger Summit and Snow Leopard Forum. However, some conservationists argue, especially in relation to tigers, that results have fallen short, and lack of transparency and accountability is compromising progress in tiger conservation efforts. Slappendel (2021) writes that “tiger-range countries are responsible for making tiger conservation efforts and holding themselves accountable for their methods and results. There’s no authority above them, so they can do whatever they want.

While the reach and influence of CAMI and ACI are more limited compared to GTI and GSLEP, they have also generated important resources for conservation and could likely have a stronger policy-driving role in the future.

Generally, these four frameworks serve as important examples for directing donor resources.

The Role of UN Agencies and Donors

The GEF, established in 1992, is the largest multilateral fund focused on enabling developing countries to invest in nature. It supports the implementation of major international environmental conventions including on biodiversity, climate change, chemicals, and desertification. Endangered species prioritized under CITES and CMS, such as GTI and GSLEP, are also prioritized for GEF funding.

In 2010, the GEF indicated it would provide up to USD 50 million in grants to save the tiger through contributions to be invested by developing countries using their GEF allocations in biodiversity, supplemented by investments from its REDD+ Program (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable use of forests, and enhancement of carbon stocks) (GEF, 2010). Since 1991, the GEF has invested nearly USD 100 million toward snow leopard projects implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The GSLEP Forum in 2013 catalyzed nine further GEF-financed, UNDP-implemented projects, representing an investment of about USD 45 million to support snow leopard range countries. These nine projects also leveraged over USD 200 million in co-financing from national and international partners (UNDP, 2016).

UNDP has emerged as one of the key implementing UN agencies when it comes to endangered species and conservation projects more broadly. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has also spearheaded initiatives for the conservation of endangered species, such as Vanishing Treasures . This EUR 9 million project, funded by the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, seeks to better understand the vulnerability to climate change of the snow leopard, tiger, and gorilla and the ecosystems being affected.

Why Do Many Species Continue to be Endangered?

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) warned in its Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services that “nature is declining globally at rates unprecedented in human history—and the rate of species extinctions is accelerating” (IPBES, 2019).

Despite continued conservation efforts, the status of many endangered species remains unchanged—including tigers, lions, and cheetahs. The question is: Why? With our growing knowledge of the fragility of the planet’s ecosystems, why are we pushing entire species out of existence?

The limited amount of funding benefiting species research and conservation is one reason. Often these funds are short term, whereas to really see progress and results, a longer funding commitment is necessary. Some projects are also too narrowly focused on protection and enforcement, without seeking ways local communities can be part of the solution. Likewise, some projects do not address root causes of decline.

But there are also issues of capacity. In many countries that provide habitat for endangered species, there is limited technical capacity to protect such species. Local and national conservation organizations also would benefit from greater capacity building.

At the national level, species conservation may not be prioritized. This is often reflected in ministries tasked with both environment and agriculture or economic and mining issues—with the latter issues prioritized over conservation. Species conservation also does not operate in a vacuum, but must be considered alongside mechanisms to address threats to their survival, which may be exacerbated by conflicting development goals. For example, a development project aimed at improving access to water, through building dams and irrigation channels, may hurt access by salmon species to spawning grounds or damage riparian habitat. Finally, conservation organizations—with their own agendas and issues of competition for funding that leads to lack of cooperation—sometimes fail to create better synergies for conservation.

There are also many other endangered species that are not as well known or do not have the appeal of more popular endangered species, such as snow leopards or tigers. Some of these species have disappeared from large swaths of their range, including the striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), which can no longer be found in parts of Central Asia and Caucasus regions. The lesser-known Saint Lucia racer (Erythrolamprus ornatus), listed as Critically Endangered, numbers fewer than 20 individuals and is considered one of the rarest snakes in the world. Similarly, the Daguo Mulian tree (Magnolia grandis) is listed as critically endangered due to habitat loss for agricultural expansion and logging.

Moving Forward

Protecting iconic endangered species is still important for promoting policies and measures that can benefit entire ecosystems and many other endangered species. Nevertheless, species conservation efforts must expand to include many more species that are lesser known and serve important ecosystem services. Such efforts should also create incentives for local communities to conserve them, including through sustainable use when that is recognized as the only or the most effective measure. Finally, greater financial resources have to be allocated. Many hope the post-2020 global biodiversity framework will help guide the most pressing actions to keep entire species from being erased from our shared world.

Works Consulted

Betts, J., Young, R. P., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Rodríguez, J. P., Stuart, S. N., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2020). A framework for evaluating the impact of the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Conservation Biology: The Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 34(3), 632–643. doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13454

Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. (n.d.). What is CITES? cites.org/eng/disc/what.php

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. (n.d.). CMS. cms.int/en/legalinstrument/cms

Global Environment Facility. (2010). Global Environment Facility to support $50 million in grants to save the tiger. thegef.org/newsroom/news/global-environmentfacility-support-50-million-grants-save-tiger

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2019). Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673

Jacobson, A.P., Gerngross, P., Lemeris, Jr., J.R., Schoonover, R.F., Anco, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., Durant, S.M., Farhadinia, M.S., Henschel, P., Kamler, J.F., Laguardia, A., Rostro-García, S., Stein, A.B., & Dollar, L. (2016). Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range. PeerJ 4:e1974. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1974

Lewis, M., & Trouwborst, A. (2019). Large carnivores and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS)—definitions, sustainable use, added value, and other emerging issues. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7. frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00491

McCarthy, T., Mallon, D., Jackson, R., Zahler, P., & McCarthy, K. (2017). Panthera uncia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017. Panthera uncia (Snow Leopard) (iucnredlist.org)

Rodrigues, A.S.L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M., & Brooks, T.M. (2006). The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2), 71-76. doi.org/10.1016/j. tree.2005.10.010

Rosen, T., & Roettger, C. (2014). Central Asian Mammals Initiative: Saving the last migrations. CMS. cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/Central_Asian_Mammals_Initiative.pdf

Slappendel, C. (2021). What’s stopping some countries from keeping up with tiger conservation promises? Commentary. Mongabay news.mongabay.com/2021/11/whats-stopping-some-countries-from-keeping-up-with-tiger-conservationpromises-commentary/

UNDP. (2016). Silent Roar - UNDP and GEF in the snow leopard landscape. undp.org/publications/silent-roar-undpand-gef-snow-leopard-landscape

Zahler, P., & Rosen, T. (2013). Endangered mammals. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Elsevier.

Zakharenka, A., Sharma, K., Kochorov, C., Rutherford, B., Varma, K., Seth, A., Kushlin, A., Lumpkin, S., Seidensticker, J., Laporte, B., Tichomirow, B., Jackson, R. M., Mishra, C., Abdiev, B., Modaqiq, A. W., Wangchuk, S., Zhongtian, Z., Khanduri, S. K., Duisekeyev, B., … Yunusov, N. (2016). The Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program. Snow Leopards, 559–573. doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802213-9.00045-6

Additional downloads

Government of Norway, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Government of Sweden, Ministry of Environment

Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada

Deep dive details, you might also be interested in, web of resilience.

Pakistan's development model has still not recognised the limits of the natural environment and the damage it would cause, if violated, to the sustainability of development and to the health and well-being of its population. Pakistan’s environment journey began with Stockholm Declaration in 1972. A delegation led by Nusrat Bhutto represented the country at the Stockholm meeting, resulting in the establishment of the Urban Affairs Division (UAD), the precursor of today’s Ministry of Climate Change. In setting the country’s environmental agenda, we were inspired by the Stockholm Principles, but in reality, we have mostly ignored them for the last five decades.

IISD in the news

June 5, 2022

The Legacies of the Stockholm Conference

Fifty years after Stockholm, we face a triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution.

June 1, 2022

The Roots of Forest Loss and Forest Governance

If lessons from past failures on deforestation are learned, forest protection could play a major role in reversing both climate change and biodiversity loss.

May 9, 2022

Pathways to Sustainable Cities

Urban planning needs to be inclusive and responsive to the needs of local communities and build on participatory approaches that foster the engagement of marginalized actors.

April 28, 2022

 / 

Conservation

In defense of biodiversity: why protecting species from extinction matters.

By Carl Safina • February 12, 2018

A number of biologists have recently made the argument that extinction is part of evolution and that saving species need not be a conservation priority. But this revisionist thinking shows a lack of understanding of evolution and an ignorance of the natural world. 

A few years ago, I helped lead a ship-based expedition along south Alaska during which several scientists and noted artists documented and made art from the voluminous plastic trash that washes ashore even there. At Katmai National Park, we packed off several tons of trash from as distant as South Asia. But what made Katmai most memorable was: huge brown bears. Mothers and cubs were out on the flats digging clams. Others were snoozing on dunes. Others were patrolling.

During a rest, several of us were sitting on an enormous drift-log, watching one mother who’d been clamming with three cubs. As the tide flooded the flat, we watched in disbelief as she brought her cubs up to where we were sitting — and stepped up on the log we were on. There was no aggression, no tension; she was relaxed. We gave her some room as she paused on the log, and then she took her cubs past us into a sedge meadow. Because she was so calm, I felt no fear. I felt the gift.

In this protected refuge, bears could afford a generous view of humans. Whoever protected this land certainly had my gratitude.

In the early 20th century, a botanist named Robert F. Griggs discovered Katmai’s volcanic “Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.” In love with the area, he spearheaded efforts to preserve the region’s wonders and wildlife. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson established Katmai National Monument (now Katmai National Park and Preserve ), protecting 1,700 square miles, thus ensuring a home for bear cubs born a century later, and making possible my indelible experience that day. As a legacy for Griggs’ proclivity to share his love of living things, George Washington University later established the Robert F. Griggs Chair in Biology.

That chair is now occupied by a young professor whose recent writing probably has Griggs spinning in his grave. He is R. Alexander Pyron . A few months ago,  The Washington Post published a “ Perspective” piece by Pyron that is an extreme example of a growing minority opinion in the conservation community, one that might be summarized as, “Humans are profoundly altering the planet, so let’s just make peace with the degradation of the natural world.” 

No biologist is entitled to butcher the scientific fundamentals on which they hang their opinions.

Pyron’s essay – with lines such as, “The only reason we should conserve biodiversity is for ourselves, to create a stable future for human beings” and “[T]he impulse to conserve for conservation’s sake has taken on an unthinking, unsupported, unnecessary urgency” – left the impression that it was written in a conservative think tank, perhaps by one of the anti-regulatory zealots now filling posts throughout the Trump administration. Pyron’s sentiments weren’t merely oddly out of keeping with the legacy of the man whose name graces his job title. Much of what Pyron wrote is scientifically inaccurate. And where he stepped out of his field into ethics, what he wrote was conceptually confused.

Pyron has since posted, on his website and Facebook page, 1,100 words of frantic backpedaling that land somewhere between apology and retraction, including mea culpas that he “sensationalized” parts of his own argument and “cavalierly glossed over several complex issues.” But Pyron’s original essay and his muddled apology do not change the fact that the beliefs he expressed reflect a disturbing trend that has taken hold among segments of the conservation community. And his article comes at a time when conservation is being assailed from other quarters, with a half-century of federal protections of land being rolled back, the Endangered Species Act now more endangered than ever, and the relationship between extinction and evolution being subjected to confused, book-length mistreatment.

Pyron’s original opinion piece, so clear and unequivocal in its assertions, is a good place to unpack and disentangle accelerating misconceptions about the “desirability” of extinction that are starting to pop up like hallucinogenic mushrooms.

In recent years, some biologists and writers have been distancing themselves from conservation’s bedrock idea that in an increasingly human-dominated world we must find ways to protect and perpetuate natural beauty, wild places, and the living endowment of the planet. In their stead, we are offered visions of human-dominated landscapes in which the stresses of destruction and fragmentation spur evolution. 

White rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum ). Source: Herman Pijpers/ Flickr

Conservation International ditched its exuberant tropical forest graphic for  a new corporate logo  whose circle and line were designed to suggest a human head and outstretched arms. A few years ago, Peter Kareiva, then chief scientist for The Nature Conservancy,  said , “conservationists will have to jettison their idealized notions of nature, parks, and wilderness,” for  “a more optimistic, human-friendly vision.” Human annihilation of the passenger pigeon, he wrote, caused “no catastrophic or even measurable effects,” characterizing the total extinction of the hemisphere’s most abundant bird — whose population went from billions to zero inside a century (certainly a “measurable effect” in itself) — as an example of nature’s “resilience.”

British ecologist Chris Thomas’s recent book, Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature is Thriving in an Age of Extinction, argues that the destruction of nature creates opportunities for evolution of new lifeforms that counterbalance any losses we create, an idea that is certainly optimistic considering the burgeoning lists of endangered species. Are we really ready to consider that disappearing rhinos are somehow counterbalanced by a new subspecies of daisy in a railroad track? Maybe it would be simpler if Thomas and his comrades just said, “We don’t care about nature.’’

Enter Pyron, who — at least in his initial essay — basically said he doesn’t. He’s entitled to his apathy, but no biologist is entitled to butcher the scientific fundamentals on which they hang their opinions.

Pyron began with a resonant story about his nocturnal rediscovery of a South American frog that had been thought recently extinct. He and colleagues collected several that, he reassured us, “are now breeding safely in captivity.” As we breathed a sigh of relief, Pyron added, “But they will go extinct one day, and the world will be none the poorer for it.” 

The conviction that today’s slides toward mass extinction are not inevitable spurred the founding of the conservation movement.

I happen to be writing this in the Peruvian Amazon, having just returned from a night walk to a light-trap where I helped a biologist collect moths. No one yet knows how many species live here. Moths are important pollinators. Knowing them helps detangle a little bit of how this rainforest works. So it’s a good night to mention that the number of species in an area carries the technical term “species richness.” More is richer, and fewer is, indeed, poorer. Pyron’s view lies outside scientific consensus and societal values. 

Pyron wasn’t concerned about his frogs going extinct, because, “Eventually, they will be replaced by a dozen or a hundred new species that evolve later.” But the timescale would be millennia at best — meaningless in human terms — and perhaps never; hundreds of amphibians worldwide are suffering declines and extinctions, raising the possibility that major lineages and whole groups of species will vanish. Pyron seemed to have no concerns about that possibility, writing, “Mass extinctions periodically wipe out up to 95 percent of all species in one fell swoop; these come every 50 million to 100 million years.”

But that’s misleading. “Periodically” implies regularity. There’s no regularity to mass extinctions. Not in their timing, nor in their causes. The mass extinctions are not related. Three causes of mass extinctions — prolonged worldwide atmosphere-altering volcanic eruptions; a dinosaur-snuffing asteroid hit; and the spreading agriculture, settlement, and sheer human appetite driving extinctions today — are unrelated.

Rio Pescado stubfoot toad ( Atelopus balios ). Source: De Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios/ Flickr

The conviction that today’s slides toward mass extinction are not inevitable, and could be lessened or avoided, spurred the founding of the conservation movement and created the discipline of conservation biology.

But Pyron seems unmoved. “Extinction is the engine of evolution, the mechanism by which natural selection prunes the poorly adapted and allows the hardiest to flourish,” he declared. “Species constantly go extinct, and every species that is alive today will one day follow suit. There is no such thing as an ‘endangered species,’ except for all species.”

Let us unpack. Extinction is not evolution’s driver; survival is. The engine of evolution is survival amidst competition. It’s a little like what drives innovation in business. To see this, let’s simply compare the species diversity of the Northern Hemisphere, where periodic ice sheets largely wiped the slate clean, with those of the tropics, where the evolutionary time clock continued running throughout. A couple of acres in eastern temperate North America might have a dozen tree species or fewer. In the Amazon a similar area can have 300 tree species. All of North American has 1,400 species of trees; Brazil has 8,800. All of North America has just over 900 birds; Colombia has 1,900 species. All of North America has 722 butterfly species. Where I am right now, along the Tambopata River in Peru, biologists have tallied around 1,200 butterfly species.

Competition among living species drives proliferation into diversified specialties. Specialists increasingly exploit narrowing niches. We can think of this as a marketplace of life, where little competition necessitates little specialization, thus little proliferation. An area with many types of trees, for instance, directly causes the evolution of many types of highly specialized pollinating insects, hummingbirds, and pollinating bats, who visit only the “right” trees. Many flowering plants are pollinated by just one specialized species.

Pyron muddles several kinds of extinctions, then serves up further misunderstanding of how evolution works. So let’s clarify. Mass extinctions are global; they involve the whole planet. There have been five mass extinctions and we’ve created a sixth . Past mass extinctions happened when the entire planet became more hostile. Regional wipeouts, as occurred during the ice ages, are not considered mass extinctions, even though many species can go extinct. Even without these major upheavals there are always a few species blinking out due to environmental changes or new competitors. And there are pseudo-extinctions where old forms no longer exist, but only because their descendants have changed through time. 

New species do not suddenly “arise,” nor are they really new. They evolve from existing species, as population gene pools change.

Crucially for understanding the relationship between extinction and evolution is this: New species do not suddenly “arise,” nor are they really new. New species evolve from existing species, as population gene pools change. Many “extinct” species never really died out; they just changed into what lives now. Not all the dinosaurs went extinct; theropod dinosaurs survived. They no longer exist because they evolved into what we call birds. Australopithecines no longer exist, but they did not all go extinct. Their children morphed into the genus Homo, and the tool- and fire-making Homo erectus may well have survived to become us. If they indeed are our direct ancestor — as some species was — they are gone now, but no more “extinct” than our own childhood. All species come from ancestors, in lineages that have survived.

Pyron’s contention that the “hardiest” flourish is a common misconception. A sloth needs to be slow; a faster sloth is going to wind up as dinner in a harpy eagle nest. A white bear is not “hardier” than a brown one; the same white fur that provides camouflage in a snowy place will scare away prey in green meadow. Bears with genes for white fur flourished in the Arctic, while brown bears did well amidst tundra and forests. Polar bears evolved from brown bears of the tundra; they got so specialized that they separated, then specialized further. Becoming a species is a process, not an event. “New” species are simply specialized descendants of old species.

True extinctions beget nothing. Humans have recently sped the extinction rate by about a thousand times compared to the fossil record. The fact that the extinction of dinosaurs was followed, over tens of millions of years, by a proliferation of mammals, is irrelevant to present-day decisions about rhinos, elephant populations, or monarch butterflies. Pyron’s statement, “There is no such thing as an ‘endangered species,’ except for all species,” is like saying there are no endangered children except for all children. It’s like answering “Black lives matter” with “All lives matter.” It’s a way of intentionally missing the point. 

Chestnut-sided warbler ( Setophaga pensylvanica ). Source: Francesco Veronesi/ Wikimedia

Here’s the point: All life today represents non-extinctions; each species, every living individual, is part of a lineage that has not gone extinct in a billion years.

Pyron also expressed the opinion that “the only reason we should conserve biodiversity is for ourselves …” I don’t know of another biologist who shares this opinion. Pyron’s statement makes little practical sense, because reducing the diversity and abundance of the living world will rob human generations of choices, as values change. Save the passenger pigeon? Too late for that. Whales? A few people acted in time to keep most of them. Elephants? Our descendants will either revile or revere us for what we do while we have the planet’s reins in our hands for a few minutes. We are each newly arrived and temporary tourists on this planet, yet we find ourselves custodians of the world for all people yet unborn. A little humility, and forbearance, might comport.

Thus Pyron’s most jarring assertion: “Extinction does not carry moral significance, even when we have caused it.” That statement is a stranger to thousands of years of philosophy on moral agency and reveals an ignorance of human moral thinking. Moral agency issues from an ability to consider consequences. Humans are the species most capable of such consideration. Thus many philosophers consider humans the only creatures capable of acting as moral agents. An asteroid strike, despite its consequences, has no moral significance. Protecting bears by declaring Katmai National Monument, or un-protecting Bears Ears National Monument, are acts of moral agency. Ending genetic lineages millions of years old, either actively or by the willful neglect that Pyron advocates, certainly qualifies as morally significant.

Do we really wish a world with only what we “rely on for food and shelter?” Do animals have no value if we don’t eat them?

How can we even decide which species we “directly depend’’ upon? We don’t directly depend on peacocks or housecats, leopards or leopard frogs, humpback whales or hummingbirds or chestnut-sided warblers or millions of others. Do we really wish a world with only what we “rely on for food and shelter,” as Pyron seemed to advocate? Do animals have no value if we don’t eat them? I happen not to view my dogs as food, for instance. Things we “rely on” make life possible, sure, but the things we don’t need make life worthwhile.

When Pyron wrote, “Conservation is needed for ourselves and only ourselves… If this means fewer dazzling species, fewer unspoiled forests, less untamed wilderness, so be it,” he expressed a dereliction of the love, fascination, and perspective that motivates the practice of biology.

Here is a real biologist, Alfred Russell Wallace, co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection:

I thought of the long ages of the past during which the successive generations of these things of beauty had run their course … with no intelligent eye to gaze upon their loveliness, to all appearances such a wanton waste of beauty… . This consideration must surely tell us that all living things were not made for man… . Their happiness and enjoyments, their loves and hates, their struggles for existence, their vigorous life and early death, would seem to be immediately related to their own well-being and perpetuation alone. —The Malay Archipelago, 1869

At the opposite pole of Wallace’s human insight and wonder, Pyron asked us to become complicit in extinction. “The goals of species conservation have to be aligned with the acceptance that large numbers of animals will go extinct,” he asserted. “Thirty to 40 percent of species may be  threatened  with extinction in the near future, and their loss may be inevitable. But both the planet and humanity can probably survive or even thrive in a world with fewer species … The species that we rely on for food and shelter are a tiny proportion of total biodiversity, and most humans live in — and rely on — areas of only moderate biodiversity, not the Amazon or the Congo Basin.”

African elephant ( Loxodonta africana ). Source: Flowcomm/ Flickr

Right now, in the Amazon as I type, listening to nocturnal birds and bugs and frogs in this towering emerald cathedral of life, thinking such as Pyron’s strikes me as failing to grasp both the living world and the human spirit. 

The massive destruction that Pyron seems to so cavalierly accept isn’t necessary. When I was a kid, there were no ospreys, no bald eagles, no peregrine falcons left around New York City and Long Island where I lived. DDT and other hard pesticides were erasing them from the world. A small handful of passionate people sued to get those pesticides banned, others began breeding captive falcons for later release, and one biologist brought osprey eggs to nests of toxically infertile parents to keep faltering populations on life support. These projects succeeded. All three of these species have recovered spectacularly and now again nest near my Long Island home. Extinction wasn’t a cost of progress; it was an unnecessary cost of carelessness. Humans could work around the needs of these birds, and these creatures could exist around development. But it took some thinking, some hard work, and some tinkering.

It’s not that anyone thinks humans have not greatly changed the world, or will stop changing it. Rather, as the great wildlife ecologist Aldo Leopold wrote in his 1949 classic A Sand County Almanac , “To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.”

Related Articles

The ‘internet of animals’ could transform what we know about wildlife.

By Hillary Rosner

Grim Dilemma: Should We Kill One Owl Species to Save Another?

By Jim Robbins

With CO2 Levels Rising, World’s Drylands Are Turning Green

By Fred Pearce

More From E360

As canadian river shrivels, northern communities call for a highway, as world warms, global heat deaths are grossly undercounted, biodiversity, on gulf coast, an activist rallies her community against gas exports, as world’s springs vanish, ripple effects alter ecosystems, the race to save glacial ice records before they melt away, turning brownfields to blooming meadows, with the help of fungi, to foil a deadly pest, scientists aim for a beetle-resistant ash tree, could the global boom in greenhouses help cool the planet, in north macedonia, an ancient lake faces modern threats.

Protecting Endangered Species

This essay will discuss the importance of protecting endangered species. It will cover the reasons species become endangered, including habitat loss, climate change, and human activities. The piece will examine conservation efforts and strategies to protect biodiversity, such as habitat restoration, legal protections, and wildlife conservation programs. It will also discuss the broader ecological implications of species extinction and the role of international cooperation in conservation. PapersOwl showcases more free essays that are examples of Agriculture.

How it works

At the beginning of 2018, researches have calculated 801 different types of animals that have gone completely extinct of which 65 of them are extinct in the wild. Researches have calculated about 3,879 different types of animals that are critically endangered. People say protecting endangered animals is a waste of money, time, and has no benefits for us but here is why we should protect endangered species. Protecting endangered species would help raise environmental awareness to protect and bring order. Being able to bring environmental awareness, could help protect the ecosystem and help restore the number of species that have been endangered over time.

Species being extinct can affect our ecosystem because of the duties each of them may have. For example, there can be a plant that can bring more oxygen than others, a fish that protects underwater organisms for medicine or even for food. The number of species being extinct up to date has increased tremendously. While species are being extinct, we could be missing out on the significance of medicine and cures that are yet to be discovered. If one plant species gets extinct, the possible aids such as medicine will be lost. While many plants may be approaching extinction without our knowledge, these plants could contain a huge number of important compounds that can extend the human lifespan or the cure for deadly diseases. Even though plants are not the only source of medicine, there are multiple animals that are medically used like a scorpion venom is used by researchers for a brain tumor or a viper’s venom to control blood pressure.  In today’s society, some medical practices use fish scales on burned victims to help cure faster and not acquire any infections during the healing process. Agriculture also plays an important role in the protection of species. Farmers are often seen as the original environmentalists because many of them set aside parts of their land as a wildlife habitat for endangered fish and reptiles.

Many species, like bees, contain important inherited material that is needed to maintain crops. With the genes that scientists gathered from the DNAs of plants, they are pest or disease resistance, salt tolerance, and drought-resistant. These relations can be used to guarantee new crops will develop in the future. The opposing argument as to why endangered species should not be protected is it will take more money to save them than to just move on and species endangerment is a part of life. Protecting species should not be about the amount of money being wasted but should come from having the knowledge of what each species role is and how it impacts our everyday life. As for being part of our life and it just being a life cycle, the majority of the endangered species are used for agriculture, ecosystem, and medical purpose that can help save a life. A plan that that would help protect the endangerment of species is to create strict laws and security. Many countries have laws but a lot of them have been broken because they lack enforcement. Researches have calculated about 3,879 different types of animal’s that are critically endangered while people say protecting endangered animals is a waste of money, time, and have no benefits for us. Protecting these species is beneficial to us for medical purposes, agriculture, which majority of our food comes from farms that are needing support from species and evolving the world.

Cite this page

Protecting Endangered Species. (2021, May 31). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/

"Protecting Endangered Species." PapersOwl.com , 31 May 2021, https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/

PapersOwl.com. (2021). Protecting Endangered Species . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/ [Accessed: 10 Aug. 2024]

"Protecting Endangered Species." PapersOwl.com, May 31, 2021. Accessed August 10, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/

"Protecting Endangered Species," PapersOwl.com , 31-May-2021. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/. [Accessed: 10-Aug-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2021). Protecting Endangered Species . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/protecting-endangered-species/ [Accessed: 10-Aug-2024]

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs.

Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!

Please check your inbox.

You can order an original essay written according to your instructions.

Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide

1. Tell Us Your Requirements

2. Pick your perfect writer

3. Get Your Paper and Pay

Hi! I'm Amy, your personal assistant!

Don't know where to start? Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert.

short deadlines

100% Plagiarism-Free

Certified writers

Why protect species

• Interactive map

The alarm has been raised repeatedly about the decline in biodiversity across the planet.

By allowing this decline to continue, we erode the very foundations of our traditions, economies, livelihoods, food security, health, and even the existence of life worldwide.

Why Are Species Important?

The millions of species on land, in freshwater and in the ocean have evolved over millennia and form the web of life that sustains the planet. Species and their populations are the building blocks of ecosystems, individually and collectively securing the conditions for life. They provide food, medicine and raw materials. They are the basis of soil formation, decomposition, water filtration and flow, pollination, pest control and climate regulation. They are the primary source of income and resources for hundreds of millions of people around the globe.

Species are an essential part of the history, culture, tradition and folklore of every culture on Earth and their aesthetic values and spiritual roles provide comfort and inspiration as well as recreation.

The Species Emergency

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ reveals that a quarter of all species face high risk of extinction. Human activity has severely altered more than 75% of the Earth’s land and freshwater areas, and 66% of the oceans. Climate change and political instability are exacerbating this crisis at all levels.

Species loss at current rates will eliminate the vital ecological, economic and cultural roles that they fulfil. The crisis goes beyond species loss; human pressures mean that a vast array of species are experiencing dramatic population declines (often irreversible) to a level that affects their future and our resource base. It is beyond question that the current way of life is unsustainable and transformational change is vital.

The world’s people must accept responsibility for this emergency and act now to ensure we pass on a rich natural heritage to future generations.

The key threats that are driving population declines and extinctions include :

Habitat loss & degradation

Climate change

Invasive alien species

Human-wildlife conflict

Disruption of water flow

Over-exploitation of natural resources & prey depletion

Reduced genetic diversity

• Over the last few years, we have seen how the world has changed: from youth to business , the global community has now recognised the irreplaceable and vital role of biodiversity and its intrinsic link to the climate change crisis we are facing.
• Biodiversity is affected by climate change, with negative consequences for human health, but biodiversity , through the ecosystem services it supports, also makes an important contribution to both climate-change mitigation and adaptation: conserving and sustainably managing biodiversity is critical to addressing climate change (Secretariat on Convention on Biological Diversity, 2019).
• We cannot overcome climate change without the help of ecosystems: they provide up to 35% of the solutions that can help keep global warming below 2°C (Griscom et all, 2017).
• Yet, the current global response if insufficient: more than 1,000,000 species are threatened with extinction (IPBES, 2019).
• The current rate of species extinction has no precedent since the dinosaurs’ extinction 66 million years ago.

Make a difference

Help us bring threatened species back from the brink of extinction. Make a difference by donating today .

93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best endangered species topic ideas & essay examples, ⭐ good research topics about endangered species, 👍 simple & easy endangered species essay titles, ❓ research questions about endangered species.

• Vaquita – Endangered Species The vaquita looks like a star curved stocky porpoise and it is the smallest of all the porpoises in the world.
• Endangered Species: Modern Environmental Problem Some of the activities which cause danger to these species include the following; This refers to loss of a place to live for the animals and can also be expressed as the ecosystem or the […]
• Javan Rhinos: Wildlife Trading of Endangered Animals Out of the five rhino species, Javan rhinoceros is the most threatened species despite being in the ecosystem for millions of years, playing a crucial role in shaping the landscape by its feeding style.
• Zoos for Conservation of Endangered Species However, at the moment, they could be considered important scientific and research centers that investigate the current situation related to species and create conditions needed for their survival and further preservation.
• Ivory-Billed Woodpecker, Endangered Species Some laws that cover the endangered species have been declared controversial in the way they place the species in the lists and the criteria used when removing the animals from the lists.
• Irish Red Deer as an Endangered Species The red deer spends most of the time feeding and it has the ability of maintaining fat reserves to use during the winter season when there is scarcity of food. The color of the red […]
• The Santa Ana Sucker as an Endangered Organism The Santa Ana Sucker is one of the endangered fish species and it is found in the freshwaters of California. For instance, the International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the Santa Ana Sucker as […]
• Australia’s Endangered Diverse Marine Ecosystem Climate Change and population increase are becoming increasingly difficult to perceive distinctly, especially when the question is about the loss of a diverse marine environment.
• Can Cloning Technology Be Useful for Endangered Species? This is because animal cloning is popularly understood as the creation of a copy of another animal, much the same way as the capability to create twins but in the laboratory.
• Endangered Silverback Gorillas Central Africa is the only place where mountain gorillas can be found, and the area of concern is confined to about 780 square kilometers of medium altitude forests northwest of Rwanda, southwest of Uganda, and […]
• Endangered Species Act’s Effects on Real Estate S; the ability to obtain permits, entitlement, and approvals necessary for the development of real projects, and unexpected delays in the timing thereof; and implementation of laws as Endangered Species Act.
• Senegal River Delta: An Endangered Ecosystem According to Kotschoubey, the primary reason for the degradation of the area is the lack of water due to human activity.
• Endangered Species Act for Ecosystem Management Despite the importance and significant impact of ESA, the policy is inherently flawed and remains criticized by experts who emphasize the need for an overhaul of the legislation. The ESA continues to function and serve […]
• Invasive and Endangered Species: Kudzu and Gopher Frog Kudzu was introduced from Asia in 1876 for fodder and prevention of soil erosion. It favors areas with ample sunlight and thrives in almost any type of soil.
• The Role of Zoos in Endangered Species Protection Adopting the endangered species requires the zoos to have sufficient funds to meet the needs of the animals and to maintain the facilities.
• Environmental Studies: Saving Endangered Species One of the major concerns of the XXI century, the shrinkage of the Atlantic Forest, will inevitably trigger the disappearance of an even greater number of species populations.
• The History of the Endangered Languages and the Ways of Their Preservation The aim of this report is to discuss the problem of the endangered languages preservation taking into account the historic and cultural conditions of their development as well as the impact of the modern time. […]
• Endangered Species Issue in the United States Thus, the extinction of wolves in our ecosystem will results in an increase in the ungulates population comprising of unhealthy and undesired preys. With more wolves in an ecosystem, the number of ungulates will reduce.
• Should the Endangered Species Act Be Strengthened? The main reasons why the endangered species act act should be strengthened in United States are the act is the only piece of legislation that is responsible for the protection of flora and fauna and […]
• The Ocean’s Rarest Mammal Vaquita – An Endangered Species The vaquita looks like a curved stocky porpoise, and it is the smallest of all the porpoises in the world. This is a matter of concern and ought to be investigated if the survival of […]
• Environmental Attitudes, Motivations, and Contingent Valuation of Nonuse Values: Endangered Species
• Irreversible Land Use and the Preservation of Endangered Species
• Service Providing Units, Existence Values, and the Valuation of Endangered Species
• Closing the Barn Door: Construction and Endangered Species Restrictions
• Engaging Fishers’ Ecological Knowledge for Endangered Species Conservation: Four Advantages to Emphasizing Voice in Participatory Action Research
• Public Preferences for Endangered Species Recovery: An Examination of Geospatial Scale and Non-market Values
• Endangered Species and Uncertainty: The Economics of a Safe Minimum Standard
• Keystone Species and the Importance of Raising Endangered Species Awareness
• Endangered Species and Natural Resource Exploitation: Extinction vs. Coexistence
• How Trophy Hunting Can Help Many Endangered Species
• Agricultural Water Security and Instream Flows for Endangered Species
• Endangered Species Conservation, Cultural, Economic, and Political Constraints
• Integrating Land Cover Modeling and Adaptive Management to Conserve Endangered Species and Reduce Catastrophic Fire Risk
• Funding and Support for People Responsible for Protecting Endangered Species
• Strategies for Improving the Cost-Effectiveness of Endangered Species Management
• Elephant Ivory and the Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species
• General Information About the Endangered Species Act in the United States of America
• Endangered Species and Environment: Human Moral Obligations
• Allocating Scarce Resources for Endangered Species Recovery
• Optimal Compensation for Endangered Species Protection Under Asymmetric Information
• Economic Growth and Threatened and Endangered Species
• Biodiversity and Endangered Species: Bald Eagle
• Takings, Compensation, and Endangered Species Protection on Private Lands
• Financial Issues and the Protection of Endangered Species
• Interspecies Management and Land Use Strategies to Protect Endangered Species
• Human Overpopulation and Its Effects on Endangered Species
• External Causes That Affect the Survival of Endangered Species
• Preemptive Habitat Destruction Under the Endangered Species Act
• Endangered Species: Keystone Law or Waste of Money
• Threatened Species and Endangered Species: What’s Different
• Charismatic Megafauna: How These Species Are Influencing the Endangered Species Act
• Black Rhino: Critically Endangered Species
• Allocating Conservation Resources Under the Endangered Species Act
• Horizontal Implementation, Divided Government, and Other Forms of Public Policy Involved With Clean Water Act and Endangered Species
• Cloning Animals and the Salvation of Endangered Species
• Habitat Conservation Plan: Endangered Species, Biodiversity, and Environmental Problems
• Conserving Endangered Species Through Regulation of Urban Development
• Perverse Incentives and Safe Harbors in the Endangered Species Act: Evidence From Timber Harvests Near Woodpeckers
• Animal Rights and Endangered Species
• Political, Economic, and Cultural Constraints That Limit the Application of Ecology in Conserving Endangered Species
• What Types of Species Are Included in the Endangered Species Act?
• What Is the Important Role of Zoos in the Conservation of Endangered Species?
• How Does the Endangered Species Act Protect the Environment?
• Endangered Species: Are Animal Rights Respected?
• How Many Endangered Animal Species Are There on the Planet?
• Are All Conservation Measures for Endangered Species Legitimate?
• What Kinds of Species Are Endangered?
• Can Minnesota Justify Taking the Grey Wolf off the Endangered Species List?
• What Changes Should Be Made to the Endangered Species Act?
• What Are the Causes and Effects of Endangered Species?
• What Are the Benefits of Endangered Species?
• Can Animal Cloning Save Endangered Species?
• What External Causes Affect the Survival of Endangered Species?
• How Overpopulation Caused Animal Extinction and Endangerment?
• Why Is It Important to Save Endangered Species?
• What Is the Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species?
• How Do Environmental Problems Affect Endangered Species?
• How Does Pollution Cause Endangered Species?
• How Do Endangered Species Affect People’s Lives?
• How Does Logging Affect Endangered Species?
• Is the Government Doing Enough to Protect Endangered Species?
• What Are the Cultural, Economic, and Political Constraints on Species Conservation?
• Why Is the Topic of Endangered Species Controversial in Modern Society?
• Why Does the US Have So Many Endangered Species?
• How Is the Recovery of Endangered Species?
• What Are the Tasks of the Endangered Species Working Group?
• How Many Species Are on the Endangered and Threatened List?
• What Are the Moral Obligations of Humans to Endangered Species?
• How Can Protect and Management of Endangered Plant Species?
• What Are the Facts About the Endangered Species of Grizzly Bears?
• Biodiversity Research Topics
• Animal Ethics Research Ideas
• Wildlife Ideas
• Ecosystem Essay Topics
• Botany Essay Titles
• Animal Welfare Ideas
• Medical Anthropology Paper Topics
• Deforestation Research Ideas
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, February 27). 93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/endangered-species-essay-topics/

"93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 27 Feb. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/endangered-species-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2024) '93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 27 February.

IvyPanda . 2024. "93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 27, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/endangered-species-essay-topics/.

1. IvyPanda . "93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 27, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/endangered-species-essay-topics/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "93 Endangered Species Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." February 27, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/endangered-species-essay-topics/.

Essay on Endangered Animals

Students are often asked to write an essay on Endangered Animals in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Endangered Animals

Introduction.

Endangered animals are species that are at risk of extinction. The reasons can be many including habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.

Examples of Endangered Animals

Examples of endangered animals include the Siberian Tiger, the Giant Panda, and the Blue Whale. These animals are struggling to survive due to human activities.

Importance of Saving Endangered Animals

Saving endangered animals is important because they play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. Their extinction can disrupt the ecosystem.

We should take steps to protect endangered animals. This includes preserving their habitats and reducing pollution.

Also check:

250 Words Essay on Endangered Animals

Introduction to endangered animals.

Endangered animals are those species that are at risk of becoming extinct. This threat is primarily due to human activities such as deforestation, hunting, pollution, and climate change. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains the Red List which classifies species based on their extinction risk.

The Impact of Human Activities

Human activities are the primary cause of animal endangerment. Deforestation for agriculture, urban development, and logging destroys habitats, leaving animals without homes or food. Poaching and overfishing deplete animal populations, and pollution can poison waterways and air, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic species.

Climate Change and Animal Endangerment

Climate change exacerbates the threats to endangered species. Rising temperatures can alter habitats, making them uninhabitable for certain species. Changes in precipitation patterns can also disrupt food chains, affecting species at all levels.

The Role of Conservation

Conservation plays a crucial role in preventing extinction. Efforts include creating protected areas, enforcing anti-poaching laws, and breeding programs. However, it also requires addressing the root causes such as unsustainable development and climate change.

The survival of endangered animals is a critical issue. It not only maintains biodiversity but also ensures the health of our ecosystems. As stewards of the planet, it is our responsibility to protect these species and their habitats. Through understanding, awareness, and action, we can help ensure their survival for future generations.

500 Words Essay on Endangered Animals

The term “endangered” refers to species that are at risk of becoming extinct. Endangered animals are those whose numbers are so low that they could soon disappear forever. Conservationists use a set of criteria to categorize the extinction risk, including the number of individuals remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, and known threats.

The Plight of Endangered Species

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains a “Red List” of threatened species. As of 2020, they reported that more than 37,400 species are threatened with extinction. This includes 41% of amphibians, 34% of conifers, 33% of reef-building corals, 25% of mammals, and 14% of birds. The reasons for the endangerment of these animals range from habitat loss and climate change to overexploitation and pollution.

Habitat loss is perhaps the most significant cause of species endangerment. As humans continue to develop land for housing, agriculture, and commerce, they are destroying natural habitats, often leaving animals without places to live and breed. Moreover, climate change is altering the natural ecosystems that animals rely upon, forcing them to adapt to new conditions or move to new habitats.

Conservation Efforts

Despite these alarming statistics, there is hope. Conservation efforts worldwide aim to protect endangered species and their habitats. These efforts range from establishing protected areas, like national parks and wildlife reserves, to enacting laws that regulate hunting, pollution, and land development.

The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth, plays a crucial role in the smooth functioning of ecosystems and our survival. Each species, no matter how small, has an important role to play in ecosystem balance. Losing a single species can have significant and cascading effects on the ecosystem, leading to a domino effect that can disrupt ecosystem services.

In conclusion, the issue of endangered animals is a pressing one, requiring immediate and concerted efforts. While the task is immense, the collective actions of governments, conservation organizations, and individuals can make a difference. By understanding and addressing the causes of endangerment, implementing conservation strategies, and valuing biodiversity, we can help ensure the survival of endangered species for generations to come.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Campaign to Save Endangered Species

Become a family of environmental leaders with these ideas on the process of designing a social action campaign to educate your community about the plight of endangered species and actions they can take to help ensure Earth is a healthy place for all living things.

Conservation

Photograph by NurPhoto / Getty Images

A social action campaign is a positive, organized, and active effort to educate others about an issue and ask them to take action. Effective campaigns not only inform but evoke the passion campaigners have for something they want to change. Social action campaigns have led to action in a variety of fields, including wildlife conservation. One example is the yellow-shouldered Amazon parrot ( Amazona barbadensis ), whose population rose on the island of Bonaire after a social action campaign, reforestation efforts, and efforts to educate the public, were initiated.

Design a Campaign Poster

Work together as a family to create a social action campaign poster to raise awareness about the plight of an endangered species that encourages the viewer to take a specific action. Start by selecting an endangered species to build your campaign poster around. As a family, research examples of campaign posters for inspiration. Decide on a catchy phrase for your poster to grab your audience’s attention and quickly make your point. Then create a rough sketch on scrap paper of the poster’s design to ensure that the text and image of your species is placed the way you want it. Make notes about what colors you want to use and the style of lettering. After completing your poster, plan to place it where it can be displayed for maximum reach.

Research, Research, Research

Great, effective campaigns are built on facts. As a family, vote on an endangered species to research. Then work together to find five to ten facts about that species. Your facts might cover the species’ physical characteristics, habitat, food, the threats it faces to survival, and any existing efforts underway to protect that species and its habitat.

Research Existing Campaigns

Select an endangered species your family would like to help. Then research groups and individuals who are working to protect those species. Make notes as you go. What actions do these individuals or organizations take to protect that species? What can you do in your area to help? How can you help them raise awareness and encourage others to take action?

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

User Permissions

For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. They will best know the preferred format. When you reach out to them, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.

If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media.

Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service .

Interactives

Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives.

• Share full article

Advertisement

Supported by

Guest Essay

A Dystopian Effort Is Underway in the Pacific Northwest to Pick Ecological Winners and Losers

By Avram Hiller Jay Odenbaugh and Yasha Rohwer

The authors teach philosophy at universities in Oregon.

Very soon, the federal government may authorize the killing of nearly a half-million barred owls in the Pacific Northwest in a desperate bid to save the northern spotted owl. The killing could go on for decades.

As philosophers in Oregon whose work focuses on scientific and ethical issues regarding animals and the environment, we believe that the reasons given for this mass slaughter are deeply problematic. More broadly, this attempt to pick ecological winners and losers in a rapidly changing world shows how ill equipped the Endangered Species Act is to protect rare and important ecosystems.

Barred and spotted owls are related species that probably diverged about seven million years ago . Barred owls, which are considered native to the eastern United States, are increasingly appearing in the Pacific Northwest’s old-growth forests where the threatened northern spotted owls breed and live. Where the two birds overlap, the barred owls tend to outcompete the northern spotted owls, taking the best nest sites and harassing, killing or occasionally mating with spotted owls.

In the 1980s, the northern spotted owl became the centerpiece of a bitter controversy over the logging of old-growth forests, which it depends on for its survival. By 1990, its numbers had dwindled to the point that the federal government classified the bird as “threatened,” which led to sharp limits on logging in its territory. Nonetheless, its numbers have continued to decline because of the ongoing loss of its habitat — and the competition with the barred owl.

After a period of experimentation and debate, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which oversees the Endangered Species Act, has concluded that it must protect spotted owls by permitting federal, state and tribal governmental agencies, private companies and individuals to shoot 470,900 barred owls over the next 30 years. The killings could begin soon.

Although the agency refers to barred owls as “invasive” on the West Coast — meaning they have moved into new territory where they are threatening native species — it isn’t even clear that barred owls are unnatural interlopers. Barred owls are thought to have migrated from the eastern United States through the Great Plains and southern Canada, eventually making their way to British Columbia and then on to Washington, Oregon and California. As this story goes, the barred owls’ arrival is a recent event.

We are having trouble retrieving the article content.

Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and  log into  your Times account, or  subscribe  for all of The Times.

Thank you for your patience while we verify access.

Already a subscriber?  Log in .

Want all of The Times?  Subscribe .

Get Alerts & Updates

The Endangered Species Act Regulations: Part 1 — The Good

The 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) is the most powerful law for the protection of imperiled wildlife ever enacted by any nation. Among the most important parts of the ESA are section 7, which guards against federal agency actions likely to jeopardize species’ existence or destroy their critical habitat, and section 4, which provides for the listing of species as “threatened” or “endangered” under the ESA and the designation of “critical habitat” for listed species.  

But the devil is often in the details. In addition to the ESA itself, the federal wildlife agencies (that is, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service) have enacted regulations providing more detail about how the law must be implemented. If well-drafted, these regulations have the potential to enhance and further conservation of imperiled species, building on the national commitment to preventing extinction that Congress made in 1973. But, if poorly drafted, the regulations can result in real harm to struggling species and their habitat.  

In the past five years, as presidential administrations have come and gone, the ESA regulations have been revised, taken back, and revised again. Where does this leave imperiled species?  

This three-part series from Defenders of Wildlife’s Biodiversity Law Center takes on that question. We’ve divided the most recent ESA regulations, from 2024, into “the good, the middling and the ugly .” Let’s start today with “the good.”  

The 2024 ESA regulations took a big step in the right direction for species protection by reinstating what’s often called the “blanket 4(d) rule.”  

What is “4(d)”?  

This is a reference to section 4(d) of the ESA, which allows the wildlife agencies to enact special regulations for species listed as “threatened.” See 16 U.S.C. § 1533. Threatened species need special regulations because they do not automatically receive some of the protections that cover “endangered” species (which, at the time of listing, are closer to extinction than threatened species). Most importantly, the ESA automatically shields endangered species against “take,” which means that as soon as a species is listed as endangered no one can kill, capture, or harm members of that species without a special permit. Threatened species are only protected against “take” if there is a rule under section 4(d) providing this protection.  

What is the “blanket rule”?

For years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s “blanket 4(d) rule” solved this problem for terrestrial and freshwater species by automatically protecting all threatened species from “take.” In 2019, however, the Fish and Wildlife Service rescinded the “blanket” rule.  

What harm can come of failure to protect threatened species with a blanket 4(d) rule?

The rescission created multiple problems. First, newly listed threatened species no longer received the automatic protection they had so long enjoyed. Second, the new need to consider and adopt specific 4(d) rules for each newly listed threatened species consumed additional agency resources for the already under-funded Fish and Wildlife Service. Third, in the past some species-specific section 4(d) rules have contained problematic carveouts for activities known to harm the species. This paper from Defenders of Wildlife’s Center for Conservation Innovation details some of these carveouts. For example, the Utah prairie dog rule authorized take of the species on a large scale: tens of thousands of animals were legally taken under the rule from 1985 to 2013. In some years, over 10% of the total rangewide population was taken. See 77 Fed. Reg. 46,158, 46,169 (Aug. 12, 2012) (4(d) rule revision) (Table 3). The high levels of take authorized in the rule were challenged in court, with the agency acknowledging that the take levels “may not be biologically sound.” WildEarth Guardians v. Salazar , 741 F. Supp. 2d 89, 105 (D.D.C. 2010) (remanding rule on other grounds).  

Fortunately, the 2024 ESA regulations reinstate the blanket 4(d) rule, restoring automatic protections to threatened species listed in the future. This is a win for conservation, and it shows the real good that can come from carefully crafted, well-drafted ESA regulations. 

Ellen Richmond

Areas of Expertise: Litigation, National Environmental Policy Act, Endangered Species Act, FOIA

Ellen Medlin Richmond advocates to protect imperiled species and their habitat across the West

Daniel Franz

Daniel’s litigation and legal advocacy work involves the protection of endangered species and their habitat across the country.

Before joining Defenders, Daniel was an environmental

• Biodiversity Law Center Blog

View the discussion thread.

From the Blog

Facts About Ocelots and How You Can Help Save Them

Saving Whooping Cranes, Expanding Wildlife Refuges

Why the Military is an Important Ally in Protecting Northwest Florida Wildlife

Follow defenders of wildlife.

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Endangered Species — Circle of Life: Why Should We Protect Endangered Species

Circle of Life: Why Should We Protect Endangered Species

• Categories: Animals Endangered Species

About this sample

Words: 959 |

Published: Jan 15, 2019

Words: 959 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Works Cited

• Caro, T. M. (2007). Behavior and conservation: a bridge too far? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22(7), 394-400.
• Ceballos, G., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2002). Mammal population losses and the extinction crisis. Science, 296(5569), 904-907.
• Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544 (1973).
• Honey, M. (2019). Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change. WW Norton & Company.
• Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: synthesis. Island Press.
• Palmer, C., Finnoff, D., Shogren, J. F., & Pfaff, A. (2005). Economic models of wildlife trade and conservation. In Conservation and globalization (pp. 33-61). Island Press.
• Primack, R. B. (2014). Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.
• Rands, M. R., Adams, W. M., Bennun, L., Butchart, S. H., Clements, A., Coomes, D., … & Kapos, V. (2010). Biodiversity conservation: challenges beyond 2010. Science, 329(5997), 1298-1303.
• Redford, K. H., & Sanderson, S. E. (2006). Endangered species, endangered knowledge, endangered environments. Endangered species research, 2(1), 1-5.
• Wagner, D. L. (2016). The plague of insects. Yale University Press.

Cite this Essay

Let us write you an essay from scratch

• 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help
• Custom essay delivered in as few as 3 hours

Get high-quality help

Verified writer

• Expert in: Science Environment

+ 120 experts online

By clicking “Check Writers’ Offers”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related email

No need to pay just yet!

Related Essays

2 pages / 779 words

3 pages / 1143 words

5 pages / 2287 words

3 pages / 1458 words

Remember! This is just a sample.

You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers.

121 writers online

Still can’t find what you need?

Browse our vast selection of original essay samples, each expertly formatted and styled

Related Essays on Endangered Species

Fully aware that Southeast Asia contains six of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots, according to Nature magazine, Deeply concerned that Southeast Asian countries face the highest rate of habitat loss and have the highest [...]

Endangerment is a bigger issue, one of them that include the animals as well as the atmosphere where they interact with each other and live. To solve or elevate this problem every aspect related to this need to be studied. So, [...]

Endangerment is a bigger issue, one of them that includes the animals as well as the atmosphere where they interact with each other and live. To solve or elevate this problem every aspect related to this need to be studied. So, [...]

Littering and pollution is a major issue around the world today. It affects all of our lives, and will affect us for years to come. Littering and pollution play a major part in our lives. Everywhere we walk and drive there is [...]

Drought is considered by many to be the most complex but least understood of all natural hazards, affecting more people than any other hazard (G.Hagman 1984). However, there remains much confusion within the scientific and [...]

Water pollution occurs when contaminators are disposed into water sources and thus causing environmental degradation. Continuous pollutants disposal not only affect the marine ecosystem but also the biosphere surroundings (Nanda [...]

Related Topics

By clicking “Send”, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement . We will occasionally send you account related emails.

Where do you want us to send this sample?

By clicking “Continue”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy.

Be careful. This essay is not unique

This essay was donated by a student and is likely to have been used and submitted before

Download this Sample

Free samples may contain mistakes and not unique parts

Sorry, we could not paraphrase this essay. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper.

Please check your inbox.

We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. Let's fix your grades together!

Get Your Personalized Essay in 3 Hours or Less!

We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy .

• Instructions Followed To The Letter
• Deadlines Met At Every Stage
• Unique And Plagiarism Free

• Skip to main content

Endangered Species Coalition Announces New National Grassroots Organizer  

• August 9, 2024
• No Comments
• Endangered Species Coalition
• Press Release

For Immediate Release: Aug. 9, 2024 Contact:               Dalton George:   [email protected] (336) 582-1983               Susan Holmes, [email protected] , (202) 329-1553

Washington, DC–The Endangered Species Coalition (ESC) is pleased to announce Dalton George, as its new National Grassroots Organizer. In this position, George will mobilize ESC’s 450 member organizations and over 500,000 activists around the country to protect our most endangered species. 

George comes to ESC from Down Home North Carolina, where he served as a Regional Organizer working with rural communities. George has nearly a decade of organizing experience and has worked closely with many communities across the Southern Appalachian Mountains to mobilize, train, and facilitate organizing work. He has deep ties to the Piedmont and mountains of North Carolina and a passion for wildlife including the hellbender salamander and the red wolf. He also currently serves on Boone, North Carolina’s Town Council as the Mayor Pro-Tempore, which he was elected to in 2023. George graduated from Appalachian State University with a BA in Economics. 

“I am thrilled to welcome Dalton George to the Endangered Species Coalition,” said Susan Holmes, Executive Director.  His expertise in community organizing and local government will take ESC’s advocacy for wildlife to the next level.”

“I am extremely excited to be joining ESC at this critical time for biodiversity across our nation and the world.” said Dalton George. “I am looking forward to working with our member organizations and activists to use the power of grassroots organizing to protect endangered wildlife from wolves to right whales.”

Stay Informed!

0 comments on “ endangered species coalition announces new national grassroots organizer   ”, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Support grassroots organizing to defend endangered species. The Endangered Species Coalition works through grassroots organizing and mobilizing to keep wildlife and wild places protected.

Stay INFORMED

Join the Endangered Species Coalition Activist Network to receive emails with actions that you can take to protect endangered and threatened species.

About the Endangered SPECIES COALITION

The Endangered Species Coalition’s mission is to stop the human-caused extinction of our nation’s at-risk species, to protect and restore their habitats, and to guide these fragile populations along the road to recovery.

• © 2020 Endangered Species Coalition
• PO Box 65195
• Washington DC 20035
• 240.353.2765
• Privacy Policy