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• Solve equations and inequalities
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QuickMath will automatically answer the most common problems in algebra, equations and calculus faced by high-school and college students.

• The algebra section allows you to expand, factor or simplify virtually any expression you choose. It also has commands for splitting fractions into partial fractions, combining several fractions into one and cancelling common factors within a fraction.
• The equations section lets you solve an equation or system of equations. You can usually find the exact answer or, if necessary, a numerical answer to almost any accuracy you require.
• The inequalities section lets you solve an inequality or a system of inequalities for a single variable. You can also plot inequalities in two variables.
• The calculus section will carry out differentiation as well as definite and indefinite integration.
• The matrices section contains commands for the arithmetic manipulation of matrices.
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• The numbers section has a percentages command for explaining the most common types of percentage problems and a section for dealing with scientific notation.

Math Topics

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• Add Fractions
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1.1 Real Numbers: Algebra Essentials

• ⓐ 11 1 11 1
• ⓒ − 4 1 − 4 1
• ⓐ 4 (or 4.0), terminating;
• ⓑ 0. 615384 ¯ , 0. 615384 ¯ , repeating;
• ⓒ –0.85, terminating
• ⓐ rational and repeating;
• ⓑ rational and terminating;
• ⓒ irrational;
• ⓓ rational and terminating;
• ⓔ irrational
• ⓐ positive, irrational; right
• ⓑ negative, rational; left
• ⓒ positive, rational; right
• ⓓ negative, irrational; left
• ⓔ positive, rational; right
• ⓐ 11, commutative property of multiplication, associative property of multiplication, inverse property of multiplication, identity property of multiplication;
• ⓑ 33, distributive property;
• ⓒ 26, distributive property;
• ⓓ 4 9 , 4 9 , commutative property of addition, associative property of addition, inverse property of addition, identity property of addition;
• ⓔ 0, distributive property, inverse property of addition, identity property of addition
• ⓒ 121 3 π 121 3 π ;
• ⓐ −2 y −2 z or  −2 ( y + z ) ; −2 y −2 z or  −2 ( y + z ) ;
• ⓑ 2 t −1 ; 2 t −1 ;
• ⓒ 3 p q −4 p + q ; 3 p q −4 p + q ;
• ⓓ 7 r −2 s + 6 7 r −2 s + 6

A = P ( 1 + r t ) A = P ( 1 + r t )

1.2 Exponents and Scientific Notation

• ⓐ k 15 k 15
• ⓑ ( 2 y ) 5 ( 2 y ) 5
• ⓒ t 14 t 14
• ⓑ ( −3 ) 5 ( −3 ) 5
• ⓒ ( e f 2 ) 2 ( e f 2 ) 2
• ⓐ ( 3 y ) 24 ( 3 y ) 24
• ⓑ t 35 t 35
• ⓒ ( − g ) 16 ( − g ) 16
• ⓐ 1 ( −3 t ) 6 1 ( −3 t ) 6
• ⓑ 1 f 3 1 f 3
• ⓒ 2 5 k 3 2 5 k 3
• ⓐ t −5 = 1 t 5 t −5 = 1 t 5
• ⓑ 1 25 1 25
• ⓐ g 10 h 15 g 10 h 15
• ⓑ 125 t 3 125 t 3
• ⓒ −27 y 15 −27 y 15
• ⓓ 1 a 18 b 21 1 a 18 b 21
• ⓔ r 12 s 8 r 12 s 8
• ⓐ b 15 c 3 b 15 c 3
• ⓑ 625 u 32 625 u 32
• ⓒ −1 w 105 −1 w 105
• ⓓ q 24 p 32 q 24 p 32
• ⓔ 1 c 20 d 12 1 c 20 d 12
• ⓐ v 6 8 u 3 v 6 8 u 3
• ⓑ 1 x 3 1 x 3
• ⓒ e 4 f 4 e 4 f 4
• ⓓ 27 r s 27 r s
• ⓕ 16 h 10 49 16 h 10 49
• ⓐ $ 1.52 × 10 5 $ 1.52 × 10 5
• ⓑ 7.158 × 10 9 7.158 × 10 9
• ⓒ $ 8.55 × 10 13 $ 8.55 × 10 13
• ⓓ 3.34 × 10 −9 3.34 × 10 −9
• ⓔ 7.15 × 10 −8 7.15 × 10 −8
• ⓐ 703 , 000 703 , 000
• ⓑ −816 , 000 , 000 , 000 −816 , 000 , 000 , 000
• ⓒ −0.000 000 000 000 39 −0.000 000 000 000 39
• ⓓ 0.000008 0.000008
• ⓐ − 8.475 × 10 6 − 8.475 × 10 6
• ⓑ 8 × 10 − 8 8 × 10 − 8
• ⓒ 2.976 × 10 13 2.976 × 10 13
• ⓓ − 4.3 × 10 6 − 4.3 × 10 6
• ⓔ ≈ 1.24 × 10 15 ≈ 1.24 × 10 15

Number of cells: 3 × 10 13 ; 3 × 10 13 ; length of a cell: 8 × 10 −6 8 × 10 −6 m; total length: 2.4 × 10 8 2.4 × 10 8 m or 240 , 000 , 000 240 , 000 , 000 m.

1.3 Radicals and Rational Exponents

5 | x | | y | 2 y z . 5 | x | | y | 2 y z . Notice the absolute value signs around x and y ? That’s because their value must be positive!

10 | x | 10 | x |

x 2 3 y 2 . x 2 3 y 2 . We do not need the absolute value signs for y 2 y 2 because that term will always be nonnegative.

b 4 3 a b b 4 3 a b

14 −7 3 14 −7 3

• ⓒ 88 9 3 88 9 3

( 9 ) 5 = 3 5 = 243 ( 9 ) 5 = 3 5 = 243

x ( 5 y ) 9 2 x ( 5 y ) 9 2

28 x 23 15 28 x 23 15

1.4 Polynomials

The degree is 6, the leading term is − x 6 , − x 6 , and the leading coefficient is −1. −1.

2 x 3 + 7 x 2 −4 x −3 2 x 3 + 7 x 2 −4 x −3

−11 x 3 − x 2 + 7 x −9 −11 x 3 − x 2 + 7 x −9

3 x 4 −10 x 3 −8 x 2 + 21 x + 14 3 x 4 −10 x 3 −8 x 2 + 21 x + 14

3 x 2 + 16 x −35 3 x 2 + 16 x −35

16 x 2 −8 x + 1 16 x 2 −8 x + 1

4 x 2 −49 4 x 2 −49

6 x 2 + 21 x y −29 x −7 y + 9 6 x 2 + 21 x y −29 x −7 y + 9

1.5 Factoring Polynomials

( b 2 − a ) ( x + 6 ) ( b 2 − a ) ( x + 6 )

( x −6 ) ( x −1 ) ( x −6 ) ( x −1 )

• ⓐ ( 2 x + 3 ) ( x + 3 ) ( 2 x + 3 ) ( x + 3 )
• ⓑ ( 3 x −1 ) ( 2 x + 1 ) ( 3 x −1 ) ( 2 x + 1 )

( 7 x −1 ) 2 ( 7 x −1 ) 2

( 9 y + 10 ) ( 9 y − 10 ) ( 9 y + 10 ) ( 9 y − 10 )

( 6 a + b ) ( 36 a 2 −6 a b + b 2 ) ( 6 a + b ) ( 36 a 2 −6 a b + b 2 )

( 10 x − 1 ) ( 100 x 2 + 10 x + 1 ) ( 10 x − 1 ) ( 100 x 2 + 10 x + 1 )

( 5 a −1 ) − 1 4 ( 17 a −2 ) ( 5 a −1 ) − 1 4 ( 17 a −2 )

1.6 Rational Expressions

1 x + 6 1 x + 6

( x + 5 ) ( x + 6 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 5 ) ( x + 6 ) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 4 )

2 ( x −7 ) ( x + 5 ) ( x −3 ) 2 ( x −7 ) ( x + 5 ) ( x −3 )

x 2 − y 2 x y 2 x 2 − y 2 x y 2

1.1 Section Exercises

irrational number. The square root of two does not terminate, and it does not repeat a pattern. It cannot be written as a quotient of two integers, so it is irrational.

The Associative Properties state that the sum or product of multiple numbers can be grouped differently without affecting the result. This is because the same operation is performed (either addition or subtraction), so the terms can be re-ordered.

−14 y − 11 −14 y − 11

−4 b + 1 −4 b + 1

43 z − 3 43 z − 3

9 y + 45 9 y + 45

−6 b + 6 −6 b + 6

16 x 3 16 x 3

1 2 ( 40 − 10 ) + 5 1 2 ( 40 − 10 ) + 5

irrational number

g + 400 − 2 ( 600 ) = 1200 g + 400 − 2 ( 600 ) = 1200

inverse property of addition

1.2 Section Exercises

No, the two expressions are not the same. An exponent tells how many times you multiply the base. So 2 3 2 3 is the same as 2 × 2 × 2 , 2 × 2 × 2 , which is 8. 3 2 3 2 is the same as 3 × 3 , 3 × 3 , which is 9.

It is a method of writing very small and very large numbers.

12 40 12 40

1 7 9 1 7 9

3.14 × 10 − 5 3.14 × 10 − 5

16,000,000,000

b 6 c 8 b 6 c 8

a b 2 d 3 a b 2 d 3

q 5 p 6 q 5 p 6

y 21 x 14 y 21 x 14

72 a 2 72 a 2

c 3 b 9 c 3 b 9

y 81 z 6 y 81 z 6

1.0995 × 10 12 1.0995 × 10 12

0.00000000003397 in.

12,230,590,464 m 66 m 66

a 14 1296 a 14 1296

n a 9 c n a 9 c

1 a 6 b 6 c 6 1 a 6 b 6 c 6

0.000000000000000000000000000000000662606957

1.3 Section Exercises

When there is no index, it is assumed to be 2 or the square root. The expression would only be equal to the radicand if the index were 1.

The principal square root is the nonnegative root of the number.

9 5 5 9 5 5

6 10 19 6 10 19

− 1 + 17 2 − 1 + 17 2

7 2 3 7 2 3

20 x 2 20 x 2

17 m 2 m 17 m 2 m

2 b a 2 b a

15 x 7 15 x 7

5 y 4 2 5 y 4 2

4 7 d 7 d 4 7 d 7 d

2 2 + 2 6 x 1 −3 x 2 2 + 2 6 x 1 −3 x

− w 2 w − w 2 w

3 x − 3 x 2 3 x − 3 x 2

5 n 5 5 5 n 5 5

9 m 19 m 9 m 19 m

2 3 d 2 3 d

3 2 x 2 4 2 3 2 x 2 4 2

6 z 2 3 6 z 2 3

−5 2 −6 7 −5 2 −6 7

m n c a 9 c m n m n c a 9 c m n

2 2 x + 2 4 2 2 x + 2 4

1.4 Section Exercises

The statement is true. In standard form, the polynomial with the highest value exponent is placed first and is the leading term. The degree of a polynomial is the value of the highest exponent, which in standard form is also the exponent of the leading term.

Use the distributive property, multiply, combine like terms, and simplify.

4 x 2 + 3 x + 19 4 x 2 + 3 x + 19

3 w 2 + 30 w + 21 3 w 2 + 30 w + 21

11 b 4 −9 b 3 + 12 b 2 −7 b + 8 11 b 4 −9 b 3 + 12 b 2 −7 b + 8

24 x 2 −4 x −8 24 x 2 −4 x −8

24 b 4 −48 b 2 + 24 24 b 4 −48 b 2 + 24

99 v 2 −202 v + 99 99 v 2 −202 v + 99

8 n 3 −4 n 2 + 72 n −36 8 n 3 −4 n 2 + 72 n −36

9 y 2 −42 y + 49 9 y 2 −42 y + 49

16 p 2 + 72 p + 81 16 p 2 + 72 p + 81

9 y 2 −36 y + 36 9 y 2 −36 y + 36

16 c 2 −1 16 c 2 −1

225 n 2 −36 225 n 2 −36

−16 m 2 + 16 −16 m 2 + 16

121 q 2 −100 121 q 2 −100

16 t 4 + 4 t 3 −32 t 2 − t + 7 16 t 4 + 4 t 3 −32 t 2 − t + 7

y 3 −6 y 2 − y + 18 y 3 −6 y 2 − y + 18

3 p 3 − p 2 −12 p + 10 3 p 3 − p 2 −12 p + 10

a 2 − b 2 a 2 − b 2

16 t 2 −40 t u + 25 u 2 16 t 2 −40 t u + 25 u 2

4 t 2 + x 2 + 4 t −5 t x − x 4 t 2 + x 2 + 4 t −5 t x − x

24 r 2 + 22 r d −7 d 2 24 r 2 + 22 r d −7 d 2

32 x 2 −4 x −3 32 x 2 −4 x −3 m 2

32 t 3 − 100 t 2 + 40 t + 38 32 t 3 − 100 t 2 + 40 t + 38

a 4 + 4 a 3 c −16 a c 3 −16 c 4 a 4 + 4 a 3 c −16 a c 3 −16 c 4

1.5 Section Exercises

The terms of a polynomial do not have to have a common factor for the entire polynomial to be factorable. For example, 4 x 2 4 x 2 and −9 y 2 −9 y 2 don’t have a common factor, but the whole polynomial is still factorable: 4 x 2 −9 y 2 = ( 2 x + 3 y ) ( 2 x −3 y ) . 4 x 2 −9 y 2 = ( 2 x + 3 y ) ( 2 x −3 y ) .

Divide the x x term into the sum of two terms, factor each portion of the expression separately, and then factor out the GCF of the entire expression.

10 m 3 10 m 3

( 2 a −3 ) ( a + 6 ) ( 2 a −3 ) ( a + 6 )

( 3 n −11 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 3 n −11 ) ( 2 n + 1 )

( p + 1 ) ( 2 p −7 ) ( p + 1 ) ( 2 p −7 )

( 5 h + 3 ) ( 2 h −3 ) ( 5 h + 3 ) ( 2 h −3 )

( 9 d −1 ) ( d −8 ) ( 9 d −1 ) ( d −8 )

( 12 t + 13 ) ( t −1 ) ( 12 t + 13 ) ( t −1 )

( 4 x + 10 ) ( 4 x − 10 ) ( 4 x + 10 ) ( 4 x − 10 )

( 11 p + 13 ) ( 11 p − 13 ) ( 11 p + 13 ) ( 11 p − 13 )

( 19 d + 9 ) ( 19 d − 9 ) ( 19 d + 9 ) ( 19 d − 9 )

( 12 b + 5 c ) ( 12 b − 5 c ) ( 12 b + 5 c ) ( 12 b − 5 c )

( 7 n + 12 ) 2 ( 7 n + 12 ) 2

( 15 y + 4 ) 2 ( 15 y + 4 ) 2

( 5 p − 12 ) 2 ( 5 p − 12 ) 2

( x + 6 ) ( x 2 − 6 x + 36 ) ( x + 6 ) ( x 2 − 6 x + 36 )

( 5 a + 7 ) ( 25 a 2 − 35 a + 49 ) ( 5 a + 7 ) ( 25 a 2 − 35 a + 49 )

( 4 x − 5 ) ( 16 x 2 + 20 x + 25 ) ( 4 x − 5 ) ( 16 x 2 + 20 x + 25 )

( 5 r + 12 s ) ( 25 r 2 − 60 r s + 144 s 2 ) ( 5 r + 12 s ) ( 25 r 2 − 60 r s + 144 s 2 )

( 2 c + 3 ) − 1 4 ( −7 c − 15 ) ( 2 c + 3 ) − 1 4 ( −7 c − 15 )

( x + 2 ) − 2 5 ( 19 x + 10 ) ( x + 2 ) − 2 5 ( 19 x + 10 )

( 2 z − 9 ) − 3 2 ( 27 z − 99 ) ( 2 z − 9 ) − 3 2 ( 27 z − 99 )

( 14 x −3 ) ( 7 x + 9 ) ( 14 x −3 ) ( 7 x + 9 )

( 3 x + 5 ) ( 3 x −5 ) ( 3 x + 5 ) ( 3 x −5 )

( 2 x + 5 ) 2 ( 2 x − 5 ) 2 ( 2 x + 5 ) 2 ( 2 x − 5 ) 2

( 4 z 2 + 49 a 2 ) ( 2 z + 7 a ) ( 2 z − 7 a ) ( 4 z 2 + 49 a 2 ) ( 2 z + 7 a ) ( 2 z − 7 a )

1 ( 4 x + 9 ) ( 4 x −9 ) ( 2 x + 3 ) 1 ( 4 x + 9 ) ( 4 x −9 ) ( 2 x + 3 )

1.6 Section Exercises

You can factor the numerator and denominator to see if any of the terms can cancel one another out.

True. Multiplication and division do not require finding the LCD because the denominators can be combined through those operations, whereas addition and subtraction require like terms.

y + 5 y + 6 y + 5 y + 6

3 b + 3 3 b + 3

x + 4 2 x + 2 x + 4 2 x + 2

a + 3 a − 3 a + 3 a − 3

3 n − 8 7 n − 3 3 n − 8 7 n − 3

c − 6 c + 6 c − 6 c + 6

d 2 − 25 25 d 2 − 1 d 2 − 25 25 d 2 − 1

t + 5 t + 3 t + 5 t + 3

6 x − 5 6 x + 5 6 x − 5 6 x + 5

p + 6 4 p + 3 p + 6 4 p + 3

2 d + 9 d + 11 2 d + 9 d + 11

12 b + 5 3 b −1 12 b + 5 3 b −1

4 y −1 y + 4 4 y −1 y + 4

10 x + 4 y x y 10 x + 4 y x y

9 a − 7 a 2 − 2 a − 3 9 a − 7 a 2 − 2 a − 3

2 y 2 − y + 9 y 2 − y − 2 2 y 2 − y + 9 y 2 − y − 2

5 z 2 + z + 5 z 2 − z − 2 5 z 2 + z + 5 z 2 − z − 2

x + 2 x y + y x + x y + y + 1 x + 2 x y + y x + x y + y + 1

2 b + 7 a a b 2 2 b + 7 a a b 2

18 + a b 4 b 18 + a b 4 b

a − b a − b

3 c 2 + 3 c − 2 2 c 2 + 5 c + 2 3 c 2 + 3 c − 2 2 c 2 + 5 c + 2

15 x + 7 x −1 15 x + 7 x −1

x + 9 x −9 x + 9 x −9

1 y + 2 1 y + 2

Review Exercises

y = 24 y = 24

3 a 6 3 a 6

x 3 32 y 3 x 3 32 y 3

1.634 × 10 7 1.634 × 10 7

4 2 5 4 2 5

7 2 50 7 2 50

3 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 6 3 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 6

5 x 2 − x + 3 5 x 2 − x + 3

k 2 − 3 k − 18 k 2 − 3 k − 18

x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 x 3 + x 2 + x + 1

3 a 2 + 5 a b − 2 b 2 3 a 2 + 5 a b − 2 b 2

4 a 2 4 a 2

( 4 a − 3 ) ( 2 a + 9 ) ( 4 a − 3 ) ( 2 a + 9 )

( x + 5 ) 2 ( x + 5 ) 2

( 2 h − 3 k ) 2 ( 2 h − 3 k ) 2

( p + 6 ) ( p 2 − 6 p + 36 ) ( p + 6 ) ( p 2 − 6 p + 36 )

( 4 q − 3 p ) ( 16 q 2 + 12 p q + 9 p 2 ) ( 4 q − 3 p ) ( 16 q 2 + 12 p q + 9 p 2 )

( p + 3 ) 1 3 ( −5 p − 24 ) ( p + 3 ) 1 3 ( −5 p − 24 )

x + 3 x − 4 x + 3 x − 4

m + 2 m − 3 m + 2 m − 3

6 x + 10 y x y 6 x + 10 y x y

Practice Test

x = –2 x = –2

3 x 4 3 x 4

13 q 3 − 4 q 2 − 5 q 13 q 3 − 4 q 2 − 5 q

n 3 − 6 n 2 + 12 n − 8 n 3 − 6 n 2 + 12 n − 8

( 4 x + 9 ) ( 4 x − 9 ) ( 4 x + 9 ) ( 4 x − 9 )

( 3 c − 11 ) ( 9 c 2 + 33 c + 121 ) ( 3 c − 11 ) ( 9 c 2 + 33 c + 121 )

4 z − 3 2 z − 1 4 z − 3 2 z − 1

3 a + 2 b 3 b 3 a + 2 b 3 b

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, how to do homework: 15 expert tips and tricks.

Coursework/GPA

Everyone struggles with homework sometimes, but if getting your homework done has become a chronic issue for you, then you may need a little extra help. That’s why we’ve written this article all about how to do homework. Once you’re finished reading it, you’ll know how to do homework (and have tons of new ways to motivate yourself to do homework)!

We’ve broken this article down into a few major sections. You’ll find:

• A diagnostic test to help you figure out why you’re struggling with homework
• A discussion of the four major homework problems students face, along with expert tips for addressing them
• A bonus section with tips for how to do homework fast

By the end of this article, you’ll be prepared to tackle whatever homework assignments your teachers throw at you .

So let’s get started!

How to Do Homework: Figure Out Your Struggles 

Sometimes it feels like everything is standing between you and getting your homework done. But the truth is, most people only have one or two major roadblocks that are keeping them from getting their homework done well and on time. 

The best way to figure out how to get motivated to do homework starts with pinpointing the issues that are affecting your ability to get your assignments done. That’s why we’ve developed a short quiz to help you identify the areas where you’re struggling. 

Take the quiz below and record your answers on your phone or on a scrap piece of paper. Keep in mind there are no wrong answers! 

1. You’ve just been assigned an essay in your English class that’s due at the end of the week. What’s the first thing you do?

A. Keep it in mind, even though you won’t start it until the day before it’s due  B. Open up your planner. You’ve got to figure out when you’ll write your paper since you have band practice, a speech tournament, and your little sister’s dance recital this week, too.  C. Groan out loud. Another essay? You could barely get yourself to write the last one!  D. Start thinking about your essay topic, which makes you think about your art project that’s due the same day, which reminds you that your favorite artist might have just posted to Instagram...so you better check your feed right now. 

2. Your mom asked you to pick up your room before she gets home from work. You’ve just gotten home from school. You decide you’ll tackle your chores: 

A. Five minutes before your mom walks through the front door. As long as it gets done, who cares when you start?  B. As soon as you get home from your shift at the local grocery store.  C. After you give yourself a 15-minute pep talk about how you need to get to work.  D. You won’t get it done. Between texts from your friends, trying to watch your favorite Netflix show, and playing with your dog, you just lost track of time! 

3. You’ve signed up to wash dogs at the Humane Society to help earn money for your senior class trip. You: 

A. Show up ten minutes late. You put off leaving your house until the last minute, then got stuck in unexpected traffic on the way to the shelter.  B. Have to call and cancel at the last minute. You forgot you’d already agreed to babysit your cousin and bake cupcakes for tomorrow’s bake sale.  C. Actually arrive fifteen minutes early with extra brushes and bandanas you picked up at the store. You’re passionate about animals, so you’re excited to help out! D. Show up on time, but only get three dogs washed. You couldn’t help it: you just kept getting distracted by how cute they were!

4. You have an hour of downtime, so you decide you’re going to watch an episode of The Great British Baking Show. You: 

A. Scroll through your social media feeds for twenty minutes before hitting play, which means you’re not able to finish the whole episode. Ugh! You really wanted to see who was sent home!  B. Watch fifteen minutes until you remember you’re supposed to pick up your sister from band practice before heading to your part-time job. No GBBO for you!  C. You finish one episode, then decide to watch another even though you’ve got SAT studying to do. It’s just more fun to watch people make scones.  D. Start the episode, but only catch bits and pieces of it because you’re reading Twitter, cleaning out your backpack, and eating a snack at the same time.

5. Your teacher asks you to stay after class because you’ve missed turning in two homework assignments in a row. When she asks you what’s wrong, you say: 

A. You planned to do your assignments during lunch, but you ran out of time. You decided it would be better to turn in nothing at all than submit unfinished work.  B. You really wanted to get the assignments done, but between your extracurriculars, family commitments, and your part-time job, your homework fell through the cracks.  C. You have a hard time psyching yourself to tackle the assignments. You just can’t seem to find the motivation to work on them once you get home.  D. You tried to do them, but you had a hard time focusing. By the time you realized you hadn’t gotten anything done, it was already time to turn them in. 

Like we said earlier, there are no right or wrong answers to this quiz (though your results will be better if you answered as honestly as possible). Here’s how your answers break down: 

• If your answers were mostly As, then your biggest struggle with doing homework is procrastination. 
• If your answers were mostly Bs, then your biggest struggle with doing homework is time management. 
• If your answers were mostly Cs, then your biggest struggle with doing homework is motivation. 
• If your answers were mostly Ds, then your biggest struggle with doing homework is getting distracted. 

Now that you’ve identified why you’re having a hard time getting your homework done, we can help you figure out how to fix it! Scroll down to find your core problem area to learn more about how you can start to address it. 

And one more thing: you’re really struggling with homework, it’s a good idea to read through every section below. You may find some additional tips that will help make homework less intimidating. 

How to Do Homework When You’re a Procrastinator  

Merriam Webster defines “procrastinate” as “to put off intentionally and habitually.” In other words, procrastination is when you choose to do something at the last minute on a regular basis. If you’ve ever found yourself pulling an all-nighter, trying to finish an assignment between periods, or sprinting to turn in a paper minutes before a deadline, you’ve experienced the effects of procrastination. 

If you’re a chronic procrastinator, you’re in good company. In fact, one study found that 70% to 95% of undergraduate students procrastinate when it comes to doing their homework. Unfortunately, procrastination can negatively impact your grades. Researchers have found that procrastination can lower your grade on an assignment by as much as five points ...which might not sound serious until you realize that can mean the difference between a B- and a C+. 

Procrastination can also negatively affect your health by increasing your stress levels , which can lead to other health conditions like insomnia, a weakened immune system, and even heart conditions. Getting a handle on procrastination can not only improve your grades, it can make you feel better, too! 

The big thing to understand about procrastination is that it’s not the result of laziness. Laziness is defined as being “disinclined to activity or exertion.” In other words, being lazy is all about doing nothing. But a s this Psychology Today article explains , procrastinators don’t put things off because they don’t want to work. Instead, procrastinators tend to postpone tasks they don’t want to do in favor of tasks that they perceive as either more important or more fun. Put another way, procrastinators want to do things...as long as it’s not their homework! 

3 Tips f or Conquering Procrastination 

Because putting off doing homework is a common problem, there are lots of good tactics for addressing procrastination. Keep reading for our three expert tips that will get your homework habits back on track in no time. 

#1: Create a Reward System

Like we mentioned earlier, procrastination happens when you prioritize other activities over getting your homework done. Many times, this happens because homework...well, just isn’t enjoyable. But you can add some fun back into the process by rewarding yourself for getting your work done. 

Here’s what we mean: let’s say you decide that every time you get your homework done before the day it’s due, you’ll give yourself a point. For every five points you earn, you’ll treat yourself to your favorite dessert: a chocolate cupcake! Now you have an extra (delicious!) incentive to motivate you to leave procrastination in the dust. 

If you’re not into cupcakes, don’t worry. Your reward can be anything that motivates you . Maybe it’s hanging out with your best friend or an extra ten minutes of video game time. As long as you’re choosing something that makes homework worth doing, you’ll be successful. 

#2: Have a Homework Accountability Partner 

If you’re having trouble getting yourself to start your homework ahead of time, it may be a good idea to call in reinforcements . Find a friend or classmate you can trust and explain to them that you’re trying to change your homework habits. Ask them if they’d be willing to text you to make sure you’re doing your homework and check in with you once a week to see if you’re meeting your anti-procrastination goals. 

Sharing your goals can make them feel more real, and an accountability partner can help hold you responsible for your decisions. For example, let’s say you’re tempted to put off your science lab write-up until the morning before it’s due. But you know that your accountability partner is going to text you about it tomorrow...and you don’t want to fess up that you haven’t started your assignment. A homework accountability partner can give you the extra support and incentive you need to keep your homework habits on track. 

#3: Create Your Own Due Dates 

If you’re a life-long procrastinator, you might find that changing the habit is harder than you expected. In that case, you might try using procrastination to your advantage! If you just can’t seem to stop doing your work at the last minute, try setting your own due dates for assignments that range from a day to a week before the assignment is actually due. 

Here’s what we mean. Let’s say you have a math worksheet that’s been assigned on Tuesday and is due on Friday. In your planner, you can write down the due date as Thursday instead. You may still put off your homework assignment until the last minute...but in this case, the “last minute” is a day before the assignment’s real due date . This little hack can trick your procrastination-addicted brain into planning ahead! 

If you feel like Kevin Hart in this meme, then our tips for doing homework when you're busy are for you. 

How to Do Homework When You’re too Busy

If you’re aiming to go to a top-tier college , you’re going to have a full plate. Because college admissions is getting more competitive, it’s important that you’re maintaining your grades , studying hard for your standardized tests , and participating in extracurriculars so your application stands out. A packed schedule can get even more hectic once you add family obligations or a part-time job to the mix. 

If you feel like you’re being pulled in a million directions at once, you’re not alone. Recent research has found that stress—and more severe stress-related conditions like anxiety and depression— are a major problem for high school students . In fact, one study from the American Psychological Association found that during the school year, students’ stress levels are higher than those of the adults around them. 

For students, homework is a major contributor to their overall stress levels . Many high schoolers have multiple hours of homework every night , and figuring out how to fit it into an already-packed schedule can seem impossible. 

3 Tips for Fitting Homework Into Your Busy Schedule

While it might feel like you have literally no time left in your schedule, there are still ways to make sure you’re able to get your homework done and meet your other commitments. Here are our expert homework tips for even the busiest of students. 

#1: Make a Prioritized To-Do List 

You probably already have a to-do list to keep yourself on track. The next step is to prioritize the items on your to-do list so you can see what items need your attention right away. 

Here’s how it works: at the beginning of each day, sit down and make a list of all the items you need to get done before you go to bed. This includes your homework, but it should also take into account any practices, chores, events, or job shifts you may have. Once you get everything listed out, it’s time to prioritize them using the labels A, B, and C. Here’s what those labels mean:

• A Tasks : tasks that have to get done—like showing up at work or turning in an assignment—get an A. 
• B Tasks : these are tasks that you would like to get done by the end of the day but aren’t as time sensitive. For example, studying for a test you have next week could be a B-level task. It’s still important, but it doesn’t have to be done right away.
• C Tasks: these are tasks that aren’t very important and/or have no real consequences if you don’t get them done immediately. For instance, if you’re hoping to clean out your closet but it’s not an assigned chore from your parents, you could label that to-do item with a C.

Prioritizing your to-do list helps you visualize which items need your immediate attention, and which items you can leave for later. A prioritized to-do list ensures that you’re spending your time efficiently and effectively, which helps you make room in your schedule for homework. So even though you might really want to start making decorations for Homecoming (a B task), you’ll know that finishing your reading log (an A task) is more important. 

#2: Use a Planner With Time Labels

Your planner is probably packed with notes, events, and assignments already. (And if you’re not using a planner, it’s time to start!) But planners can do more for you than just remind you when an assignment is due. If you’re using a planner with time labels, it can help you visualize how you need to spend your day.

A planner with time labels breaks your day down into chunks, and you assign tasks to each chunk of time. For example, you can make a note of your class schedule with assignments, block out time to study, and make sure you know when you need to be at practice. Once you know which tasks take priority, you can add them to any empty spaces in your day. 

Planning out how you spend your time not only helps you use it wisely, it can help you feel less overwhelmed, too . We’re big fans of planners that include a task list ( like this one ) or have room for notes ( like this one ). 

#3: Set Reminders on Your Phone 

If you need a little extra nudge to make sure you’re getting your homework done on time, it’s a good idea to set some reminders on your phone. You don’t need a fancy app, either. You can use your alarm app to have it go off at specific times throughout the day to remind you to do your homework. This works especially well if you have a set homework time scheduled. So if you’ve decided you’re doing homework at 6:00 pm, you can set an alarm to remind you to bust out your books and get to work. 

If you use your phone as your planner, you may have the option to add alerts, emails, or notifications to scheduled events . Many calendar apps, including the one that comes with your phone, have built-in reminders that you can customize to meet your needs. So if you block off time to do your homework from 4:30 to 6:00 pm, you can set a reminder that will pop up on your phone when it’s time to get started. 

This dog isn't judging your lack of motivation...but your teacher might. Keep reading for tips to help you motivate yourself to do your homework.

How to Do Homework When You’re Unmotivated 

At first glance, it may seem like procrastination and being unmotivated are the same thing. After all, both of these issues usually result in you putting off your homework until the very last minute. 

But there’s one key difference: many procrastinators are working, they’re just prioritizing work differently. They know they’re going to start their homework...they’re just going to do it later. 

Conversely, people who are unmotivated to do homework just can’t find the willpower to tackle their assignments. Procrastinators know they’ll at least attempt the homework at the last minute, whereas people who are unmotivated struggle with convincing themselves to do it at a ll. For procrastinators, the stress comes from the inevitable time crunch. For unmotivated people, the stress comes from trying to convince themselves to do something they don’t want to do in the first place. 

Here are some common reasons students are unmotivated in doing homework : 

• Assignments are too easy, too hard, or seemingly pointless 
• Students aren’t interested in (or passionate about) the subject matter
• Students are intimidated by the work and/or feels like they don’t understand the assignment 
• Homework isn’t fun, and students would rather spend their time on things that they enjoy 

To sum it up: people who lack motivation to do their homework are more likely to not do it at all, or to spend more time worrying about doing their homework than...well, actually doing it.

3 Tips for How to Get Motivated to Do Homework

The key to getting homework done when you’re unmotivated is to figure out what does motivate you, then apply those things to homework. It sounds tricky...but it’s pretty simple once you get the hang of it! Here are our three expert tips for motivating yourself to do your homework. 

#1: Use Incremental Incentives

When you’re not motivated, it’s important to give yourself small rewards to stay focused on finishing the task at hand. The trick is to keep the incentives small and to reward yourself often. For example, maybe you’re reading a good book in your free time. For every ten minutes you spend on your homework, you get to read five pages of your book. Like we mentioned earlier, make sure you’re choosing a reward that works for you! 

So why does this technique work? Using small rewards more often allows you to experience small wins for getting your work done. Every time you make it to one of your tiny reward points, you get to celebrate your success, which gives your brain a boost of dopamine . Dopamine helps you stay motivated and also creates a feeling of satisfaction when you complete your homework !  

#2: Form a Homework Group 

If you’re having trouble motivating yourself, it’s okay to turn to others for support. Creating a homework group can help with this. Bring together a group of your friends or classmates, and pick one time a week where you meet and work on homework together. You don’t have to be in the same class, or even taking the same subjects— the goal is to encourage one another to start (and finish!) your assignments. 

Another added benefit of a homework group is that you can help one another if you’re struggling to understand the material covered in your classes. This is especially helpful if your lack of motivation comes from being intimidated by your assignments. Asking your friends for help may feel less scary than talking to your teacher...and once you get a handle on the material, your homework may become less frightening, too. 

#3: Change Up Your Environment 

If you find that you’re totally unmotivated, it may help if you find a new place to do your homework. For example, if you’ve been struggling to get your homework done at home, try spending an extra hour in the library after school instead. The change of scenery can limit your distractions and give you the energy you need to get your work done. 

If you’re stuck doing homework at home, you can still use this tip. For instance, maybe you’ve always done your homework sitting on your bed. Try relocating somewhere else, like your kitchen table, for a few weeks. You may find that setting up a new “homework spot” in your house gives you a motivational lift and helps you get your work done. 

Social media can be a huge problem when it comes to doing homework. We have advice for helping you unplug and regain focus.

How to Do Homework When You’re Easily Distracted

We live in an always-on world, and there are tons of things clamoring for our attention. From friends and family to pop culture and social media, it seems like there’s always something (or someone!) distracting us from the things we need to do.

The 24/7 world we live in has affected our ability to focus on tasks for prolonged periods of time. Research has shown that over the past decade, an average person’s attention span has gone from 12 seconds to eight seconds . And when we do lose focus, i t takes people a long time to get back on task . One study found that it can take as long as 23 minutes to get back to work once we’ve been distracte d. No wonder it can take hours to get your homework done! 

3 Tips to Improve Your Focus

If you have a hard time focusing when you’re doing your homework, it’s a good idea to try and eliminate as many distractions as possible. Here are three expert tips for blocking out the noise so you can focus on getting your homework done. 

#1: Create a Distraction-Free Environment

Pick a place where you’ll do your homework every day, and make it as distraction-free as possible. Try to find a location where there won’t be tons of noise, and limit your access to screens while you’re doing your homework. Put together a focus-oriented playlist (or choose one on your favorite streaming service), and put your headphones on while you work. 

You may find that other people, like your friends and family, are your biggest distraction. If that’s the case, try setting up some homework boundaries. Let them know when you’ll be working on homework every day, and ask them if they’ll help you keep a quiet environment. They’ll be happy to lend a hand! 

#2: Limit Your Access to Technology 

We know, we know...this tip isn’t fun, but it does work. For homework that doesn’t require a computer, like handouts or worksheets, it’s best to put all your technology away . Turn off your television, put your phone and laptop in your backpack, and silence notifications on any wearable tech you may be sporting. If you listen to music while you work, that’s fine...but make sure you have a playlist set up so you’re not shuffling through songs once you get started on your homework. 

If your homework requires your laptop or tablet, it can be harder to limit your access to distractions. But it’s not impossible! T here are apps you can download that will block certain websites while you’re working so that you’re not tempted to scroll through Twitter or check your Facebook feed. Silence notifications and text messages on your computer, and don’t open your email account unless you absolutely have to. And if you don’t need access to the internet to complete your assignments, turn off your WiFi. Cutting out the online chatter is a great way to make sure you’re getting your homework done. 

#3: Set a Timer (the Pomodoro Technique)

Have you ever heard of the Pomodoro technique ? It’s a productivity hack that uses a timer to help you focus!

Here’s how it works: first, set a timer for 25 minutes. This is going to be your work time. During this 25 minutes, all you can do is work on whatever homework assignment you have in front of you. No email, no text messaging, no phone calls—just homework. When that timer goes off, you get to take a 5 minute break. Every time you go through one of these cycles, it’s called a “pomodoro.” For every four pomodoros you complete, you can take a longer break of 15 to 30 minutes.

The pomodoro technique works through a combination of boundary setting and rewards. First, it gives you a finite amount of time to focus, so you know that you only have to work really hard for 25 minutes. Once you’ve done that, you’re rewarded with a short break where you can do whatever you want. Additionally, tracking how many pomodoros you complete can help you see how long you’re really working on your homework. (Once you start using our focus tips, you may find it doesn’t take as long as you thought!)

Two Bonus Tips for How to Do Homework Fast

Even if you’re doing everything right, there will be times when you just need to get your homework done as fast as possible. (Why do teachers always have projects due in the same week? The world may never know.)

The problem with speeding through homework is that it’s easy to make mistakes. While turning in an assignment is always better than not submitting anything at all, you want to make sure that you’re not compromising quality for speed. Simply put, the goal is to get your homework done quickly and still make a good grade on the assignment! 

Here are our two bonus tips for getting a decent grade on your homework assignments , even when you’re in a time crunch. 

#1: Do the Easy Parts First 

This is especially true if you’re working on a handout with multiple questions. Before you start working on the assignment, read through all the questions and problems. As you do, make a mark beside the questions you think are “easy” to answer . 

Once you’ve finished going through the whole assignment, you can answer these questions first. Getting the easy questions out of the way as quickly as possible lets you spend more time on the trickier portions of your homework, which will maximize your assignment grade. 

(Quick note: this is also a good strategy to use on timed assignments and tests, like the SAT and the ACT !) 

#2: Pay Attention in Class 

Homework gets a lot easier when you’re actively learning the material. Teachers aren’t giving you homework because they’re mean or trying to ruin your weekend... it’s because they want you to really understand the course material. Homework is designed to reinforce what you’re already learning in class so you’ll be ready to tackle harder concepts later.

When you pay attention in class, ask questions, and take good notes, you’re absorbing the information you’ll need to succeed on your homework assignments. (You’re stuck in class anyway, so you might as well make the most of it!) Not only will paying attention in class make your homework less confusing, it will also help it go much faster, too.

What’s Next?

If you’re looking to improve your productivity beyond homework, a good place to begin is with time management. After all, we only have so much time in a day...so it’s important to get the most out of it! To get you started, check out this list of the 12 best time management techniques that you can start using today.

You may have read this article because homework struggles have been affecting your GPA. Now that you’re on the path to homework success, it’s time to start being proactive about raising your grades. This article teaches you everything you need to know about raising your GPA so you can

Now you know how to get motivated to do homework...but what about your study habits? Studying is just as critical to getting good grades, and ultimately getting into a good college . We can teach you how to study bette r in high school. (We’ve also got tons of resources to help you study for your ACT and SAT exams , too!)

These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

Ashley Sufflé Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams.

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How would you explain to someone what the "absolute value of a number" means? Explain without using examples.

Simplify each of the following:

Write any and all numerals that have the given absolute value:

For each vector drawn, write the number that the vector represents:

Look again at the four vectors shown in exercise 4. If someone had drawn those vectors to find the difference of two numbers using the missing addend approach, write the four subtraction problems which generated those vectors.

Use vectors on the number line to add -8 + 5 + (-3) using vectors as actions. Mark and LABEL your number line with at least zero and a point on either side. Explain how to read the answer.

-8 + 5 + -3 = _____ since ______________________________________________

Use vectors on the number line to compute the 8 – 5 + -7 – -4 using vectors to DO and UNDO actions. Mark and LABEL your number line with at least zero and a point on either side. Explain how to read the answer.

______________________________________________8 – 5 + -7 – -4 = _____ since ______________________________________________.

Use the missing addend approach to perform the following subtractions. Label the vector on the number line.

Use red and green counters to add the following integers. For each problem, explain and show each of the steps involved.

For each problem, use positive and negative counters. First, state what the problem means, and then explain and show each step you need to take to find the answer. Each problem requires 3 or 4 steps.

For each of the following sets, determine if the set is closed under the operation given. Provide a counterexample if it is not closed.

Use your counters to do each of the following multiplication problems using the definition of multiplying two integers with positive and negative counters. Then, explain what the multiplication problem given means in terms of the counters, and explain and show each of the individual steps.

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Signing Naturally Units 1-6

Signing Naturally Units 1-6  is the first part in a series of curricular materials for the instruction of American Sign Language (ASL) as a second language. The goal is to take students with little or no knowledge of ASL and Deaf Culture and provide them with the skills needed to communicate comfortably in a wide variety of situations in the Deaf community. Cultural information taught throughout class allows students to interact with the Deaf community in a way that is respectful and aware.

Signing Naturally Units 1-6  curriculum’s first and foremost goal of language teaching is to bring a person unable to communicate in ASL to a basic level of communicative competency. The curriculum and the lessons are designed to help the class and the program meet the five areas of Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons and Communities outlined by ACTFL. Click here to see how Signing Naturally Units 1-6 match up with the 5 C's!

Units 1-5 comprise several kinds of lessons: conversational (functional), skill building, cultural, and review. Conversation (function) lessons introduce vocabulary and key grammar structures in context of key dialogues. Skill lessons focus on introducing numbers, fingerspelling, spatial elements, and other supporting skills. Cultural lessons focus on behaviors that enable students to act in linguistically and socially acceptable ways. Unit 6 focuses on building narrative skills to prepare students to tell a story from their childhood.

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Home > CCA > Chapter 1 > Lesson 1.1.1 > Problem 1-6

On your paper, sketch Figures 4 and 5.

To sketch the next figures in the pattern, you must find out what the pattern is. How do the figures change as the pattern continues?

How does the pattern grow? Explain how you know.

See the hints for part (a).

The pattern grows each time by two tiles, one on each side of the figure.

How many tiles will there be in Figure 0 (the figure before Figure 1)? Explain how you know.

Once you find the answer, remember to explain how you got to that number of tiles. Also, see part (b).

Use the eTool below to sketch figures 4 and 5. Click the link to the right for a full version of the eTool: CCA 1-6 HW eTool

© 2022 CPM Educational Program. All rights reserved.

Due by 8:00pm, Friday, April 12, 2024 .

Make sure you follow all the homework policies .

All submissions should be done via Autolab .

Just in there is any confusion: this is a totally made up scenario: I'm not claiming the ability to predict the future.

Question 1 (Exponentiation) [50 points]

The problem.

For this part, there is no need to prove correctness of the naive algorithm but you do need a runtime analysis.

Important Note

The following mathematical identity could be useful-- for any real numbers $b,c$ and $d$: $b^{c+d}=b^c\cdot b^d$.

Common Mistake

Be careful and make sure that you use the correct recursive calls. Many students end up with an $\Omega(n)$ time algorithm for the second part by not using the correct set of recursive calls.

Walkthrough video

Submit part (a) and (b) separately

You need to submit two (2) PDF files to Autolab: one for part (a) and one for part (b) . While you can assume part (a) as a given for part (b) , to get credit for part (a) you have to submit you solution for part (a) separately from part (b) .

Make sure you submit the correct PDF to the correct submission link on Autolab. If you do not (e.g. if you submit Q1(a) PDF to Q2(a) or even Q1(b)), then you will lose ALL points.

We recommend that you typeset your solution but we will accept scans of handwritten solution-- you have to make sure that the scan is legible.

PDF only please

If Autolab cannot display your file, (irrespective of the reason) then you will get a zero (0) on the entire question.

Autolab might not be able to display files in formats other than PDF (e.g. Word cannot be displayed). Note that Autolab will "accept" your submission even if you submit non-PDF file, so it is YOUR responsibility to make sure you submit in the correct format.

Also the file size has to be at most 3MB .

Grading Guidelines

• Algorithm details : 8 points. Nothing else is needed.
• Runtime Analysis : 2 points.
• Algorithm idea : 10 points.
• Algorithm details : 10 points.
• Proof of correctness idea : 10 points.
• Runtime analysis : 10 point.
• Note: If the algorithm is not a recursive divide and conquer algorithm or the run time analysis does not go through the recurrence time bounds, then you get level 0 for the entire part (b) .

The grading rubric above is somewhat non-standard. So please make sure you pay attention.

If you do not have labeled and separated out algorithms details and runtime analysis for part (a) and proof idea, algorithm idea, algorithm details and runtime analysis for part (b) , you will get a zero(0) in the corresponding parts irrespective of the technical correctness of your solution .

Download LaTeX template Download Microsoft Word template

Your must explicitly list your sources and collaborators when you upload your submission to Autolab. Note that there are only five allowed sources . If you have used a source that is not allowed, please do not submit your homework. If you did not consult any source or did not collaborate with anyone just say None .

Question 2 (Even Faster Integer Multiplication) [25 points]

• Part (a) : Define the recurrence relation \[ T(n)\le \begin{cases} c &\text{ if }n<3\\ 5T\left(\frac{n}{3}\right)+cn&\text{ otherwise}. \end{cases} \] Argue that $T(n)$ is $O\left(n^{\log_3{5}}\right)$.

It might be useful to divide up the numbers into three parts each with roughly $n/3$ bits and then argue that one only needs to perform $5$ smaller multiplications of $n/3$-bit numbers instead of the trivial $9$ such multiplications. Further this support page might also be useful in generalizing the $O(n^{\log_2{3}})$ algorithm to one with a better runtime as required by this problem.)

NOTE: The video below is from F17. We will update this shortly- in the meantime the video below should help you get started (and is geared more towards part (b)

• Proof idea : 10 points.
• Algorithm idea : 3 points.
• Algorithm details : 3 points.
• Proof of correctness idea : 5 points.
• Proof details : 3 points.
• Runtime analysis : 1 point.
• NOTE: If your algorithm runs in $\Omega\left(n^{\log_2{3}}\right)$ time, then you will get level 0 on all parts.

If you do not have labeled and separated out and proof idea, algorithm idea, proof details, algorithm details and runtime analysis for part (b) , you will get a zero(0) irrespective of the technical correctness of your solution for the corresponding part .

Question 3 (Programming Assignment) [25 points]

This assignment can be solved in either Java, Python or C++ (you should pick the language you are most comfortable with). Please make sure to look at the supporting documentation and files for the language of your choosing.

In this problem, we will explore minimum spanning trees.

We are given an undirected, connected graph represented by its adjacency matrix representation. Our goal it to find a minimum spanning tree of that graph.

The input file is given as an $n\times n$ matrix where each entry $(u,v)$ represents the weight of the edge between nodes $u\in \{0,1,\dots,n-1\}$ and $v\in\{0,1,\dots,n-1\}$. If there is no edge then the weight is -1 . Edge weights will be 0 .

The root of the minimum spanning tree should have a -1 as its parent's node ID.

There are more than one possible MST for a given input instance so your output might not match the sample output.

Here's an example input of the following graph

Image Source

Output for the above example:

Where node 0 is the root node.

One can implement Prim's algorithm (which we saw in class for the adjacency list format) in time $O(n^2)$ where $n$ in the total number of nodes. It can be argued that this is optimal.

Design an algorithm that works on the adjacency matrix format itself. If e.g. you try to convert it into adjacency list format and then apply the algorithm we have seen in class (which works on adjacency list format), you might not pass all testcases.

Addition is the only change you should make

Irrespective of what language you use, you will have to submit just one file. That file will come pre-populated with some stuff in it. You should not change any of those things because if you do you might break what the grader expects and end up with a zero on the question. You should of course add stuff to it (including helper functions and data structures as you see fit).

Please Note

We tried to polish the helper material as much as we could but they of course can be improved. If you have any suggestions for improvement and/or need some clarification, please ask on piazza!

As a corollary of the above, for Questions 2 and 3 you will have to explicitly write down your sources and collaborators in your submissions.

Directory Structure

You are given two coding files: Driver.java and Solution.java . Driver.java takes the input file, parses it and creates an instance of the class and prints result that is output by your code. You only need to update the Solution.java file. You may write your own helper methods and data structures in it.

The testcases folder has 3 input files and their corresponding output files for your reference. We will use these three input files (and seven others) in our autograding.

Method you need to write:

• adj_matrix which is a ArrayList<ArrayList<Integer>> , which is a 2D list which represents the Adjacency Matrix of the input graph.

The file HW2_Utils.class handles some of the background stuff: e.g. readFile reads in the file passed as a command line argument to Driver.java and populates the preference lists within the HW2_Utils class. It also provides sortMatchingList to sort a list of perfect matchings and compare to check if two lists of perfect matchings are the same. (You should not need to use the latter but it is provided for your convenience.) -->

Compiling and executing from command line:

Assuming you're in the same directory level as Driver.java . Run javac src/ub/cse/algo/*.java to compile.

To execute your code on input1.txt , run java -cp "src" ub.cse.algo.Driver testcases/input1.txt . The output array will be printed to stdout .

You only need to submit Solution.java to Autolab.

You are given two coding files: Driver.py and Solution.py . Driver.py takes the input file, parses it and calls your output_Edges() method on data structures it creates. It then prints the parent of each node in the computed spanning tree. You only need to update the Solution.py file. You may write your own helper methods and data structures in it.

The Solution method is called with 1 argument

• graph which is a 2D list which represents the Adjacency Matrix of the input graph

Your method is expected to return a list whose indices represent node ids and whose values represent the parent node of the index node (the parent of the root of the MST should be $-1$).

Executing from command line:

Assuming you're in the same directory level as Driver.py and you want to run your code on the input1.txt . Run python Driver.py testcases/input1.txt .

You only need to submit Solution.py to Autolab.

You are given two coding files: Driver.cpp and Solution.cpp . Solution.cpp takes the input file, parses it and creates an instance of the class Solution and calls the outputEdges() method on it. It then prints the parent of each node in the computed spanning tree. You only need to update the Solution.cpp file. You may write your own helper methods and data structures in it.

Note: The output for this function must output a vector of int

The Solution class has 1 member variable.

• graph Which is a 2D vector that represents the Adjacency Matrix of the input

Assuming you're in the same directory level as Solution.cpp . Run g++ -std=c++11 Driver.cpp to compile.

To execute your code on input1.txt , run ./a.out testcases/input1.txt .

You only need to submit Solution.cpp to Autolab.

We will follow the usual grading guidelines for programming questions .

For those of you who are feeling a little ambitious

For the top 3 submissions in the scoreboard in Python, the top 3 submissions in the scoreboard in Java and the top 2 submissions in the scoreboard in C++, we are offering 2.5 bonus points. But be warned! You should not be spending too much time on this. We rather you work on Questions 1 and 2 above.