essay on jhum cultivation

Jhum Cultivation – Its Advantages & Disadvantages

Jhum cultivation which is popularly known as shifting cultivation is one of the oldest types of cultivation practices of India and is practiced majorly in the northeastern states of India. This cultivation has a particular pattern that has to be followed according to the cycle or the period of Jhum cultivation.

Initially, the vegetation or the forest on the land is cleared where the cultivation needs to be practiced and then the farming begins. After the harvest, the land is allowed to have its vegetation back.

In earlier times, the time given for a land to regain its vegetation growth was almost 25-30 years which replenished the soil to its complete fertility but as the population grew people had to use the same land more frequently and the time given for it to replenish reduced significantly to as less as 5-6 years.

This has a bad impact on the soil and the ecology. The cultivation usually begins before the monsoon season on sets and the harvest is done after it. There are various advantages and disadvantages to jhum cultivation and let us take a look at them.

1. Jhum Cultivation Process

2. advantages of jhum cultivation, 3. disadvantages of jhum cultivation, 4. steps to improve jhum cultivation.

Jhum cultivation in India is still being practiced in the hilly regions of not just north India but also the hills of other states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

This is somewhat like the slash and burn cultivation because the process of clearing the forest before cultivation begins might include burning the existing vegetation. Also, it should be made sure that the same type of crop isn’t cultivated in the next cycle. This reduces the fertility of the soil multiple folds. That’s the reason it is known as shift cultivation due to the shifting of crops that needs to be done to ensure proper cultivation.

Proper rotation is the key to Jhum cultivation. The process of Jhum cultivation begins before the onset of summer and is done during the month of December and January. After the vegetation has been cleared, holes are dug in the ground for the seeding process. The crops cultivated in the Jhum cultivation are usually the ones that can be harvested within a few months. The harvest is done and the soil is left for replenishment for a while.

The productivity in Jhum cultivation is high even a small area, hence the efficiency is high. This is a rather environment friendly way of farming. Though farming is supposed to organic in every form, recent practices have exploited the resources and that has taken a bad shape. Jhum cultivation controls the growth of weed on the agricultural land which is otherwise a useless green that grows almost anywhere and uses up the nutrients. It is also known to play an important role in pest control of the soil.

Since the soil is recycled in regular intervals, many soil borne diseases that might grow during the course of time are killed and reduces the chances of those diseases to a great extent. One of the major advantages of this type of farming is that there are lesser risks of attacks by animals and natural disasters like floods due to the sloped nature of the land.

Everything that has been useful to the human population has also been exploited injudiciously. Same is the case with Jhum Cultivation. Shift farming can cause deforestation of a surrounding if farmers keep moving around in a particular area clearing the vegetation for cultivation. This has to be kept in check. Repeated cultivation on the same land can lead to infertility of the soil and make the land barren and can then take more than a century to replenish cultivation standards.

People, on the other hand, can resort to cultivating mushrooms , aloe vera , spirulina , sugarcane , pomegranate , banana or even azolla etc. while giving time for the vegetation to grow back. This kind of farming leads to loss of biodiversity in the area and also pollutes the nearby water bodies. The residues produced the cultivation including the ash produced that might be an advantage to the crops can prove to be a pollutant for the water bodies nearby.

Also, the weeds that have been removed will dirty the water nearby. It is known that there is a loss of almost 22 percent of the soil present in the top layer which leads to uneconomical farming methods. Jhum farmers are usually economically backward which brings them back to cultivation very soon and the land doesn’t get enough time to regrow its forest.

The disadvantages mentioned can be avoided by taking the required steps towards it. Farmers should be aware of the loss that they might incur if they do not follow the procedure of Jhum cultivation appropriately.

It will result in loss of crops. Some forest areas can be protected and cultivation should not be allowed in the protected areas to prevent deforestation. There are methods of growing trees and crops at the same time to get the benefits of both and reduce the disadvantages of each type.

Jhum cultivation is nothing new and is being practised for centuries now. Our ancestors made better use of it and followed all the norms that were necessary for the environment and at the same time beneficial to everyone. However, in the recent times with the growing population, there have been exploitations yet it remains to be one of the frequently practiced ways of cultivations.

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Assessment of Shifting Cultivation in the Context of Anthropogenic Environmental Burden in Eastern Himalaya

• First Online: 17 February 2024

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• Olivia Halder   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0008-9682-9257 3 &
• Arindam Sarkar   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3497-7640 4  

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In the eastern Himalayan area, shifting farming is very common. Approximately 83% of the area is being farmed in a shifting manner. In India, slash-and-burn agriculture, or “jhum” farming, is the principal kind of shifting cultivation. It is primarily the most ancient traditional culture of cultivating. The whole northeastern Himalayan region, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, is the research area for this essay. This report largely draws on secondary data collecting and already published research papers and publications. This paper's major objective is to categorize the research region into various altitudes and to represent the present scenario of the seven different states of the north east region. The literature that has been examined has mostly been used to analyze the fundamental social aspect and traits of this form of horticulture as well as government policy initiatives. Additionally, to assess the loss of biodiversity as well as the overall area under cultivation. My focus is on emphasizing that this kind of farming cannot be a way of life in the present since it does not promote sustainable development need to look at alternatives to this kind of farming. And because multiple assessments will be made, the results may show that as the population grows, the locals are forced to shorten the period of time they spend shifting agriculture as a result of the demand for resources and today, much other stable farming may be done in that height, especially when it comes to income crops.

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Halder, O., Sarkar, A. (2024). Assessment of Shifting Cultivation in the Context of Anthropogenic Environmental Burden in Eastern Himalaya. In: Borthakur, A., Singh, P. (eds) The Himalayas in the Anthropocene. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50101-2_10

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[Agriculture] Jhum Cultivation- Meaning, Benefits & Limitations, Rabi Crop reforms, Neera Sap

Favor of jhum cultivation, against jhum cultivation, agri. ministry: rabi crop reforms, new hybrids: tea and banana, jhum cultivation: pros and cons.

of course we all know what is Jhuming but topic in news, because someone wrote an article in Thehindu to glamorize jhuming technique. What is Jhum cultivation?

• Farmers slash and burn a patch of land, start growing food crops.
• When soil fertility declines they shift to another place, burning the jungle again.
• For various names for Jhum, refer to NCERT Geography class 10, chapter 4.
• Uses forest’s natural cycle of regeneration.
• Organic farming, doesn’t use pesticides or chemical fertilizers. Trees burned to provide potash to the soil
• Cooperation: after jhuming, the land distributed among farmers.
• Jhum causes only temporary loss of jungle. Because once monsoon over, the farmers abandon the land. Jungle regenerates quickly.
• The Jhum cycle normally runs for around 6-10 years. i.e. when farmers return to the same patch of land and burn forest again.
• During those 6-10 years, same jungle provide forest produce to the tribals.
• Contrary to that, monoculture plantation causes permanent loss of forest, due to chemical inputs.
• so once, you cut down a forest to raise monoculture plantation, you cannot reconvert the same land into natural forest again.
• Jhuming done in steep hill slopes where sedentary cultivation not possible. So it’s a reflex to physiographical characters of the North east.
• overall, Jhum economically productive + ecologically sustainable

(~150 words)

• If you leave the jungle for ten years, it’ll regenerate. But nowadays farmers come back in jut ~5 years. Not enough time for the forest to regenerate.
• North eastern forest are major carbon sinks, home to biodiversity. Must be protected.
• Jhum farming families always suffer food, fuel and fodder problems, leading to poverty and malnutrition.
• tons of biomass gets loss due to burning of tress.
• higher  CO 2 , NO 2 and other Greenhouse gases (GHGs). This wasn’t an issue in ancient times (when there was no industrialization). But we cannot afford more GHG in modern era.
• higher run off of rainwater. hence draught, drinking water shortage.
• we cannot find oaks, bamboo and teak forests in many regions of North East- only deciduous scrubs left. this erodes biodiversity of the region.
• soil erosion, siltation in dams.
• We import edible oil worth ~60,000 crores per year.
• Last year, delayed rainfall led to less cultivation of oilseeds.
• Therefore, agriculture ministry has suggested following reforms for this Rabi season
• However, hope of sowing coverage for oilseeds crops during rabi sowing has been raised, due to recent delay in rains.
• Suggestions from Agro-ministry to states for sowing of oil-seeds
• The oilseeds crops can be cultivated very easily as an inter-crop.
• This will increase farmers’ income + socio-economic status.
• Less dependence on import of edible oil.
• Neera / Kalprasa is the sweet sap tapped from the coconut spathe
• Good for diaebetic patients, because coconut sugar has low glycemic index.
• Usage: ready-to-serve drink. Or making sugar without lime.
• Why in news? Because Coconut Development Board (CDB) of the Agriculture Ministry.
• They want to promote Neera as a ‘health drink’.
• At present, only Kerala is tapping the Neera sap.
• But with Government support, this segment can create ~25 lakh new jobs and increase farmers’ income by 10 times.

Mock Questions

Q. Consider following statements about jhum cultivation

• When cycle of shifting cultivation becomes shorter, the biomass of the soil increases.
• In Jhuming, trees are burnt to provide potash nutrient to the soil.
• In theory, jhuming is less harmful to ecology than monoculture plantations.
• Tribals of Andaman-nicobar donot use jhuming or slash-n-burn technique.

Answer choices

• only 1, 2 and 4
• only 2 and 4
• only 2 and 3
• only 2, 3 and 4

Descriptive Question: Jhum cultivation, though primitive in methods, is an ancient way of keeping harmony with nature.” Comment (200 words.)

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What is Jhum cultivation?

Meaning: jhum cultivation is a traditional agricultural process that involves clearing the land of trees and other vegetation, burning it, and then cultivating it for a set period of time. potash, which is found in burned soil, boosts nutrient content. shifting cultivation and slash and burn cultivation are other names for jhum cultivation. it is one of the oldest farming methods. this method of agriculture is still used in india's north-eastern mountainous regions. it is also performed in india's and bangladesh's other hilly regions. process of jhoom cultivation the natural vegetation on the site is first cleaned by removing trees, shrubs, and bushes as part of the cultivation process. during the months of may and june, the current vegetation is burned out. then, just before the monsoon, grains are displayed. they cultivate a patch of land for a few years before moving to a new patch of land and repeating the cycle. after harvesting, the area is left unattended for 10-20 years to allow the plants to regrow. during this fallow time, soil fertility is thought to be regenerated. it should also be ensured that the same sort of crop is not grown in the next cycle. this reduces the soil's fertility by a factor of ten. the movement of crops that must be done to maintain appropriate cultivation, is known as shift cultivation. jhum cultivation requires proper rotation. advantages of jhoom cultivation are: restore the soil fertility- it aids the soil in retaining all of the nutrients lost during agriculture. the recycling process encourages natural flora to regrow, which is exactly what the soil requires. this strategy is incredibly sustainable, which is exactly what we want in today's world of depreciating resources. organic farming - through shift cultivation or jhum cultivation, provides organic farming benefits. natural vegetation that has been burned and turned into ash supplies nutrients to the crops and acts as a natural fertilizer. high efficiency - jhum cultivation has high production, even on a small scale, and thus high efficiency. this is an environmentally beneficial method of farming. prevents growth of weeds - jhum cultivation suppresses the growth of weeds on agricultural land, which are otherwise useless greens that grow practically anywhere and deplete nutrients. it is also recognized to play a significant function in soil pest control and because the soil is recycled at regular intervals, many soil-borne diseases that can develop over time are destroyed, greatly reducing the risk of those diseases. disadvantages of jhoom cultivation: deforestation - if farmers continue to move around in a given region, clearing vegetation for agriculture, shifting farming can result in deforestation of the surrounding area. this must be maintained under control. reduction in soil quality - repeated cultivation in the same area can deplete the soil's fertility and render the land barren, requiring more than a century to restore farming standards. loss of biodiversity- this type of farming depletes the area's biodiversity as many trees are regularly burnt. it results in the loss of habitats residing in that area. pollution - it pollutes surrounding water sources. the residues created by farming, particularly the ash produced, which may be beneficial to the crops, can become pollution for surrounding water bodies. burning of trees and crops also causes air pollution as a high amount of pollutants are released into the air while the burning process, depletes air quality..

What is Jhum cultivation? Where is it followed in India?

Jhum cultivation is also called as _________.

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Society, Ecology and Livelihood: A Critical Study on Jhum Cultivation in Tengnoupal District of Manipur

International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

Rice is a major consumptions of the people in Manipur and the whole North-East India. However, the production of rice was and is never enough for the people of this region, which requires the hill people to cultivate for their own livelihood. The jhum or the shifting cultivation is an ancestral method, which requires the clearing of dense forest for showing the crops. In the olden days with minimal populations and minimal clearance of the forest, the affects were visible minimal. However, after the century and with the coming of the modern scientific era, the negative aspect of jhum is visible seriously affecting the socio-ecology of the humanity in the greater ways, leading to several natural disasters at present. This is mainly due to the plantation of the unwanted seeds and plants, which directly affects the eco-system and the environment, turning the forest into grassland, soil degradation, carbon erosion, soil erosion, landslide, flood etc. Thus, the modern socio-ecologist soug...

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Customers usually want to be informed about how the writer is progressing with their paper and we fully understand that – he who pays the piper calls the tune. Therefore, with you have a possibility to get in touch with your writer any time you have some concerns or want to give additional instructions. Our customer support staff is there for you 24/7 to answer all your questions and deal with any problems if necessary.

Of course, the best proof of the premium quality of our services is clients’ testimonials. Just take a few minutes to look through the customer feedback and you will see that what we offer is not taking a gamble.

is a company you can trust. Share the burden of academic writing with us. Your future will be in safe hands! Buy essays, buy term papers or buy research papers and economize your time, your energy and, of course, your money!

Megan Sharp

Sophia Melo Gomes

Well-planned online essay writing assistance by PenMyPaper

Writing my essays has long been a part and parcel of our lives but as we grow older, we enter the stage of drawing critical analysis of the subjects in the writings. This requires a lot of hard work, which includes extensive research to be done before you start drafting. But most of the students, nowadays, are already overburdened with academics and some of them also work part-time jobs. In such a scenario, it becomes impossible to write all the drafts on your own. The writing service by the experts of PenMyPaper can be your rescuer amidst such a situation. We will write my essay for me with ease. You need not face the trouble to write alone, rather leave it to the experts and they will do all that is required to write your essays. You will just have to sit back and relax. We are offering you unmatched service for drafting various kinds for my essays, everything on an online basis to write with. You will not even have to visit anywhere to order. Just a click and you can get the best writing service from us.

How Our Paper Writing Service Is Used

We stand for academic honesty and obey all institutional laws. Therefore EssayService strongly advises its clients to use the provided work as a study aid, as a source of ideas and information, or for citations. Work provided by us is NOT supposed to be submitted OR forwarded as a final work. It is meant to be used for research purposes, drafts, or as extra study materials.

There are questions about essay writing services that students ask about pretty often. So we’ve decided to answer them in the form of an F.A.Q.

Is essay writing legitimate?

As writing is a legit service as long as you stick to a reliable company. For example, is a great example of a reliable essay company. Choose us if you’re looking for competent helpers who, at the same time, don’t charge an arm and a leg. Also, our essays are original, which helps avoid copyright-related troubles.

Are your essay writers real people?

Yes, all our writers of essays and other college and university research papers are real human writers. Everyone holds at least a Bachelor’s degree across a requested subject and boats proven essay writing experience. To prove that our writers are real, feel free to contact a writer we’ll assign to work on your order from your Customer area.

Is there any cheap essay help?

You can have a cheap essay writing service by either of the two methods. First, claim your first-order discount – 15%. And second, order more essays to become a part of the Loyalty Discount Club and save 5% off each order to spend the bonus funds on each next essay bought from us.

Can I reach out to my essay helper?

Contact your currently assigned essay writer from your Customer area. If you already have a favorite writer, request their ID on the order page, and we’ll assign the expert to work on your order in case they are available at the moment. Requesting a favorite writer is a free service.

Bennie Hawra

All our papers are written from scratch. To ensure high quality of writing, the pages number is limited for short deadlines. If you want to order more pages, please choose longer Deadline (Urgency).

Finished Papers

Constant customer Assistance

Earl M. Kinkade

There are questions about essay writing services that students ask about pretty often. So we’ve decided to answer them in the form of an F.A.Q.

Is essay writing legitimate?

As writing is a legit service as long as you stick to a reliable company. For example, is a great example of a reliable essay company. Choose us if you’re looking for competent helpers who, at the same time, don’t charge an arm and a leg. Also, our essays are original, which helps avoid copyright-related troubles.

Are your essay writers real people?

Yes, all our writers of essays and other college and university research papers are real human writers. Everyone holds at least a Bachelor’s degree across a requested subject and boats proven essay writing experience. To prove that our writers are real, feel free to contact a writer we’ll assign to work on your order from your Customer area.

Is there any cheap essay help?

You can have a cheap essay writing service by either of the two methods. First, claim your first-order discount – 15%. And second, order more essays to become a part of the Loyalty Discount Club and save 5% off each order to spend the bonus funds on each next essay bought from us.

Can I reach out to my essay helper?

Contact your currently assigned essay writer from your Customer area. If you already have a favorite writer, request their ID on the order page, and we’ll assign the expert to work on your order in case they are available at the moment. Requesting a favorite writer is a free service.

Our Professional Writers Are Our Pride

EssayService boasts its wide writer catalog. Our writers have various fields of study, starting with physics and ending with history. Therefore we are able to tackle a wide range of assignments coming our way, starting with the short ones such as reviews and ending with challenging tasks such as thesis papers. If you want real professionals some of which are current university professors to write your essays at an adequate price, you've come to the right place! Hiring essay writers online as a newcomer might not be the easiest thing to do. Being cautious here is important, as you don't want to end up paying money to someone who is hiring people with poor knowledge from third-world countries. You get low-quality work, company owners become financial moguls, and those working for such an essay writing service are practically enduring intellectual slavery. Our writing service, on the other hand, gives you a chance to work with a professional paper writer. We employ only native English speakers. But having good English isn't the only skill needed to ace papers, right? Therefore we require each and every paper writer to have a bachelor's, master's, or Ph.D., along with 3+ years of experience in academic writing. If the paper writer ticks these boxes, they get mock tasks, and only with their perfect completion do they proceed to the interview process.

Write My Essay Service Helps You Succeed!

Being a legit essay service requires giving customers a personalized approach and quality assistance. We take pride in our flexible pricing system which allows you to get a personalized piece for cheap and in time for your deadlines. Moreover, we adhere to your specific requirements and craft your work from scratch. No plagiarized content ever exits our professional writing service as we care. about our reputation. Want to receive good grades hassle-free and still have free time? Just shoot us a "help me with essay" request and we'll get straight to work.