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Dissertation literature review: a text and a process

Welcome back to the LSE LIFE podcasts series! I'm Helen Green, and I’ll be sharing some ideas on one particular aspect of studying at LSE.

In this series of podcasts about your dissertation, we’re considering the dissertation in terms of the finished, written product, but also in terms of the process of developing and creating that product.  Today I’d like to focus on the literature review.

So we know that the literature review is part of your dissertation, maybe a couple thousand words, a few thousand words – depending on how you choose to structure your dissertation. But what else is there to know?  I’ve got three main ideas in mind with respect to your literature review.  First I’d like to talk about what a literature review is, and what it  does  – what functions it should fulfill. Then I have some advice on how to go about reviewing the literature and writing this part of your dissertation.  Finally, I’d like to reflect on some qualities of a good literature review, and some common problems to try to avoid. 

Podcast transcript

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July 27th, 2021

Writing your master’s thesis over the summer.

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Estimated reading time: 7 minutes

Three months to write a 10,000-word international history dissertation seems like a very long time. You’ve got the luxury of pondering your topic, doing endless readings, arranging to visit archives, meeting with your supervisor, finalising your arguments, structuring and then, eventually, writing, and THEN – editing. And maybe even publishing! Three months seems like ages, but if you don’t organise your time efficiently, the deadline can really creep up on you! 

A dissertation is a marathon, not a sprint, so it’s important to pace yourself and methodically approach your thesis. This is by no means the best way for everyone – some of my peers will see this and think, “this is  not how I work,”  but here’s my own advice to break up the summer to use it productively to smash that dissertation for the 1st of September deadline. 

Familiarise yourself with the requirements! 

It sounds obvious, but check and double-check the requirements. For example, your dissertation must use primary source material to write about a precise topic in international history. To clarify, international history dissertations have to be… international. It can’t just examine one limited area of history in a nation, but comparatively study or involve at least two states or societies. Furthermore, it must be based on primary sources, not secondary source research, and it must also not be a historiographical dissertation only. This compared to my undergraduate dissertation, so it was important, before starting off and planning my summer, to familiarise myself with the requirements!

Work out your topic

I changed my topic quite late in the semester, necessitating a lot of visits to the library to flesh out my own understanding of the existing historiography, the gaps in scholarship, and the existing primary sources. It took some time to really get to grips with the topic, so give yourself some time (several weeks) to really read and engage with the existing literature. It was important to be familiar with the topic so I could explain it to my friends and family, so that when it came to meeting with my supervisor, I had a clear idea. Furthermore, the better you know your topic, the easier it is to find an angle or a perspective to approach your dissertation.

Spend time on your sources

It’s important to work out if you’re using one source or a varied selection of different sources . This will help you work out your timings – if you’re going to spend more time on a limited set of sources, or less time on a larger range of sources. I’ve gone for the second approach, as I’m hoping to understand different perspectives of the Bangladesh conflict and make comparisons. However you choose to approach your international history, it’s important to spend a considerable amount of time thinking about how you’re going to use your sources within the body of your dissertation to support your argument.

Meet with your supervisor before structuring/writing

Not everyone will feel the need to do this, but start off with a strong structure and idea, and then you can tweak it as you go along. It’s a nightmare to have structured and written a chunk of your work to be told later on that it’s not strong enough. It’s also really helpful to get fresh perspectives from your supervisor to develop a robust framework. Your supervisor may make suggestions, whether you agree with them or not, but it’s always useful to confer and discuss, so make the most of meeting with your supervisor when you can!

Sit down and MIND MAP! Think about the table of contents and list of abbreviations, your introduction, chapters, conclusion, any appendices, and any pictures you wish to include. What is absolutely key information you must  include? What is interesting but ultimately does nothing for your argument? What is unhelpful, or a distraction from your thesis? 10,000 words isn’t a lot, especially counting footnotes, so being concise and selective is an important skill when thinking about the structure of your dissertation. This part of any essay always takes me a particularly long time, and involves a lot of printing and differently coloured highlighters, so stock up and get your head down. 

Writing and editing 

If you have a solid structure that you’ve worked out with your supervisor, it’s time to start writing. Personally, writing takes me the shortest amount of time. However, editing, proofing, sending to family members to proofread and check grammar and spelling, takes the longest amount of time. Save yourself a solid 2-3 weeks to do this stage of the dissertation! Writing your bibliography will take some time too – don’t make the mistake I made in my undergraduate degree when I decided to start compiling the bibliography the evening before my paper was due. 

Work with others

Refuelling with pasta

Now that we are able to meet with others, it’s so important to have a sense of solidarity and work with your peers who are also working on their dissertations. I sometimes need to be held to account, so having friends to work with is a huge morale and productivity booster. It’s not a competition, and everyone will work on their essays differently to you, but it’s great to be able to bounce around ideas, support, motivate, (and also complain!) about how hard it is to write a dissertation without the structure of seminars and other essays.

Take breaks, go on holiday, do non-dissertation related work!

Hyde Park sunshine

Three months of flat-out dissertation work? No, thanks. I spent a week in Brighton to get out of London and enjoy a change of scenery, and to passively reflect on my topic rather than actively engage with it constantly. If you can’t go on holiday, take some days off to rest your brain. Also, going back to your work with fresh eyes can do wonders. This is also why I’d suggest setting yourself an earlier deadline than the 1st of September, so you can print, read, mark, edit, and then re-print your work before it’s submitted.

Keep going, have faith, ask for help when you need it. Talk to your peers, your professors, your family, your pet. One of the most helpful ways I’ve managed to stay on top of things is by talking out loud to other people, it really helps to visualise and process. To my fellow Master’s students currently writing their dissertations, good luck!

About the author

I'm a Master's student living in London and studying MSc Empire, Colonialism and Globalisation at the LSE.

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How to Write a Dissertation | A Guide to Structure & Content

A dissertation or thesis is a long piece of academic writing based on original research, submitted as part of an undergraduate or postgraduate degree.

The structure of a dissertation depends on your field, but it is usually divided into at least four or five chapters (including an introduction and conclusion chapter).

The most common dissertation structure in the sciences and social sciences includes:

• An introduction to your topic
• A literature review that surveys relevant sources
• An explanation of your methodology
• An overview of the results of your research
• A discussion of the results and their implications
• A conclusion that shows what your research has contributed

Dissertations in the humanities are often structured more like a long essay , building an argument by analysing primary and secondary sources . Instead of the standard structure outlined here, you might organise your chapters around different themes or case studies.

Other important elements of the dissertation include the title page , abstract , and reference list . If in doubt about how your dissertation should be structured, always check your department’s guidelines and consult with your supervisor.

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Table of contents

Acknowledgements, table of contents, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review / theoretical framework, methodology, reference list.

The very first page of your document contains your dissertation’s title, your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date. Sometimes it also includes your student number, your supervisor’s name, and the university’s logo. Many programs have strict requirements for formatting the dissertation title page .

The title page is often used as cover when printing and binding your dissertation .

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The acknowledgements section is usually optional, and gives space for you to thank everyone who helped you in writing your dissertation. This might include your supervisors, participants in your research, and friends or family who supported you.

The abstract is a short summary of your dissertation, usually about 150-300 words long. You should write it at the very end, when you’ve completed the rest of the dissertation. In the abstract, make sure to:

• State the main topic and aims of your research
• Describe the methods you used
• Summarise the main results
• State your conclusions

Although the abstract is very short, it’s the first part (and sometimes the only part) of your dissertation that people will read, so it’s important that you get it right. If you’re struggling to write a strong abstract, read our guide on how to write an abstract .

In the table of contents, list all of your chapters and subheadings and their page numbers. The dissertation contents page gives the reader an overview of your structure and helps easily navigate the document.

All parts of your dissertation should be included in the table of contents, including the appendices. You can generate a table of contents automatically in Word.

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If you have used a lot of tables and figures in your dissertation, you should itemise them in a numbered list . You can automatically generate this list using the Insert Caption feature in Word.

If you have used a lot of abbreviations in your dissertation, you can include them in an alphabetised list of abbreviations so that the reader can easily look up their meanings.

If you have used a lot of highly specialised terms that will not be familiar to your reader, it might be a good idea to include a glossary . List the terms alphabetically and explain each term with a brief description or definition.

In the introduction, you set up your dissertation’s topic, purpose, and relevance, and tell the reader what to expect in the rest of the dissertation. The introduction should:

• Establish your research topic , giving necessary background information to contextualise your work
• Narrow down the focus and define the scope of the research
• Discuss the state of existing research on the topic, showing your work’s relevance to a broader problem or debate
• Clearly state your objectives and research questions , and indicate how you will answer them
• Give an overview of your dissertation’s structure

Everything in the introduction should be clear, engaging, and relevant to your research. By the end, the reader should understand the what , why and how of your research. Not sure how? Read our guide on how to write a dissertation introduction .

Before you start on your research, you should have conducted a literature review to gain a thorough understanding of the academic work that already exists on your topic. This means:

• Collecting sources (e.g. books and journal articles) and selecting the most relevant ones
• Critically evaluating and analysing each source
• Drawing connections between them (e.g. themes, patterns, conflicts, gaps) to make an overall point

In the dissertation literature review chapter or section, you shouldn’t just summarise existing studies, but develop a coherent structure and argument that leads to a clear basis or justification for your own research. For example, it might aim to show how your research:

• Addresses a gap in the literature
• Takes a new theoretical or methodological approach to the topic
• Proposes a solution to an unresolved problem
• Advances a theoretical debate
• Builds on and strengthens existing knowledge with new data

The literature review often becomes the basis for a theoretical framework , in which you define and analyse the key theories, concepts and models that frame your research. In this section you can answer descriptive research questions about the relationship between concepts or variables.

The methodology chapter or section describes how you conducted your research, allowing your reader to assess its validity. You should generally include:

• The overall approach and type of research (e.g. qualitative, quantitative, experimental, ethnographic)
• Your methods of collecting data (e.g. interviews, surveys, archives)
• Details of where, when, and with whom the research took place
• Your methods of analysing data (e.g. statistical analysis, discourse analysis)
• Tools and materials you used (e.g. computer programs, lab equipment)
• A discussion of any obstacles you faced in conducting the research and how you overcame them
• An evaluation or justification of your methods

Your aim in the methodology is to accurately report what you did, as well as convincing the reader that this was the best approach to answering your research questions or objectives.

Next, you report the results of your research . You can structure this section around sub-questions, hypotheses, or topics. Only report results that are relevant to your objectives and research questions. In some disciplines, the results section is strictly separated from the discussion, while in others the two are combined.

For example, for qualitative methods like in-depth interviews, the presentation of the data will often be woven together with discussion and analysis, while in quantitative and experimental research, the results should be presented separately before you discuss their meaning. If you’re unsure, consult with your supervisor and look at sample dissertations to find out the best structure for your research.

In the results section it can often be helpful to include tables, graphs and charts. Think carefully about how best to present your data, and don’t include tables or figures that just repeat what you have written  –  they should provide extra information or usefully visualise the results in a way that adds value to your text.

Full versions of your data (such as interview transcripts) can be included as an appendix .

The discussion  is where you explore the meaning and implications of your results in relation to your research questions. Here you should interpret the results in detail, discussing whether they met your expectations and how well they fit with the framework that you built in earlier chapters. If any of the results were unexpected, offer explanations for why this might be. It’s a good idea to consider alternative interpretations of your data and discuss any limitations that might have influenced the results.

The discussion should reference other scholarly work to show how your results fit with existing knowledge. You can also make recommendations for future research or practical action.

The dissertation conclusion should concisely answer the main research question, leaving the reader with a clear understanding of your central argument. Wrap up your dissertation with a final reflection on what you did and how you did it. The conclusion often also includes recommendations for research or practice.

In this section, it’s important to show how your findings contribute to knowledge in the field and why your research matters. What have you added to what was already known?

You must include full details of all sources that you have cited in a reference list (sometimes also called a works cited list or bibliography). It’s important to follow a consistent reference style . Each style has strict and specific requirements for how to format your sources in the reference list.

The most common styles used in UK universities are Harvard referencing and Vancouver referencing . Your department will often specify which referencing style you should use – for example, psychology students tend to use APA style , humanities students often use MHRA , and law students always use OSCOLA . M ake sure to check the requirements, and ask your supervisor if you’re unsure.

To save time creating the reference list and make sure your citations are correctly and consistently formatted, you can use our free APA Citation Generator .

Your dissertation itself should contain only essential information that directly contributes to answering your research question. Documents you have used that do not fit into the main body of your dissertation (such as interview transcripts, survey questions or tables with full figures) can be added as appendices .

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Media@LSE MSc Dissertation Series

This is a selection of the best dissertations authored by students from our MSc programmes.

These MSc dissertations have been selected by the editor and deputy editor of the Media@LSE Working Paper Series and consequently, are not the responsibility of the Working Paper Series Editorial Board.

No 313 The App Keeps the Score: Period-Tracking Apps, Self-Empowerment and the Self as Enterprise , Martina Sardelli

No 312  Envisioning Solidarity: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chinese NGO Communications on Philanthropic Campaigns , Han Zheng

No 311  Examining the Western Media's Representation of Present-Day China Through the Lense of of Orientalism: A critical discourse analysis on BBC News’ coverage of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics , Danrong (Miko) Xiang

No 310  Bodies That Pain: An Emergent Resistance in Neo/Non-Liberal China. Exploring Weibo Hashtag Activism #FacingBirthInjuries From an Affective-Ethical Perspective , Jialu Sun

No 309  'The Algorithm Will Battle Against You': A Qualitative Study on Disabled Content Creators’ Perspectives and Understanding of the Challenges Presented by Algorithmic Systems on Social Media Platforms , Ishana Rhea Ramtohul

No 308  Why They Don't Trust Us: Chilean Mainstream Media, Metajournalistic Discourses and Repairing Journalism , Phillip Duran Pástene

No 307  A ‘Canary in the Coalmine' for Synthethic Media Regulation: The Emerging Threat of Deepfake Image Abuse , Olivia Otts

No 306  Communicating Inside to People from the Outside: How junior international employees in strategic communications companies in London perceive workplace well-being through internal communications , Nam Nghiem

No 305  The Voices That Build America: Theorizing the Labor Union as a Media Technology , Grace Nelson

No 304  "Art on Wheels": A Semiotic and Visual Discourse Analysis of Graffiti on Nairobi’s Matatus , Frank Mutulu

No 303  News Diversity and Morality in the Climate Reparations debate: A Quantitative Content Analysis of British and Irish News Coverage of the COP27 Negotiations about Loss and Damage , Marlene Jacobse

No 302  'We're all going through it': How the Construction of ‘Mental Health’ in One Pandemic HuffPost Series Positions Readers , Clare Lombardo

No 301 F rench Ecocinema and Young Audiences Environmental Mobilistations: An Exploration of the Intersection Between Film and Politics , Lola Messica

No 300  Balancing Digital Selves: Mediated Self-Presentation of Migrant Women in Germany on LinkedIn , Maya Hemant Krishna

No 299  Solidifying Social Immobility: Representation of Sex Workers within Human Trafficking Discourse in the Philippines , Olivia Austria Kemble

No 298  'Give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together': Illusions of A Global village. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Meta Platforms’ Discursive Construction of the Global Citizen , Nelli Jouhki.

No 297  Enabling Empowerment by Establishing Indian Feminity , Sanskriti Bhhatkoti

No 296  The Forces of Development: Communicating Indigenous Identity in Brazil , Alan Gabrielli Azevedo

No 295  Can women really have it all? A Discourse Analysis of Neoliberal Feminist Discourse’s Roles in the Construction of Media Representation of Professional Working Women in Indonesia , Moudy Alfiana

No 294  Framing Utopia In Emerging Technology: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Financial Media Representation of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality , Chuyue Zhan 

No 293  Understanding Brand-Culture Interaction: A Social Semiotic Analysis of an Emerging Form of Brand Communications on Bilibili , Xinyu Yang 

No 292  ‘We don’t chase clicks, we chase public interest’: Investigative Journalism Between Democratic Ideals and Economic Realities , Lara Wiebecke 

No 291  A Health Risk Community or A Cultural Tourism Destination? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Intertextual Representation of Wanhua District in Taiwanese Mass Media Coverage of 2021 COVID-19 Outbreak in Taipei City and Official Tourism Promotion , Min Tu 

No 290  A Duality of Shifting Values in Journalism: ‘Responsible Capitalism’ and Public Service Mission – An Analysis of the News Trade Press , Hanna Siemaszko 

No 289  Mediated Social Class Identity Articulation and Performance Over Social Media , Shivani Rao 

No 288  Emotions running high – do they catch the reader’s eye? A quantitative content analysis on emotional frames in climate change news – the case of a significant global news publisher’s Cop26 coverage , Sara Nuder 

No 287  Selling Surveillance by Fixing Femininity: Exploring the Representation and Discursive Construction of the Gaze Between Women in Indian Advertisements , Vaishnavi Nair 

No 286  Development as its own Antithesis: Towards a Multi-disciplinary Exploration of the Neoliberalization of Development , Lisar Morina 

No 285  Can creative labor coexist under an industrial capitalist model? A qualitative analysis of worker subjectivity in production work in Vancouver’s film and television industry , Emily Mckenna Arbogast Larman 

No 284  Nothing to Hide – Everyone to Suspect: A case study of Neighbor, Neoliberal Security Governance and Securitization , Julia Kopf 

No 283  Building a Social Contract for the Network Society: A Discursive Study of How Meta Mediates its Relationship to Users and Society Through Public Policy Communications , Hunter Morgan 

No 282  Big Brother Watch’s campaign against COVID Pass and its implications for science communication , Zichen Jess Hu 

No 281  “Everyone Was Talking About It”: A Thematic Analysis of Audience Interpretation of Squid Game on IMDb , Junhan Gina Fu 

No 280  ‘An Existential Threat’: Right-wing Media and the Formation of Racialised Moral Panics , Sarah Campbell

No 279  ‘Stay at Home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives’: A Critical Discourse Analysis of UK Government Covid-19 press conferences , Morwenna Backhouse

No 278  Datafied Gay Men’s Dating: Ordering of Sexual Sociality on Blued , Hao Wu

No 277  Calculating newsworthiness: Investigating the role that probability plays in newsification and journalistic decision-making , Selina Swift 

No 276  Platformisation as Development: Discourse and Justification in the South American Gig Economy , Lucas Stiglich

No 275  Branding for New Futures: Brand Activism’s Mediation of Collective Prospective Remembering , Kelly M. Smith

No 274 ‘It wasn’t meant to be mine, yea?’ – The impacts of automation on the Brazilian Welfare State A case study of the Covid-19 data-driven emergency aid Auxílio Emergencial , Melissa Lima Silva 

No 273  ‘Toward a better future’: A critical discourse analysis of the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) reporting on the corporate websites of three large multinational corporations (MNCs) , Kanhai A. Parasharya 

No 272  Looking through the mirror: Finding Hybridity in Al Jazeera English’s Journalism Metadiscourse , Zoe Maria Pace 

No 271  How many more Emoji do we need? Examining the Unicode Consortium’s Vision of World Standard of Emoji , Yuka Katsumata 

No 270  Hate in the Mainstream: Proposing a ‘Keyness-Driven’ Framework to Surface Toxic Speech in the Public Domain , Pica Johansson

No 269  Mapping Networks of Moral Language on U.S. Presidential Primary Campaigns, 2016-2020, Kobi Hackenburg 

No 268  The Role of Selective Exposure in ‘A New Era of Minimal Effects’: The Mediating Effect of Selective Exposure on the Relationship between Personal Characteristics and Conspiracy Theory Beliefs , Eunbin Ha

No 267  ‘Thick girls get low’: Representations of gender, fatness, blackness and sexuality in music videos by Lizzo , Alexandra Grinfeld

No 266  We are raising our voices: The use of TikTok for the public self-representation of indigenous identity in Latin America , Camila Figueroa-Zepeda 

No 265  The Silenced Sound of Drill The Digital Disadvantage, Neocapitalist Media, and Hyper- Segregation , Alexandra Farje 

No 264  Blockchain Island: A critical discourse analysis of the colonial construction of a Puerto Rican crypto utopia , María De Los Milagros Colón Cruz

No 263 From Artists to Creators, From Music to Audio: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Spotify’s ‘Audio First’ Strategy , Ryan Carraro 

No 262  Imprisoned by Partisanship? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Media Bias of United States Print and Online Media in Reporting of Bipartisan Issues through the First Step Act , Kimberly Burton

No 261  “This Art of Being French” A Critical Discourse Analysis on Nostalgia and National Identity in Emmanuel Macron’s Speeches , Capucine Bourges 

No 260  Freedom for whom? Investigating notions of freedom in European media and communications policy, 1989-2021 , Jakob Angeli

No 259  ‘Inspire Creativity, Enrich Life’? A Critical Discourse Analysis on How Douyin Justifies Its Data Extraction and Shapes Public Values in The Platform Society , Jing An

No 258 Changing Humanitarianism For The Better? Virtual Reality and the Representation of the Suffering ‘Other’ in Humanitarian Communications , Francesca Liberatore Vaselli

No 257 We Are Humans Too: Refugees’ Perceptions of Representations of Migration in European News , Hannah Traussnigg

No 256 The Matter of Online Political Participation: A New Materialist Experiment on Emerging Adult Participatory Practices in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands , Hanne M. Stegeman

No 255 Rap Music As Evidence: A Prosecutorial Tactic of Institutionalizing Racism , Claire Ruder 

No 254 Put Students Before Your Public Image: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Strategic Communications in the University of Warwick Rape Chat Scandal , Clara Héroux Rhymes

No 253 Set The Record Straight: The Significance of Counter-Archives in Contemporary Struggles of Justice for Apartheid-Era Crimes , Ra’eesa Pather

No 252 Can Stories Change How We Feel About People: The Effect of Older People’s Online Personal Stories on Mitigating Younger Korean Ageism , Jeongwon Leah Park

No 251 The ‘Silent Majority': A Critical Discourse Analysis of Counter-Movement Key Opinion Leaders’ YouTube Coverage of the 2019 Hong Kong Protests , Limichi Okamoto

No 250 Man Up! A Qualitative Analysis of Representations of the Male Body on Instagram and Body Image Among Young Flemish Men , Femke Konings

No 249 Manufacturing The Mapped Metropolis: A Social Semiotic Analysis of Cartographic Representations of Gentrification and Displacement in New York City , Johanne Lahlum Hortman

No 248 The Police Have Confirmed all 39 Victims Were Chinese The Mis/Recognition of Vietnamese Migrants in Their Mediated Encounters Within UK Newspapers , Linda Hien

No 247 Brother A-Zhong For the Win: A Qualitative Analysis of Chinese Fan Communities’ Nationalist Practice of Cyber Expedition , Yannan Du

No 246 Police Facial Recognition in Progress: The Construction of The Notion of Accuracy in the Live Facial Recognition Technology Used by the MET Police in London , Romina Colman

No 245 Polarflation: The Inflationary Effect of Attention-Optimising Algorithms on Polarisation in the Public Sphere , Samuel Caveen

No 244 Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Examining How Representation and Accessibility Impact Each Other With Relation to Visual Impairment , Rebecca Sophie Brahde

No 243 Narrating Economics and The Social Vision of a $100 Billion Fund: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Financial Media Representation of Softbank’s Venture Capital Investments in Digital Technology , Carl Bakenhus

No 242 Look Back in Rebellion: Radical Transparency As Refusal of Surveillance , Beatrice Bacci

No 241  The Quantified (Female) Self: Examining the Conceptualisation of Female Health, Selfhood and Embodiment in Fitbit Strategic Communication Campaigns , Jourdan Webb

No 240  Transitioning from Analogue to Digital Broadcast: A Case Of Communicative Inequality , Boikhutso Tsikane

No 239  “Won’t somebody please think of the children?” A Critical Discourse Analysis of Representations of the Figure of the Child in Western Media Coverage of the Yemeni Conflict , Nadine Talaat

No 238  Embodying Disability: Problematising Empathy in Immersive Experiences of Non-Normative Bodies , Pablo Agüera Reneses

No 237  Democratising Bridge or Elite Medium: An investigation into political podcast adoption and the relationship with cognitive social capital , Steve Rayson

No 236  Manufacturing Consent: An Investigation of the Press Support Towards the US Administration Prior to US-led Airstrikes in Syria , Malavika Mysore

No 235  Intercultural dialogue, ordinary justice and indigenous justice in Bolivia: Between challenges, possibilities or utopias , Johanna Lechat

No 234  When a Woman Meets a Woman: Comparing the Use of Negativity of Female Candidates in Single and Mixed-Gender Televised Debates , Emil Støvring Lauritsen

No 233  “Let me tell you how I see things”: The place of Brexit and the Entente Cordiale in Macron’s strategic narrative of and for France on the international scene , Maud-Lily Lardenois-Macocco

No 232  The Pleasures of Solitude? A qualitative analysis of young Chinese women’s daily-life vlog viewing practices , Yue Jin

No 231  Hegemonic Femininity: A Laughing Matter? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Contemporary Stand-Up Comedy in the United States on the Issue of Female Reproductive Rights , Isabella Hastings

No 230  Nice People Take Drugs: An investigation into the communicative strategies of drug policy reform organisations in the United Kingdom from a social movement perspective , André Belchior Gomes

No 229  The Branded Muslim Woman: A Qualitative Study into the Symbolic Boundaries Negotiated around the Portrayal of Muslim Women in Brand Cultures , Nuha Fayaz

No 228  The Uncertain Decorum of Online Identification: Study in Qualitative Interviews , Samuel DiBella

No 227  Decentring Eurocentrism in Communication Scholarship: A Discursive Analysis of resistance in influential communication journals , Sara Demas

No 226  From Asthetic Criticism to News Reporting: Rethinking the concept of Ecstatic News through the Lens of French Print Cultural Journalism , Elisa Covo

No 225  Datafication of Music Streaming Services: A qualitative investigation into the technological transformations of music consumption in the age of big data , Jingwen Chen

No 224  Transnational, Gendered, and Popular Music in the Arab World: A Content Analysis of a Decade (2010-2019) , Dana J. Bibi

No 223  We the Ragpickers: A case-study of participatory video and counterhegemony , Suyash Barve

No 222  Audience Engagement with Ten Years and the Imagination of Hong Kong Identity: Between Text, Context and Audience , Zhi-Nan Rebecca Zhang

No 221  Straightening out Same Sex Marriage for ‘all’ Australians: A content analysis study of prejudices in Australia's campaign for marriage equality ,Tate Soller

No 220  In Search for ‘Liveliness’: Experimenting with Co-Ocurrence Analysis Using #GDPR on Twitter , Sameeh Selim

No 219  ¿Dónde está mi gente? A qualitative analysis of the role of Latinos in the context of the Hillary for America 2016 presidential campaign , Andrea P. Terroba Rodríguez

No 218 Red, White and Blue for Who? A critical discourse analysis of mainstream media coverage of Colin Kaepernick and Take a Knee , Kim M Reynolds

No 217   ‘Algorithmic Bias’ through the Media Lens: A Content Analysis of the Framing of Discourse , Rocío Izar Oyarzun Peralta

No 216  Civic State of Mind: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Celebrity Language on Citizenship and Democracy , Hannah Menchhoff

No 215  Encoding the Social: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Mark Zuckerberg's Construction of Mediated Sociality , Sam McGeachy

No 214  White for White: An Exploration of Gay Racism on the World's Most Popular Platform for Gay and Bisexual Men , Aubrey T. A. Maslen

No 213  Agent of Change? Malaysian Millenials' Social Media Consumption and Political Knowledge, Participation and Voting in the 2018 General Election , ZiQing Low

No 212  The Netflix Phenomenon in India: A qualitative enquiry into the urban Indian youth's engagement with Netflix , Richa Sarah George

No 211  Do the ‘Rich’ Get Richer? Exploring the Associations between Social Media Use and Online and Offline Political Participation Activities among Kenyan Youth , Eric Gatobu Ndubi 

No 210  The Weinstein Effect and mediated non-apologies: Evaluating the role of #MeToo public apologies in western rape culture , Eleanor Dierking

No 209  ‘No Script At All’. A Study of Cultural Context and Audience Perceptions of Authenticity in Reality Television , Yun Ting Choo

No 208  “It’s funny ‘cause it’s true”. A critical discourse analysis on new political satire on television in the United States , Darren Chan

No 207  In a Mediated Society, Can Indigenous Knowledge Survive? A Network Ethnography Examining the Influence of Internet Use on Indigenous Herbal Knowledge Circulation in a Remote Yao Community , Anran Wang

No 206  Beauty and the Blogger: The Impact of Instagram Bloggers on Ideals of Beauty and Self-esteem , Sanjana Ahuja

No 205  Memories of Babri: Competing Discourses and contrasting constructions of a media event , Sanaya Chandar

No 204  Habitus, Social Space and Media Representation: The ‘Romantic’ Contemporary Taiwanese ‘Wenyi Qingnian’ Discourse in the Local Lifestyle Magazine ‘One Day’ , Hoi Yee Chau

No 203  Stories Untold? A qualitative analysis uncovering the representation of girls as victims of conflict in the global south , Tessa Venizelos

No 202  What is the Norm? A study of heteronormative representations in Bollywood , Saachi Bhatia

No 201 Live Streaming and its Audiences in China: Making sense of authenticity , Qisi Zhang

No 200  Berniebros and Vagina Voters: Content Analysis of Gendered Facebook Communication in the 2016 U.S. Democratic Presidential Primary , Meredith Epstein

No 199  ‘Othering’ the ‘Left-Behind’? A Critical Discourse Analysis of the representation of Leave voters in British broadsheets’ coverage of the EU referendum , Louise S. Thommessen.

No 198  Social Media as Civic Deliberation Space: A content analysis study of the public discussion about the legalization of surrogacy on Weibo and Zhihu , Liu Yu

No 197  Stories of Dismantling the White Patriarchy: A thematic narrative analysis of the imagined futures in 2015 science fiction films , Kylie Courtney

No 196  Too Small to Succeed? The Case of #NoAlVotoElectrónico and the Limits of Connective Action , Juan Floreal Graña

No 195  How we remember and forget via Facebook: The Mediatization of Memento and Deletion Practices , Jacopo Villanacci

No 194  Mediated Japanophile? Media consumption and Chinese people’s attitudes towards Japan among different generations , Han Xiao

No 193  Digital Mediatization in the Lifestyle Sport Slacklining , Friedrich Enders

No 192  Recipe for Success: A qualitative investigation into the role of social capital in the gendered food blogosphere , Fiona Koch

No 191 Access and Beyond: An Intersectional Approach to Women’s Everyday Experiences with ICTs , Fatma Matin Khan

No 190  Not Manly Enough: A Quantitative Analysis of Gender Stereotypes in Mexican Political Advertising, 2010‐2016 , Enrique López Alonso

No 189  Loudspeaker Broadcasting as Community Radio: A qualitative analysis of loudspeaker broadcasting in contemporary rural China in the framework of alternative media  Shutong Wang

No 188  21st Century Cholos Representations of Peruvian youth in the discourse of El Panfleto  Esteban Bertarelli

No 187  Representations of Calendar Girls and An Ideology of Modernity in 1930s Republican Shanghai  Yifan Song 

No 186  Reality Television as a Neoliberal Technology of Citizenship? A Critical Discourse Analysis of Điều Ước Thứ Bảy  Vu Anh Ngoc Nguyen

No 185  Truth on Trial: Indigenous News Media and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada  Tomas Borsa

No 184  No Place Like Home: Analysing Discursive Constructions of ‘Home’ in Canadian Mainstream Newspaper Coverage of the Elsipogtog Protest  Brooklyn Tchozewski

No 183  Modiplomacy and Diaspower: The discursive construction of modernity and national identity in Narendra Modi’s communication with the Indian diaspora  Saanya Gulati

No 182  “The centre must hold”: Partisan dealignment and the rise of the minor party at the 2015 general election  Peter Carrol

No 181  ‘Rapefugees Not Welcome’. Ideological Articulations of Media Discourses on Migrants and Refugees in Europe: New Racism and Othering – A Critical Discourse Analysis  Monica Ibrahim

No 180  Constructing Connectivity: A Qualitative Analysis of the Representation of the Connected and Unconnected Others in Facebook’s Internet.org Campaign  Minji Lee

No 179  Space and Place: The Communication of Gentrification to Young People in Hackney  Kimberley Brown

No 178  Adherence to the protest paradigm? An examination of Singapore’s news coverage of Speakers’ Corner protests from 2000 to 2015  Joann Tan

No 177  The system is rigged: A discursive analysis of Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders  Jessica Cullen

No 176   An Examination of American Mainstream Media Discourse of Solidarity and Citizenship in the Reporting of the Black Lives Matter Campaign  Eilis Yazdani

No 175  Are All Lives Valued? Worthy 'Us', Unworthy 'Others'. A Comparative Content Analysis of Global News Agencies’. Pictorial Representation of the Paris Attacks and the Beirut Bombings . Dokyum Kim 

No 174  Imperial remains: A Critical Discourse Analysis of a Televised Retelling of the Portuguese Colonial Period  Beatriz Serra

No 173  Unmasking USAID Pakistan’s Elite Stakeholder Discourses: Towards an Evaluation of the Agency’s Development Interventions  Anum Pasha

No 172  Boundary Work between ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ Global News Agencies’ Double Standard on the Construction of Forced Migrants by Geographical Proximity  Woo-chul Kim

No 171  Why Did Our Watchdog Fail? A Counter Perspective on the Media Coverage of the 2007 Financial Crisis  Tran Thuy-Anh Huynh

No 170  Unmasking ‘Sidekick’ Masculinity: A Qualitative Investigation of How Asian-American Males View Emasculating Stereotypes in U.S. Media  Steffi Lau

No 169  The Silence of the Lamb: Animals in Biopolitics and the Discourse of Ethical Evasion  Sana Ali

No 168  The Tartan Other: A qualitative analysis of the visual framing of Alex Salmond and the Scottish National Party in the British Press  Ross Alexander Longton

No 167  The Unmasking of Burmese Myth in Contemporary Thai Cinema  Pimtong Boonyapataro

No 166  Neoliberal Capitalism, Transnationalism and Networked Individualism: Rethinking Social Class in International Student Mobility  Nguyen Quynh Tram Doan 

No 165  The New Media Elite: How has Participation been Enabled and Limited in Leaders Live Online Political Debates  Matilde Giglio

No 164  Constructing a Sense of Place through New Media: A Case Study of Humans of New York  Mariele O’Reilly

No 163  The failure of cosmopolitanism and the reinforcement of hierarchical news: managing the visibility of suffering throughout the Multimodal Analysis of the Charlie Hebdo versus the Baga terrorist attacks  Maria Paola Pofi

No 162  Imagining (In)security: Towards Developing Critical Knowledges of Security in a Mediated Social World  Kathryn Higgins

No 161  Tweens Logged In: How Social Norms and Media Literacy Relate to Children’s Usage of Social Media  Kalina Asparouhova

No 160  Finding Ferguson: Geographic Scale in the United States’ National Nightly Network News  John Ray 

No 159  Solidarity as Irony: Audience Responses to Celebrity Advocacy  Isabel Kuhn

No 158  Phantasmagoric Nationalism: State power and the diasporic imagination  Felicia Wong 

No 157  Investigating Music Consumption ‘Circuits of Practice’  Eva Tkavc Dubokovic

No 156  A complex history turned into a tale of reconciliation: A critical discourse analysis of Irish newspaper coverage of the Queen’s visit to the Republic of Ireland  Ciara Spencer

No 155  Economic power of e-retailers via price discrimination in e-commerce: price discrimination’s impact on consumers’ choices and preferences and its position in relation to consumer power  Arina Vlasova

No 154  Exploring the Boundaries of Crowd Creation: A study on the value of voice in neoliberal media culture  Ana Ecaterina C. Tan

No 153  “Songs of Guilt”: When Generosity is to Blame - A Content Analysis of the Press and Social Media Reactions to U2’s “Songs of Innocence” Giveaway on iTunes  Alessandro Volonté

No 152  Hybridity within Peer Production: The Power Negotiation of Chinese Fansub Groups  Zongxiao Rong

No 151  Writing On the Wall: Conversations with Beirut's Street Artists  Zeina Najjar

No 150  'Gaining Control with the Power of the Gun and Maintaining Control with the Power of the Pen': A Content Analysis of Framing the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) in the  People's Daily   Yuanyuan Liu

No 149  Let My Voices be Heard: A Qualitative Study of Migrant Workers' Strategies of Mediation Resistance in Contemporary China  Yijun Chen

No 148  'Popular Politics': A Discourse Theory Analysis of Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa's TV/radio Program Citizen Link  Veronica Leon Burch

No 147  A Comparative Analysis of Chinese, Western and African Media Discourse in the Representation of China's Expansion of Economic Engagements in Africa Tong Wei

No 146  Ideological Trafficking of God and the Other  Sultana Haider

No 145  The Maasai and the Internet: Online Civil Participation and the Formation of a Civic Identity in Rural Kenya  Stine Ringnes Wilhelmsen

No 144  Wood in Water Does Not a Crocodile Make: Migrants Virtual Place-making, Ontological Security and Cosmopolitanism in the Transnational Social Field  Sheetal Kumar

No 143  Droning On: A Critical Analysis of American Policy and News Discourse on Drone Strikes  Sadaf Khan

No 142  The Impact of Mass Media Sentiments on Returns and Volatility in Asset Markets: Evidence from Algorithmic Content Analysis  Panu Kuuluvainen

No 141  Problematising the Self-Representation of Race and Gender in Vines: Who has the Last Laugh?  Shaikha Nurfarah Mattar

No 140  Corporate Public Apologies, or Capitalism in Other Words  Nina M Chung

No 139  Agenda Setting and Framing in the UK Energy Prices Debate  Nicholas Davies

No 138  'It is of Inestimable Benefit': Communicating American Science Policy in the Post-Cold War Era  Mercedes Wilby

No 137  Beyond Twenty Cents: The Impact of the Representation of Violence on the Coverage of the Brazilian Protests of June 2013 by the Mass Media  Margarida Gorecki Telles

No 136  Framing Françafrique: Neo-colonial Framing Practices in  Le Monde 's Coverage of the French Military Interventions in Mali and the Central African Republic  Lucie Gagniarre 

No 135  Representing Persia: A Discourse Analysis of The American Print Media's Coverage of Iran  Kyle Bowen

No 134  From Fat Cats to Cool Cats: CEOs and Micro-celebrity Practices on Twitter  Julia Regina Austmann

No 133  Critically Imagining Ineternet Governance: A Content Analysis of the  Marco Civil da Internet  Public Consultation  João Carlos Magalhães

No 132  The Ambiguous ICT: Investigating How Tablet Users Relate to and Interact with Their Device  Jessica Blank

No 131  Threats, Parasites and Others: The Visual Framing of Roma Migrants in the British Press  Grace Waters

No 130  Fifty Years of Negativity: An Assessment of Negative Compaigning in Swedish Parlimentary Election Campaigns 1956-2006  Gustav Gidenstam

No 129  The Talking Dog: Representations of Self and Others in Japanese Advertising  Eryk Salvaggio

No 128  The Selfie Protest: A Visual Analysis of Activism in the Digital Age  Clare Sheehan

No 127  Negativity and Australian Political Discourse: A Case Study of the Australian Liberal Party's 2013 Election Television Advertising  Clare Creegan

No 126  What are You Laughing at? A Social Semiotic Analysis of Ironic Racial Stereotypes in  Chappelle's Show  Cindy Ma

No 125  Reconsidering Agenda Setting and Intermedia Agenda Setting from a Global Perspective: A Cross-National Comparative Agenda Setting Test  Christoph Rosenthal

No 124  Big Data Exclusions and Disparate Impact: Investigating the Exclusionary Dynamics of Big Data Phenomenon  Charly Gordon

No 123  Tabloidisation of the Norwegian News Media: A Quantitative Analysis of Print and Online Newspaper Platforms  Celine Storstad Gran

No 122  Red, White and Afro Caribbean: A Qualitative Study of Afro-Caribbean American Identity During the Olympic Games  Ashley Gordon

No 121  The City without Gates: Facebook and the Social Surface  Andrew Crosby

No 120  Yes I Do Mind: Constructing Discourses of Resistance against Racial Microaggressions on Tumblr  Abigail Kang

No 119  Tensions in Urban Street Art: a Visual Analysis of the Online Media Coverage of Banksy Slave Labour  Elisabetta Crovara

No 118  The Sticky Case of Sticky Data: An Examination of the Rationale, Legality, and Implementation of a Right to Data Portability Under European Competition Law  Paul T. Moura

No 117  Pinning Pretty: A Qualitative Study of Pinterest Users' Practices and Views Elizabeth White

No 116  Comparing Perceptions of NGOs and CSR: Audience Evaluations and Interpretations of Communications  Gitanjali Co Devan Anderson

No 115  What is Web-Populism doing to Italian Politics? The Discursive Construction of 'Grillini' vis-a-vis the Antagonist Other  Isadora Arredondo

No 114  Yellow Skin-White Prison: A Content Analysis of French Television News Broadcast  Ngo Bossoro

No 113  A Revisionist Turkish Identity: Power, Religion and Ethnicity as Ottoman Identity in the Turkish series Muhteşem Yüzyıl  Esra Doğramacı 

No 112  Behind the Curtain: Women's Representations in Contemporary Hollywood  Reema Dutt

No 111  From  Liberal Conservative  to  Conservative Conservative : David Cameron's Political Branding  Ignacio José Antonio López Escarcena

No 110  'Micropolitics' and Communication: An Exploratory Study on Student Representatives' Communication Repertoires in University Governance  Nora Kroeger

No 109  Ideology No More: A Discourse of Othering in Canadian Mainstream Newspaper Representations of the Idle No More Movement  Christian Ledwell

No 108  Media Representation of Nationalism and Immigration: A Case Study of  Jamie's Great Britain  Xin Liang

No 107  You're Not Alone : Virtual Communities, Online Relationships & Modern Identities in the Military Spouse & Blogging Community  Elizabeth M. Lockwood

No 106  Harperist Discourse: Creating a Canadian 'Common Sense' and Shaping Ideology Through Language  Mashoka Maimona

No 105  The Spiral of Silence and Social Media: Analysing Noelle-Neumann's Phenomenon Application on the Web during the Italian Political Elections of 2013 Cristina Malaspina

No 104  Participatory Culture on YouTube: A Case Study of the Multichannel Network Machinima  Bryan Mueller

No 103  Up the Cascade: Framing of the Concession of the Highway between San Jose and San Ramon  Marie Garnier Ortiz

No 102  Science in the Headlines: The Stakes in the Social Media Age  Sasjkia Otto

No 101  Representing Disease: An Analysis of Breast Cancer Discourse in the South African Press  Lauren Post

No 100  Blob  and Its Audience: Making Sense of Meta-Television  Giulia Previato

No 99  Streaming the Syrian War: A Case Study of the Partnership between Professional and Citizen Journalists in the Syrian Conflict  Madeline Storck

No 98  Immigration Policy Narratives and the Politics of Identity: Causal Issue Frames in the Discursive Construction of America's Social Borders  Felicity P. Tan

No 97  Behind 'gift-giving': The Motivations for Sharing Fan-Generated Digital Content in Online Fan Communities  Mengchu Wang

No 96  Smartphone Location-based Services in the Social, Mobile, and Surveillance Practices of Everyday Life  Carey Wong

No 95  The Impacts of Design on Voluntary Participation: Case Studies of Zimuzu and Baike  Li Zeng

No 94   Mediated Politics and Ideology: Towards a New  Synthesis. A case study from the Greek General Election of May 2012  Angelos Kissas

No 93   E-Arranged Marriages:  How have Muslim matrimonial websites affected traditional Islamic courting methods?  Ayesha Ahmed

No 92   Hospitality in the Modern Mediapolis: Global Mediation of Child Soldiers in central and east Africa  Bridgette Bugay

No 91   Media Framing of the 2009-2010 United States  Health Care Reform Debate: A Content Analysis of U.S. Newspaper Coverage  Christina Brown

No 90   Behind the Laughter: Mediating Hegemony through Humour  Ningkang Wang

No 89   Saving Europe online?  European identity and the European Union’s Facebook communication during the eurozone crisis  Johannes Hillje

No 88   Like it? Ritual Symbolic Exchange Using Facebook’s ‘Like’ Tool  Kenneth J. Gamage

No 87   Understanding representations of low-income  Chinese migrant workers through the lens of photojournalists  Lee Zhuomin

No 86  The Modernization of Irish Political Campaigning: The 2011 General Election  Liam Murphy

No 85   Online Freedom?Film Consumption in the Digital Age  Luane Sandrin Gauer

No 84   Audience Reception of Charity Advertising:  Making Sense, Interpreting and Decoding Advertisements That Focus on Human Suffering  Magdalini Tsoutsoumpi

No 83  Beneath the Anthropomorphic Veil:  Animal Imagery and Ideological Discourses in British Advertising  Manjula Kalliat

No 82   Mobile Discourses:  A Critical Discourse Analysis on  Reports of Intergovernmental Organizations Recommending Mobile Phones for Development   Maria Paola de Salvo

No 81   We the People:  The role of social media in the participatory community of the Tea Party movement  Rachel Weiler

No 80   SOPA Deliberation on Facebook:  Deliberation and Facilitation or Mere  Mobilization?  Ray Wang

No 79   Discerning the Dominant Discourse in the World Summit on the Information Society  Ria Sen

No 78   The impact of online health information on the doctor-patient relationship. Findings from a qualitative study  Susanne Christmann

No 77   The Influence of Weibo Political Participations on the Political Efficacies of Weibo Users  Wenxu Wang

No 76   In what Forms and Patterns does Inequality Exist in  the Weibosphere?  Xiao Han

No 75   Creating Scandal to Avoid Panic:  How the UK Press Framed the News of the World Phonehacking  Scandal   Zuzanna Natalie Blaszkiewicz

No 74  Measuring media pluralism in the convergence era: The case of News Corp’s proposed acquisition of BSkyB  Davide Morisi

No 73  Observers, Witnesses, Victims or Activists? How Inuit Voices are Represented in Mainstream Canadian Newspaper Coverage of Global Warming  Patricia H. Audette-Longo

No 72  Global journalism, local realities: Ugandan journalists' views on reporting homosexuality  Rachael Borlase

No 71  Why pay if it's free? Streaming, downloading, and digital music consumption in the "iTunes era"  Theodore Giletti

No 70  Peacebuilding and Public Service Media: Lessons from Star Radio and media development in Liberia  Elizabeth Goodfriend

No 69  The Discourse of Protest: Using discourse analysis to identify speech acts in UK broadsheet newspapers  Stefan Brambilla Hall

No 68  Life With or Without the Internet: The Domesticated Experiences of Digital Inclusion and Exclusion  Mark Holden

No 67  We are all well (and undisrupted) in the shelter - the 33 of us: Narratives in the rescue of the Chilean Miners as a Live Media Event  César Antonio Jiménez Martínez

No 66  Critical Failure: Class, Taste and the Value of Film Criticism  Moses Lemuel

No 65  The Story of Egypt: Journalistic impressions of a revolution and new media power  Thomas Ledwell

No 64  Political Fandom in the Age of Social Media: Case Study of Barack Obama's 2008 Presidential Campaign  Komal H. Parikh

No 63  Against all odds: Evidence for the 'true' cosmopolitan consumer A cross-disciplinary approach to investigating the Cosmopolitan Condition  Saskia Scheibel

No 62  Relating to 'Ohio' in Political Advertisements: Interpreting Representations of Culture in Narratives, Myths, and Symbols from Democratic Spots in the 2010 Gubernatorial Campaign  Daniel Schwarz

No 61  Youth Understanding of Climate: Towards a theory of social adaptation to climate change in Africa  Hardi Shahadu

No 60  Translating China:A case study of Chinese-English translation in CCTV international broadcasting  Yueru Zhang

No 59  From watchdog to lapdog?The impact of government intimidation on the public watchdog performance of peace media in processes of democratisation  Michael Spiess

No 58  From Hardback to Software: How the Publishing Industry is Coping with Convergence  Lauren Christina Sozio

No 57  Witnessing War: Blogs from Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan  Jessica Siegel

No 56  Mediated Cosmopolitanism? The Other’s Mediated Dialogical Space on BBC World’s Hardtalk  Andrew Rogers

No 55  Reconceptualising IT? Policy Learning and Paradigms of Sustainability in the ICT Policy of the European Union  Jussi Nokkala

No 54  ‘Alive with Possibility’: Brand South Africa and the Discursive Construction of South African National Identity  Yasuko Murai

No 53  The Journalistic Identities of Liveblogging A Case Study: Reporting the 2009 Post-Election Protests in Iran  David McDougall,

No 52  Blogging the Gap: A survey of China bloggers  Kerry Arnot

No 51  Young People’s Adoption and Consumption of a Cultural Commodity – iPhone  Hui Jiang

No 50  Preserving the Liberal World Order in an Age of Globalization: Representing the People’s Republic of China in the American Prestige Press  Jasmine Chan

No 49  In the Name of Allah?  Alison Jarrett

No 48  An Investigation into the Meaning of Locally Produced Entertainment Media to Lebanese Women:A Concentration on the Film Sukkar Banat (Caramel)  Carol Haidar

No 47  ‘Discuss This Article!’ Participatory Uses of Comment Sections on SPIEGEL ONLINE: A Content Analysis  Eilika Freund

No 46  Fleeting Racialisation?: Media Representation of African Americans During the California Proposition 8 Campaign  -  App 1  -  App 2  Tiana Epps-Johnson

No 45  The Big Society Will Not Take Place: Reading Postmodernism in Contemporary Conservative Discourse  Matthew Eisner Harle

No 44  Situating the imagination:Turkish soap operas and the lives of women in Qatar  Dima Issa

No 43  guardian.co.uk: online participation, ‘agonism’ and ‘mutualisation’  Mariam Cook

No 42  Freedom or intervention: What is the role of the regulator in achieving competitive pay-TV markets?  Yi Shen Chan

No 41  The united states of unscreened cinema: The political economy of the self-distribution of cinema in the U.S.  Bajir Cannon

No 40  Constructing the virtual body: Self-representation, self-modification and self-perfection in pro-eating disorder websites  Gillian Bolsover

No 39  The Altruistic Blockbuster and the Third-World Filmstar  Olina Banerji

No 38  The Modernisation of Australian Political Campaigns: The Case of Maxine McKew  Evie Watt

No 37  Platform-based Open Innovation Business Models: Bridging the gap between value creation and value capture  Michael Seminer

No 36  Transmit/Disrupt: Why does illegal broadcasting continue to thrive in the age of liberalised spectrum?  Justin Schlosberg

No 35  Domestic Conflict or Global Terror? Framing the Mumbai Terror Attacks in the U.S. Print Press  Kamla Pande

No 34  Information plurality, the financial sector, and the fate of Reuters News agency: Policy and problems surrounding the Thomson Reuters merger  Leila Lemghalef

No 33  The Contested Framing of Canada’s Military Mission in Afghanistan: The News Media, the Government, the Military and the Public  Brooks Decillia

No 32  UK community radio: policy frames and outcomes  Helen Charles

No 31  Bunny Talk: Teenagers Discuss The Girls Next Door  Jennifer Barton

No 30  Psephological Peer Production  Tim Watts

No 29  Domestication of the Cell Phone on a College Campus: A Case Study  Madhuri Shekar

No 28  The Visuals of Violence  Sofie Scheerlinck

No 27  All Work and No Play - Does it Make Jack a Dull Boy?  Ece Inanç

No 26  Perusing Perez: How do Taste Hierarchies, Leisure Preferences and Social Status Interact among visitors to Perez Hilton's Celebrity Gossip Blog?  Ellen Hunter

No 25  Exploring the 'Americanization of Political Campaigns: Croatia's 2003 and 2007 General Elections  Milly A. Doolan

No 24  Acts of Negotiation  Rajana Das

No 23  Banal Environmentalism: Defining and Exploring an Expanded Understanding of Ecological Identity, Awareness, and Action  Ryan Cunningham

No 22  Letting the Other Solitude be Heard: On the Media's Role as a Forum for Multilingual Conversation in Canada  Marc Chalifoux

No 21  Multilateral Institutions and the Recontextualization of Political Marketing: How the World Intellectual Property Organization's Outreach Efforts Reflect Changing Audiences  Sandra Bangasser

No 20  Branding in Election Campaigns: Just a Buzzword or a New Quality of Political Communication?  Manuel Adolphsen

No 19   A Study on Self-regulatory Initiatives in China's Internet Industry  Lijun Cao

No 18   An Exploration of the 2006 Electoral Campaign for the Re-election of Walter Veltroni for Mayor of Rome  Maddalena Vianello

No 17   Creating Global Citizens? The Case of Connecting Classrooms  Mandeep Samra

No 16   Audience Reception of Health Promoting Advertising  Cristian Raftopoulou

No 15   The Game of (Family) Life: Intra-Family Play in the World of Warcraft  Holly Peterson

No 14   Global TV and Local Realities: Constructing Narratives of the Self  Sunandini Pande

No 13   Twitter: Expressions of the Whole Self  Edward Mishaud

No 12   Crowdsourced News: The Collective Intelligence of Amateurs and The Evolution of Journalism  Melissa Metzger

No 11   To Support or Distort: An Analysis of Ontario Referendum Campaign Websites  Anna Mather

No 10   Political Handbags: The representation of women politicians  Eva Markstedt

No 9   Free Speech, Political Correctness and the Public Sphere in a Talk Radio World  Michele Margolis

No 8    Propaganda, Grassroots Power, or Online Public Sphere?  Zheng Liu

No 7   Preventing Drug Abuse in China: Anti-Drug Campaigns in the Eyes of a Drug User  Bo Li

No 6   Taming Technology: Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Families and Their Domestication of the Internet  Josh Hack

No 5   Keeping up Appearances: Candidate Self-Presentation through Web Videos in the 2008 US Presidential Primary Campaign  Nisha Gulati

No 4   The End of the Media's '"War on Terror"? An Analysis of a Declining Frame  Dominik Cziesche

No 3   Fantasizing Reality: Wetware, Social Imaginaries, and Signs of Change  Jennifer Cross

No 2   The Colbert Nation: A Democratic Place to be?  Kristen Boesel

No 1   Media Constructions of Extreme Female Thinness  Nelly Abranavel

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Misra, Tanmay (2023) The invention of corruption: India and the License Raj. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Garcés de Marcilla Musté, Mireia (2023) Designing, fixing and mutilating the vulva: exploring the meanings of vulval cutting. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nolan, Katherine Anne (2023) The individual in EU data protection law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pinto, Mattia (2022) Human rights as sources of penality. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Girard, Raphaël (2022) Populism, law and the courts: space and time in an age of "constitutional impatience". PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Matabudul, Rachna (2022) Tax treaty dispute resolution: lessons from the law of the sea. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Taggart, John (2022) Examining the role of the intermediary in the criminal justice system. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Goh, Benjamin (2022) The literary unconscious: rereading authorship and copyright with Kant's ‘on the wrongfulness of reprinting’ (1785). PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Uberti, Francesca (2022) Vaccine opposition in the information age: a study on online activism and DIY citizenship. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gafni, Ilan (2022) Rethinking the negligence liability of public authorities in English law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Claeys, Irene (2021) The construction of a regulatory risk device: an examination of the historical emergence and performative effects of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s market risk framework. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sonin, Joanne F. (2021) The evolution of the shareholder: legal change, deflection, and constancy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Damianos, Alexander (2021) Ratifying the Anthropocene: a study of the Anthropocene working group’s ongoing effort to formalize the Anthropocene as a unit of the geologic time scale. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fisher, Jonathan Simon (2021) Mandatory self-reporting of criminal conduct by a company: corporate rights and engaging the privilege against self-incrimination. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gupta, Priya S. (2020) Leveraging the city: urban governance in financial capitalism. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Musto, Callum (2020) States’ regulatory powers and the turn to public law in international investment law and arbitration. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ahdash, Fatima (2020) Examining the interaction between family law and counter-terrorism in the UK in recent years. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Common, MacKenzie F. (2020) Rule of law and human rights issues in social media content moderation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Clark, Martin (2020) The 'international' and 'domestic' in British legal thought from Gentili to Lauterpacht. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mukherjee, Sroyon (2019) Context-driven choices: environmental valuation in the courtroom. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Teeder, Wendy Mary (2019) Judicial review and the vanishing trial. MPhil thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ganguly, Geetanjali (2019) Towards a transnational law of climate change: transnational litigation at the boundaries of science and law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Myslinska, Dagmar Rita (2019) Not quite white: the gap between EU rhetoric and the experience of Poles’ mobility to the UK. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zlatev, Zlatin Mitkov (2019) Approaches towards the concept of non-pecuniary losses deriving from breach of contract. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tundawala, Moiz (2018) In the shadow of swaraj: constituent power and the Indian political. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lima Sakr, Rafael (2018) Law and lawyers in the making of regional trade regimes: the rise and fall of legal doctrines on the international trade law and governance of South-North regionalism. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Stones, Ryan R. (2018) EU competition law and the rule of law: justification and realisation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pick, Barbara (2018) Empirical analysis of geographical indications in France and Vietnam: opportunities and constraints. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Trotter, Sarah Jane (2018) On coming to terms: how European human rights law imagines the human condition. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Vitale, David Anthony (2018) Political trust and the enforcement of constitutional social rights. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Wu, Aaron (2018) Sustaining international law: history, nature, and the politics of global ordering. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sutton, Rebecca (2018) The international humanitarian actor as 'civilian plus': the circulation of the idea of distinction in international law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Larsen, Signe (2018) The European Union as a federation: a constitutional analysis. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bronsther, Jacob (2018) Long-term incarceration and the moral limits of punishment. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Krever, Tor (2018) The ideological origins of piracy in international legal thought. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Way, Sally-Anne (2018) Human rights from the Great Depression to the Great Recession: the United States, economic liberalism and the shaping of economic and social rights in international law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Leader, Kathryn (2017) Fifteen stories: litigants in person in the civil justice sytem. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Oghenevo Ovie Akpomiemie, Michael (2017) The social context of business and the tax system in Nigeria: the persistence of corruption. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Liberman, Dvora (2017) Custodians of continuity in an era of change: an oral history of the everyday lives of Crown Court clerks between 1972 and 2015. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Keenan, Bernard (2017) Interception: law, media, and techniques. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Živković, Velimir (2017) International investment protection and the national rule of law: a normative framework for a new approach. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zeffert, Henrietta (2017) Home and international law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Witney, Simon (2017) The corporate governance of private equity-backed companies. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zhu, Sally Shinan (2017) Law embodied: re-imagining a material legal normativity. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Chauhan, Apurv (2016) Developing a social psychology of poverty: social objects and dialogical representations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tschorne Venegas, Samuel (2016) The theoretical turn in British public law scholarship. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Wang, Chieh (2016) Sexuality, gender, justice and law: rethinking normative heterosexuality and sexual justice from the perspectives of queer humanist men and masculinities studies. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

O’Loughlin, Ailbhe (2016) Balancing rights? Dangerous offenders with severe personality disorders, the public, and the promise of rehabilitation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Burton, Marie (2015) Calling for justice: comparing telephone and face-to-face advice in social welfare legal aid. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Burke, Jarleth (2015) A market and government failure critique of services of general economic interest: testing the centrality and strictness of article 106(2) TFEU. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Stern, Orly (2015) The principle of distinction and women in conflicts in Africa. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Chadwick, Anna (2015) Food commodity speculation, hunger, and the global food crisis: whither regulation. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Saab, Anne (2015) A legal inquiry into hunger and climate change: climate-ready seeds in the neoliberal food regime. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zaccaria, Elena (2015) Proprietary rights in indirectly held securities: legal risks and future challenges. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Willcox, Susannah (2015) Climate change inundation and Atoll Island States: implications for human rights, self-determination and statehood. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

King, Saskia (2015) Agreements that restrict competition by object under Article 101(1) TFEU: past, present and future. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zhang, Zhanwei (2015) Law, state and society in the PRC: a case study of family planning regulations implementation at grassroots level in rural China. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Agnew, Sinéad (2015) What we talk about when we talk about conscience: the meaning and function of conscience in commercial law doctrine. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Yoshida, Keina (2015) The cinematic jurisprudence of gender crimes: the ICTY and film. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Knight, Dean (2014) Vigilance and restraint in the common law of judicial review: scope, grounds, intensity, context. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

McGaughey, Ewan (2014) Participation in corporate governance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Xiao, Yin (2014) Analysing the enforcement dimension of regulatory competition: a cultural institutionalist approach. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Knox, Robert (2014) A Critical Examination of the Concept of Imperialism in Marxist and Third World Approaches to International Law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Meerovitch, Vladimir (2014) Investor protection and equity markets: an evaluation of private enforcement of related party transactions rules in Russia. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pearson, Megan Rebecca (2014) Religious objections to equality laws: reconciling religious freedom with gay rights. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Roznai, Yaniv (2014) Unconstitutional constitutional amendments: a study of the nature and limits of constitutional amendment powers. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

O'Regan, Karla Maureen (2014) Beyond illusion: a juridical genealogy of consent in criminal and medical law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Searl, Mark (2014) A normative theory of international law based on new natural law theory. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Coverdale, Helen (2013) Punishing with care: treating offenders as equal persons in criminal punishment. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lamp, Nicolas (2013) Lawmaking in the multilateral trading system. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Perrone, Nicolas (2013) The international investment regime and foreign investors' rights: another view of a popular story. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Wei Liang Wang, Daniel (2013) Can litigation promote fairness in healthcare? The judicial review of rationing decisions in Brazil and England. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Majinge, Charles Riziki (2013) The United Nations, the African Union and the rule of law in Southern Sudan. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gallo, Zelia (2013) The penality of politics, penality in contemporary Italy 1970-2000. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Jacques, Johanna (2013) From nomos to Hegung: war captivity and international order. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Manea, Sabina (2013) Instrumentalising property: an analysis of rights in the EU emissions trading system. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Yazdani, Shahid (2012) Emergency safeguard; WTO and the feasibility of emergency safeguard measures under the general agreement on trade in services. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lucey, Mary Catherine (2012) The interface between competition law and the restraint of trade doctrine for professionals: understanding the evolution of problems and proposing solutions for courts in England and Wales. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Grušić, Uglješa (2012) The international employment contract: ideal, reality and regulatory function of European private international law of employment. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ali, Perveen (2012) States in crisis: sovereignty, humanitarianism, and refugee protection in the aftermath of the 2003 Iraq War. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dille, Benjamin B. (2012) Ill fares the land: the legal consequences of land confiscations by the Sandinista government of Nicaragua 1979-1990. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ho, Chih-Hsing (2012) Socio-legal perspectives on biobanking: the case of Taiwan. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Viterbo, Hedi (2012) The legal construction of childhood in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

De Witte, Floris (2012) EU law and the question of justice. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Spangler, Timothy (2012) Overcoming the governance challenge in private investment funds through the enrolment of private monitoring solutions. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sasso, Lorenzo (2012) Capital structure and corporate governance: the role of hybrid financial instruments. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Boukli, Paraskevi (2012) Imaginary penalities: reconsidering anti-trafficking discourses and technologies. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Gandrud, Christopher (2012) Knowing the unknowns: financial policymaking in uncertainty. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Laidlaw, Emily (2012) Internet gatekeepers, human rights and corporate social responsibilities. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Barroso, Luis (2011) The problems and the controls of the new administrative state of the EU. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Zhu, Chenwei (2011) Authoring collaborative projects: a study of intellectual property and free and open source software (FOSS) licensing schemes from a relational contract perspective. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Nwosu, Udoka (2011) Head of state immunity in international law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ronnen, Edite (2011) Mediation in a conflict society: an ethnographic view on mediation processes in Israel. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Meyers, Jeffrey B. (2011) Toward a Negri-inspired theory of c/Constitution: a contemporary Canadian case study. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kotsakis, Andreas (2011) The biological diversity complex: a history of environmental government. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Stergiou, Vasiliki (2011) The complex relationship of concentrated ownership structures and corporate governance. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dias Soares, Claudia A. (2011) The design features of environmental taxes. MPhil thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Calich, Isabel (2011) The impact of globalisation on the position of developing countries in the international tax system. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Hood, Benjamin David (2011) What model for regulating employee discipline and grievances most effectively supports the policy objective of partnership at work and enhanced competitiveness? PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Li, Guoming (2011) The constitutional relationship between China and Hong Kong: a study of the status of Hong Kong in China’s system of government under the principle of ‘one Country, two systems’. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

John, Mathew (2011) Rethinking the secular state: perspectives on constitutional law in post-colonial India. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bernal, Paul Alexander (2011) Do deficiencies in data privacy threaten our autonomy and if so, can informational privacy rights meet this threat? PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pandya, Abhijit P.G. (2011) Interpretations and coherence of the fair and equitable treatment standard in investment treaty arbitration. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Thiratayakinant, Kraijakr Ley (2010) Multilateral supervision of regional trade agreements: Developing countries' perspectives. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kapotas, Panos (2010) Positive action as a means to achieve full and effective equality in Europe. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Evans, E. Christine (2010) Right to reparations in international law for victims of armed conflict: Convergence of law and practice? PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Correia, Miguel G (2010) Taxation of corporate groups under a corporation income tax: An interdisciplinary and comparative tax law analysis. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Pappas, Demetra M (2010) The politics of euthanasia and assisted suicide: A comparative case study of emerging criminal law and the criminal trials of Jack 'Dr. Death' Kevorkian. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Brady, Alan David Patrick (2009) A structural, institutionally sensitive model of proportionality and deference under the Human Rights Act 1998. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Franey, Elizabeth Helen (2009) Immunity, individuals and international law: which individuals are immune from the jurisdiction of national courts under international law? PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Al-Ramahi, Aseel (2009) Competing rationalities: The evolution of arbitration in commercial disputes in modern Jordan. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Upton, John Dominic (2009) Constitutional thought of Joseph de Maistre. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Brilman, Marina C (2009) Georges Canguilhem: Norms and knowledge in the life sciences. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Minto, Indianna Deborah (2009) Incumbent response to telecommunications reform: The cases of Jamaica and Ireland, 1982-2007. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Heathcote, Gina (2009) Justifying force: A feminist analysis of the international law on the use of force. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Xu, Ting (2009) Property rights, governance and socio-economic transformation: the revival of private property and its limits in post-Mao China. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Roberts, Stephanie (2009) The decision making process of appeals against conviction in the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Andreicheva, Natalia (2009) The role of legal capital rules in creditor protection: Contrasting the demands of western market economies with Ukraine's transitional economy. MPhil thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mundis, Daryl (2008) The law of naval exclusion zones. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Yong, Benjamin (2008) Becoming national: Contextualising the construction of the New Zealand nation-state. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Reynolds, Michael Paul (2008) Caseflow management: A rudimentary referee process, 1919-1970. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mettraux, Guenael (2008) Command responsibility in international law---the boundaries of criminal liability for military commanders and civilian leaders. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Shim, Jaejin (2008) Equality or the right to work? Explanation and justification of anti-discrimination rights in employment. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Webb, Charlie Edward James (2008) Property, unjust enrichment and restitution. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kulovesi, Kati (2008) The WTO dispute settlement system and the challenge of environment and legitimacy. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dinniss, Heather Harrison (2008) The status and use of computer network attacks in international humanitarian law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Fasan, Oluseto (2007) Compliance with WTO law in developing countries: A study of South Africa and Nigeria. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Khasawneh, Bisher Hani (2007) An appraisal of the right of return and compensation of Jordanian nationals of Palestinian refugee origin and Jordan's right, under international law, to bring claims relating thereto, on their behalf to and against Israel and to seek compensation as a host state in light of the conclusion of the Jordan-Israel peace treaty of 1994. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Amodu, Tola (2007) The transformation of planning agreements as regulatory instruments in land-use planning in the twentieth century. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Panijpan, Kris (2006) Market dynamics in corporate governance: Lessons from recent developments in English law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Park, Jungwon (2006) Minority rights constraints on a state's power to regulate citizenship under international law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Kyprianou, Despina (2006) The role of the Cyprus attorney general's office in prosecutions: Rhetoric, ideology and practice. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Killick, Evan (2005) Living apart: separation and sociality amongst the Ashéninka of Peruvian Amazonia. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Menuchin, Shay Nisan (2005) The dilemma of international tax arbitrage: A comparative analysis using the cases of hybrid financial instruments and cross-border leasing. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Le, Net (2004) Refusal to license: Abuse of dominant position and switching costs. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Sideri, Katerina (2003) The European Commission and the construction of information society: Regulatory law from a processual perspective. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Boelaert-Suominen, Sonja Ann Jozef (1998) International environmental law and naval war: The effect of marine safety and pollution conventions during international armed conflict. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Mohamed, Mohamed Sameh Ahmed (1997) The role of the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Jurgielewicz, Lynne (1994) Global environmental change and international law: prospects for progress in the legal order. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Tsai, Ing-Wen (1983) Unfair trade practices and safeguard actions [A digital copy of Ing-wen Tsai's personal copy of the original thesis presented to the Library in 2019.]. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Douzinas, Constantinos (1983) Constitutional law and freedom of expression: a critique of the Constitution of the public sphere in legal discourse and practice with special reference to 20th century American law and jurisprudence. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lyall, Andrew Bremner (1980) The social origins of property and contract: a study of East Africa before 1918. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Harlow, Carol (1979) Administrative liability: a comparative study of French and English Law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Reynolds, James Isaac (1974) The slum tenant and the common law: a comparative study. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Edwards, Adolph (1968) The development of criminal law in Jamaica up to 1900. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lasok, Dominik (1954) The Polish Constitutions of 1947 and 1952: a historical study in constitutional law. PhD thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Dissertation Structure & Layout 101: How to structure your dissertation, thesis or research project.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Reviewed By: David Phair (PhD) | July 2019

So, you’ve got a decent understanding of what a dissertation is , you’ve chosen your topic and hopefully you’ve received approval for your research proposal . Awesome! Now its time to start the actual dissertation or thesis writing journey.

To craft a high-quality document, the very first thing you need to understand is dissertation structure . In this post, we’ll walk you through the generic dissertation structure and layout, step by step. We’ll start with the big picture, and then zoom into each chapter to briefly discuss the core contents. If you’re just starting out on your research journey, you should start with this post, which covers the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis .

*The Caveat *

In this post, we’ll be discussing a traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout, which is generally used for social science research across universities, whether in the US, UK, Europe or Australia. However, some universities may have small variations on this structure (extra chapters, merged chapters, slightly different ordering, etc).

So, always check with your university if they have a prescribed structure or layout that they expect you to work with. If not, it’s safe to assume the structure we’ll discuss here is suitable. And even if they do have a prescribed structure, you’ll still get value from this post as we’ll explain the core contents of each section.  

Overview: S tructuring a dissertation or thesis

• Acknowledgements page
• Abstract (or executive summary)
• Table of contents , list of figures and tables
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• Chapter 3: Methodology
• Chapter 4: Results
• Chapter 5: Discussion
• Chapter 6: Conclusion
• Reference list

As I mentioned, some universities will have slight variations on this structure. For example, they want an additional “personal reflection chapter”, or they might prefer the results and discussion chapter to be merged into one. Regardless, the overarching flow will always be the same, as this flow reflects the research process , which we discussed here – i.e.:

• The introduction chapter presents the core research question and aims .
• The literature review chapter assesses what the current research says about this question.
• The methodology, results and discussion chapters go about undertaking new research about this question.
• The conclusion chapter (attempts to) answer the core research question .

In other words, the dissertation structure and layout reflect the research process of asking a well-defined question(s), investigating, and then answering the question – see below.

To restate that – the structure and layout of a dissertation reflect the flow of the overall research process . This is essential to understand, as each chapter will make a lot more sense if you “get” this concept. If you’re not familiar with the research process, read this post before going further.

Right. Now that we’ve covered the big picture, let’s dive a little deeper into the details of each section and chapter. Oh and by the way, you can also grab our free dissertation/thesis template here to help speed things up.

The title page of your dissertation is the very first impression the marker will get of your work, so it pays to invest some time thinking about your title. But what makes for a good title? A strong title needs to be 3 things:

• Succinct (not overly lengthy or verbose)
• Specific (not vague or ambiguous)
• Representative of the research you’re undertaking (clearly linked to your research questions)

Typically, a good title includes mention of the following:

• The broader area of the research (i.e. the overarching topic)
• The specific focus of your research (i.e. your specific context)
• Indication of research design (e.g. quantitative , qualitative , or  mixed methods ).

For example:

A quantitative investigation [research design] into the antecedents of organisational trust [broader area] in the UK retail forex trading market [specific context/area of focus].

Again, some universities may have specific requirements regarding the format and structure of the title, so it’s worth double-checking expectations with your institution (if there’s no mention in the brief or study material).

Acknowledgements

This page provides you with an opportunity to say thank you to those who helped you along your research journey. Generally, it’s optional (and won’t count towards your marks), but it is academic best practice to include this.

So, who do you say thanks to? Well, there’s no prescribed requirements, but it’s common to mention the following people:

• Your dissertation supervisor or committee.
• Any professors, lecturers or academics that helped you understand the topic or methodologies.
• Any tutors, mentors or advisors.
• Your family and friends, especially spouse (for adult learners studying part-time).

There’s no need for lengthy rambling. Just state who you’re thankful to and for what (e.g. thank you to my supervisor, John Doe, for his endless patience and attentiveness) – be sincere. In terms of length, you should keep this to a page or less.

Abstract or executive summary

The dissertation abstract (or executive summary for some degrees) serves to provide the first-time reader (and marker or moderator) with a big-picture view of your research project. It should give them an understanding of the key insights and findings from the research, without them needing to read the rest of the report – in other words, it should be able to stand alone .

For it to stand alone, your abstract should cover the following key points (at a minimum):

• Your research questions and aims – what key question(s) did your research aim to answer?
• Your methodology – how did you go about investigating the topic and finding answers to your research question(s)?
• Your findings – following your own research, what did do you discover?
• Your conclusions – based on your findings, what conclusions did you draw? What answers did you find to your research question(s)?

So, in much the same way the dissertation structure mimics the research process, your abstract or executive summary should reflect the research process, from the initial stage of asking the original question to the final stage of answering that question.

In practical terms, it’s a good idea to write this section up last , once all your core chapters are complete. Otherwise, you’ll end up writing and rewriting this section multiple times (just wasting time). For a step by step guide on how to write a strong executive summary, check out this post .

Need a helping hand?

Table of contents

This section is straightforward. You’ll typically present your table of contents (TOC) first, followed by the two lists – figures and tables. I recommend that you use Microsoft Word’s automatic table of contents generator to generate your TOC. If you’re not familiar with this functionality, the video below explains it simply:

If you find that your table of contents is overly lengthy, consider removing one level of depth. Oftentimes, this can be done without detracting from the usefulness of the TOC.

Right, now that the “admin” sections are out of the way, its time to move on to your core chapters. These chapters are the heart of your dissertation and are where you’ll earn the marks. The first chapter is the introduction chapter – as you would expect, this is the time to introduce your research…

It’s important to understand that even though you’ve provided an overview of your research in your abstract, your introduction needs to be written as if the reader has not read that (remember, the abstract is essentially a standalone document). So, your introduction chapter needs to start from the very beginning, and should address the following questions:

• What will you be investigating (in plain-language, big picture-level)?
• Why is that worth investigating? How is it important to academia or business? How is it sufficiently original?
• What are your research aims and research question(s)? Note that the research questions can sometimes be presented at the end of the literature review (next chapter).
• What is the scope of your study? In other words, what will and won’t you cover ?
• How will you approach your research? In other words, what methodology will you adopt?
• How will you structure your dissertation? What are the core chapters and what will you do in each of them?

These are just the bare basic requirements for your intro chapter. Some universities will want additional bells and whistles in the intro chapter, so be sure to carefully read your brief or consult your research supervisor.

If done right, your introduction chapter will set a clear direction for the rest of your dissertation. Specifically, it will make it clear to the reader (and marker) exactly what you’ll be investigating, why that’s important, and how you’ll be going about the investigation. Conversely, if your introduction chapter leaves a first-time reader wondering what exactly you’ll be researching, you’ve still got some work to do.

Now that you’ve set a clear direction with your introduction chapter, the next step is the literature review . In this section, you will analyse the existing research (typically academic journal articles and high-quality industry publications), with a view to understanding the following questions:

• What does the literature currently say about the topic you’re investigating?
• Is the literature lacking or well established? Is it divided or in disagreement?
• How does your research fit into the bigger picture?
• How does your research contribute something original?
• How does the methodology of previous studies help you develop your own?

Depending on the nature of your study, you may also present a conceptual framework towards the end of your literature review, which you will then test in your actual research.

Again, some universities will want you to focus on some of these areas more than others, some will have additional or fewer requirements, and so on. Therefore, as always, its important to review your brief and/or discuss with your supervisor, so that you know exactly what’s expected of your literature review chapter.

Now that you’ve investigated the current state of knowledge in your literature review chapter and are familiar with the existing key theories, models and frameworks, its time to design your own research. Enter the methodology chapter – the most “science-ey” of the chapters…

In this chapter, you need to address two critical questions:

• Exactly HOW will you carry out your research (i.e. what is your intended research design)?
• Exactly WHY have you chosen to do things this way (i.e. how do you justify your design)?

Remember, the dissertation part of your degree is first and foremost about developing and demonstrating research skills . Therefore, the markers want to see that you know which methods to use, can clearly articulate why you’ve chosen then, and know how to deploy them effectively.

Importantly, this chapter requires detail – don’t hold back on the specifics. State exactly what you’ll be doing, with who, when, for how long, etc. Moreover, for every design choice you make, make sure you justify it.

In practice, you will likely end up coming back to this chapter once you’ve undertaken all your data collection and analysis, and revise it based on changes you made during the analysis phase. This is perfectly fine. Its natural for you to add an additional analysis technique, scrap an old one, etc based on where your data lead you. Of course, I’m talking about small changes here – not a fundamental switch from qualitative to quantitative, which will likely send your supervisor in a spin!

You’ve now collected your data and undertaken your analysis, whether qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. In this chapter, you’ll present the raw results of your analysis . For example, in the case of a quant study, you’ll present the demographic data, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics , etc.

Typically, Chapter 4 is simply a presentation and description of the data, not a discussion of the meaning of the data. In other words, it’s descriptive, rather than analytical – the meaning is discussed in Chapter 5. However, some universities will want you to combine chapters 4 and 5, so that you both present and interpret the meaning of the data at the same time. Check with your institution what their preference is.

Now that you’ve presented the data analysis results, its time to interpret and analyse them. In other words, its time to discuss what they mean, especially in relation to your research question(s).

What you discuss here will depend largely on your chosen methodology. For example, if you’ve gone the quantitative route, you might discuss the relationships between variables . If you’ve gone the qualitative route, you might discuss key themes and the meanings thereof. It all depends on what your research design choices were.

Most importantly, you need to discuss your results in relation to your research questions and aims, as well as the existing literature. What do the results tell you about your research questions? Are they aligned with the existing research or at odds? If so, why might this be? Dig deep into your findings and explain what the findings suggest, in plain English.

The final chapter – you’ve made it! Now that you’ve discussed your interpretation of the results, its time to bring it back to the beginning with the conclusion chapter . In other words, its time to (attempt to) answer your original research question s (from way back in chapter 1). Clearly state what your conclusions are in terms of your research questions. This might feel a bit repetitive, as you would have touched on this in the previous chapter, but its important to bring the discussion full circle and explicitly state your answer(s) to the research question(s).

Next, you’ll typically discuss the implications of your findings? In other words, you’ve answered your research questions – but what does this mean for the real world (or even for academia)? What should now be done differently, given the new insight you’ve generated?

Lastly, you should discuss the limitations of your research, as well as what this means for future research in the area. No study is perfect, especially not a Masters-level. Discuss the shortcomings of your research. Perhaps your methodology was limited, perhaps your sample size was small or not representative, etc, etc. Don’t be afraid to critique your work – the markers want to see that you can identify the limitations of your work. This is a strength, not a weakness. Be brutal!

This marks the end of your core chapters – woohoo! From here on out, it’s pretty smooth sailing.

The reference list is straightforward. It should contain a list of all resources cited in your dissertation, in the required format, e.g. APA , Harvard, etc.

It’s essential that you use reference management software for your dissertation. Do NOT try handle your referencing manually – its far too error prone. On a reference list of multiple pages, you’re going to make mistake. To this end, I suggest considering either Mendeley or Zotero. Both are free and provide a very straightforward interface to ensure that your referencing is 100% on point. I’ve included a simple how-to video for the Mendeley software (my personal favourite) below:

Some universities may ask you to include a bibliography, as opposed to a reference list. These two things are not the same . A bibliography is similar to a reference list, except that it also includes resources which informed your thinking but were not directly cited in your dissertation. So, double-check your brief and make sure you use the right one.

The very last piece of the puzzle is the appendix or set of appendices. This is where you’ll include any supporting data and evidence. Importantly, supporting is the keyword here.

Your appendices should provide additional “nice to know”, depth-adding information, which is not critical to the core analysis. Appendices should not be used as a way to cut down word count (see this post which covers how to reduce word count ). In other words, don’t place content that is critical to the core analysis here, just to save word count. You will not earn marks on any content in the appendices, so don’t try to play the system!

Time to recap…

And there you have it – the traditional dissertation structure and layout, from A-Z. To recap, the core structure for a dissertation or thesis is (typically) as follows:

• Acknowledgments page

Most importantly, the core chapters should reflect the research process (asking, investigating and answering your research question). Moreover, the research question(s) should form the golden thread throughout your dissertation structure. Everything should revolve around the research questions, and as you’ve seen, they should form both the start point (i.e. introduction chapter) and the endpoint (i.e. conclusion chapter).

I hope this post has provided you with clarity about the traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout. If you have any questions or comments, please leave a comment below, or feel free to get in touch with us. Also, be sure to check out the rest of the  Grad Coach Blog .

Psst… there’s more (for free)

This post is part of our dissertation mini-course, which covers everything you need to get started with your dissertation, thesis or research project. 

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36 Comments

many thanks i found it very useful

Glad to hear that, Arun. Good luck writing your dissertation.

Such clear practical logical advice. I very much needed to read this to keep me focused in stead of fretting.. Perfect now ready to start my research!

what about scientific fields like computer or engineering thesis what is the difference in the structure? thank you very much

Thanks so much this helped me a lot!

Very helpful and accessible. What I like most is how practical the advice is along with helpful tools/ links.

Thanks Ade!

Thank you so much sir.. It was really helpful..

You’re welcome!

Hi! How many words maximum should contain the abstract?

Thank you so much 😊 Find this at the right moment

You’re most welcome. Good luck with your dissertation.

best ever benefit i got on right time thank you

Many times Clarity and vision of destination of dissertation is what makes the difference between good ,average and great researchers the same way a great automobile driver is fast with clarity of address and Clear weather conditions .

I guess Great researcher = great ideas + knowledge + great and fast data collection and modeling + great writing + high clarity on all these

You have given immense clarity from start to end.

Morning. Where will I write the definitions of what I’m referring to in my report?

Thank you so much Derek, I was almost lost! Thanks a tonnnn! Have a great day!

Thanks ! so concise and valuable

This was very helpful. Clear and concise. I know exactly what to do now.

Thank you for allowing me to go through briefly. I hope to find time to continue.

Really useful to me. Thanks a thousand times

Very interesting! It will definitely set me and many more for success. highly recommended.

Thank you soo much sir, for the opportunity to express my skills

Usefull, thanks a lot. Really clear

Very nice and easy to understand. Thank you .

That was incredibly useful. Thanks Grad Coach Crew!

My stress level just dropped at least 15 points after watching this. Just starting my thesis for my grad program and I feel a lot more capable now! Thanks for such a clear and helpful video, Emma and the GradCoach team!

Do we need to mention the number of words the dissertation contains in the main document?

It depends on your university’s requirements, so it would be best to check with them 🙂

Such a helpful post to help me get started with structuring my masters dissertation, thank you!

Great video; I appreciate that helpful information

It is so necessary or avital course

This blog is very informative for my research. Thank you

Doctoral students are required to fill out the National Research Council’s Survey of Earned Doctorates

wow this is an amazing gain in my life

This is so good

How can i arrange my specific objectives in my dissertation?

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