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Company research can include a lot of different types of Information.  This guide focuses on the best databases the Commerce Research Library has to offer for corporate profiles and corporate family research.

If you're looking for where a company or subsidiary is officially registered check their location in one of the database below and then check the official government website for the relevant state to find official documentation.  Here is an example of the Delaware website , a popular state where many companies register.

Databases can provide incomplete and conflicting information.  Use clues like shared company names, shared executives, and shared websites to determine if two entities are connected even if they do not appear to have a parent/subsidiary relationship.

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For access, request an account . Public and private company profiles and research on both domestic and international companies. Users can search by company name, industry (keyword and NAICS or SIC codes), geographical region, employee and revenue size, and corporate family tree.

CourtLink A detailed collection of federal and state court dockets and documents, including relevant briefs, pleadings, and motions.

Nexis Diligence Diligence enables you to conduct thorough due diligence on companies and individuals, going beyond credit scores and watch lists to develop a comprehensive due diligence report utilizing global news sources, sanction lists, company information, legal history, and public records.

Nexis Dossier Take advantage of a broad collection of company financials, industry analysis, hard-to-find contact data and more—from a single interface.

Nexis Gain unique insights from over 40,000 sources, including trusted up-to-date and archived news, company profiles, public records, industry information and social media content – all in one place.

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As part of the EBSCOhost Business Source Premier database, Company Profiles provide MarketLine/Medtrack Reports, which cover company overview, SWOT analyses, key facts, top competitors, company products and services, subsidiaries, etc.

This directory features listings across the government, corporations, and nonprofit organizations. Find individuals holding high-level positions and their support staff or locate departments, agencies, major offices, and smaller bureaus by subject areas or organization.

ProQuest's ABI/INFORM includes full-text journals and key trade publications, dissertations, market reports, industry reports, business cases, global and trade news, local and regional business information, SSRN working papers, and other industry-focused information, as well as the Wall Street Journal back to 1984.

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How to Research a Company: The Ultimate Guide

Good company research can take many forms. Depending on your research goals, you might want to look at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a market, or drill down into key industry leaders and emerging players to unpack their successes.

If you want to beat the competition, you need to know their business as well (if not better) than your own. The more intel you have, the quicker you’ll be able to spot and leverage opportunities, respond to market changes, and grow.

Read on to discover how to research a company online, tear down its strategies, and take over its market share.

What is company research?

Company research gathers and analyzes information about a business and its customers. This means understanding its performance data and target audience so you can optimize your own strategy.

In today’s fiercely competitive markets, doing good company research is a game-changer. In fact, a 2022 report on competitive intelligence found that 98% of businesses believe researching their competitors is vital for success.

If you have the right tools to collect accurate competitive intelligence , you’ll be able to anticipate your competitors’ moves and emerging threats to stay ahead and succeed.

How to do company research in 8 steps

Researching a company is a bit like doing detective work. The deeper you go, the more questions you ask, and the more curious you are, the better the outcome will be.

Here are eight steps to steer you through the process of doing company research.

1. Track top competitors

You want to know exactly what your rivals are doing, where they’re going, and how the competitive landscape is changing. With this data, you can carefully plan your next move and take action when and where it’s needed most. Competitive tracking tools like Similarweb give you the ability to track what your rivals are up to. You can measure each competitor’s digital footprint, and identify any changes or growth over time.

Did someone experience a sudden uptick in website visits? Would you like to know why and how? Perhaps they launched a new feature or ad campaign, or maybe its social channel is driving growth.

With Similarweb Research Intelligence, you get alerts about changes so you can be sure you’ll never miss a beat.

Analyzing the top performers in your industry will give you new ideas and provide targets for what is achievable for you.

Similarweb’s Analyze Industry Leaders tool will tell you who is winning in your industry based on their website performance. A Market Quadrant Analysis graph, or competitive matrix , provides a visual snapshot of the websites in your industry and how they compare based on different metrics. The industry leaders may inspire you to try new things, while the weaker competitors in your industry can provide you with swift opportunities to chip into their market share.

Pro tip: Similarweb’s Similar Sites tool helps you uncover up to 40 domains that are similar to yours. Finding these domains can be infinitely useful when conducting a competitive content analysis . You can audit these domains to learn more about their content strategy and upgrade your own.

2. Benchmark

Now that you have a good view of the market, you need to drill down into your competitors’ performance. You want to understand their metrics and KPIs so you can benchmark them against your own.

A company research and analysis tool can help you understand your competitors’ digital reach and performance. You can look at multiple websites or domains owned by a single company to analyze their aggregated data or look at a specific market. This will give you a good idea of the business’ size and market share .

You’ll also want to look at their engagement metrics and any changes over time. If you see their metrics improving, they are probably investing in a digital strategy . You should look into this to see what has been working for them. We’ll show you how in the next section.

Pro Tip: Don’t forget to look at mobile app intelligence too. There are five key metrics you’ll want to track when benchmarking an app:

• Demographics

3. Compare traffic and engagement

These days, it’s no longer enough to consider website traffic and engagement metrics on their own. The complete digital perspective of any company includes mobile app intelligence, alongside traditional desktop and mobile web metrics. You need to see the full picture before you make any judgments or decisions.

Using Similarweb digital intelligence, I wanted to view the key players in the travel industry – specifically travel booking sites, like booking.com, Expedia, and Airbnb. First, I want my company research to focus on mobile web and desktop traffic alone.

Using Similarweb Digital Research Intelligence, I can see the overall benchmarks for traffic and engagement. This shows metrics like monthly visits, unique visitors, pages per visit, bounce rate, and visit duration. 

The top websites include booking.com , Airbnb , Expedia , Agoda , and Hotels.com . So, in essence, these are my industry leaders .

However, knowing how important apps are these days to consumers, I want to consider app intelligence in my company research too. When I add this data into the mix, things look a little different.

On both Android and iOS: Expedia, Airbnb, VRBO, booking.com, and Hopper are my top five.

Now, my view of industry leaders has changed . We’ve got three key players who are leading desktop, mobile web, and app platforms; and four others, who respectively dominate different channels.

Here, you can see a range of engagement metrics that apply to mobile apps on Android. Including active users, number of sessions, and session times; which shows engagement, upturns, downturns, and opportunities at a glance.

So, when you view traffic and engagement metrics, make sure you explore desktop, mobile web, and app intelligence to get an accurate picture of what’s really going on.

4. View audience interests

Understanding cross-browsing behavior tells you what other sites your users are interested in. Maybe they are looking at other products and solutions like yours!

This audience interests tool allows you to evaluate the browsing behavior of your target audience, helping you understand user intent and their purchasing process. You might even discover new markets or a specific niche audience , and come up with new audience acquisition strategies.

5. Pinpoint audience overlap

Who else holds your potential customer’s attention? With Similarweb’s Audience Overlap feature, you can analyze metrics and insights on the overlap of visitors across up to five websites for a selected time period and geographical region. You’ll be able to determine the size of your total addressable audience , evaluate what part of the audience is shared, and pinpoint your unreached audience potential.

This is also a good way to gauge audience loyalty . You’ll see the proportion of monthly active users who look at multiple sites in the same category or just one site.

6. Analyze specific pages

While a company may be your competitor, you may not be competing on every front. You might only want to look at a particular segment of a business when doing your company research. This ensures that your insights are specific and useful, and leave out less relevant information.

Similarweb’s Segment Analysis tool lets you slice the URL of a website to analyze just the parts that are relevant to you. You can deconstruct their website to look at a specific category, topic, brand, or whatever else interests you. This can help you benchmark a specific line of business or individual products.

This analysis is extremely powerful for marketing and sales managers, data analysts, and BI specialists who want to optimize their strategies for specific business segments. For example, if you are a clothing retailer looking to launch a line of kids’ clothes, you can use this tool to analyze your competitors’ kids’ clothing lines.

7. Reveal successful conversion strategies

What makes customers convert? The only way to know for sure is to analyze conversion data across your industry. You need to understand the conversion funnel, which keywords and marketing channels drive traffic, and which trends your potential customers are interested in.

You can get a unique view of your industry’s conversion data with Similarweb’s Conversion Analysis tool . Check out each company’s conversion efficiency and how they scale over time. You can identify efficient marketing channels , go-to-market strategies, and their ROI for marketing spending. You can also benchmark your metrics across the industry average.

Understanding conversion strategies also reveals opportunities for your own growth. You can examine category performance at top retailers such as Amazon, Walmart, and Target, and identify what consumers are searching for at the different retailers and what converts. When you understand the customer journey, you can better position yourself to guide them toward purchasing from you.

8. Research mobile app performance

When you research a business, you need to look at all customer touchpoints. Today, that means analyzing apps alongside web and mobile web traffic. You want to know how well your competitors’ apps rank so you can focus on your own app strategy. With rapid consumer adoption of mobile-first spending ( 46% of people now complete a full purchase via mobile ), app intelligence is a key consideration for any type of company research. In almost every industry, the digital landscape changes when you add app intelligence metrics.

If you’re looking at apps competitively, you want to consider:

• Monthly/ Daily Active Users
• No. of sessions/session time
• Sessions per user
• Overall rank
• Category rank
• User retention
• App demographics

Similarweb App Intelligence Premium now provides a few ways to help you view app rankings , downloads, engagement, and usage metrics across both Android and iOS. From benchmarking an app to unpacking the successes of those with apps in your market; good company research should include app analysis. By unifying digital insights, you see a truer picture of a company’s successes online.

How to research a company like an expert

Follow these eight steps and you’ll quickly be able to research any company in any niche like a pro. Uncover key insights that tell you more about a market, target audience, or competitors to shape your own strategy for success.

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Why do company research?

Your business doesn’t exist in a vacuum. You’re competing with other companies and operating in an industry that has its own norms and expectations. If you want to succeed, you need to research other companies in your industry to ensure your strategy is aligned, but also positioned to give you a competitive advantage . You won’t be able to do this without researching other companies.

What to look for when researching a company?

You want to review all their company metrics, including traffic and engagement metrics, and look at their strategy, focus, processes, and content. You should search for any interesting ideas and identify where the company excels. All the data you collect will be valuable for you to compete.

What can company research tell you?

Good company research shows you how a market, company, and its target audience’s interests change over time. It can help you develop your own strategy for growth, and shows trends and emerging threats to watch out for.

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Top 5 Company Research Templates with Examples and Samples

Densil Nazimudeen

In this world, surrounded by a million choices, we all have that moment: “Should I grab this one or that?” It’s the same in business but with higher risks. Choosing the right company to partner or invest in requires more than insight or intuition. It requires company research, the puzzle solver for the business world. But what is company research? Imagine you’re a detective, but instead of chasing villains, you're tracking down the secrets of a company. That's company research: Gathering information about a specific business. It helps understand its operations, financial health, and performance. This involves investigating its products or services, market presence, competition, financial statements, and the management team. 

Understanding the intricacies of company research is pivotal for organizations aiming to thrive and innovate. This article demystifies the importance of company research by exploring its many facets, including brand awareness , product awareness , brand experience , customer satisfaction research , and the research organization within a company.

Click here for an insightful blog on Top 7 Research Summary Templates with Samples and Examples.

To see company research in action, let's explore intriguing facts and trivia that highlight its transformative impact on renowned enterprises. From uncovering the secret behind a brand's success to deciphering the dynamics of product awareness campaigns, company research is the bedrock for strategic decision-making.

Consider the case Apple, whose company research has been instrumental in shaping their product lineup and revolutionizing consumer experiences. Similarly, Amazon's pursuit of customer satisfaction research has propelled it to unprecedented heights in e-commerce.

To assist professionals in presenting their findings effectively, we've curated SlideTeam’s Top 5 Company Research PowerPoint Templates. These templates seamlessly integrate brand awareness , product awareness , brand experience , and customer satisfaction research , offering a comprehensive framework for crafting an impactful company research paper . Unlock your organization's potential by deep-diving into company research and elevate your strategic initiatives.

Our templates are all 100% editable and customizable. Both frameworks come with content-ready slides, and the editing tool makes it easy to tailor the presentation to each audience member's requirements.

Let's take a look at our PPT Templates.

Template 1: Company Marketing Research Template

Improve the quality of your market insights with our comprehensive Marketing Research Survey PPT deck. Tailored for businesses seeking to gauge brand awareness and customer satisfaction, this deck features a survey questionnaire. Assess customer awareness, product usage, and brand experience effortlessly. The templates summarize survey results, empowering marketing managers to make better decisions for enhancing business profits. This PPT Template is your go-to resource for strategic marketing research presentations, from brand positioning to likeliness to recommend. 

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Template 2: Company Overview Template

Use this PPT Template to highlight the company overview illustrating its business details (website name, industry, headquarters, founder, chief executive officer, founding year, total employees, company type, and ticker symbol). It also shows the company outline and specialties. This PPT Preset enhances stakeholder engagement, giving them the knowledge and understanding they need to make decisions based on a comprehensive grasp of history and experience of the business. 

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Template 3: Company’s Research and Development Activities Template

Leveraging this PPT Layout, you can showcase a brief overview of the company's latest research and development activities, including details related to the company's cloud & AI platforms, AI & research centers, R&D facilities, etc. This PPT Template empowers stakeholders, including investors and decision-makers, with information on company's R&D initiatives. It also builds trust with stakeholders by providing a comprehensive and accurate representation of the company's commitment to technological progress.

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Template 4: One-Page Company Research Paper Template

Harnessing the power of this PPT Slide, you can illustrate this one-page research paper on the company, including an executive summary, business plan intro, analysis of the company's internal environment, SWOT analysis, product features, and conclusion and recommendations. This PPT Theme empowers stakeholders, including executives and decision-makers, with necessary insights. It also builds trust and accountability with stakeholders by providing a clear and accurate representation of the company's business plan and analysis. 

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Template 5: Research Survey Form to Measure Company Marketing Efforts Contd. Template

Showcase a marketing research survey template businesses can use to determine customer satisfaction. This PPT Template includes elements such as brand experience and likeliness to recommend the brand to others. This PPT Theme provides stakeholders with insights into customer satisfaction, brand experience , and the brand's likelihood of recommendation. It also empowers stakeholders, including marketing executives and decision-makers, with actionable insights derived from the survey template.

Discover the potential of these company research templates now!

The company research templates presented here offer a robust foundation for comprehensive business analysis. These templates provide users with practical frameworks to delve into crucial aspects of company research. From profiling a company's overview to conducting marketing surveys and showcasing research outcomes, the versatility of these PPT templates empowers professionals across diverse fields. The inclusion of real-world examples and samples enhances credibility and applicability. By incorporating these templates into your toolkit, you streamline the research process and elevate the quality and impact of your presentations.

Identify an extensive collection of compelling presentations via our premium PPT Slides, attainable through convenient monthly, semi-annual, and annual subscription choices. Click here for an engaging blog on the Top 7 Company Milestones Templates with Examples and Samples.

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Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

• Organize your thoughts
• Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
• Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Table of contents

Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

• Definition of measles
• Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
• Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
• Symptoms and timeframes of disease
• Risk of fatality, including statistics
• How measles is spread
• Immunization procedures in different regions
• Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
• Immunization figures in affected regions
• High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
• Illnesses that can result from measles virus
• Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
• Summary of arguments of different groups
• Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
• Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

• Decide on the subject of the paper
• Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
• Organize related ideas into sub-groups
• Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
• Create headings and subheadings that are effective
• Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

• Alphanumeric
• Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

• Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

• Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

• 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
• 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
• 1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

• Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

• Include immunization figures in affected regions
• Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

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Gahan, C. (2023, August 15). How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example. Scribbr. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/outline/

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Company Research Papers Samples For Students

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Good Research Paper On United Farm Workers of America

United Farm Workers of America, also known as UFWA was a result of the coming together of two lesser labor unions. These labor unions were led by two people, Cesar Chavez and Larry Itilong. Larry Itilong was the founder and organizer of Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, also known as AWOC whilst Cesar Chavez was the founder and organizer of National Farm Workers Association, also known as NFWA.

Research Paper On Incorporating IT into Innovation and Decision Making Process

Over the last three decades, the role of IT in business has drastically changed. Initially, IT was meant to assists in the day to day operation of the company such as keeping records and controlling inflow and outflow. However, the need has changed. Today, most business entities focus their energy on making IT an entity that not only serves customer-related services but also influences decision making processes within the company (Baltzan, 2012). The level of investment that has been directed on IT infrastructure in the last three decades calls for increased value-addition mechanisms from the IT sector.

Financial Ratios Research Paper

Financial ratios Financial ratios are key to success of any business. There are three reasons why we calculate financial ratios. Business ratios are calculated and benchmarked with industry ratios in order to establish the performance of the firm. We also compare the business ratios with the aggregate economy to estimate and understand the performance in changing economic times. In addition, we also compare the ratios with the company’s past performance which enables us to know the trend of the company. The ratios that are commonly calculated by any firm are several.

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Business Ethics Research Paper Example

Business ethics.

Though some people call ethics “esoteric”, they are nonetheless an important part of how people communicate with each other in different environments. Every individual and every culture have a set of morals and behavioral norms they follow. So, in order to understand one another and get along in the globalizing world we live in, we should consider the ethics of people we interact with on an everyday basis. Moreover, the question of considering ethics is even more important when conducting business in countries with a mentality different from one you came from.

Example Of Fiorina Carly Research Paper

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The official Walmart website details the company’s corporate responsibility initiatives ranging from general ethical concepts such as environmental sustainability to localized CSR issues like veterans and military families support initiatives. Walmart’s mission is to make lives better as outlined on the website and hence, their initiatives of creating more jobs, women empowerment and responsible sourcing; a work in improving the companies social image.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2014). Global Responsibility Report: The Responsibility to Lead. Retrieved April 19, 2014, from http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/35509-Walmart- Highlights-Sustainability-Progress-in-its-2013-Global-Responsibility-Report

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Free Different Business Structures Research Paper Sample

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As Co-Founder, CEO and Chairman of Apple Inc., Jobs met many ups and downs as a good leader. Throughout Apple’s history, such as when they Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne have just started their business in 1976 in the garage of Jobs’ foster parents, years later, they were a success. It only proves that with the right mix of leaders, they can start a company that will later on live with its vision. Apple Company had since then continued to hire many highly talented, creative, and innovative people (e.g., Mike Scott, John Scully).

Purchasing and Supply Management Research Paper Example

Purchasing and supply management plays an important role in operations of companies because other functions of the companies depend on the procurement function. In this paper a number of issues will be considered including the role of supply management in the operational process, the strategies of negotiating prices, budgeting supplies, materials, and service, outsourcing procurement function, and the best supply management practices with examples. Supply management is one of the core functions of the company. The information presented below will attempt to justify the importance of supply management function.

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Samsung had been amongst the most growing companies in the last 10 years. The company values its customers as it’s always alert to analyze what is needed by its customers. They develop unique products thus expanding their markzzet share. The essay below looks into both the business-level and corporate- level strategies that will help the company to have long-term success. It further discusses the competitive environment of Samsung and what helps it to succeed over its rivals.

Example Of Research Paper On Partnership Act

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Weight Watchers International is a global company situated in the United States. It is renowned of offering various services as well as products that aid in weight loss and management. The company is currently operational in approximately 30 nations. The company has approached its work through science driven philosophy by helping participants lose weight through formation of helpful habits, smart eating habits, proper exercising, as well as provision of support.

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Outsourcing Research Paper Examples

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Company Research

• Getting Started

Availability of Company Information

Sources of company information, evaluate sources.

• SEC Filings & Financials
• Annual & CSR Reports
• Earnings Conference Calls
• Company Directories
• Corporate Family
• International Companies
• Private Companies
• Citing in APA

How much information you can find about a company depends on these factors:

Public Company (publicly-held, listed)

• Sells shares to general public to raise capital
• Regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• Required to disclose financial information to SEC and shareholders
• Listed on one of stock exchanges and has a ticker symbol 

Private Company (privately-held, unlisted)

• May be owned by founders, employees , and large investors (venture capitalists)
• No disclosure of information is required

Company status may change over time due to sale, mergers, acquisitions, or going out of business.  The easiest way to determine whether a U.S. company is public  is to google a company name ticker,  since a public company has to have a ticker symbol, and then confirm the current status using SEC's EDGAR tool. A public company has a recent 10K or 10Q.

• EDGAR Search Tools

To better understand what kind of information may (or may not) be available, consider the sources. Who, why, when, and how produced the information should play a role in evaluating  reliability and validity of sources. Multiple free and subscription  resources are available:

• What the company tells you:   company websites, promotional materials, catalogs, price lists, LinkedIn and other social media, and more
• What the company keeps confidential:  internal information, trade secrets, and more
• What the company has to disclose to the government:  10Q, 10K, other SEC filings, economic census, state filings, conference earning calls
• What others say about the company:  news, blogs, LinkedIn and other social media, research articles, books, market research, analyst reports, government, industry and trade experts, and more

A quick and critical evaluation of your sources is an important research skill.  This easy-to-remember framework may help:  

• What is the purpose of your research project?  What is the expected output, for example, a presentation, report, analysis, research paper, etc.? 
• Are you expected to use any specific sources?
• What sources may have relevant information?
• Is the information you are finding relevant to your topic and research goals?
• How deeply do you need to dig in? How much time do you have and what is the deadline?
• Are the sources credible?
• Are the methods of collecting data and analysis disclosed?
• Is the methodology sound?
• 'Who cares' enough to collect particular data or information? This question helps identify relevant sources.
• Is the author qualified to write on a topic?
• What are their credentials and qualifications?
• What are author's affiliations and how these affiliations influence their work and analysis?
• Do you need current or historical data?
• When was the information created/updated?  Is it out of date?
• Have any major events happened since the information was published? What is the effect of those events?
• Why was the information created?
• Is there a discernible conflict of interest?
• It the topic presented from alternative viewpoints?
• Is the language neutral or emotionally "loaded"?
• Is it factual or opinion-based?

Multiple terms may be used to describe companies, each with a varying meaning and in different contexts.

Company : a business enterprise; an inclusive term for any type of business organization which can be a proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation.

Closely-held company : a publicly-traded or private company where a small group of shareholders controls the majority of shares.

Enterprise : a company, firm, or other commercial entity, whether private or public, for profit or nonprofit. Often applied to a newly formed venture. The term is used by the U.S. Bureau of Census to designate entities consisting of many physical business locations, or establishments.

Establishment : a single physical location where business is conducted, or where services are performed. The term is used by the U.S. Bureau of Census for any business location that has one or more employees. Many businesses operate in multiple establishments. The establishment definition varies among industry groups because of differences in structure or standard practices.

Firm :  A firm is a business organization, such as a corporation, limited liability company or partnership, that sells goods or services to make a profit. While most firms have just one location, a single firm can consist of one or more establishments, as long as they fall under the same ownership and, typically utilize the same Employer Identification Number (EIN). The title "firm" is typically associated with business organizations that practice law, but the term can be used for a wide variety or business operation units, such as accounting. "Firm" is often used interchangeably with "business" or "enterprise." (Source:  Investopedia )

Franchise : an arrangement in which an independent business operates one or more establishments under license by the parent company, which may provide training, advertising, and financing.

Legal Structure

Corporation : a legal entity created by state charter, endowed with specific powers and capable of surviving the deaths of its owners. May be profit and nonprofit (educational, scientific, charitable and religious). Stockholders and employees of a corporation cannot be held personally responsible for any debt or lawsuits faced by the company.

Partnership : an association of two or more people for the purpose of jointly owning a business.

Sole proprietorship :  the simplest and most common form of business organization. The major legal requirement is that the founder register the business name with the local government where the company will reside.

Corporate Family Structure

 (see more under under Corporate Family tab)

  Parent Company : a company that controls or owns another company or companies.

Subsidiary : a corporation in which more than 50% of its voting stock is owned by another company.  The subsidiary may have a different name than the controlling corporation.

Wholly owned subsidiary :  100 % of the firm's stock or assets have been acquired by the parent.

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The Ford Company’s Success Factors Research Paper

Competencies and competitive advantages.

One of the critical success factors of Ford is an aggressive competition policy that prevents other manufacturers from overtaking Ford in terms of sales. Another success factor was identified as understanding market movements and adapting to new customer needs. Finally, Ford meets the critical success factor of innovation, which allows the company to survive while maintaining a traditional marketing strategy.

Ford’s core competencies include sound risk management, an adaptive cost strategy, and a focus on the needs of the target customer. The distinctive competencies of the company are the desire for reliability, the use of new technologies, and environmental friendliness. These competencies correspond to key success factors and provide Ford with a stable position in the market. Adaptation to customer needs is expressed in the desire to produce reliable machines that meet modern technological requirements while keeping them affordable for buyers from the middle class.

Aggressive competition policy forces Ford to be the first to introduce innovative products to the market, such as autonomous cars. At the same time, Ford has an adaptive strategy, trying to cut costs so that prices are affordable and financial performance recovers from the pandemic. The combination of the above factors provides Ford with a competitive advantage. The company aims to be the first manufacturer to produce sustainable, reliable, and innovative vehicles at an affordable price. Building on its solid reputation, Ford is bringing modern electric and self-driving cars to market (Deng et al., 2020). Brand loyalty and its name popularity create all the barriers to market entry for new competitors.

A definite strength of Ford’s strategy is capturing the market by any means available. The company knows the market and the needs of its customers well, which allows it to adapt production at minimal cost. While maintaining the production of the most popular models, passenger sedans, and trucks, the company is committed to the production of electric cars and autonomous vehicles. The ability to satisfy any request at an affordable price provides a strong reputation for the brand. A wide choice and representation of the brand in remote regions significantly increases sales. The commitment to environmentally friendly production is also a strength that contributes to the loyalty of consumers. The company seeks to secure a leading position in the market, which is a strength that allows it to attract investors.

Despite a stable market position and undeniable advantages, Ford has weaknesses that hinder the company’s rapid development in the automotive industry. These weaknesses are preventing the company from recovering from losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A financial strategy for risk management may not be very successful, as it is based on cost reduction, which is at the expense of the quality and position of the organization’s employees. Trying to increase profits by cutting costs and saving on materials could undermine Ford’s credibility. Another weak side is the monopoly of the marketing strategy.

Obstacles to healthy competition can lead to the fact that management will no longer see alternative development strategies (Hoffmann et al., 2018). Adopting the strengths of competitors always contributes to sustainable development. Ford deprives itself of this opportunity, thereby demonstrating the shortsightedness of the strategy.

Deng, J., Bae, C., Denlinger, A., & Miller, T. (2020). Electric vehicles batteries: requirements and challenges . Joule , 4 (3), 511-515. Web.

Hoffmann, W., Lavie, D., Reuer, J. J., & Shipilov, A. (2018). The interplay of competition and cooperation . Strategic Management Journal , 39 (12), 3033-3052. Web.

• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2024, April 16). The Ford Company's Success Factors. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-ford-companys-success-factors/

"The Ford Company's Success Factors." IvyPanda , 16 Apr. 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/the-ford-companys-success-factors/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'The Ford Company's Success Factors'. 16 April.

IvyPanda . 2024. "The Ford Company's Success Factors." April 16, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-ford-companys-success-factors/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Ford Company's Success Factors." April 16, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-ford-companys-success-factors/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Ford Company's Success Factors." April 16, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-ford-companys-success-factors/.

• Marketing Plan of Ford Motor
• Mythology of the Ford Motor Company
• Ford as an Auto Company in Transition
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• Ford Mustang Market Environment Research
• The Ford Motors Firm's Six Sigma Project
• Principles of Fords’ Theory
• Analysis of FORD Motor Co.: Marketing Points
• The Derubis Caravans Firm's Organizational Agility
• Lenovo’s Challenges in the Global Computer Market
• The Instagram Firm’s Flower of Services
• Becky’s Cottage Floral Shop’s Competition Analysis
• The Good Taste Restaurant’s Evaluation

20 Academic Publishers Currently Accepting Submissions

by Kaelyn Barron | 1 comment

If you specialize in research or academic writing , you’d probably like to get your important findings into as many hands as possible.

Getting your work published in an academic journal, or as a book, can add major credibility and authority to your name, while also ensuring your hard work gets the attention it deserves.

In this post, we’ve rounded up 20 academic publishers that are looking for new groundbreaking books or journal articles like yours.

Academic Publishers

Below are 20 academic publishers currently accepting unsolicited submissions (no agent required).

1. Allen Press

Allen Press is a printer and publisher of scientific, academic, and scholarly journals, as well as commercial trade publications. Founded in 1935, they also have a handy submissions portal for peer reviews.

Website: www.allenpress.com

Submission Guidelines: www.allenpress.com/services/scholarly-publishing/

Publishes: journals, commercial trade publications

2. Begell House

Begell House publishes academic and scientific journals and books, with a particular interest in engineering and biomedical sciences. 

Website: www.dl.begellhouse.com

Submission Guidelines: www.submission.begellhouse.com

Publishes: journals, books

3. Cambridge University Press

Cambridge is the oldest university press in the world, operating since 1534. It is home to more than 380 academic journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks, and teaching publications.

Website: www.cambridge.org

Submission Guidelines: www.cambridge.org/authorhub/How_to_submit_a_book_proposal.pdf

Publishes: books

4. Canadian Science Publishing

Canadian Science Publishing is Canada’s largest publisher of international scientific journals. It was founded in 1929 as the NRC Research Press, part of the National Research Council. In 2010, the organization spun off from NRC and was incorporated as a not-for-profit.

Website: cdnsciencepub.com

Submission Guidelines: cdnsciencepub.com/authors-and-reviewers/author-guidelines

5. Elsevier

Based in the Netherlands, Elsevier specializes in scientific, technical, and medical content. They have over 140 years of experience curating and verifying scientific knowledge.

Website: www.elsevier.com

Submission Guidelines: www.elsevier.com/submit-your-paper

Publishes: journals

6. Emerald Group Publishing

Emerald Group Publishing is an academic publisher of journals and books related to the fields of management, business, education, library studies, health care, and engineering. The company was founded in the United Kingdom in 1967.

Website: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com

Submission Guidelines: www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/publish-with-us

7. Equinox Publishing

Equinox Publishing is an independent academic publisher of 50 peer-reviewed, international journals, specializing in archaeology, history, linguistics, communication, popular music, religion, and ethics.

Website: www.equinoxpub.com

Submission Guidelines: www.equinoxpub.com/home/authors/

Publishes : journals, books

8. Guilford Press

Based in New York City since 1973, Guilford Press is an independent academic publisher that specializes in books, journals, and DVDs related to psychology, psychiatry, the behavioral sciences, education, geography, and research methods.

Website: www.guilford.com

Submission Guidelines: www.guilford.com/authors/professional-proposal

9. Hindawi Publishing

Hindawi is based in London and publishes scientific, technical, and medical literature. Founded in 1997, it currently publishes more than 230 peer-reviewed scientific journals and scholarly monographs.

Website: www.hindawi.com

Submission Guidelines: www.hindawi.com/publish-research/

Publishes : journals

10. Hogrefe

Founded in Germany in 1949, Hogrefe is an international press that publishes academic journals and books in the fields of psychology and psychiatry.

Website: www.hogrefe.com/us/

Submission Guidelines: www.hogrefe.com/us/service/for-authors/for-book-and-test-authors/submitting-a-book-proposal

11. IOP Publishing

IOP Publishing is the publishing company of the Institute of Physics. They publish scientific research in journals, community websites, magazines, conference proceedings, and books.

Website: iopscience.iop.org

Submission Guidelines: www.publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org/how-to-submit-your-journal-article

Publishes : journals, magazines, books

12. John Wiley & Sons: Wiley Online

Wiley was founded in 1807 in New York City. They’re one of the biggest names in academic publishing and also produce instructional materials.

Website: authorservices.wiley.com/home.html

Submission Guidelines: authorservices.wiley.com/author-resources/submit-your-manuscript/index.html

Karger is a leading biomedical publisher based in Switzerland. They specialize in scientific and medical journals and books.

Website: www.karger.com

Submission Guidelines: www.karger.com/OpenAccess/Submit

14. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

Founded in 1980, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. is an independent publisher of scientific, technical, and medical content. They publish peer-reviewed journals, books, and trade publications in fields such as biotechnology, biomedical research, medicine and surgery, public health research and policy, technology and engineering, law, environmental research and policy, and other disciplines.

Website : www.liebertpub.com

Submission Guidelines : home.liebertpub.com/authors/authors-home/148

Publishes : journals. books

15. Nature Publishing Group

Founded in 1869 and based in Berlin, Nature publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.

Website: www.nature.com

Submission Guidelines: www.nature.com/nature/for-authors

Publishes : journals, magazines

16. Oxford Academic

Oxford Academic publishes over 450 journals in the humanities, social sciences, law, science, and medicine.

Website: academic.oup.com/journals

Submission Guidelines : academic.oup.com/journals/pages/authors/preparing_your_manuscript

17. Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company that publishes textbooks, journals, monographs, and professional and reference works, both in print and online.

Website : www.palgrave.com

Submission Guidelines : www.palgrave.com/us/book-authors/publishing-guidelines

SAGE publishes more than 1,000 journals, more than 800 books a year, including reference works and electronic products covering business, humanities, social sciences, science, technology and medicine.

Website : journals.sagepub.com

Submission Guidelines : us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guidelines

19. Springer

Springer Publishing specializes in healthcare and behavioral sciences content, including books, apps, journals, and digital products.

Website : www.springerpub.com

Submission Guidelines : www.springerpub.com/authors

Publishes : journals, books, digital products

20. Taylor & Francis

Founded in the United Kingdom in 1852, Taylor & Francis publishes academic journals and books. Over 350 of their journals now accept manuscript submissions without any specific formatting requirements.

Website: www.taylorandfrancis.com

Submission Guidelines: authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/making-your-submission/

Next Step: Getting Published

When you’re ready to submit your work, be sure to carefully review the submission guidelines of each publisher you contact. Many of the publishers on this list ask you to send a proposal of your work first.

You’ll also want to write a great query letter to pitch your work. Summarize your research (or other academic writing) and explain why it matters!

Did you find this post helpful? Let us know in the comments below!

If you enjoyed this post, then you might also like:

• Why Publishers Reject Manuscripts: Tips for Nonfiction
• What Is Academic Writing? Definition and Tips
• How to Write a Research Paper: The Complete Guide for Students
• 4 Types of Business Writing and Tips for Improving

As a blog writer for TCK Publishing, Kaelyn loves crafting fun and helpful content for writers, readers, and creative minds alike. She has a degree in International Affairs with a minor in Italian Studies, but her true passion has always been writing. Working remotely allows her to do even more of the things she loves, like traveling, cooking, and spending time with her family.

i am working on a bio-social textbook of aggression that includes a mix of ethology & social psychology & will be aimed at jr & sr level college & graduate students.. my concern is with the preparation of illustrative figures & getting copyright permissions to reproduce pictures already published …i would be entirely willing to spend any advance offered by the publisher for help in getting these right Also, i would need advice & help with whatever bells & whistles are used in textbooks in the internet age. Do you have any suggestions about academic publishers who would be most willing to provide these services? Thank you M Potegal

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8 best research paper writing services: the most reliable companies in the usa.

Legit & Affordable Writing Websites

New York --News Direct-- Writing Solutions

No matter how much someone loves writing, we all know how challenging research papers are for school. Tight deadlines, strict guidelines, and uninteresting subjects make research papers overwhelming. Considering how imperative grades are for a person’s well-being in school, sometimes students need a little help.

Still, even with a tutor or proper guidance from a teacher, you'll have to direct your entire focus regarding the matter and rigorously stick to the paper’s rules. It could require weeks or months to achieve a passing grade, which isn’t always possible depending on the person’s time, interest, or ability.

Thankfully, there are plenty of research paper writing services for people who aren’t skilled writing-wise or don’t have the time to write an excellent paper. As a result, this article will discuss everything there is to know about research paper writing services, including what it is, options to consider, and more.

What is a Research Paper Writing Service?

As the name suggests, a research paper writing service is a company from a group of writing experts that offer custom writing help. Students can recruit proficient research writers who develop custom papers that are interesting and well-composed.

These services cover a wide range, allowing students to choose a specific option for their paper. Examples include a book report, research papers, case studies, and a thesis. Experienced research paper writers benefit students struggling with writing under strict guidelines.

8 Best Research Paper Writing Services in the USA

99Papers - Best Research Paper Writing Service Overall in the United States

PaperHelp - Best Writing Service in North America

EssayPro - Best Price Company

SpeedyPaper - Best Customer Service

EssayBox - High-Quality Custom Research Papers Since 2008

Studdit - Best for Research proposal writing

Expert Editing - Best Paper Editing Provider

Ivory Research - Professional Writers from the UK

As straightforward as a subject like this appears, students must realize the importance of picking an exemplary paper writing service. It’s more than picking the most affordable option, especially considering the countless options available. To help, below will discuss eight of the best research paper writing services in the U.S..

#1. 99Papers

99Papers has a considerable reputation, and rightfully so. The company has many employees, making it easy for you to get your paper on time without worry. Any paper writing service continuously devoting time and assets to fostering the best possible paper is a huge plus.

The most significant advantage of 99Papers is its 24/7 availability for most of its writers. That way, if you have an issue or a writing change you need to address, you can discuss the update very quickly. The company does a great job allowing its clients to track the progress of any order.

Rather than worry about what’s going on writing-wise, you can quickly check the progress and put your mind at ease. Quality-wise, 99Papers claims its writers have to undergo a strict selection process, meaning only the best writers join the team.

Furthermore, when the writer joins the team, 99Papers ensures all its writers are consistently upgrading their skills. Although not every writer needs it, the continuation of learning is an excellent perk to have with any company. Time management and quality are essential, and 99Papers seems to grasp that.

The company gives its clients a wide variety of school writing help. Furthermore, it gives limitless updates on your project, whether it is a report, research paper, or thesis. Price-wise, 99Papers offers a starting price of $9.95 per page, with a slew of discounts and promo codes to save you additional money.

Keep in mind that more significant academic assignments are over $600, but for the more costly options, 99Papers offers payment plans. Hence, don't worry about finances holding you back from getting high-quality paper. Remember to ask for a plagiarism check since it doesn't usually include it.

#2. PaperHelp

Since its inception in 2008, PaperHelp prides itself on being more than a website. The two partners behind the company developed the idea to help students with their writing needs. Don’t let time or your writing ability hinder your full potential. Allow PaperHelp to develop the best possible paper that you need.

Service-wise, the company offers first-class, unique, and expert-grade articles made by handpicked Ph.D. and high-quality writers. Furthermore, the company gives literary plagiarism input on demand and guarantees your substance is unique. Don't worry about your work not being up to speed with quality and plagiarism.

Price-wise, the price starts at $10 per page but can vary depending on the assignment type and delivery. The more time-consuming and lengthy the project is, the more expensive it’ll be. Remember to look for promo and discount codes online to help your price out.

All payments are made through trustworthy entryways, so you don't need to stress over submitting personal information and fraud. Nevertheless, realize the more expensive cost over a faster delivery is expected with a service like this. PaperHelp gets a lot of orders but can work fast if it’s paid.

Thus, you should do your best to budget some extra money if you need a quick turnaround. If you have a few weeks or months to spare, then that’s your best bet for your budget. Don’t wait significantly until the last second to use PaperHelp since that’ll increase your costs.

Besides being a straightforward writing service, PaperHelp can work with you and your paper. That way, it walks you through the process and gives you the tools to reach your goals and full potential. Though it can get costly, PaperHelp is the best option in North America.

#3. EssayPro

EssayPro is another famous writing service company, primarily known for being affordable. With a large social media following, how does it compare to other more expensive options? Part of its success and affordability comes from writers who bargain and compete to get clients.

It works with live correspondences with the writers, so you can tell them what you need. The writers bid on the work to do it for you so you can get a great deal. However, the website sets a base cost, and they can't go lower than that (it starts around $11 a page).

As for its history, EssayPro claims to have been around since 1997, hence why it has such a large following. Service-wise, its customer service is the same as other organizations' approaches. You're qualified for a refund if no writer has been doled out, the order is canceled, the delivery is late, or if you accidentally made two payments.

If it comes down to a quality issue, EssayPro handles the business via the manager, with the administrator viewing the content. Depending on the manager, getting a refund is possible if you’re disappointed in the outcome. However, you’re entitled to a 100 percent reimbursement if the content is plagiarized.

The company offers many essays, case studies, research papers, dissertation and thesis writing , editing, proofreading, rewriting, multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and more. Its order process is straightforward, beginning with account signup and a form.

Always check for minor mistakes and types with your work, and be familiar with more affordable options. However, realize the mistakes aren’t a massive deal since much of the paper is more than worth the price. Either way, EssayPro is an excellent option for longer papers and people looking to save a few bucks.

#4. SpeedyPaper

The biggest issue many paper writing services have is their inability to offer high-quality customer service. SpeedyPaper considers that, offering several reputable services every student needs writing-wise. It's easy to signup and allows you to put in a specific delivery date and instructions.

SpeedyPaper delivers a straightforward bundle to every order. The organization focuses intently on exploring research related to the topic, helping your project in the end. You also get a free plagiarism check with every order, ensuring whatever you get is 100 percent original.

Like many other companies, all of SpeedyPaper’s writers have been carefully screened. You can also check on reviews from previous customers, allowing you to see who might work best for you. The writers are knowledgeable in different subjects, including science, business, and investments.

SpeedyPaper is also very affordable, with academic papers starting at $9 a page. However, understand the price goes up much more depending on the academic level and field of study. The deadline also significantly affects how it’ll cost, so do your best to order early.

If you're worried about the price, first-time customers receive a nine percent discount after registering with their email address and making their first order. Negatively speaking, you must request an English writer early in the process. Otherwise, issues may come up with the instructions.

However, it's not a massive deal since SpeedyPaper's writing force is more than capable of handling any workload. Thus, if you need an essay, cover letter, or thesis proposal, SpeedyPaper is an excellent service to consider. Besides those services, the company also offers editing and proofreading services.

#5. EssayBox

Since its founding in 2008, EssayBox has been delivering high-quality research papers. The company centers on quality, proficient writers, security, and on-time deliveries. It’s a company that esteems its clients while maintaining its strict guidelines.

Quality is everything. Too many companies neglect the quality component as a way to deliver the paper as fast as they can to you. EssayBox claims every paper is elegantly composed, thoroughly thought out, follows the rules, and is altogether unique. You can expect your paper to be exceptional, especially since they check for plagiarism.

Security is a vital component of writing services, primarily because it is easy for information to get taken online. Thankfully, EssayBox believes in security with all of its clients. All private data you furnish, EssayBox, stays with the company. The company doesn’t release any data to outsiders and guarantees that your data stays private.

EssayBox does an excellent job at checking and confirming its writer's ability. You won't receive a writer for your paper if they don't hold a degree in that field. Clients also have a remarkable chance to speak with their writer while the paper is finished.

One of the best components of EssayBox is its limitless modification features. Although it accompanies a cutoff time, it’s long enough that you shouldn’t run into any significant issues. You can amend your paper for longer pieces in less than ten or 20 days. Either option should work out okay.

As high-quality as EssayBox claims to be, realize their prices are slightly higher than other options. Expect to pay a minimum of $12 a page, which adds up compared to other options. Still, it’s worth it in the end, considering the unlimited edit feature and the company’s reputation.

#6. Studdit

As hard as writing a research paper, the added challenge of crafting a research proposal comes. Studdit understands the necessity of research proposals, offering many writing services to anyone interested. Examples include essays, research papers, coursework, and case studies.

Studdit’s most significant advantage is its ability to confirm orders without requiring you to create an account. You must submit your requirements, pay, and wait for your order to come back. The site also has a price calculator, allowing you to figure out how much everything will cost.

Generally speaking, Studdit is pretty affordable, too, with the average price around $10 a page. The company offers a 15 percent discount on first-time orders if the price is too high. Considering how lengthy and expensive some papers can be, that 15 percent adds up very quickly.

Delivery-wise, Studdit understands the necessity of fast deliveries. Rather than wait for your paper to come, Studdit has a quick turnaround option (depending on your paper's length). That quick turnaround time is speedy at three hours, but realize that'll cost you more.

Studdit employs great writers, primarily based in the United States, Australia, and Canada. The writing process is done thoroughly, considering the results' best research. That’s why if you visit reviews for Studdit, they tend to be very high.

Negatively speaking, there isn't much to say about Studdit outside of their absence on social media. Though that might feel odd to some people, it's not a huge deal since the end product is all that matters. As long as the paper you get is okay in your head, you'll be okay in the end.

#7. Expert Editing

As great as a standard writing service is, sometimes you need one that can specialize in editing your paper. Some students feel better about writing a paper to the best of their ability than taking it to an editor. That way, you get more feedback and can see the specifics of what you need to improve on.

Expert Editing is that solution, offering several services, including editing options. Expert Editing focuses on sentence structuring, style and tone development, vocabulary, punctuation, grammar, formatting, and references. It’s a reliable way to take your writing to the next level, something that’s more affordable than a tutor.

Besides being an excellent editing option, Expert Editing has a 24/7 support team. No matter how reputable a company might be, you never know when something might go wrong or need to change instructions. Knowing you contact the company at any point will help keep your mind at ease.

The website is straightforward to use. You begin by submitting your project until an editor to accepts it, wait for the order to be complete, and receive it. The prices may seem steep (especially since it's just an editing service), but understand the company is more geared toward students, authors, and businesses who need a high-quality editor.

The company offers a profoundly specific supervisor for your task with straightforward editing rules. If unsatisfied, you can dispute the order within the dispute resolution center. Reputation-wise, the company is top-rated for its editing services and appears to continue building a following for that reason.

Keep in mind that Expert Editing doesn’t specialize in writing content for students, authors, or businesses. It’s strictly meant as an editing solution to something already written. If that’s not a solution for what you need, then you should consider any other options.

#8. Ivory Research

If you're a UK student, you might prefer a paper writing service specializing in the nation. You can rest assured with Ivory Research, a professional writing service located in the UK. The site has assisted countless students with academic papers, having one of the highest reviews on the web.

What makes Ivory Research so unique is its ability to have so many specialists in varying fields. The company has a dense staff with academic degrees in many different areas, including years of writing experience. Don't worry about who handles your order, considering Ivory Research's outstanding.

Like so many other great options on this list, Ivory Research provides 24/7 customer support. That way, you can contact the company with any questions or concerns you might have. Need to change something with your instructions? Don’t worry; send a simple email or correct your submission online.

You can communicate with your writer through email, live chat, or a traditional phone call. Ivory Research understands everyone varies with their preferences. It considers their contact sections and customer support, making it easy for you to deal with them no matter your preference.

The biggest issue with Ivory Research is its price. The minimum price is around $120 a page, which is significantly higher than anything else we’ve mentioned. Keep in mind that the quality tends to be way higher going with this route. In the end, what you pay for is what you get back.

Ivory Research also offers a 20 percent discount on anyone ordering from them for the first time. Take advantage of the matter, especially if you only need one paper written. Still, despite the high price, Ivory Research offers unlimited revisions, excellent paper quality, great customer support, and various discount options.

Is it Safe and Legit to Buy Research Papers Online?

Yes, it’s perfectly safe and legit to buy research papers online. However, that doesn’t mean every website is safe. Before making an order, you need to ensure whoever you’re ordering from is reputable and legit. Don’t let this prevent you from ordering; there are scams in every field.

Before submitting a request on any website, read their strategies, terms of service, and client care conditions. Along these lines, you'll grasp their strategies for activity and if it's the right website for you. Spending a few hours researching before placing an order is your best interest.

Moreover, ensure you have different research clients who have utilized these companies. A simple web-based search will uncover their experience. Assuming that the site has countless negative reviews, that’s an obvious sign that you should stay away from it. On the flip side, it’s also worthwhile with a site with positive reviews.

Check this field's evaluations on Trustpilot, Sitejabber, or other genuine review websites. You can also request an example to assess the nature of their work and be mindful of their refund policy. It's significant because you can at least return to their refund policy if something goes wrong.

« Write a Research Paper for Me». How to find the best paper writer?

The best way to find an exemplary research paper writing service is by reading reviews online. The web has made it, so practically everything is reviewable, even freelancers who aren't on a specific site. It's set up to prevent people from getting ripped off, though that can still happen.

Thus, it's in your interest to do what you can from the research perspective before going with a client. Even if who you choose is legit, and it might not be the best fit because of the topic or quality of writing they offer. Most companies don't care and only want your money, so do your best to find the best option for you.

A few good points to be aware of are expertise, quality, turnaround time, price, and credibility. Expertise is essential to know you're working with a reputable company. It'll help you throughout the process, eliminating any worry of getting ripped off.

The other components of quality, turnaround time, price, and credibility are self-explanatory. Some signs to look out for are poorly run websites, a company that doesn't have any reviews or a company that refuses to share any of its work with you. Use social media sites like Reddit to help you find further suggestions.

Can I Order Law or Medical Research Paper from Services Online?

Yes, you can order law or medical research papers from services online. However, you need to find a writing service that specializes in and allows that particular field. Of the ones we discussed, PaperHelp is the best option for that service and has many specialists in the area.

PaperHelp can finish the first-class paper on time, whether it's a scholar, business, or individual composition. If your request appears messy, place a free request, and they will tell you within ten minutes. Assuming there's an accessible writer available for the specific cost of your request.

Law research papers frequently draw from past cases. The critical components of composing a legitimate law paper are the case, and the present, characterizing the inquiry, giving a concise response, breaking down the law, listing appropriate references, and determining a conclusion.

A medical research paper isn’t much different but focuses on the medical field. Students may have to write a medical research paper on a specific medical event, innovation, specialty, or field-related topic. Both options are very dense and take a lot of time, hence the importance of a writing service.

What are the Benefits of Using a Research Paper Writing Service?

The primary reason anyone would use a writing service is how it benefits the average person. Students face many issues in school, ranging from work-school-social life balances to learning and getting the most out of their time. Regardless, here are a few key benefits:

Ease of Use

It’s not difficult to utilize a paper writing service, and it doesn’t take long. All you have to do is fill out a form or signup, give the guidelines and materials, pay on the web, and accept your paper through email. You can have your whole paper finished without leaving your seat.

As a result of how fast it is, the most significant benefit of a paper writing service is how much time it saves you. Every student has had to pull an all-nighter to get their work done. Rather than ruin your mental or physical health, you can give yourself some extra time by letting an expert handle it for you.

Benefits Grades

Working with a paper writing service guarantees you the ability to have better grades, especially if you’re not a strong writer. Many paper writing services can give you feedback if you choose to, allowing you to understand what you can do better. Either way, it’ll benefit you in the long run and give you more time to study or focus on other matters.

Where Can I Get Help with Technical and Survey Research Paper Writing Help?

Technical and survey research papers are challenging because they cover areas most people aren't familiar with. It also may require a specific step in the research department that can seem overwhelming or unforgiving. Despite our discussed options, EssayBox is perfect for writing technical and survey research papers.

EssayBox makes it easy by offering a calculator for you to determine how much it'll cost you. The site is designed very well and makes it so you can see all of the standard features from the site. You can either upload your requirements after signing up or inquire about what you specifically need.

Unlike an individual or a descriptive paper, technical papers instruct and illuminate a specialized subject. These papers will generally have a more controlled design than other essays, making them hard to write and complete. Most students struggle with technical papers and require additional help.

Survey research papers are characterized as the assortment of data from an example of people through their reactions to questions. If you supply EssayBox with the questions and people you met, they should take the information and complete the essay.

5 Steps to Purchase a Research Paper

Pick a Research Paper Writing Service

The first step in purchasing research papers is finding exemplary services for you. This step tends to be the most time-consuming, so take your time to examine the best options. Once you do, head over to their site to begin the process.

Some companies don’t require you to signup, but if they do, this is usually the first step. Like any other site where you have to signup, it tends not to be anything more than an email and a password. Some may ask for other specifics but be wary of giving anything too personal.

Place an Order

Placing an order is essential so the writer assigned to you can do their best job. Most sites will have you select the type of service (writing, editing, rewriting), the type of assignment, deadline, how many pages, academic level, and discipline.

Communicate with the writer

After your order is placed and accepted, remember to communicate with the writer that’s assigned to you. You can discuss anything significant to the paper, such as its guidelines, writing style, etc. It also allows you to get updates regarding the matter.

Download Your Paper

The last step is to download your paper, most of which come via email or from the website. If you have any issues with your paper, remember to get a revision or talk to the writer. Most companies offer revisions, and it’s worth seeking one out if your paper needs it.

Looking for the best sites for composing articles is not a simple undertaking. Remember to cooperate with a legitimate and dependable company if you want to purchase a paper writing service. Fortunately, plenty of reviews online help you decide on the matter, giving you the best chance to find the right option in 2022. Also, this list of popular services will be relevant in the next academic year.

Lastly, most writing service companies have a contact form if you have any questions. Though some take longer to answer, it’s worth knowing what you’re getting involved with before spending your money. So, get your list together and see what’ll work best!

Contact Details

Writing Solutions

Will Collins

[email protected]

Company Website

https://legitwritingservice.com

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AI Index Report

Welcome to the seventh edition of the AI Index report. The 2024 Index is our most comprehensive to date and arrives at an important moment when AI’s influence on society has never been more pronounced. This year, we have broadened our scope to more extensively cover essential trends such as technical advancements in AI, public perceptions of the technology, and the geopolitical dynamics surrounding its development. Featuring more original data than ever before, this edition introduces new estimates on AI training costs, detailed analyses of the responsible AI landscape, and an entirely new chapter dedicated to AI’s impact on science and medicine.

Read the 2024 AI Index Report

The AI Index report tracks, collates, distills, and visualizes data related to artificial intelligence (AI). Our mission is to provide unbiased, rigorously vetted, broadly sourced data in order for policymakers, researchers, executives, journalists, and the general public to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of the complex field of AI.

The AI Index is recognized globally as one of the most credible and authoritative sources for data and insights on artificial intelligence. Previous editions have been cited in major newspapers, including the The New York Times, Bloomberg, and The Guardian, have amassed hundreds of academic citations, and been referenced by high-level policymakers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, among other places. This year’s edition surpasses all previous ones in size, scale, and scope, reflecting the growing significance that AI is coming to hold in all of our lives.

Steering Committee Co-Directors

Ray Perrault

Steering committee members.

Erik Brynjolfsson

John Etchemendy

Katrina Ligett

Terah Lyons

James Manyika

Juan Carlos Niebles

Vanessa Parli

Yoav Shoham

Russell Wald

Staff members.

Loredana Fattorini

Nestor Maslej

Letter from the co-directors.

A decade ago, the best AI systems in the world were unable to classify objects in images at a human level. AI struggled with language comprehension and could not solve math problems. Today, AI systems routinely exceed human performance on standard benchmarks.

Progress accelerated in 2023. New state-of-the-art systems like GPT-4, Gemini, and Claude 3 are impressively multimodal: They can generate fluent text in dozens of languages, process audio, and even explain memes. As AI has improved, it has increasingly forced its way into our lives. Companies are racing to build AI-based products, and AI is increasingly being used by the general public. But current AI technology still has significant problems. It cannot reliably deal with facts, perform complex reasoning, or explain its conclusions.

AI faces two interrelated futures. First, technology continues to improve and is increasingly used, having major consequences for productivity and employment. It can be put to both good and bad uses. In the second future, the adoption of AI is constrained by the limitations of the technology. Regardless of which future unfolds, governments are increasingly concerned. They are stepping in to encourage the upside, such as funding university R&D and incentivizing private investment. Governments are also aiming to manage the potential downsides, such as impacts on employment, privacy concerns, misinformation, and intellectual property rights.

As AI rapidly evolves, the AI Index aims to help the AI community, policymakers, business leaders, journalists, and the general public navigate this complex landscape. It provides ongoing, objective snapshots tracking several key areas: technical progress in AI capabilities, the community and investments driving AI development and deployment, public opinion on current and potential future impacts, and policy measures taken to stimulate AI innovation while managing its risks and challenges. By comprehensively monitoring the AI ecosystem, the Index serves as an important resource for understanding this transformative technological force.

On the technical front, this year’s AI Index reports that the number of new large language models released worldwide in 2023 doubled over the previous year. Two-thirds were open-source, but the highest-performing models came from industry players with closed systems. Gemini Ultra became the first LLM to reach human-level performance on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark; performance on the benchmark has improved by 15 percentage points since last year. Additionally, GPT-4 achieved an impressive 0.97 mean win rate score on the comprehensive Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM) benchmark, which includes MMLU among other evaluations.

Although global private investment in AI decreased for the second consecutive year, investment in generative AI skyrocketed. More Fortune 500 earnings calls mentioned AI than ever before, and new studies show that AI tangibly boosts worker productivity. On the policymaking front, global mentions of AI in legislative proceedings have never been higher. U.S. regulators passed more AI-related regulations in 2023 than ever before. Still, many expressed concerns about AI’s ability to generate deepfakes and impact elections. The public became more aware of AI, and studies suggest that they responded with nervousness.

Ray Perrault Co-director, AI Index

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Public Notice: Proposed RCRA Corrective Action - Cleanup Proposal for SJS Linde LP (Formerly Scott Paper Company Research Annex) in Essington , PA - EPA ID: PAD000798504

Persons to comment on EPA’s proposed decision must submit comments to EPA within the 30-day comment period ending 5/16/2024. Interested persons may also request a public hearing on this proposed remedy. All comments and/or requests for a hearing must be submitted in writing via mail, fax, or email to the EPA Project Manager, Christine Kimak as listed below, and must be received prior to 5/16/2024. All comments will be considered in making a final decision.

EPA Project Manager: Christine Kimak EPA Mid-Atlantic Region Mail Code: 3LD11 4 Penn Center 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard Philadelphia, PA 19103-2852

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is announcing its proposed decision (Statement of Basis) for the SJS Linde LP (Formerly Scott Paper Company Research Annex) Facility in Essington, PA, as required by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

Information Availability

More information regarding EPA’s proposed action including a site map is available on EPA’s website at https://www.epa.gov/hwcorrectiveactioncleanups/hazardous-waste-cleanup-esstech-inc-formerly-scott-paper-company

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Related Documents

• SJS Linde LP Statement of Basis (pdf) (2.4 MB, April 16, 2024) This document provides information upon which EPA’s proposed remedy is based
• SJS Linde LP Public Notice (pdf) (84.9 KB, April 16, 2024) RCRA Cleanup Proposal

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Amanda Hoover

Students Are Likely Writing Millions of Papers With AI

Students have submitted more than 22 million papers that may have used generative AI in the past year, new data released by plagiarism detection company Turnitin shows.

A year ago, Turnitin rolled out an AI writing detection tool that was trained on its trove of papers written by students as well as other AI-generated texts. Since then, more than 200 million papers have been reviewed by the detector, predominantly written by high school and college students. Turnitin found that 11 percent may contain AI-written language in 20 percent of its content, with 3 percent of the total papers reviewed getting flagged for having 80 percent or more AI writing. (Turnitin is owned by Advance, which also owns Condé Nast, publisher of WIRED.) Turnitin says its detector has a false positive rate of less than 1 percent when analyzing full documents.

ChatGPT’s launch was met with knee-jerk fears that the English class essay would die . The chatbot can synthesize information and distill it near-instantly—but that doesn’t mean it always gets it right. Generative AI has been known to hallucinate , creating its own facts and citing academic references that don’t actually exist. Generative AI chatbots have also been caught spitting out biased text on gender and race . Despite those flaws, students have used chatbots for research, organizing ideas, and as a ghostwriter . Traces of chatbots have even been found in peer-reviewed, published academic writing .

Teachers understandably want to hold students accountable for using generative AI without permission or disclosure. But that requires a reliable way to prove AI was used in a given assignment. Instructors have tried at times to find their own solutions to detecting AI in writing, using messy, untested methods to enforce rules , and distressing students. Further complicating the issue, some teachers are even using generative AI in their grading processes.

Detecting the use of gen AI is tricky. It’s not as easy as flagging plagiarism, because generated text is still original text. Plus, there’s nuance to how students use gen AI; some may ask chatbots to write their papers for them in large chunks or in full, while others may use the tools as an aid or a brainstorm partner.

Students also aren't tempted by only ChatGPT and similar large language models. So-called word spinners are another type of AI software that rewrites text, and may make it less obvious to a teacher that work was plagiarized or generated by AI. Turnitin’s AI detector has also been updated to detect word spinners, says Annie Chechitelli, the company’s chief product officer. It can also flag work that was rewritten by services like spell checker Grammarly, which now has its own generative AI tool . As familiar software increasingly adds generative AI components, what students can and can’t use becomes more muddled.

Detection tools themselves have a risk of bias. English language learners may be more likely to set them off; a 2023 study found a 61.3 percent false positive rate when evaluating Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) exams with seven different AI detectors. The study did not examine Turnitin’s version. The company says it has trained its detector on writing from English language learners as well as native English speakers. A study published in October found that Turnitin was among the most accurate of 16 AI language detectors in a test that had the tool examine undergraduate papers and AI-generated papers.

Lauren Goode

William Turton

Eric Ravenscraft

Schools that use Turnitin had access to the AI detection software for a free pilot period, which ended at the start of this year. Chechitelli says a majority of the service’s clients have opted to purchase the AI detection. But the risks of false positives and bias against English learners have led some universities to ditch the tools for now. Montclair State University in New Jersey announced in November that it would pause use of Turnitin’s AI detector. Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University did the same last summer.

“This is hard. I understand why people want a tool,” says Emily Isaacs, executive director of the Office of Faculty Excellence at Montclair State. But Isaacs says the university is concerned about potentially biased results from AI detectors, as well as the fact that the tools can’t provide confirmation the way they can with plagiarism. Plus, Montclair State doesn’t want to put a blanket ban on AI, which will have some place in academia. With time and more trust in the tools, the policies could change. “It’s not a forever decision, it’s a now decision,” Isaacs says.

Chechitelli says the Turnitin tool shouldn’t be the only consideration in passing or failing a student. Instead, it’s a chance for teachers to start conversations with students that touch on all of the nuance in using generative AI. “People don’t really know where that line should be,” she says.

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International Paper Co

International paper: acquisition of ds smith creates another global containerboard giant.

International Paper announced on April 16 that it had reached an agreement to acquire DS Smith, one of the largest corrugated packaging producers in Europe. This news comes a few weeks after International Paper made its initial offer to acquire DS Smith, which was valued at $7.22 billion in an all-stock deal. The deal will have International Paper issue 0.1285 shares for each share of DS Smith at a value of GBX 415 per share, which would result in 66.3% ownership for International Paper shareholders and 33.7% ownership for DS Smith shareholders. Barring any issues, management expects the deal to close in the fourth quarter of 2024. The geographic diversity of International Paper and DS Smith’s operations give us greater confidence that the deal will receive the necessary regulatory approvals. That said, we think synergies will be limited as regional overlap generally drives synergies in containerboard-related deals. We think the deal is largely value neutral, and as such, we are maintaining our $41 per share fair value estimate.

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