animal cruelty research paper outline

110 Animal Abuse Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best animal abuse topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 most interesting animal abuse topics to write about, 🔎 good research topics about animal abuse, ❓ animal abuse research questions.

• Causes and Effects of Animal Cruelty Therefore, it is vitally important to understand the negative impact of animal maltreatment on society, particular individuals, and the animals to realize the seriousness of the problem and take decisive actions.
• Animal Testing: Should Animal Testing Be Allowed? — Argumentative Essay It is crucial to agree that animal testing might be unethical phenomenon as argued by some groups; nonetheless, it should continue following its merits and contributions to the humankind in the realms of drug investigations […] We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
• Cosmetic Testing on Animals The surface of the skin or near the eyes of such animals is meant to simulate that of the average human and, as such, is one of easiest methods of determining whether are particular type […]
• Animal Cruelty, Its Causes and Impacts In the second part of the body, I will be more specific on the effects of animal cruelty in respect to ethics.
• The Debate on Animal Testing The purpose of this paper is to define animal testing within a historical context, establish ethical and legal issues surrounding the acts, discuss animal liberation movements, arguments in support and against the act of animal […]
• Animal Cruelty: Inside the Dog Fighting In most cases the owner of the losing dog abandons the injured dog to die slowly from the injuries it obtained during the fight. The injuries inflicted to and obtained by the dogs participating in […]
• Animal Testing and Environmental Protection While the proponents of animal use in research argued that the sacrifice of animals’ lives is crucial for advancing the sphere of medicine, the argument this essay will defend relates to the availability of modern […]
• Animal Cruelty as an Ethical and Moral Problem It is due to the fact that this paper stresses that actions related to the needless and non-progressive act of animal cruelty should be considered a felony with the appropriate amount of incarceration put into […]
• On Animal Abuse and Cruelty In these cages, the animals are confined indoors for the whole year denying them their right to roam and feel the heat of the sun.
• Negative Impacts of Animal Testing In many instances it can be proofed that drugs have been banned from the market after extensive research on animal testing and consuming a lot of cash, because of the dire effects that they cause […]
• Animal Testing in Medicine and Industry Animal testing is the inescapable reality of medicine and industry. However, between human suffering and animal suffering, the former is more important.
• Preclinical Testing on Animals The authors argue that despite the recent decline in the level of quality and transparency of preclinical trials, the scientific communities should always rely on animal testing before moving to human subjects and the subsequent […]
• Program for Addressing and Prevention of Animal Cruelty While it is unreasonable to expect that a larger number of people will be interested, ensuring that at least 5% of the population is invested will help to promote knowledge actively and target the remaining […]
• Using Animals in Medical Research and Experiments While discussing the use of animals in medical research according to the consequentialist perspective, it is important to state that humans’ preferences cannot be counted higher to cause animals’ suffering; humans and animals’ preferences need […]
• Animal Testing: History and Arguments Nevertheless, that law was more focused on the welfare of animals in laboratories rather than on the prohibition of animal testing.
• Laboratory Experiments on Animals: Argument Against In some cases, the animals are not given any painkillers because their application may alter the effect of the medication which is investigated.
• Animal Testing From Medical and Ethical Viewpoints Striving to discover and explain the peculiarities of body functioning, already ancient Greeks and Romans resorted to vivisecting pigs; the scientific revolution of the Enlightenment era witnessed animal testing becoming the leading trend and a […]
• Laws that Protect Animal Cruelty The softening of boundaries of the self is of paramount importance for they are too tight as one sees the other as separate, different, and apart from oneself which can lead to conflict and violence.
• Negative Impacts of Animal Testing To alter these inhumane laws, we should organize a social movement aiming at the reconsideration of the role of animals in research and improvement of their positions.
• Animal Testing: Long and Unpretty History Nevertheless, that law was more focused on the welfare of animals in laboratories rather than on the prohibition of animal testing.
• Animal Abuse Registry Justification Due to the extensive unfairness to the animals, the Veterinary department of most developed countries has established laws concerning the treatment care and support that animals have to be accorded with.
• Animal Testing as an Unnecessary and Atrocious Practice Such acts of violence could be partially excused by the necessity to test medications that are developed to save human lives however, this kind of testing is even more inhumane as it is ineffective in […]
• Richmond Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals In order to safeguard its mission, the organization runs several services, all of which aim at promoting the value of life and enhance the well-being of animals.
• Animal Experiments and Inhuman Treatment Although the results of such a laboratory may bring answers to many questions in medicine, genetics, and other vital spheres, it is frequently a case that the treatment of such animals is inhumane and cruel. […]
• Animal Testing for Scientific Research Despite the fact that the present-day science makes no secret of the use of animals for research purposes, not many people know what deprivation, pain, and misery those animals have to experience in laboratories.
• Animal Testing and Ethics I believe it is also difficult to develop efficient legislation on the matter as people have different views on animal research and the line between ethical and unethical is blurred in this area.
• Animal Testing: History and Ethics Moreover, in the twelfth century, another Arabic physician, Avenzoar dissected animals and established animal testing experiment in testing surgical processes prior to their application to man. Trevan in 1927 to evaluate the effectiveness of digitalis […]
• Dealing With Animal Cruelty One of how animal cruelty is exercised is in the way they are used to obtain meat and eggs. Various strains of diseases arise in these areas and have the potential of becoming lethal to […]
• Animal Testing Effects on Psychological Investigation In this context, ethical considerations remain a central theme in psychological research.”Ethics in research refers to the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection, analysis, reporting, and publication of information […]
• Animal Abuse as a Public Health Issue As we have seen, the problem of animal abuse, being linked to interpersonal violence, is directly related to the sphere of public health.
• Animal Testing: Why It Is Still Being Used The major reason for such “devotion” to animal testing can be explained by the fact that alternative sources of testing are insufficient and too inaccurate to replace conventional way of testing.
• Effects of Animal Testing and Alternatives Another challenge to the proponents of animal testing is related to dosage and the time line for a study. Animal rights values rebuff the notion that animals should have an importance to human beings in […]
• Ethics Problems in Animal Experimentation In spite of the fact that it is possible to find the arguments to support the idea of using animals in experiments, animal experimentation cannot be discussed as the ethical procedure because animals have the […]
• Animal Testing: Ethical Dilemmas in Business This means that both humans and animals have rights that need to be respected, and that is what brings about the many dilemmas that are experienced in this field.
• Use of Animals in Research Testing: Ethical Justifications Involved The present paper argues that it is ethically justified to use animals in research settings if the goals of the research process are noble and oriented towards the advancement of human life.
• Ethical Problems in Animal Experimentation The banning of companies from testing on animals will force the manufacturers to use conventional methods to test their drugs and products.
• Utilitarianism for Animals: Testing and Experimentation There are alternatives in testing drugs such as tissue culture of human cells and hence this is bound to be more accurate in the findings.
• Use of Animals in Biological Testing Thus, these veterinarians have realized that the results that are realized from the animal research are very crucial in the improvement of the health of human being as well as that of animals.
• Experimentation on Animals However, critics of experimenting with animals argue that animals are subjected to a lot of pain and suffering in the course of coming up with scientific breakthroughs which in the long run may prove futile.
• Psychoactive Drug Testing on Animals The alterations in behavioral traits of animals due to psychoactive drugs are primarily attributed to the changes in the brain functions or inhibition of certain brain components in animals which ultimately translates to changes in […]
• The Psychological Relationship Between Animal Abuse & Adolescents in the Judicial System
• Animal Abuse and Cruelty Is Wrong Sociology
• Unveiling the Global Issue of Animal Abuse and Its Impact on the World
• Animal Abuse, Inhumane, and Inhumane Experimentation
• The Unsettling Connection Between Animal Abuse and Domestic Abuse
• The Link Between Animal Abuse and Domestic Violence
• Politics, Human Nature, Science, and Animal Abuse in the Mouse Petition, a Poem by Anna Barbauld
• Vets Struggle Against Animal Abuse
• The Connection Between Animal Abuse and Other Violence
• Animal Abuse: Why Protecting Bees Should Be Our Top Priority
• The Circus and Animal Abuse
• Animal Cruelty: Physical Abuse of Animal in Traditional Farm
• Animal Cruelty: Animal Abuse as Dirty Play
• Animal Abuse and Neglect of Animal
• Animal Abuse and Animal Rights Nowadays
• Enforcing Harsher Animal Abuse Penalties
• Seaworld and PETA: The Need to Work Together to Address the Issues of Animal Abuse
• Slaughterhouse Abuse and Animal Abuse
• Fundamental Interests That Give Animals Both Moral and Legal Rights
• How Can Animal Abuse Be Prevented
• Should Animal Rights Activists Be Held Accountable for Abuse Videos
• The Need for Social Change Regarding Animal Abuse
• The Dark Side of Animal Experimentation and How to Avoid It
• Reasons Why Using Animals for Hard Labor Is Inhumane
• Critical Issues Concerning Animal Abuse
• Animal Abuse and Other Types of Abuse
• Animal Abuse: The Issue of Torturing of Animals
• The Relationship Between Animal Abuse, Human Abuse, and Antisocial Behavior
• Solutions for Cruelty to Animals
• Animal Abuse Is Wrong and There Should Be Laws to Protect Them
• The Relationship Between Animal Abuse and Criminal Behavior
• Animal Rights, Welfare, and Abuse
• Cultural Appropriation and Animal Abuse at Events
• Animal Abuse: Animal Suffering in Factory Farms
• Animal Abuse and Its Effects on America
• The Argument for Stopping Animal Abuse
• The Reasons Why Undeveloped Countries Care Less About Animal Rights
• Animal Abuse and the Evolution of Animals Rights Movements From the 1900S
• Animal Abuse and Its Effects on Society
• Punishments for Animal Abuse Are Still Too Mild
• What Animal Is the Most Abused in the World?
• How Are Animals Abused in Animal Testing?
• What Is the Main Reason for Animal Abuse?
• How Many Animals Are Abused Each Year?
• Is Hitting a Dog Animal Abuse?
• When Did Animal Abuse Start?
• What State Has the Highest Animal Abuse?
• What Dog Breed Is the Most Abused?
• Is Animal Abuse a Red Flag?
• Why Do Kids Abuse Animals?
• How Can We Stop Animal Abuse?
• How Many Abused Animals Are Killed Every Day?
• Is Animal Abuse Increasing or Decreasing?
• How Many Animals Are Abused Each Day?
• Why Do People Abuse Animals?
• How Common Is Animal Abuse in the World?
• What Percent of Animals Are Abused in Zoos?
• Dogs and Cats: Which Animals Abused More?
• Do Animals Forgive Their Abusers?
• Does Your Animal Remember if You Abuse Them?
• How Do I Say Sorry to My Abused Animal?
• What Do You Do When Your Child Abuses the Animal?
• Is Shouting at the Animal Abuse?
• What Are the Arguments for Stopping Animal Abuse?
• What Are the Facts About Animal Abuse?
• What Happens if You Abuse an Animal?
• What Is the Difference Between Animal Abuse and Animal Cruelty?
• Where Are Animals Most Abused?
• What Are the Types of Animal Abuse?
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Extending Animal Cruelty Protections to Scientific Research

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Photo by Sandy Millar on Unsplash

INTRODUCTION

On November 25, 2019, the federal law H.R. 724 – the Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act (PACT) prohibiting the intentional harm of “living non-human mammals, birds, reptiles, or amphibians” was signed. [1] This law was a notable step in extending protections, rights, and respect to animals. While many similar state laws existed, the passing of a federal law signaled a new shift in public tone. PACT is a declaration of growing societal sentiments that uphold the necessity to shield our fellow creatures from undue harm. Protecting animals from the harm of citizens is undoubtedly important, but PACT does nothing to protect animals from state-sanctioned harm, particularly in the form of research, which causes death and cruelty. It is time to extend and expand protections for animals used in research.

There is a long history of animal experimentation in the US, but no meaningful ethical protections of animals emerged until the 20 th century. Proscription of human experimentation and dissection led to animals bearing the brunt of harm for scientific and medical progress. For instance, English physician William Harvey discovered the heart did not continuously produce blood but instead recirculated it; he made this discovery by dissecting and bleeding out living dogs without anesthesia. [2] Experiments like this were considered ethically tenable for hundreds of years. Philosophers like Immanuel Kant, Thomas Aquinas, and Rene Descartes held that humans have no primary moral obligations to animals and that one should be concerned about the treatment of an animal only because it could indicate how one would treat a human. [3] During the 20 th century, as agriculture became more industrialized and government funding for animal research increased, the social demand for ethical regulations finally began to shift. In 1966, the Animal Welfare Act (Public Law 89-544) marked the first American federal legislation to protect laboratory animals, setting standards for use of animals in research. [4]

There has been progress in the field of animal research ethics since Harvey’s experiments, but much work remains. In the US alone, there are an estimated 20 million mice, fish, birds, and invertebrates used for animal research each year that are not regulated by the Animal Welfare Act. [5] Instead, the “3Rs Alternatives” approach (“reduce, replace, and refine”) [6] is one framework used to guide ethical treatment of animals not covered by federal protections. Unfortunately, unpacking the meaning and details of this approach only leads to ambiguity and minimal actionable guidance. For instance, an experimenter could reduce the number of animals used in research but subsequently increase the number of experiments conducted on the remaining animals. Replace could be used in the context of replacing one species with another. Refining is creating “any decrease in the severity of inhumane procedures applied to those animals, which still have to be used.” [7] The vague “ any ” implies that even a negligible minimization would be ethically acceptable. [8] An experimenter could technically follow each of the “3Rs” with minimal to no reduction in harm to the animals. One must also consider whether it is coherent to refer to guidelines as ethical when they inevitably produce pain, suffering, and death as consequences of research participation.

Other ethical guides like Humane Endpoints for Laboratory Animals Used in Regulatory Testing [9] encourage researchers to euthanize animals that undergo intractable pain or distress. This is a fate that an estimated one million animals face yearly in the US. [10] However, to use the word “humane” in this context contradicts the traditional meaning and undermines the integrity of the word. Taking living creatures, forcing them to experience intractable pain and suffering for human benefit, and killing them is the antithesis of what it means to be humane. During one of my Animal Ethics classes as a graduate student, our cohort visited an animal research facility to help inform our opinions on animal research. We observed one of the euthanasia chambers for lab mice – an enclosed metal lab bench with a sign above describing methods for euthanasia if CO 2 asphyxiation were to fail. The methods included decapitation, removal of vital organs, opening of the chest cavity, incision of major blood vessels, and cervical dislocation. [11] Behind us were rows and rows of see-through shoebox-sized containers housing five mice in each little box. Thousands of mice were packed together in this room for the sole purpose of breeding. If the mice were not the correct “type” for research, then they were “humanely” euthanized. “Humane,” in this context, has been deprived of its true meaning.

One can acknowledge that animal research was historically necessary for scientific progress, but those that currently claim these practices are still required must show empirically and undoubtedly this is true. As of now, this is not a settled issue. In the scientific community, there is contention about whether current animal research is actually applicable to humans. [12] Many drug researchers even view animal testing as a tedious barrier to development as it may be wholly irrelevant to the drug or medical device being tested. Since 1962, the FDA has required preclinical testing in animals; it is time to question whether this is necessary or helpful for drug development.

The scientific community should stop viewing animal testing as an unavoidable evil in the search for medical and technological innovation. PACT should be amended and extended to all animals and the FDA should modify the requirement for preclinical animal testing of all drugs and medical devices. It is time to encourage the scientific community to find alternative research methods that do not sacrifice our fellow animals. We use animals as test subjects because, in some sense, they resemble humans. But, if they are indeed like humans, they should receive similar protections. Science builds a better world for humans, but perhaps it is time for science to be more inclusive and build a better world for all creatures.

[1] Theodore E. Deutch, “Text - H.R.724 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Preventing Animal Cruelty and Torture Act,” legislation, November 25, 2019, 2019/2020, https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/724/text.

[2] Anita Guerrini, “Experiments, Causation, and the Uses of Vivisection in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century,” Journal of the History of Biology 46, no. 2 (2013): 227–54.

[3] Bernard E. Rollin, “The Regulation of Animal Research and the Emergence of Animal Ethics: A Conceptual History,” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 27, no. 4 (September 28, 2006): 285–304, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-006-9007-8; Darian M Ibrahim, “A Return to Descartes: Property, Profit, and the Corporate Ownership of Animals,” LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS 70 (n.d.): 28.

[4] Benjamin Adams and Jean Larson, “Legislative History of the Animal Welfare Act: Introduction | Animal Welfare Information Center| NAL | USDA,” accessed November 3, 2021, https://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislative-history-animal-welfare-act-introduction.

[5] National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Patterns of Animal Use , Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (National Academies Press (US), 1988), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218261/.

[6] Robert C. Hubrecht and Elizabeth Carter, “The 3Rs and Humane Experimental Technique: Implementing Change,” Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2019): 754, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100754.

[7] Hubrecht and Carter.

[8] Hubrecht and Carter.                           

[9] William S. Stokes, “Humane Endpoints for Laboratory Animals Used in Regulatory Testing,” ILAR Journal 43, no. Suppl_1 (January 1, 2002): S31–38, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.43.Suppl_1.S31.

[10] Stokes.

[11] “Euthanasia of Research Animals,” accessed April 21, 2022, https://services-web.research.uci.edu/compliance/animalcare-use/research-policies-and-guidance/euthanasia.html.

[12] Neal D. Barnard and Stephen R. Kaufman, “Animal Research Is Wasteful and Misleading,” Scientific American 276, no. 2 (1997): 80–82.

Chad Childers

MS Bioethics Candidate Harvard Medical School Center for Bioethics

Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .

Animal Law Research

Primary sources: cases, statutes, regulations and treaties, secondary sources: books, articles, news, current awareness, research and advocacy, getting help, credit and cc license.

Animal Law is concerned with the rights and welfare of nonhuman animals, as well as the requirements, responsibilities and liabilities associated with keeping or interacting with them.  Under this umbrella are wild animals as well as animals used for food and research, in entertainment, and as companions, pets or service animals.  This guide contains some research recommendations, highlighting key primary sources, secondary sources and current awareness sources. 

Know that you may not find "animal law" as a discrete topic area in research databases.  Instead, you might look to elements of property law, contract law, tort law, criminal law, environmental law, and agriculture and food law.

"farm animals"  by  lboren2687

Federal legislation

These are among the most researched and cited of animal laws at the federal level:

• Animal Welfare Act (USDA)
• Humane Methods of Slaughter Act (USDA)
• Horse Protection Act (USDA)
• Twenty-Eight Hour Law (USDA)

Congressional Research Service (CRS) and U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports provide additional context on the federal legislation.

• CRS Reports relating to Animal Agriculture Congressional Research Service reports organized by the National Agricultural Law Center
• GAO Reports on the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act GAO 10-203: Actions are Needed to Strengthen Enforcement
• GAO Report on the Animal Welfare Act GAO 10-945: Oversight of Dealers of Random Source Dogs and Cats Would Benefit from Additional Management Information and Analysis (2010)

State legislation

• Massachusetts Law About Animals A compilation of MA laws, regulations, cases and web sources on animal law from the Massachusetts Trial Court Law Libraries.
• NCSL Environmental and Natural Resources State Bill Tracking Database National Conference of State Legislatures tracks environment and natural resource bills introduced in the 50 states, territories and Washington, DC. Search here for wildlife bills, including invasive wildlife species and pollinators.
• National AgLaw Center - State Animal Cruelty Statutes A compilation from the National Agricultural Law Center of the animal cruelty statutes across the 50 states.

Applicable U.S. Government Agencies

• USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
• FSIS (Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service) Part of the USDA.
• Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
• US Dept of Health and Human Services: National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare

Some Relevant International Agreements

• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
• Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS)

Using Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are a great place to begin if you're new to animal law research, or to consult later in your research for legal interpretation and analysis. To learn more about different types of secondary sources and how best to use them, visit the following guide:

• Secondary Sources: ALRs, Encyclopedias, Law Reviews, Restatements, & Treatises by Catherine Biondo Last Updated Sep 12, 2023 3687 views this year

Selected Treatises and Other Texts

Tips on Finding Materials on Animal Law in Hollis

Try the following Library of Congress subject searches in the HOLLIS online catalog  to find additional materials. You can also substitute another country's name or region of the world (such as "Latin America")  where "United States" appears.

Animal welfare --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Animal rights --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Animal industry --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Animal experimentation --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Laboratory  animals  --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Working  animals  --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Domestic  animals  --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research. ; Animals  in the performing arts --  Law   and   legislation  --  United   States  -- Legal research.

Legal blogs (or "blawgs") are a good way to tap into current conversation.  Here are links to two blog listings:

• Justia Blawg Search - Animal and Dog Law Blawgs
• ABA Journal Animal Law Blog Index

Research and Advocacy

• Harvard Law School - Animal Law & Policy Program Started in 2014, the Brooks McCormick Jr. Animal Law & Policy Program at HLS is "Committed to analyzing and improving the treatment of animals through the legal system"
• Animal Law Resource Center A site for current information on animal law and advocacy maintained by the National Anti-Vivisection Society, with assistance from Chicago-area law students.

Contact Us!

  Ask Us!  Submit a question or search our knowledge base.

Chat with us!  Chat   with a librarian (HLS only)

Email: [email protected]

 Contact Historical & Special Collections at [email protected]

  Meet with Us   Schedule an online consult with a Librarian

Hours  Library Hours

Classes  View  Training Calendar  or  Request an Insta-Class

 Text  Ask a Librarian, 617-702-2728

 Call  Reference & Research Services, 617-495-4516

Thank you to Stephen Wiles and Terri Saint-Amour for their work on the initial version of this guide.

This guide is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License .

You may reproduce any part of it for noncommercial purposes as long as credit is included and it is shared in the same manner. 

• Last Updated: Sep 12, 2023 10:46 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/law/animallawresearch

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Animal Cruelty Essay Outline

Pages: 1 (395 words)

Topic: Animal Cruelty

Document Type: Outline

Document: #M25141802

Download this document in word format (.doc)

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I. Introduction

A. Diverse attitudes towards animals and how to treat them.

B. Species-specific attitudes towards animals

C. The problem with defining animal cruelty.

D. Thesis: It may be impossible to come up with a global framework related to animal cruelty given the wide range of beliefs about how animals should be viewed and whether humans should kill animals at all.

II. Diversity and cultural values

A. Not all cultures view animals the same.

B. Attitudes change over time.

III. Speciesism

A. Why do people think eating dogs and cats is abhorrent, but are fine with eating pigs and cows?

1. The European ban on killing live octopus

2. European/North American attitudes towards dog

3. Hindu attitudes towards cowB. Is speciesism justifiable?

IV. What constitutes cruelty?

A. Is killing animals always wrong, no matter what?

B. The concept of an ethical way to kill animals.

V. Conclusions

A. Complexity of the issue

B. Suggestions for a balanced approach to animal treatment

Animal Cruelty Essay Outline Example

A. Attitudes towards animals differ from culture to culture, reflecting social taboos and beliefs about the relationship between humans and other sentient beings.

B. Many cultures discriminate between animal species, leading to dichotomous views towards how various animals should be treated.

C. Thesis: The debate over animal cruelty is challenging because it is difficult to balance the desire to be kind to all creatures with the ingrained habits related to treating animals as resources.

II. Attitudes towards animals in different cultures

A. Some cultures, such as the Jain in India, view all animals as having moral worth.

B. Most cultures see animals as being valuable resources for humans, and could not conceive of a world in which animals were not raised for food or killed for their hides.

III. Differential treatment of animals

A. Almost all cultures have taboos against killing some species but not others.

B. Is differential treatment of animals/speciesism hypocritical or sensible?

IV. Vegan values

A. There is no such thing as ethical slaughter.

B. A new approach towards animals would also promote environmental sustainability.

V.  Conclusion

A. Few people would argue that cruelty towards animals is acceptable, yet most people are unwilling to give up leather products and meat.

B. Through a market-driven approach, it may be possible to eliminate all forms of animal cruelty within several generations.

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The dark side of the animal experiments

Elif akkaya.

1 Uskudar American Academy, High School, Istanbul, Türkiye

Harun Reşit Güngör

2 Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine, Denizli, Türkiye

The use of animals in research has increasingly continued, although there are serious concerns about appropriate methodology, moral issues and translation to clinical practice. The aim of the present article is to review the insufficiency of statements in ethical approvals to obtain animal welfare in real life practices and to draw attention to the need for an additional evidence-based audit system. In many countries, local Animal Ethics Committees are established to ensure that animals are treated in accordance with 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) principles. Although the ethical approval certificate which is taken before the start of research is considered as the proof of animal welfare, footages released from all over the world reveal the maltreatment. However, due to the scientific resource provided by animal models, it does not seem possible to expect animal experiments to be terminated in the near future. Addition of previously suggested welfare section to methods of study or including the ethical approval certificate does not seem to be sufficient practices to guarantee the animal welfare, since they are not based on audited evidence. The welfare certificate, in which the welfare is supervised by independent auditors, would serve as a proof of both the wellbeing of subjects and consequently the scientific reliability of data. Application of review and publication priority for the animal researches which have the welfare certificate in addition to the ethical approval would encourage the researchers to obtain this certificate. The achievement of worldwide consensus about content, requirements, and application methods of the welfare certificate should be in the scope of scientists in the near future to reach the more humane and more qualified animal experiments.

Many animals have similar body compartments and physiology as humans; therefore, they are used in scientific research and studies. The use of animals in medical research has a long history dating to the anatomical studies of Aristotle on various animals. Although there are serious concerns about the appropriate methodology and moral issues in animal studies and the transfer of data to humans, the use of animals in experiments has increasingly continued to the present day.[ 1 ] Currently, millions of animals are sacrificed worldwide annually, and many are suffering in harmful conditions for medical research involving the development of several medicines, vaccines, or surgical techniques.[ 2 - 4 ]

The 3Rs (Replace, Reduce, Refine) are recommended as fundamental principles for the use of animal model.[ 5 ] Replacement involves the alternative models to animal experiments such as in vitro methods or computer modelling. Reduction means to propose the minimum number of animals required to achieve the purpose of the research. Refinement consists of many different applications to minimize the suffering, distress, and the potential pain exposure throughout the research.[ 5 , 6 ] Guidelines for research ethics stipulate the principles to be applied throughout the scientific study from planning to publication and recommend a set of ethical standards including the welfare of animal subjects. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes designated that the measures should be taken for animal welfare and that animal testing is replaced, when there are possible alternative methods.[ 7 ]

All over the world in many countries, local Animal Ethics Committees are established to ensure that animals are treated in accordance with 3Rs principles.[ 5 ] In Türkiye, institutional local Animal Ethical Committees approve, revise or reject each application, whereas ethical committees in some countries have only consultant role.[ 5 , 8 ] Researchers are expected to perform all experimental applications in accordance with 3Rs principles and to take necessary measures for animals to prevent suffering, distress, and pain.[ 3 , 9 ] Whereas replacement and reduction principles can be controlled and modified by the supervision of ethical committee before the approval of the experimental study, among the 3Rs principles, refinement is the most ambiguous one and the least monitored rule.[ 5 ] Several authors have suggested adding an animal welfare section to the methods part of publications to ensure that the refinement rule of 3Rs principles has been properly applied.[ 10 , 11 ] Although the certificate of ethical committee approval which is taken before the start of research is considered as the proof of animal subjects’ welfare based on ethical and scientific standards, many footages released from many experienced animal research centers all over the world reveal the maltreatment and abuse of animals.[ 12 - 15 ] Addition of previously suggested welfare section to the methods part of the study or claiming that the refinement principle of the 3Rs is complied with in the ethics committee document does not seem to be sufficient practices to guarantee the welfare of animals, since they are not based on audited evidence. Therefore, although ethical guidelines and approvals are useful and required tools to establish the ethical limits of experiments on animals, there is a clear need for a new measure to achieve the welfare of animal subjects.

Examples of animal cruelty in the international media reveal the insufficient application of 3Rs in real life for a variety of reasons and the urge need for an evidence-based audit system throughout the research in addition to the ethical approval. First, some laboratories continue to neglect their animals or ignore the negative effects of certain practices on animals unrelated to the scientific purpose of the experiment as long as they achieve their goals. One of the largest primate research centers in the United States (US) - University of California, Davis (UC Davis) has also been the target of animal rights activists over several mistreatments of primates.[ 13 ] In 2005, the facility was fined, when seven monkeys died from exposure to extreme heat. Additionally in 2016, UC Davis was investigated about a primate which broke its legs, while escaping through an unsafe door and another primate which was injured in a similar incident. UC Davis has typically used dyes to identify individual primates; however, in 2018, a few weeks old seven baby monkeys died due to the toxic allergic reaction caused by the dye accidentally transferred from their mothers, although the baby monkeys were not the subjects of that experiment.[ 13 ] Both repeated similar incidences and addition of new different maltreatments by years from the same research center, even if it is a specialized center for these researches, suggest that ethical approval could not be the guarantee of animal subjects’ welfare.

Another reason why additional measure besides ethical approval is needed to ensure the well-being of animal subjects is that some staff abuses or makes fun of animals in the laboratory. To illustrate, in a footage published by Cruelty Free International from an animal experimentation laboratory in Spain, Vivotecnia, a male monkey was seen as pinned down on the table by a staff member who was collecting blood from its leg, while a senior staff member was seen as drawing a face on the monkey’s genitals. Vivotecnia is a Madrid-based research center conducting animal experiments for the biopharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, tobacco, and food industries from all over the world.[ 14 ] In such experienced experimental centers, laboratory workers after a while may begin to ignore that experimental animals are actually living beings and begin to think of them as tools that lead to a goal.

Finally, most of the animals in experiments may suffer from unnecessary pain and stress beyond the aim of experiment. Exposure of animals to this unnecessary stress affects not only the welfare of the animals, but also the scientific reliability of collected data. However, laboratory staff do not care that animals are exposed to this unnecessary stress as long as they can collect the data. A footage published by Cruelty Free International and Soko Tierschutz from a toxicology laboratory in Germany revealed the maltreatments of animal subjects for toxicology and dose ranging experiments. The Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology carries out toxicity tests for agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and industrial companies worldwide. As evident in the footage from toxicology tests, although it did not serve for the purpose of the trial, it was ignored that the monkeys - fixed by their necks while waiting their turn - were exposed to watching the applications of experiment on other monkeys and experienced intense stress.[ 15 ] Although animal toxicity tests include the application of the dose causing serious harm to animal subjects, in an attempt to predict what a safe dose for humans may be, the results are not actual predictors of safety and effectivity in humans. Yet, the reactions to a particular substance for all species and humans might be quite different.[ 16 , 17 ] Moreover, collected data becomes unreliable due to the physiological changes in animal subjects caused by the severe stress exposure beyond the purpose of experiment.[ 18 ] Consequently, obtaining unreliable data due to unnecessary stress exposure of animals in addition to the scientific limitations of toxicology testing methods for predicting the safety of human use actually refers that many animals are wasted for nothing. However, if toxicology experiments are required, the endpoint should be clearly defined according to the purpose of the experiment and necessary measures should be taken to ensure both animal welfare and data reliability by preventing animal subjects from suffering pain, distress and abuse beyond the purpose of research.

In addition to these examples of abuse in animal experiments, a topic that has been discussed recently is that although thousands of animals are spent on scientific experiments, the majority of these studies are not published[ 3 , 19 - 23 ] or the impact of the published ones on scientific progress is controversial due to the limited transfer of animal experimental data to humans.[ 3 , 17 , 19 , 20 ] Öztürk and Ersan[ 3 ] reported that more than 40% of animal experiments that were represented at national orthopedic congress in Türkiye over a nine-year period were never published, and 38% of those that were published never cited or were cited only once. They found that 4,440 animals were euthanized for no obvious scientific gain in unpublished studies.[ 3 ] Unpublished animal studies result in waste of animal life.[ 3 , 19 - 23 ] Öztürk and Ersan[ 3 ] suggested that publishing even animal studies that did not find significant differences would be helpful to avoid duplication of the same study. There are guidelines such as the Animal Research: Reporting of In vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines to reduce the unnecessary animal experiments and to overcome the inadequate methodology in animal studies.[ 24 ] Researchers are expected to comply with the ARRIVE criteria and make the necessary effort to publish the results of animal studies and, therefore, the lives of animals sacrificed in experimental studies are not wasted for nothing.[ 3 , 19 , 20 ] van der Worp et al.[ 25 ] suggested that the only way to prevent the unreported data in animal studies was to have a central registry system for animal studies similarly to clinical trial registry systems.

Since animals are known to have similar ability to feel pain and enjoy life as humans, it would be morally unacceptable to treat animals only as ‘tools’ to advance the knowledge.[ 26 ] Ignoring the fact that animal subjects are also living beings during experiments may expose them to unnecessary suffering and stress beyond the scientific purpose of the experiment. However, due to the scientific resource provided by animal models, it does not seem possible to expect animal experiments to be terminated all over the world in the near future. Moreover, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) usually asks two or more animal tests before approval of human trials.[ 20 ] In this case, the recurrence of many negative examples that have been reported previously should be prevented by taking more strict measures in centers of animal experiments. Although requirement of ethics committee approval for publication acceptance is applied all over the world, ethics committee approval does not ensure the animal welfare and data reliability.[ 12 ] When an experimental study is carried out with the approval of the ethics committee, researchers are expected to comply with the 3Rs principles. Since the refinement principle is the most uncertain among these 3Rs principles and can be achieved by various methods and there is no consensus about it, the ethics committee approval of the study, unfortunately, cannot provide definitive proof of animal welfare.

In conclusion, since animals do not have the chance to defend their rights such as humans, there is a need for a supervisor mechanism independent of the researcher to supervise and report whether the welfare principle is actually met in experimental animal studies in the reallife practice. The welfare certificate, in which the welfare of the subjects is supervised during the experiment, would serve as a proof of both the well-being of the subjects and the consequently scientific reliability of the data.[ 27 ] In this context, the content of the welfare certificate includes the criteria that the researcher is routinely expected to comply with (humane endpoints, appropriate skills and training of researchers to minimize pain and distress experienced by animals, taking measures to reduce pain and distress, improved handling of animals, appropriate living conditions, etc.), but only the researcher's statement is not sufficient, and it should be also audited that the necessary conditions are met with the application of the evidence-based control mechanism. Audit of adherence to welfare certificate criteria could be checked with regular video records of applications and treatments which were sent to welfare audit organization, and additional spontaneous control visits applied by the welfare experts. Application of a review and publication priority for the animal experiments which have the welfare certificate in addition to the ethical approval certificate would encourage the researchers to achieve this welfare document. In this respect, editors and journals would have an important role and sanction power for the improvement of animal welfare in experiments.[ 28 ] The achievement of worldwide consensus about the content, the requirements, and the application methods of the welfare certificate should be in the scope of scientists in the near future to reach the more humane and more qualified animal experiments.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Author Contributions: Devised the project, the main conceptual ideas and proof outline: E.E.; Interpreted the data, revised critically for the intellectual content: H.R.G.; Both authors approved the final version to be published.

Financial Disclosure: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Home — Essay Samples — Law, Crime & Punishment — Animal Cruelty — The Need to Prevent Animal Abuse

The Need to Prevent Animal Abuse

• Categories: Animal Cruelty

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Words: 894 |

Published: Sep 1, 2020

Words: 894 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

Animal cruelty research paper outline, animal cruelty research paper example, introduction.

• Introduction to the issue of animal abuse and its prevalence

Identifying Animal Abuse

• Different forms of animal abuse, including physical and neglect
• The impact of abuse on the animals' behavior

The Importance of Education

• The need for pet owners to educate themselves on proper care
• Addressing common misconceptions about pet ownership

Proper Discipline and Treatment

• The importance of understanding and implementing appropriate discipline
• How abusive treatment can lead to further issues with pets

Neglect and Abandonment

• The problem of neglecting and abandoning pets
• Consequences for animals and shelters

Overbreeding and Exploitation

• The issue of overbreeding and keeping animals in poor conditions
• The impact on the animals' well-being

The Need for Stricter Laws

• The limitations of existing laws in preventing animal abuse
• Advocating for stricter punishments and regulations

Animal Welfare and Protection

• The importance of animal welfare in preventing abuse
• Examples of laws and regulations aimed at protecting animals
• The call for action and the importance of addressing animal abuse

Works Cited

• Animal Welfare Act. (2006). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/animal-welfare-act-2006
• Cock Fighting Act. (1952).
• Green, B. (2019). Animal Abuse is Not Entertainment. The Journal of Animal Welfare Education, 18(3), 254-259.
• Humane Society of the United States. (2022). Animal Cruelty Facts and Stats. Retrieved from https://www.humanesociety.org/resources/animal-cruelty-facts-and-stats
• Law Teacher. (2022). The Animal Welfare Act 2006.
• May, J. (2020). Exploring the Link Between Animal Abuse and Human Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 29(7), 706-724.
• National Link Coalition. (2022). Links Between Animal Abuse and Other Forms of Violence. Retrieved from https://nationallinkcoalition.org/links-between-animal-abuse-and-other-forms-of-violence/
• RSPCA. (2022). Animal Welfare Act 2006.
• The Zoo Licensing Act. (1981).
• Thompson, K., & Gullone, E. (2006). An Investigation into the Association between the Witnessing of Animal Abuse and Adolescents' Behavior toward Animals. Society & Animals, 14(3), 221-243.

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Essays on Animal Cruelty

Sometimes it’s hard to believe that we live in such a cruel and violent world, but we try to change it, so you should highlight the current situation with animal abuse in your animal cruelty essay. Animal cruelty essays define the subject as a set of actions like disregard, cruelty, or abuse, or other harmful acts, directed at animals, which result in animal suffering. Animal cruelty is a pressing issue nowadays, although it can be dated back centuries ago. For example, some essays reveal the fact that in the 12th century dogfighting for the sport was popular, and it still happens. Essays on animal cruelty often refer to shocking statistics – around 10 million animals are abused every year in the US alone. Check out our animal cruelty essay samples – we did comprehensive research and prepared essay samples you may find helpful.

Animals were created and given the wild to live and dominate as they reproduce generations after generations. Animals in zoos are confined and reared in cages where they are displayed to the public for viewing. A circus involves a group of entertainment firms which hold shows, and they use animals...

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Snakes are long legless reptiles that play a vital role in the natural environment as well as food webs. They have a high-developed sense of sight, taste, touch, hearing, and can track their pry with great as. Some snakes have lethal venom that paralysis and kills their prey while other...

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There is no question that since the beginning of humanity, animals have not had any rights in any way. The interactions between people and both domesticated and wild creatures are defined by the special abilities only granted to humans. The explanation is that, unlike animals, which exist only to survive,...

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There is ample proof that animal rights are not upheld. There are a number of drawbacks to using animals in entertainment and athletics. These effects have sparked conversations and debates about animal rights, particularly the use of animals in entertainment and sports. The phrase "animal use" refers to a number...

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The Fair Work Act of 2009 defines several distinct types of businesses as constitutional corporations. (Harris, Hargovan, & Adams, 2013). These are the entities that are incorporated under a state or territory's corporate legislation and can be categorized as either trading corporations or financial corporations. Constitutional corporations also include foreign...

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The Animal Rights Movement The idea that animals, like people, have the right to be free from abuse and human use is known as the "animal rights" movement. The majority of animal advocates believe that animal rights are based on the rejection of speciesism. The concept that animals have sentience serves...

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Introduction Because of the ever-increasing demand for medicine and veterinary health, biomedical research is more critical than ever. Animals are widely acknowledged to play an important part in scientific science around the world. According to the British Royal Society (1), “virtually any medical success of the last century has relied in...

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Questionnaire on Animal Cruelty Infliction If you have a pet? If so, what kind of animal do you have as a pet? How much time do you devote to your animal? Do you like animals? What are your thoughts on PETA? Do you believe there is an issue of animal cruelty in our country? If not, why...

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Informative Speech

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Informative Speech Outline: Animal Cruelty Research Paper

Animals are often forced to fight to the death, and if they are seriously wounded, left to die by their owners. B. Animal fighting rings have close ties to criminal organizations and attract illegal activities to the communities where they are located. (“4 tied”, 2013) . Animal hoarding is another form of abuse. It often leads to hoarders not being able to take care of the animals they own. A. In more serious cases the homes of hoarders become public health hazards as animal waste builds up.

In the case Of a home in Huber Heights, Ohio, on Octahedron Drive, over 150 animals were kept in a residential house. The animals had to be taken to an emergency shelter because over half were considered ill and in need of medical treatment (Matthews, 2013). B. Hoarding can lead to mass amounts of animals being abused, much like the case of dog breeding farms ND exotic pet where thousands of animals are held in unlivable conditions and then sold for profit Cannibals Abused and Abandoned”, 2013). TRANSITION: The abuse of animals is significant, and it is a widespread problem in US.

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B. INHERENTLY: Animal cruelty is still prevalent across the nation in millions of homes. Many people who abuse animals turn out to be criminals later in life, therefore it is important for society as a whole to not only report, but to prevent animal abuse. Animal abuse often goes unreported and unnoticed. Many pets are abused by their owners, but no nee ever sees it so the abuse continues. 1. In his article “Animal Abuse and Youth Violence,” Frank R. Action lists multiple reasons why abusers harm animals.

These reasons include “To control an animal, to retaliate against an animal, to satisfy a prejudice against a species or breed, to express aggression through an animal, to enhance ones own aggressiveness, to shock people for amusement, to retaliate against other people, to displace hostility from a person to an animal, and to experience nonspecific sadism (Action, 2001). ” 2. Children who live in homes where animal abuse is present are often abused themselves and unfortunately, sometimes carry on with the cycle of abuse later on in life. “More than 80 percent of family members being treated for child abuse also had abused animals.

In one-third of the cases, a child victim continued the cycle of violence by abusing a pet (“The animal abuse home violence connection”, 2013). ” 1. In a study done in 2005 by Christopher Henley and Suzanne E. Tallahatchie, it was discovered that “inmates who were younger when they first witnessed someone hurt or kill animals and those who witnessed a friend hurt or kill animals were more keel to commit animal cruelty more frequently (Duckiest,Henley, and Tallahatchie, 2011). ” 1. Violent criminals often have a history of abusing animals.

In fact, “The FBI sees animal cruelty as a predictor of violence against people and considers past animal abuse when profiling serial killers (“The animal abuse violence connection”, 2013). ” A. Because of this, we need to take cruelty towards animals seriously. It is a sign of aggression and violence and can often lead to even more gruesome crimes, not just towards animals, but towards humans as well. B. If left alone, abuse towards an animal can quickly exult in the death of animal. If abusers continued behavior is ignored, their violence can rapidly escalate to include more crimes and violence against people. . Animal abuse goes unreported frequently because people are either not aware it is occurring, are afraid to report it, or don’t know how to report it. TRANSITION: Now we will discuss ways that you can be aware of animal abuse and the many ways in which you can report it. C. Taking action and taking a stance against domestic animal violence is all about awareness. The CAPS offers articles and sources that inform viewers of the signs that an animal has been abused, how to report the abuse, and how to become involved with the issue. 1.

One way that you can help fight the issue is to become aware of the signs that an animal has been abused. 2. Warning signs of animal abuse can be physical or environmental. Physical signs are seen on the animal itself and environmental signs relate to where the animal is being kept or found. 1 . These physical signs include collars so tight they are almost strangling an animal, open wounds or cuts that are left untreated and may become infected, an animal looking tarred, limping or missing patches of fur (“How to Recognize Cruelty’, 2013). . Environmental signs include being tied or chained up for extended periods of time with insufficient food and water, over crowded areas (in kennels or shelters) and animals being kept in unsanitary areas (that to do about substandard conditions are your local shelter”, 2012). 1. Once a case of animal has been observed it can be difficult to know what to do. 1. The first step is contact the correct authority. For noise complaints like a barking dog it is recommended to contact police because this isn’t considered animal buses.

However for clear cases of animal abuse it is recommended to contact animal control or a local humane society (“Investigations”, 2013). 2. It can be intimidating to step up and make a report but it can be done anonymously and doing so is better than doing nothing. 1. This is an issue that many are aware of so there are many ways to volunteer and make a difference. 1 . There are many local shelters in the San Diego area in need of volunteers to drive animals around, fund raise, foster animals and work at adoption events.

Some examples of organizations that are currently cooking for volunteers are the San Diego Animal Support Foundation and the Helen Woodward Animal Shelter (volunteer Opportunities”, 2006). TRANSITION: Now that I have discussed how this issue can be resolved we will conclude with a brief summary of the important points. Ill. Conclusion 1. REVIEW: The human population needs to be informed on the issues Of animal cruelty in order to put an end to this worldwide issue and enhance our own society. 1 . First we told you what animal cruelty is, how it happens and what issues it can cause.

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