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Zipcar Harvard Case Solution & Analysis

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Zipcar Case Solution

Contains a detailed description of the processes and tasks associated with the creation of a new enterprise in a developing industry (subscription carpooling to urban residents). Chronicles the development of the concept of the entrepreneur, industry analysis, market research, determining the identity and brand building. Also provides background information on writing a business plan, budget creation and building finance, development management team, the creation of business partnerships and financing business. This case is only available in paper format (HBP do not have the rights to distribute digital content). As a result, a digital copy of an educator if not available through this Web site. “Hide by Myra M. Hart, Wendy Carter Source: Harvard Business School 17 pages. Publication Date: 01 Oct 2001. Prod. #: 802085-HCB-ENG

EVALUATION OF ZIPCAR

Chase’s care sharing venture, Zipcar, is a typical example of a revenue model with multiple revenue streams. This car sharing service allows members to access cars parked at designated spots through zipcards which are issued to members and provide convenience to individuals who do not own a car and yet do not want to go through the hassle of keeping a private car.

The multiple revenue streams in this model include revenue from an annual membership fee, application fee for new members, security deposits and variable income in the form of charges per mile and hour. Additional revenue heads include late fee charges.(Appendix 1 ) The major impact on the revenue is from an increase in memberships which not only leads to an increase in security deposits but also to a potential rise in variable revenue heads such as per hour/mile charges.

The main cost drivers (Appendix 2) in this business model are in the form of corporate overheads and cost of goods sold such as lease costs per car, fuel, insurance and maintenance for the cars along with parking and equipment charges for each car. There are additional variable costs in the form of fee for consultants and software developers for developing the wireless technology system for the business but these would be non-recurring costs since they only have to be incurred till the development is complete. Corporate overheads are expected to be $44000 per month while the Boston office alone has overheads of $14000.

This business model has already used up $50000 as the initial investment in the form of cash borrowed from friends while an additional contribution of $375000 was made by a venture capitalist. Even then the business requires an additional investment of $1.3 million for being built on the pattern as originally planned out by the entrepreneurs. This shows how the initial investment was not worked out well and neither were the sources of finance planned out effectively.

The critical success factor for this business is the ability of the service to attract the target market with its low cost and convenience driven model since the business would require a regular revenue stream for a successfully covering the costs and generating a positive inflow.

Chase has managed to launch the idea even though the wireless platform has not been developed yet which shows that she did not want to let the company down by postponing the launch of the service and this shows considerable effort on her part to have taken this strategy and idea forward as a potential business venture

BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSED

Originally the business model was based upon a wireless technology platform which would allow members to make online reservations and access cars at designated parking spots through specific zipcards .The system was to capture information about the car in the form of usage per miles and hours which was then sent to a central location for billing.

The initial plan in Dec 1999 was to charge $25 as the non-refundable application fee along with $300 as a fully refundable security deposit from each member along with annual charges of $300 per member. The original charges per hour were decided at $1.5 and the per mile charge kept at $0.4. The costing model was developed to cover the overheads and the costs of goods sold .

When the actual model was put into practice, several changes had to be made in the original plan of December 1999. For starters, the complete technology platform had not been implemented before the launch and so the system which was introduced initially did not have car specific zipcards. The keys had to be left in the glove compartment for each car as well as the wireless system was not developed yet. Even the records had to be kept and maintained manually by the members for billing purposes instead of the wireless based billing system as originally planned for Zipcar.

As far as the cost model was concerned, customers found the $300 annual deposit too high and it had to be reduced to $75 per year. To balance the revenue stream , the hourly rate was raised from $1.50 to approximately $5.5. So, the initial contribution per member was estimated at 2559.2 whereas in actual it came out to be $ 1723.2 (Appendix 3)

As per the original financial plan for December 1999, the variable costs per car were estimated at $7580 ( Appendix 4) while the plan for May 2000 estimated the cost per car at $8680 because of an additional parking charge of $600 per car. However, the actual cost was even more than that initially planned out since leasing companies charged more if additional cars were added while the parking and fuel costs were higher than expected. So the actual cost per car came out to be $9338 per car. However, with 350 current members and 12 operational cars, the total revenue adds up to be $603155 and the Total cost of goods sold are $112056 which gives a gross income of $391099.  With overheads cost of $180975, this gross income is enough to cover the overheads as well so the business does not seem to be in any sort of financial trouble.

With an additional revenue stream in the form of more members in the next five years, the business would see an increase in revenue stream and would become self-sufficient with lesser dependency on additional funds. Currently the business has to take care of additional set-up expenses in the form of the wireless system and fees for its consultants and software developers. Further advertising and research would also need to be done and all this needs additional funds which have to be generated in the form of a loan . The business does seem to have a regular cash flow and revenue stream for now and this would help in paying back the initial investment .

RECOMMENDATIONS

The September results mention an increase in the parking costs along with the increase in lease and fuel costs. Even with these additional costs, the business does seem to work out fine with 350 members as mentioned in the press release of June 2000 .

However, looking at the September results, it can be seen that the actual members enlisted are 239 rather than the assumed 350. This means that further efforts have to be made in increasing the number of memberships. It should also be noted that out of 112 new memberships, only 105 are approved while 7 are rejected in the September results. The business needs to focus more on advertising efforts instead of just relying on word of mouth and advertising through post cards . The business currently advertises at sub stations and near parking spots for their cars. Since the target market is mostly college students who would prefer to share a car than own it, advertising efforts could also be aimed at colleges in Boston. Chase should try to avail marketing strategies that compare the cost effectiveness of Zipcar with that of privately owned cars for making this venture worthwhile for the target market.

Another alternative is to target a different market altogether alongside the current segment. A different set of cars  can be used for the other segment which would be different from the current market . Corporate markets can be targeted and bigger vehicles can be used for corporate use. One advantage of targeting the corporate sector is that they are less price sensitive and ZipCar can charge higher prices from corporate members listed in the corporate plan.

Ultimately Chase has to consider finding alternative options for financing the technology platform that would be the main strength of the project. With lesser memberships, Chase should look at a plan of implementing marketing strategies that can attract potential investors so that the platform can be completed quickly.

The operating results also bring concern in the form of accounting practices which only book 1/12 th   of the revenue from the membership fee of $75. Instead of following this conservative practice of accounting revenue, Chase could adopt a strategy of allowing revenue to be realized earlier so that the business can take an attractive plan for financing possibilities in front of potential creditors.

However, the September results do not portray any major problem that needs to be addressed other than the fact that the membership status is lesser than that planned out for the new venture and unless that is improved, the business may find itself with high costs in the form of overheads that may not be easily balanced with the revenue stream

ARGUMENTS FOR CHASE

In attracting a potential investor to invest in ZipCar, Chase has to use a different strategy altogether which needs to focus on the financial attractiveness of the venture, making it seem worthwhile for an investor who would be putting $1.3 million at risk. Chase could discuss the concept of convertible loans as had been done for other investors in the past where investments of $50000 and $375000 had been taken as loans only to be converted into equity in the future.

Several arguments can be presented to potential investors for making this business model seem like an attractive investment. For instance, Chase could focus on the idea that the market for car sharing is growing at a rate of 30% annually which would mean that there is a lot of potential for new investors in this segment. Secondly, Chase could also show how the previous investors have only brought in capital of $375000 and $50000 which was to be converted into share capital or equity in the future while a current investment of $1.3 million would mean a greater share in equity for the potential investor.

Chase could further stress on the potential in the US market by pointing out that the US market was large and virtually untouched so far as far as the concept of car sharing was concerned. Bringing this concept into the US market with a full force using the wireless technology would give ZipCar a competitive edge. This concept could be further stressed by pointing out that currently there is no car sharing service in this particular side of the East Coast and by launching this service in Boston and in other states in the US, ZipCar would be looking at a market of immense potential.

The strongest argument that could be put forward is that of ZipCar launching a service which would be using a wireless security and data transmission system. Not only would this be an innovation, it would be a new concept altogether and investing in such a business venture would generate positive revenue inflows since customers would be looking for convenience and cost savings in the form of a new idea.

The strategy to be adopted at the Springboard forum would be different altogether. It should be focusing on the idea of women entrepreneurs working on developing a model which is generally not considered viable for females. Therefore, the entrepreneurs would need support in the form of encouragement and financial help for taking the idea forward. Along with that, the environmentally friendly concept of the car sharing model could be addressed at the Springboard forum with a specific emphasis on the idea that this concept would cater to the demands of 7.5 individual car owners so that would mean one shared car would replace 7.5 individually owned ones.

Likewise, the focus can further be on the fact that this venture would bring about ease of use and cost savings for the general American individual. This would lead to major costs savings for households that would be needing transportation but would prefer not to get into the hassle of handling a car and its maintenance.

Through these strategies, Chase can put forward her case in front of the private investor and at the Springboard and can present it as a worthwhile idea which would get financial and moral support…….

Zipcar Case Analysis

Many people wonder about the benefits of the Zipcar business model. What do these car-sharing services offer? Is it right for them to look into using the service?

The Zipcar Business Model, as defined by the Zipcar website, is “for people who want to give cars away for a monthly membership fee.” They give you the use of a vehicle and you pay the monthly membership fee. So, if you only want one vehicle and you are planning on only using it during the month, you should consider using a different type of car sharing.

Another case study that can be used to evaluate the benefits of the Zipcar business model is the Mercedes Benz. It does not get any more American than the Mercedes Benz. How does this comparison point out benefits of the Zipcar business model? I have a few comments about the statement.

First, let’s look at the total annual travel expense. It takes about an hour and forty minutes to get from Point A to Point B, using the average United States driven automobile. Using the Zipcar model, the individual would spend about three hours each way with just one vehicle.

Then the amount of time that would be necessary to travel back and forth between the vehicles would add up to more than four hours of total travel time. So the benefit is getting a vehicle and paying a monthly fee for usage of one vehicle. How does this compare to the total annual travel expense for the Zipcar model?

The Zipcar model only offers one vehicle, which the cost would be two hundred and twenty dollars a month. That is a lot less than most, if not all, of the automobiles available on the open market. Therefore, the Zipcar business model only costs about one-third of what a similar automobile would cost on the open market.

In my opinion, the Zipcar business model is the best vehicle for an individual who would only need a car for a short period of time. Although the actual price for a Zipcar is more expensive than renting a similar vehicle for a week or two, the cost savings are worth it. In addition, the individual can purchase additional Zipcars at a higher price than they would be able to afford otherwise.

It also should be noted that Zipcar will provide insurance. However, in a few states, the requirement for auto insurance varies from state to state. So, depending on the zip code in your area, you may be required to have a separate policy for your Zipcar rental. Zipcar provides their own coverage, so no extra charge is necessary.

Another benefit of Zipcar is that if you rent a car, then you can come back again later. If you wanted to go on vacation and rented a car, you would have to make arrangements for returning the car.

There are many things to consider when considering Zipcar. If you were an entrepreneur, wouldn’t you want to make money?

Using Zipcar, on the other hand, allows the individual to have control over their expenses. The Zipcar cost will be fixed until you cancel. The downside is that it will take much longer to get a Zipcar than it would to rent a car using the typical business model.

In my opinion, the Zipcar business model is a good solution for individual entrepreneurs who are short on time but don’t necessarily want to give up the convenience of a car. If you are in a job that gives you plenty of time and flexibility, a Zipcar is a great alternative.

Zipcar SWOT Analysis

There is a certain way to run a business, and that way is that it has to go through a SWOT Analysis. This is one of the fundamental aspects of any business plan. In fact, you can’t do any of your business planning without a SWOT Analysis.

Why do I say this? Because in any industry where you are dealing with other people’s money, you have to determine what you want to achieve and what you want to do with it. What you want to buy, what you want to do with it, and how you want to profit from all of those things.

But this goes beyond marketing. It is about finding out what keywords will bring you targeted traffic and profit. It is about finding out what keywords will lead to more sales.

Marketing is only part of the equation. We must identify what we want to get out of the business for the long term. What is the reason that you are running this business?

In a general overview, a business is a relationship. Your customers are your consumers. You are your customers. Your customers are ultimately interested in your products and services.

So your business plans will start with identifying your customer, why they are buying your product or service, and how the product or service will help them meet their needs. A SWOT Analysis will provide you with the insight into your customers to get this done.

To get down to the details of how to conduct the analysis, let’s break it down into two big picture questions. The first question is what type of customer are you? Are you a home-based business owner who needs extra income?

Or are you a business website owner looking to make some money off of organic search engine optimization? The second question is how will your competitors be affected by changes in your industry? For example, if you have a lot of new competitors entering the market, what can you do to keep them?

The important information is that you need to identify where you are today and what you want to become tomorrow. And you need to know how other companies are faring in their industry. This will help you have a better chance of success than you otherwise would have had.

This becomes even more important when you are trying to think about how to get your business started. How is your competition doing?

That is where the SWOT Analysis comes in handy. If you can determine what areas you need to improve in and which of your competitors’ needs to reduce in order to keep them, then you can determine how to go about doing that.

So remember, if you are considering starting up a business, especially an online business, the most important aspect is that you have a SWOT Analysis to help you get there. What is your competitive advantage? What are your strengths and weaknesses?

Zipcar Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

Zipcar is a privately held company that makes its profits by offering car rentals to its members. It has been known to take a “cost per mile” approach, requiring participants to pay a fee for each kilometer they drive. This cost may be as low as 10 cents per mile, although it is known to be higher. Zipcar is currently available in every major U.S. city and several Canadian cities, with more areas opening up in the future.

Since Zipcar’s inception, it has been trying to improve upon the first model by further improving on the other two. However, it seems the company is still struggling against the traditional car rental companies in terms of making it stand out from the crowd. In this article, I will outline the five forces that have helped make Zipcar successful.

First of all, Zipcar offers a free car. This has made the business very appealing to many people who do not own a car of their own and use it only for travelling. Even people who own cars and rent them out still choose to use Zipcar over their local car rental services. The free car represents a great source of publicity and brand recognition for the company.

Another aspect of Zipcar’s free car promotion is that the company provides its customers with good vehicles at low rates. Although there are many car rental services which have lower rates for paying members, none of them give their customers’ vehicles at such cheap rates. Zipcar is able to provide a great deal of competition to its competitors because of the cheap cars and the low price tag attached to the membership.

Zipcar does not limit itself to one specific region. It goes on to say that the car rental services which have been around for so long have not been able to establish themselves all over the country or even the world. By being flexible about location, Zipcar proves that it is not afraid to step out of its comfort zone and challenge the status quo.

Although the cost per mile concept has been very popular in recent years, many people think that Zipcar is overcharging its customers. In fact, the company is actually doing its best to provide its members with the best possible value for their money. It has not just retained the old concept of the ten cent per mile charge. It has also improved on this concept and has introduced more new and improved ways of charging.

As is customary in any startup, Zipcar has received significant private funding. The private funding was used to improve the quality of its service, expand into new cities, and attract new members. The company’s revenue has increased greatly since it has received the private funding. This is because private funding will usually help a company to increase its sales volume and profit margin.

Zipcar has already established a strong following among the public. In addition, it has the potential to spread this following even further. If you do not belong to Zipcar yet, you can sign up at their website and get your membership, which includes a free car. You can then advertise for them online. However, you need to remember that your success depends on how good a market you have established yourself in.

Many people are attracted to Zipcar’s discount prices and the amazing discounts they offer. The model has provided its members with an excellent deal on their car rental service, but it has also helped the company to build an impressive image. Many people like to have discounts on their services, because it can mean savings for them. This is why many people are looking for ways to get better deals and better service at affordable prices.

For several years, Zipcar has been offering its members the benefits of low prices, and getting discounts. As a result, it has proven that it is possible to achieve this without having to spend much on advertising. Just like many other small businesses, it has grown despite of its relatively low initial investment.

This is a very successful model, because people love to get discounts for their services. and like to be able to save money on their vehicle rental needs. Because it is privately owned, it has also been able to retain and expand its base of members, which ensures that it will continue to be around for a long time.

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Zipcar: Refining the Business Model

By: Myra M. Hart, Michael J. Roberts, Julia D. Stevens

Zipcar is a start-up organized around the idea of "sharing" car usage via a membership organization. This case describes several iterations of the Zipcar business model and financial plan. These…

• Length: 20 page(s)
• Publication Date: Jan 13, 2003
• Discipline: Entrepreneurship
• Product #: 803096-PDF-ENG

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This case is accompanied by a Video Short that can be shown in class or included in a digital coursepack. Instructors should consider the timing of making the video available to students, as it may reveal key case details.

Zipcar is a start-up organized around the idea of "sharing" car usage via a membership organization. This case describes several iterations of the Zipcar business model and financial plan. These iterations include a very early version and a version developed just prior to the launch of the business, as well as data from the first few months of operations. Students are called on to analyze the underlying economics and business model for the venture and to discover how these assumptions are holding up as the business is actually rolled out.

Learning Objectives

To understand the notion of a business model and unit economics and flow through the impact of actual operating results.

Jan 13, 2003 (Revised: May 9, 2005)

Discipline:

Entrepreneurship

Harvard Business School

803096-PDF-ENG

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Zipcar: Refining the Business Model – Case Solution

Zipcar is a start-up organized for members on "sharing" car usage. This case tackles the business model and financial plan of Zipcar and other data depicting the first months of its operations. This case study has the object of allowing students to understand the economics and business model for the venture and how these factors affect the actual operation of the business.

​Myra M. Hart; Michael J. Roberts; Julia D. Stevens Harvard Business Review ( 803096-PDF-ENG ) January 13, 2003

Case questions answered:

Case study questions answered in the first solution:

• Evaluate this venture. Outline the value proposition(s) and evaluate the progress that the founders of Zipcar have made so far.
• What is the business model, and how has it changed from December 1999 to the current time in the case? What do the data from operations infer about how the business model is working? Are you concerned about this data (evaluate it)?
• What recommendations do you suggest for the founders going forward?

Case study questions answered in the second solution:

• Be an advisor to an entrepreneur.
• Help Chase develop an effective presentation for the Springboard conference.

Not the questions you were looking for? Submit your own questions & get answers .

Zipcar: Refining the Business Model Case Answers

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Zipcar: Refining the Business Model Case Study

Zipcar wanted to provide cars on-demand for a short duration to the subscribers (p1, pa4). The subscribers do not need to own cars if they are not driving a lot. The company had an online reservation system (p2, pa3). The company would not only provide cost savings but also provide convenience to the customer (p3, pa2).

Zipcar thought that the urban locations would be a nice target for them as it has a bigger population base, expensive parking, and college-educated individuals who were the most receptive to the company’s concept (p3, pa5).

Chase also identified that the niche group of the population who would be really interested in this proposition were people who traveled less than 6,000 miles per year.

These people had many hassles with rental car companies, which prevented these people from renting cars (for private access) for the short term and whenever they needed them (p3, pa7).

The market research conducted showed that this segment was growing quickly, as in 1999, there were 200 car-sharing organizations across 450 cities in major countries in Europe (p3, pa8).

The car-sharing organizations had 130,000 members in Europe, and the valuation of this industry was estimated at $200 million with a growth rate of 30% annually with a very small investment in marketing (p4).

Zipcar could have a huge impact on the US market as the top 20 urban areas consist of 66 million Americans, and 20 million Americans utilize public transport to commute to work. So, in order to test this hypothesis, they started their MVP in Boston.

They found Boston to be a suitable place as it had insufficient and expensive off-street parking and is comprised of their target population of a huge number of college-educated people and people using the internet (p6, pa1).

Chase had made assumptions that…

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• Harvard Case Studies

Harvard Business Case Studies Solutions – Assignment Help

In most courses studied at Harvard Business schools, students are provided with a case study. Major HBR cases concerns on a whole industry, a whole organization or some part of organization; profitable or non-profitable organizations. Student’s role is to analyze the case and diagnose the situation, identify the problem and then give appropriate recommendations and steps to be taken.

To make a detailed case analysis, student should follow these steps:

STEP 1: Reading Up Harvard Case Study Method Guide:

Case study method guide is provided to students which determine the aspects of problem needed to be considered while analyzing a case study. It is very important to have a thorough reading and understanding of guidelines provided. However, poor guide reading will lead to misunderstanding of case and failure of analyses. It is recommended to read guidelines before and after reading the case to understand what is asked and how the questions are to be answered. Therefore, in-depth understanding f case guidelines is very important.

Harvard Case Study Solutions

STEP 2: Reading The Zipcar Harvard Case Study:

To have a complete understanding of the case, one should focus on case reading. It is said that case should be read two times. Initially, fast reading without taking notes and underlines should be done. Initial reading is to get a rough idea of what information is provided for the analyses. Then, a very careful reading should be done at second time reading of the case. This time, highlighting the important point and mark the necessary information provided in the case. In addition, the quantitative data in case, and its relations with other quantitative or qualitative variables should be given more importance. Also, manipulating different data and combining with other information available will give a new insight. However, all of the information provided is not reliable and relevant.

porter’s five forces model

When having a fast reading, following points should be noted:

• Nature of organization
• Nature if industry in which organization operates.
• External environment that is effecting organization
• Problems being faced by management
• Identification of communication strategies.
• Any relevant strategy that can be added.
• Control and out-of-control situations.

When reading the case for second time, following points should be considered:

• Decisions needed to be made and the responsible Person to make decision.
• Objectives of the organization and key players in this case.
• The compatibility of objectives. if not, their reconciliations and necessary redefinition.
• Sources and constraints of organization from meeting its objectives.

After reading the case and guidelines thoroughly, reader should go forward and start the analyses of the case.

STEP 3: Doing The Case Analysis Of Zipcar:

To make an appropriate case analyses, firstly, reader should mark the important problems that are happening in the organization. There may be multiple problems that can be faced by any organization. Secondly, after identifying problems in the company, identify the most concerned and important problem that needed to be focused.

Firstly, the introduction is written. After having a clear idea of what is defined in the case, we deliver it to the reader. It is better to start the introduction from any historical or social context. The challenging diagnosis for Zipcar and the management of information is needed to be provided. However, introduction should not be longer than 6-7 lines in a paragraph. As the most important objective is to convey the most important message for to the reader.

After introduction, problem statement is defined. In the problem statement, the company’s most important problem and constraints to solve these problems should be define clearly. However, the problem should be concisely define in no more than a paragraph. After defining the problems and constraints, analysis of the case study is begin.

STEP 4: SWOT Analysis of the Zipcar HBR Case Solution:

SWOT analysis helps the business to identify its strengths and weaknesses, as well as understanding of opportunity that can be availed and the threat that the company is facing. SWOT for Zipcar is a powerful tool of analysis as it provide a thought to uncover and exploit the opportunities that can be used to increase and enhance company’s operations. In addition, it also identifies the weaknesses of the organization that will help to be eliminated and manage the threats that would catch the attention of the management.

This strategy helps the company to make any strategy that would differentiate the company from competitors, so that the organization can compete successfully in the industry. The strengths and weaknesses are obtained from internal organization. Whereas, the opportunities and threats are generally related from external environment of organization. Moreover, it is also called Internal-External Analysis.

• Pest analysis

In the strengths, management should identify the following points exists in the organization:

• Advantages of the organization
• Activities of the company better than competitors.
• Unique resources and low cost resources company have.
• Activities and resources market sees as the company’s strength.
• Unique selling proposition of the company.

WEAKNESSES:

• Improvement that could be done.
• Activities that can be avoided for Zipcar.
• Activities that can be determined as your weakness in the market.
• Factors that can reduce the sales.
• Competitor’s activities that can be seen as your weakness.

OPPORTUNITIES:

• Good opportunities that can be spotted.
• Interesting trends of industry.
• Change in technology and market strategies
• Government policy changes that is related to the company’s field
• Changes in social patterns and lifestyles.
• Local events.

Following points can be identified as a threat to company:

• Company’s facing obstacles.
• Activities of competitors.
• Product and services quality standards
• Threat from changing technologies
• Financial/cash flow problems
• Weakness that threaten the business.

Following points should be considered when applying SWOT to the analysis:

• Precise and verifiable phrases should be sued.
• Prioritize the points under each head, so that management can identify which step has to be taken first.
• Apply the analyses at proposed level. Clear yourself first that on what basis you have to apply SWOT matrix.
• Make sure that points identified should carry itself with strategy formulation process.
• Use particular terms (like USP, Core Competencies Analyses etc.) to get a comprehensive picture of analyses.

STEP 5: PESTEL/ PEST Analysis of Zipcar Case Solution:

Pest analyses is a widely used tool to analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and legal situations which can provide great and new opportunities to the company as well as these factors can also threat the company, to be dangerous in future.

Pest analysis is very important and informative.  It is used for the purpose of identifying business opportunities and advance threat warning. Moreover, it also helps to the extent to which change is useful for the company and also guide the direction for the change. In addition, it also helps to avoid activities and actions that will be harmful for the company in future, including projects and strategies.

To analyze the business objective and its opportunities and threats, following steps should be followed:

• Brainstorm and assumption the changes that should be made to organization. Answer the necessary questions that are related to specific needs of organization
• Analyze the opportunities that would be happen due to the change.
• Analyze the threats and issues that would be caused due to change.
• Perform cost benefit analyses and take the appropriate action.

PEST FACTORS:

• Next political elections and changes that will happen in the country due to these elections
• Strong and powerful political person, his point of view on business policies and their effect on the organization.
• Strength of property rights and law rules. And its ratio with corruption and organized crimes. Changes in these situation and its effects.
• Change in Legislation and taxation effects on the company
• Trend of regulations and deregulations. Effects of change in business regulations
• Timescale of legislative change.
• Other political factors likely to change for Zipcar.

ECONOMICAL:

• Position and current economy trend i.e. growing, stagnant or declining.
• Exchange rates fluctuations and its relation with company.
• Change in Level of customer’s disposable income and its effect.
• Fluctuation in unemployment rate and its effect on hiring of skilled employees
• Access to credit and loans. And its effects on company
• Effect of globalization on economic environment
• Considerations on other economic factors

SOCIO-CULTURAL:

• Change in population growth rate and age factors, and its impacts on organization.
• Effect on organization due to Change in attitudes and generational shifts.
• Standards of health, education and social mobility levels. Its changes and effects on company.
• Employment patterns, job market trend and attitude towards work according to different age groups.

case study solutions

• Social attitudes and social trends, change in socio culture an dits effects.
• Religious believers and life styles and its effects on organization
• Other socio culture factors and its impacts.

TECHNOLOGICAL:

• Any new technology that company is using
• Any new technology in market that could affect the work, organization or industry
• Access of competitors to the new technologies and its impact on their product development/better services.
• Research areas of government and education institutes in which the company can make any efforts
• Changes in infra-structure and its effects on work flow
• Existing technology that can facilitate the company
• Other technological factors and their impacts on company and industry

These headings and analyses would help the company to consider these factors and make a “big picture” of company’s characteristics. This will help the manager to take the decision and drawing conclusion about the forces that would create a big impact on company and its resources.

STEP 6: Porter’s Five Forces/ Strategic Analysis Of The Zipcar Case Study:

To analyze the structure of a company and its corporate strategy, Porter’s five forces model is used. In this model, five forces have been identified which play an important part in shaping the market and industry. These forces are used to measure competition intensity and profitability of an industry and market.

porter’s five forces model

These forces refers to micro environment and the company ability to serve its customers and make a profit. These five forces includes three forces from horizontal competition and two forces from vertical competition. The five forces are discussed below:

• THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS:
• as the industry have high profits, many new entrants will try to enter into the market. However, the new entrants will eventually cause decrease in overall industry profits. Therefore, it is necessary to block the new entrants in the industry. following factors is describing the level of threat to new entrants:
• Barriers to entry that includes copy rights and patents.
• High capital requirement
• Government restricted policies
• Switching cost
• Access to suppliers and distributions
• Customer loyalty to established brands.
• THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES:
• this describes the threat to company. If the goods and services are not up to the standard, consumers can use substitutes and alternatives that do not need any extra effort and do not make a major difference. For example, using Aquafina in substitution of tap water, Pepsi in alternative of Coca Cola. The potential factors that made customer shift to substitutes are as follows:
• Price performance of substitute
• Switching costs of buyer
• Products substitute available in the market
• Reduction of quality
• Close substitution are available
• DEGREE OF INDUSTRY RIVALRY:
• the lesser money and resources are required to enter into any industry, the higher there will be new competitors and be an effective competitor. It will also weaken the company’s position. Following are the potential factors that will influence the company’s competition:
• Competitive advantage
• Continuous innovation
• Sustainable position in competitive advantage
• Level of advertising
• Competitive strategy
• BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS:
• it deals with the ability of customers to take down the prices. It mainly consists the importance of a customer and the level of cost if a customer will switch from one product to another. The buyer power is high if there are too many alternatives available. And the buyer power is low if there are lesser options of alternatives and switching. Following factors will influence the buying power of customers:
• Bargaining leverage
• Switching cost of a buyer
• Buyer price sensitivity
• Competitive advantage of company’s product
• BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS:
• this refers to the supplier’s ability of increasing and decreasing prices. If there are few alternatives o supplier available, this will threat the company and it would have to purchase its raw material in supplier’s terms. However, if there are many suppliers alternative, suppliers have low bargaining power and company do not have to face high switching cost. The potential factors that effects bargaining power of suppliers are the following:
• Input differentiation
• Impact of cost on differentiation
• Strength of distribution centers
• Input substitute’s availability.

STEP 7: VRIO Analysis of Zipcar:

Vrio analysis for Zipcar case study identified the four main attributes which helps the organization to gain a competitive advantages. The author of this theory suggests that firm must be valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable and perfectly non sustainable. Therefore there must be some resources and capabilities in an organization that can facilitate the competitive advantage to company. The four components of VRIO analysis are described below: VALUABLE: the company must have some resources or strategies that can exploit opportunities and defend the company from major threats. If the company holds some value then answer is yes. Resources are also valuable if they provide customer satisfaction and increase customer value. This value may create by increasing differentiation in existing product or decrease its price. Is these conditions are not met, company may lead to competitive disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to continually review the Zipcar company’s activities and resources values. RARE: the resources of the Zipcar company that are not used by any other company are known as rare. Rare and valuable resources grant much competitive advantages to the firm. However, when more than one few companies uses the same resources and provide competitive parity are also known as rare resources. Even, the competitive parity is not desired position, but the company should not lose its valuable resources, even they are common. COSTLY TO IMITATE: the resources are costly to imitate, if other organizations cannot imitate it. However, imitation is done in two ways. One is duplicating that is direct imitation and the other one is substituting that is indirect imitation. Any firm who has valuable and rare resources, and these resources are costly to imitate, have achieved their competitive advantage. However, resources should also be perfectly non sustainable. The reasons that resource imitation is costly are historical conditions, casual ambiguity and social complexity. ORGANIZED TO CAPTURE VALUE: resources, itself, cannot provide advantages to organization until it is organized and exploit to do so. A firm (like Zipcar)  must organize its management systems, processes, policies and strategies to fully utilize the resource’s potential to be valuable, rare and costly to imitate.

STEP 8: Generating Alternatives For Zipcar Case Solution:

After completing the analyses of the company, its opportunities and threats, it is important to generate a solution of the problem and the alternatives a company can apply in order to solve its problems. To generate the alternative of problem, following things must to be kept in mind:

• Realistic solution should be identified that can be operated in the company, with all its constraints and opportunities.
• as the problem and its solution cannot occur at the same time, it should be described as mutually exclusive
• it is not possible for a company to not to take any action, therefore, the alternative of doing nothing is not viable.
• Student should provide more than one decent solution. Providing two undesirable alternatives to make the other one attractive is not acceptable.

Once the alternatives have been generated, student should evaluate the options and select the appropriate and viable solution for the company.

STEP 9: Selection Of Alternatives For Zipcar Case Solution:

It is very important to select the alternatives and then evaluate the best one as the company have limited choices and constraints. Therefore to select the best alternative, there are many factors that is needed to be kept in mind. The criteria’s on which business decisions are to be selected areas under:

• Improve profitability
• Increase sales, market shares, return on investments
• Customer satisfaction
• Brand image
• Corporate mission, vision and strategy
• Resources and capabilities

Alternatives should be measures that which alternative will perform better than other one and the valid reasons. In addition, alternatives should be related to the problem statements and issues described in the case study.

STEP 10: Evaluation Of Alternatives For Zipcar Case Solution:

If the selected alternative is fulfilling the above criteria, the decision should be taken straightforwardly. Best alternative should be selected must be the best when evaluating it on the decision criteria. Another method used to evaluate the alternatives are the list of pros and cons of each alternative and one who has more pros than cons and can be workable under organizational constraints.

STEP 11: Recommendations For Zipcar Case Study (Solution):

There should be only one recommendation to enhance the company’s operations and its growth or solving its problems. The decision that is being taken should be justified and viable for solving the problems.

Zipcar Case Questions. Prof Mark Mecker University of Portland

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• Zipcar Case Study With Questions And Answers

Zipcar Case Study with Questions and Answers

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