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Exemples de sujets de dissertation de droit sur la Covid-19

La crise sanitaire qui a débuté en 2020 a exercé une influence considérable sur l'ensemble des domaines d'activité. Aujourd'hui, presque deux ans après le début de cette pandémie, des dizaines d'interrogations restent encore en suspens, que ce soit par rapport au droit ou encore à l'économie du pays ou bien à un niveau plus social.

Credit Photo : Freepik user3802032

Sujet 1 - Les mesures en droit économique concernant la loi d’urgence

Avec la crise sanitaire , le gouvernement a pu mettre en place une série de mesures dites mesures d’urgence dans le domaine économique.

Parler de ces mesures provisoires, comme le respect de toutes réquisitions obligatoires éventuelles et la priorité donnée à l’intérêt collectif. Au niveau économique, aborder également la question des restrictions qui a pu avoir lieu dans certaines grandes surfaces pour éviter la pénurie de produits. Aborder le sujet de panique collective également et des mesures prises pour rassurer et calmer la population.

Donner toutes les restrictions liées à la liberté d’entreprendre , parler de la nécessité de lutter contre la catastrophe sanitaire, qui arrive en priorité. Quelles sont les sanctions encourues en cas de non-respect ?

Sujet 2 - Les changements dans le monde du travail et les nouvelles tendances professionnelles à la suite de la pandémie

La pandémie a obligatoirement impacté le monde du travail, tous secteurs d’activités confondus. Parler de ces changements, des modifications expresse faites dans les différentes lois pour pouvoir aider les entreprises, mais aussi les salariés.

Parler également de la généralisation du télétravail , et du changement d’habitudes dans la vie des entreprises, des adaptations nécessaires pour les managers, mais aussi pour les salariés. Cela renvoie également au problème de la légalité, puisqu’il est question de temps de travail , d’organisation, mais aussi d’aménagements mis en place pour pouvoir garder les enfants à la maison lors des confinements successifs.

Sujet 3 - Comportements d’achat et confinements : la nécessaire adaptation des consommateurs et des entreprises

Le droit des entreprises est aussi touché par la crise, les consommateurs ont radicalement modifié pour certains leur façon d’acheter. Les confinements ont donné d’autres priorités aux gens, parler des phénomènes sociaux, de la peur de perdre ses proches, du besoin d’être rassuré dans une situation inédite et parfois hors de contrôle. Quelles ont été les nouvelles priorités des consommateurs ? Comment les entreprises ont-elles dû s’adapter ?

Parler du click and collect, qui est devenu une généralité pour que les entreprises puissent survivre. Le e-commerce a lui aussi fait un réel bond en avant durant cette période. Parler de l’impact de la pandémie sur les tendances, parler des éléments de réflexion que cela peut amener en droit de la concurrence notamment ou encore en droit de la consommation .

Sujet 4 - Covid-19 et sécurité internationale

L’un des sujets les plus préoccupants une fois l’annonce du virus devenue officielle, est la sécurité mondiale face à cette pandémie. Parler du droit international, de la montée de l’instabilité. Les agressions, les tensions, les troubles civils ont augmenté. Beaucoup de gens se sont sentis abandonnés par le gouvernement, avec des pertes d’emplois et des confinements qui ont obligé les gens seuls à l’être encore davantage, ce qui peut créer des conséquences sur l’ordre public. Parler de l’importance des rapports sur la sûreté et des tensions qui pèsent également sur le personnel humanitaire.

Sujet 5 - La notion de liberté face à l’urgence sanitaire

Il s’agit d’un sujet qui a été très longuement débattu dans l’intégralité de la population. Le confinement a restreint les libertés essentielles de la population, comme celle de sortir de chez soi, de rencontrer des gens même ceux de sa propre famille ou encore de partir en vacances.

Il y a eu des débats entre ceux qui pensaient que c’était en effet inéluctable et d’autres qui refusaient de se plier aux règles du confinement, car ils ne sentaient plus libres.

Le Covid-19 fait partie de l’ état d’urgence sanitaire , selon le Code de la santé publique. Cela augmente les tensions sécuritaires. Beaucoup de droits fondamentaux ont été supprimés, au nom de l’intérêt général.

Parler de la théorie des circonstances exceptionnelles, ou le collectif doit l’emporter sur l’individuel. Faire référence également au pacte social, puisque cet état d’urgence régule une nouvelle fois l’ensemble des rapports sociaux. Ne plus s’approcher, se serrer la main ou encore se réunir entre amis étaient les codes d’avant, mais ils sont rompus avec l’urgence sanitaire. Parler également de chômage partiel, d’arrêt de travail, du fonds de solidarité. L’urgence sanitaire était de mettre fin à la propagation du virus, quitte à impacter les libertés individuelles.

Sujet 6 - Le comportement des Français face à l’annonce du pass sanitaire

En juillet 2021, le gouvernement annonce la nécessité de présenter un pass sanitaire pour se rendre dans les lieux publics. Ce pass est obtenu soit en se faisant vacciner, soit en faisant un test à la pharmacie ou au laboratoire.

Parler du comportement des Français, il est également ici question de liberté. Le pass sanitaire est-il une entrave à la liberté ? Parler du vaccin qui n’est pas vraiment obligatoire dans le discours du président, mais qui l’est quand même d’une certaine façon, puisque les tests ont fini par être payants, ce qui laisse peu de choix aux citoyens. Parler par conséquent également de la stigmatisation des personnes non vaccinées. Parler de sécurité juridique , de projet de loi et de mesures législatives. Parler aussi de l’approche collective de la santé. Faut-il imposer le vaccin plutôt que de limiter les accès à ceux qui ne sont pas vaccinés ?

Sujet 7 - Le droit des parents pendant le confinement

Il est question ici du droit des parents de garder leurs enfants pendant la pandémie et pendant les périodes de fermeture des écoles. Parler des lois mises en place par le gouvernement dès le premier confinement, des conditions à remplir et de l’organisation pour les parents comme pour les entreprises.

Qu’est-ce que ces nouveaux modes de fonctionnement ont engendré comme comportements de la part des salariés ? Parler du fait de rester chez soi, de l’isolement, des conséquences pour la productivité au travail et pour la performance des entreprises. Parler également du télétravail, de ses implications, du lien avec la performance de chacun. Évoquer aussi les salariés qui se sont plaints de l’omniprésence de leur hiérarchie durant cette période, augmentant ainsi le niveau de stress et de mal-être, déjà bien présent par le contexte sanitaire.

Sujet 8 - Covid-19 et droit des affaires : le recours à la force majeure dans la renégociation des contrats

La crise sanitaire a impacté un grand nombre de secteurs, et face à cette pandémie qui touche le monde entier, les entreprises peuvent ne plus avoir les mêmes obligations contractuelles vis-à-vis de leurs clients.

Parler de ces obligations qui changent, comme les délais de livraison notamment, les annulations d’événements ou encore les problèmes de réapprovisionnement. Comment se protéger en tant qu’entreprises contre ces cas de forces majeures qui ne peuvent être imputés aux fournisseurs dans le cadre de l’urgence sanitaire ? Parler également des clauses contractuelles, des conditions requises pour invoquer la force majeure et les conséquences de cette dernière.

Sujet 9 - L’essor du e-commerce pendant le Covid-19

Il s’agit ici de l’essor du commerce électronique , qui a bien entendu augmenté durant cette crise et qui ne désemplit pas encore aujourd’hui. Parler des tendances, du fait que les consommateurs n’ont pas hésité à commander sur des sites comme Amazon notamment durant le confinement. Parler à la même occasion du droit de la concurrence et des enseignes qui ont pu se plaindre d’une concurrence dite déloyale de la part de ces géants en ligne. Quelles sont les restrictions mises en place par le gouvernement pour légitimer la concurrence ? Comment les sites ont-ils séduit les consommateurs et quelles conséquences pour le commerce plus local ? Le e-commerce finira-t-il par avoir raison des commerces traditionnels ?

Sujet 10 - Vers une nécessaire modernisation de la constitution économique face au Covid-19 ?

Comme souvent dans les crises économiques, il est important de repenser certaines clauses de la Constitution, afin de mieux la préparer au cas où une autre crise de ce type interviendrait.

Parler de la crise du Covid-19 et de la menace que le virus véhicule en fracturant la société telle que nous l’avons toujours connue. Parler également du système de santé des États dans le monde entier, qui pourrait certainement être amélioré. Traiter des difficultés qu’ont eues les États lors de la crise, pour soigner les malades, les accueillir dans les hôpitaux notamment. Parler de la fragilité de l’économie actuelle et des recours et moyens adaptés pour améliorer le système actuel. Quels sont les acteurs clés dans la gestion de la pandémie et quelles sont les mesures imposées par la crise ? Parler de hiérarchiser les priorités (santé, économie).

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La fermeture des frontières, une réponse à la propagation de la pandémie du coronavirus ?

La pandémie du covid-19 aussi appelée coronavirus ou virus chinois, est un virus cousin du SRAS de 2002 et 2003, originaire de la ville de Wuhan en Chine. En effet, c’est à cet endroit que le gouvernement chinois a été informé du premier cas de covid-19 le 30 décembre 2019, aussi appelé patient 0. Personne n’est certain de l’origine exacte du virus, l’hypothèse la plus répandue soupçonne qu’une chauve-souris porteuse du virus aurait été mangée par un pangolin, vendu par la suite dans un marché illégal. Il y a toutefois d’autres théories, comme celle remontant à un laboratoire biochimique chinois à Wuhan qui travaillait sur le SRAS et qui a connu des problèmes de sécurité sanitaire. Afin de se protéger de toutes critiques, le gouvernement chinois a tenté de gérer le virus à l’abris des regards extérieurs (en enlevant, en menaçant et en faisant taire les lanceurs d’alertes) mais l’a finalement annoncé à l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé le 23 janvier 2020. Tout d’abord comparé à la grippe saisonnière, son expansion exponentielle à travers le monde lui a vite fait atteindre le stade de pandémie (une pandémie est une épidémie présente sur une large zone géographique internationale).

Actuellement, on compte plus de 2 millions de cas confirmés à travers le monde avec 140 000 décès. La France qui était relativement mal préparée par manque de stock et de production de masques et de tests a un bilan 100 mille cas confirmés et de 17 mille décès. Durant la gestion de cette crise sans précédent en France, le président Emanuel Macron a pris certaines décisions controversées, comme celle de ne pas directement fermer les frontières au début de l’épidémie ou celle de garder les frontières avec les autres pays européens actuellement.

La fermeture des frontières est-elle une mesure efficace pour lutter contre la propagation du coronavirus ?

Nous nous pencherons dans un premier temps sur l’efficacité de la fermeture des frontières comme mesure préventive, puis nous verrons s’il y a un intérêt à les fermer à ce stade de l’épidémie.

Le gouvernement français a refusé de fermer les frontières à l’arrivée de l’épidémie en Europe, nous verrons tout d’abord les raisons de cette décision, puis nous étudierons les arguments de l’opposition.

Le gouvernement français a suivi l’avis des autorités sanitaires qui était jusqu’au 15 mars de ne pas s’inquiéter et que le virus était comparable à une grippe saisonnière. En suivant ce principe, le gouvernement a mené plusieurs campagne incitant les français à pratiquer les gestes barrières qui sont : rester à 1 mètre de distance, éternuer dans son coude, se laver les mains et éviter de se toucher le visage, mais a tout de même maintenu le premier tour des élections municipales le 15 mars. Ainsi le gouvernement a placardé des affiches de prévention dans tous les aéroports internationaux et dans toutes les mairies, cependant, aucun contrôle sanitaire des arrivants n’a été faite. Ces mesures et le maintien de l’ouverture des frontières est une extension de l’idéologie pro-européenne du président Macron. En effet, ce dernier dénonce lors de son allocution du 12 mars, un « repli nationaliste » de certains pays européens comme l’Italie ou l’Allemagne. De plus, le nouveau ministre de la santé, Olivier Véran parle de la fermeture des frontières de la manière suivante : « c’est une réponse qui scientifiquement n’avait pas d’intérêt ». Le président de la Société Française des Médecines de Catastrophe (SFMC), Henri Julien qualifie cette mesure de « décision symbolique pour tenter de montrer que l’état réagit et pour calmer possiblement les angoisses de la population ». Selon le premier ministre Edouard Philippe, la fermeture des frontières aurait compliqué l’acheminement des matières premières en France, nécessaires pour l’industrie française. De plus, cela aurait empêché les travailleurs frontaliers (personne qui traverse la frontière tous les jours pour se rendre sur son lieu de travail) de travailler. Cependant, certains pays comme l’Allemagne n’ont pas eu besoin de recourir à une solution aussi extrême, en effet, ils ont mis en place un contrôle stricte aux frontières avec un test sanitaire et une mise en quarantaine si besoin. Cependant, cette méthode requiert un nombre massif de tests dont la France ne dispose pas.

Cependant, même si les autorités sanitaires française dénonçaient l’inutilité de la fermeture des frontières, il est indéniable que les pays qui ont le mieux géré la crise et qui s’en sortent le mieux sont les pays qui ont fermé leurs frontières très tôt : c’est le cas par exemple de la Corée du Sud qui a fermé ses frontières dès le début de l’épidémie, de la Russie qui a réussi à empêcher l’arrivée de personnes infectées, de la Chine qui a élevé a l’échelle nationale une frontière imperméable isolant la ville de Wuhan ou encore l’Allemagne, qui certes n’a pas totalement fermé ses frontières mais a limité le flux de personnes infectées. Contrairement à ce que nous a dit le président Macron en disant que « Le virus n’a pas de passeport. », la fermeture des frontières participe à un effet d’endiguement qui ralentit la propagation du virus en empêchant les porteurs du virus de venir. Certains hommes politiques français ont donc poussé cette idée, comme Marine Le Pen du parti du Rassemblement National, qui, dans un tweet datant du 12 mars, demande au président de fermer les frontières. De même, Éric Zemmour disait le 18 mars : « Il aurait fallu fermer les frontières immédiatement. ». Jeanne Brugère Picoux, membre de l’académie nationale de médecine, a annoncé : « Fermer les frontières est une mesure barrière efficace lorsque la menace est encore lointaine. » et « Ça aurait dû être décidé bien en amont. ».

Derrière la gestion de la crise et principalement derrière la question de la fermeture des frontières, il est évident que se cache une bataille idéologique autour de la place de la France au sein de l’Europe et du monde.

Nous avons donc vu les arguments autour du débat de la fermeture des frontière à l’arrivée du coronavirus en Europe, cependant, il est peut-être trop tard d’y recours à ce stade de l’épidémie.

Maintenant que l’épidémie est planétaire (pandémie), fermer les frontières ne parviendrait pas à endiguer l’épidémie, ou à la retarder. En effet, comme l’a dit Jeanne Brugère-Picoux, « fermer les frontières est une mesure barrière efficace lorsque la menace est encore lointaine. Aujourd’hui, il est trop tard puisque le virus se trouve de chaque côté de la frontière. ». Fermer les frontières pourrait aussi avoir un impact négatif, cela achèverait de montrer l’incapacité de l’union européenne à gérer la crise liée au coronavirus. Cette impuissance européenne pourrait souffler sur les braises nationalistes, notamment en France qui est l’un des plus grands contributeurs au budget européen, ce qui pourrait signifier la fin de l’Europe actuelle. En effet, le 30 mars Éric Zemmour a annoncé sur C news : « L’Europe est en danger de mort. ». De plus, la fermeture des frontières pourrait compliquer la livraison des 2 milliards de masques venant de chine. Cette mesure pourrait également créer des incidents diplomatiques évitables comme quand la France a réquisitionné une cargaison de masques qui étaient destinés à la Suède. Enfin, fermer les frontières est pratiquement inutile car de nombreux français sont toujours rapatriés des quatre coins du monde. Du reste, nous serions toujours confrontés à des problèmes d’acheminement des matières premières en France comme l’a dit Edouard Philippe.

The dissertation journey during the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis or opportunity?

Affiliation.

1 The International Master's Program of Tourism and Hospitality, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, No. 1, Songhe Rd., Xiaogang Dist, Kaohsiung City, 812, Taiwan.
PMID: 35221798
PMCID: PMC8858711
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100374

Despite dissertation's significance in enhancing the quality of scholarly outputs in tourism and hospitality fields, insufficient research investigates the challenges and disruptions students experience amidst a public health crisis. This study aims to fill the research gaps and integrate attribution and self-efficacy theories to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic influences students' decision-making and behaviours during the dissertation writing process. Qualitative exploration with 15 graduate students was conducted. The results indicate that adjustment of data collection approaches was the most shared external challenge, while students' religious background and desire for publishing COVID related topics were primary internal motivations.

Keywords: Attribution theory; COVID-19; Dissertation writing; Pandemic; Self-efficacy theory.

Collecting Dissertation Data during COVID 19

Matthew J. Sroka Ed.D. Student at Salisbury University

This essay describes my personal experience as a doctoral candidate collecting data for my dissertation during the COVID-19 pandemic. After providing the context for my own study, I lay out three main ideas that emerged while collecting data. These main ideas involve including participants in the decision-making process, sharing one another’s challenging contexts to understand and connect, and the importance of teacher learning communities in times of isolation. My essay highlights some of the challenges and opportunities of collecting data during difficult circumstances and discusses the importance of professional learning communities to assist teachers with long-term coping within an unexpected context.

Author Biography

Matthew j. sroka, ed.d. student at salisbury university.

Matthew Sroka teaches English at Queen Anne’s County High School in Centreville, Maryland. He is currently pursuing a doctorate of education at Salisbury University. The focus of his research is on the reading lives of secondary English teachers.

Herr, K., & Anderson, G. L. (2015). The action research dissertation. Sage.

Kerkhoff, S., Broere, M., & Premont, D. (2020). Average and avid: Preservice English teachers' reading identities. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 19, 197-215.

Rubin, J.C. & Land, C.L. (2017), “This is English class”: Evolving identities and a literacy teacher’s shifts in practice across figured worlds. Teaching and Teacher Education, 68, 190-199.

Scholes, R. E. (1998). The rise and fall of English: Reconstructing English as a discipline. Yale University Press.

Trust, T., Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2016). “Together we are better”: Professional learning networks for teachers. Computers & Education, 102, 15-34.

Trust, T., Carpenter, J. P., Krutka, D. G., & Kimmons, R. (2020). #RemoteTeaching & #RemoteLearning: educator tweeting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 151-159.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review

Harapan harapan.

a Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

b Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

c Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

d Division of Infectious Diseases, AichiCancer Center Hospital, Chikusa-ku Nagoya, Japan

Amanda Yufika

e Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Wira Winardi

f Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

g School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Haypheng Te

h Siem Reap Provincial Health Department, Ministry of Health, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Dewi Megawati

i Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia

j Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

Zinatul Hayati

k Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Abram L. Wagner

l Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, MI 48109, USA

Mudatsir Mudatsir

In early December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of February 14, 2020, 49,053 laboratory-confirmed and 1,381 deaths have been reported globally. Perceived risk of acquiring disease has led many governments to institute a variety of control measures. We conducted a literature review of publicly available information to summarize knowledge about the pathogen and the current epidemic. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed.

On December 31, 2019, the China Health Authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) to several cases of pneumonia of unknown aetiology in Wuhan City in Hubei Province in central China. The cases had been reported since December 8, 2019, and many patients worked at or lived around the local Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market although other early cases had no exposure to this market [1] . On January 7, a novel coronavirus, originally abbreviated as 2019-nCoV by WHO, was identified from the throat swab sample of a patient [2] . This pathogen was later renamed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the Coronavirus Study Group [3] and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by the WHO. As of January 30, 7736 confirmed and 12,167 suspected cases had been reported in China and 82 confirmed cases had been detected in 18 other countries [4] . In the same day, WHO declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) [4] .

According to the National Health Commission of China, the mortality rate among confirmed cased in China was 2.1% as of February 4 [5] and the mortality rate was 0.2% among cases outside China [6] . Among patients admitted to hospitals, the mortality rate ranged between 11% and 15% [7] , [8] . COVID-19 is moderately infectious with a relatively high mortality rate, but the information available in public reports and published literature is rapidly increasing. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of COVID-19 including causative agent, pathogenesis of the disease, diagnosis and treatment of the cases, as well as control and prevention strategies.

The virus: classification and origin

SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family Coronaviridae and order Nidovirales. The family consists of two subfamilies, Coronavirinae and Torovirinae and members of the subfamily Coronavirinae are subdivided into four genera: (a) Alphacoronavirus contains the human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E and HCoV-NL63; (b) Betacoronavirus includes HCoV-OC43, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome human coronavirus (SARS-HCoV), HCoV-HKU1, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); (c) Gammacoronavirus includes viruses of whales and birds and; (d) Deltacoronavirus includes viruses isolated from pigs and birds [9] . SARS-CoV-2 belongs to Betacoronavirus together with two highly pathogenic viruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus [16] .

SARS-CoV-2 is considered a novel human-infecting Betacoronavirus [10] . Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genome indicates that the virus is closely related (with 88% identity) to two bat-derived SARS-like coronaviruses collected in 2018 in eastern China (bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21) and genetically distinct from SARS-CoV (with about 79% similarity) and MERS-CoV [10] . Using the genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2, RaTG13, and SARS-CoV [11] , a further study found that the virus is more related to BatCoV RaTG13, a bat coronavirus that was previously detected in Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan Province, with 96.2% overall genome sequence identity [11] . A study found that no evidence of recombination events detected in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 from other viruses originating from bats such as BatCoV RaTG13, SARS-CoV and SARSr-CoVs [11] . Altogether, these findings suggest that bats might be the original host of this virus [10] , [11] .

However, a study is needed to elucidate whether any intermediate hosts have facilitated the transmission of the virus to humans. Bats are unlikely to be the animal that is directly responsible for transmission of the virus to humans for several reasons [10] : (1) there were various non-aquatic animals (including mammals) available for purchase in Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market but no bats were sold or found; (2) SARS-CoV-2 and its close relatives, bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21, have a relatively long branch (sequence identity of less than 90%), suggesting those viruses are not direct ancestors of SARS-CoV-2; and (3) in other coronaviruses where bat is the natural reservoir such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, other animals have acted as the intermediate host (civets and possibly camels, respectively). Nevertheless, bats do not always need an intermediary host to transmit viruses to humans. For example, Nipah virus in Bangladesh is transmitted through bats shedding into raw date palm sap [12] .

Transmission

The role of the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in propagating disease is unclear. Many initial COVID-19 cases were linked to this market suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from animals to humans [13] . However, a genomic study has provided evidence that the virus was introduced from another, yet unknown location, into the market where it spread more rapidly, although human-to-human transmission may have occurred earlier [14] . Clusters of infected family members and medical workers have confirmed the presence of person-to-person transmission [15] . After January 1, less than 10% of patients had market exposure and more than 70% patients had no exposure to the market [13] . Person-to-person transmission is thought to occur among close contacts mainly via respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Fomites may be a large source of transmission, as SARS-CoV has been found to persist on surfaces up to 96 h [16] and other coronaviruses for up to 9 days [17] .

Whether or not there is asymptomatic transmission of disease is controversial. One initial study published on January 30 reported asymptomatic transmission [18] , but later it was found that the researchers had not directly interviewed the patient, who did in fact have symptoms prior to transmitting disease [19] . A more recent study published on February 21 also purported asymptomatic transmission [20] , but any such study could be limited by errors in self-reported symptoms or contact with other cases and fomites.

Findings about disease characteristics are rapidly changing and subject to selection bias. A study indicated the mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 4.1–7.0) [13] . The incubation period has been found to be as long as 19 or 24 days [21] , [22] , although case definitions typically rely on a 14 day window [23] .

The basic reproductive number ( R 0 ) has been estimated with varying results and interpretations. R 0 measures the average number of infections that could result from one infected individual in a fully susceptible population [24] . Studies from previous outbreaks found R 0 to be 2.7 for SARS [25] and 2.4 for 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza [26] . One study estimated that that basic reproductive number ( R 0 ) was 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4–3.9) [13] . However, later in a further analysis of 12 available studies found that R 0 was 3.28 [27] . Because R 0 represents an average value it is also important to consider the role of super spreaders, who may be hugely responsible for outbreaks within large clusters but who would not largely influence the value of R 0 [28] . During the acute phase of an outbreak or prepandemic, R 0 may be unstable [24] .

In pregnancy, a study of nine pregnancy women who developed COVID-19 in late pregnancy suggested COVID-19 did not lead to substantially worse symptoms than in nonpregnant persons and there is no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission [29] .

In hospital setting, a study involving 138 COVID-19 suggested that hospital-associated transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 41% of patients [30] . Moreover, another study on 425 patients found that the proportion of cases in health care workers gradually increased by time [13] . These cases likely reflect exposure to a higher concentration of virus from sustained contact in close quarters.

Outside China, as of February 12, 2020, there were 441 confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in 24 countries [6] of which the first imported case was reported in Thailand on January 13, 2020 [6] , [31] . Among those countries, 11 countries have reported local transmission with the highest number of cases reported in Singapore with 47 confirmed cases [6] .

Risk factors

The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection is seen most often in adult male patients with the median age of the patients was between 34 and 59 years [20] , [30] , [7] , [32] . SARS-CoV-2 is also more likely to infect people with chronic comorbidities such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes [8] . The highest proportion of severe cases occurs in adults ≥60 years of age, and in those with certain underlying conditions, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes [20] , [30] . Severe manifestations maybe also associated with coinfections of bacteria and fungi [8] .

Fewer COVID-19 cases have been reported in children less than 15 years [20] , [30] , [7] , [32] . In a study of 425 COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, published on January 29, there were no cases in children under 15 years of age [13] , [33] . Nevertheless, 28 paediatric patients have been reported by January 2020 [34] . The clinical features of infected paediatric patients vary, but most have had mild symptoms with no fever or pneumonia, and have a good prognosis [34] . Another study found that although a child had radiological ground-glass lung opacities, the patient was asymptomatic [35] . In summary, children might be less likely to be infected or, if infected, present milder manifestations than adults; therefore, it is possible that their parents will not seek out treatment leading to underestimates of COVID-19 incidence in this age group.

Pathogenesis and immune response

Like most other members of the coronavirus family, Betacoronavirus exhibit high species specificity, but subtle genetic changes can significantly alter their tissue tropism, host range, and pathogenicity. A striking example of the adaptability of these viruses is the emergence of deadly zoonotic diseases in human history caused by SARS-CoV [36] and MERS-CoV [37] . In both viruses, bats served as the natural reservoir and humans were the terminal host, with the palm civet and dromedary camel the intermediary host for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively [38] , [39] . Intermediate hosts clearly play a critical role in cross species transmission as they can facilitate increased contact between a virus and a new host and enable further adaptation necessary for an effective replication in the new host [40] . Because of the pandemic potential of SARS-CoV-2, careful surveillance is immensely important to monitor its future host adaptation, viral evolution, infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity.

The host range of a virus is governed by multiple molecular interactions, including receptor interaction. The envelope spike (S) protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was shown structurally similar to that of SARS-CoV, despite amino acid variation at some key residues [10] . Further extensive structural analysis strongly suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may use host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enter the cells [41] , the same receptor facilitating SARS-CoV to infect the airway epithelium and alveolar type 2 (AT2) pneumocytes, pulmonary cells that synthesize pulmonary surfactant [42] . In general, the spike protein of coronavirus is divided into the S1 and S2 domain, in which S1 is responsible for receptor binding and S2 domain is responsible for cell membrane fusion [10] . The S1 domain of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share around 50 conserved amino acids, whereas most of the bat-derived viruses showed more variation [10] . In addition, identification of several key residues (Gln493 and Asn501) that govern the binding of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain with ACE2 further support that SARS-CoV-2 has acquired capacity for person-to-person transmission [41] . Although, the spike protein sequence of receptor binding SARS-CoV-2 is more similar to that of SARS-CoV, at the whole genome level SARS-CoV-2 is more closely related to bat-SL-CoVZC45 and bat-SL-CoVZXC21 [10] .

However, receptor recognition is not the only determinant of species specificity. Immediately after binding to their receptive receptor, SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells where they encounter the innate immune response. In order to productively infect the new host, SARS-CoV-2 must be able to inhibit or evade host innate immune signalling. However, it is largely unknown how SARS-CoV-2 manages to evade immune response and drive pathogenesis. Given that COVID-19 and SARS have similar clinical features [7] , SARS-CoV-2 may have a similar pathogenesis mechanism as SARS-CoV. In response to SARS-CoV infections, the type I interferon (IFN) system induces the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to inhibit viral replication. To overcome this antiviral activity, SARS-CoV encodes at least 8 viral antagonists that modulate induction of IFN and cytokines and evade ISG effector function [43] .

The host immune system response to viral infection by mediating inflammation and cellular antiviral activity is critical to inhibit viral replication and dissemination. However, excessive immune responses together with lytic effects of the virus on host cells will result in pathogenesis. Studies have shown patients suffering from severe pneumonia, with fever and dry cough as common symptoms at onset of illness [7] , [8] . Some patients progressed rapidly with Acute Respiratory Stress Syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock, which was eventually followed by multiple organ failure and about 10% of patients have died [8] . ARDS progression and extensive lung damage in COVID-19 are further indications that ACE2 might be a route of entry for the SARS-CoV-2 as ACE2 is known abundantly present on ciliated cells of the airway epithelium and alveolar type II (cells (pulmonary cells that synthesize pulmonary surfactant) in humans [44] .

Patients with SARS and COVID-19 have similar patterns of inflammatory damage. In serum from patients diagnosed with SARS, there is increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin (IL)-1, IL6, IL12, interferon gamma (IFNγ), IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP10), macrophage inflammatory proteins 1A (MIP1A) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1)), which are associated with pulmonary inflammation and severe lung damage [45] . Likewise, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are reported to have higher plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL1β, IL-2, IL7, TNF-α, GSCF, MCP1 than healthy adults [7] . Importantly, patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have a significantly higher level of GSCF, IP10, MCP1, and TNF-α than those non-ICU patients, suggesting that a cytokine storm might be an underlying cause of disease severity [7] . Unexpectedly, anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL10 and IL4 were also increased in those patients [7] , which was uncommon phenomenon for an acute phase viral infection. Another interesting finding, as explained before, was that SARS-CoV-2 has shown to preferentially infect older adult males with rare cases reported in children [7] , [8] . The same trend was observed in primate models of SARS-CoV where the virus was found more likely to infect aged Cynomolgus macaque than young adults [46] . Further studies are necessary to identify the virulence factors and the host genes of SARS-CoV-2 that allows the virus to cross the species-specific barrier and cause lethal disease in humans.

Clinical manifestations

Clinical manifestations of 2019-nCoV infection have similarities with SARS-CoV where the most common symptoms include fever, dry cough, dyspnoea, chest pain, fatigue and myalgia [7] , [30] , [47] . Less common symptoms include headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting [7] , [30] . Based on the report of the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan, the common symptoms include fever, dry cough, myalgia and fatigue with less common are sputum production, headache, haemoptysis, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea [13] . Approximately 75% patients had bilateral pneumonia [8] . Different from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, however, is that very few COVID-19 patients show prominent upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms such as rhinorrhoea, sneezing, or sore throat, suggesting that the virus might have greater preference for infecting the lower respiratory tract [7] . Pregnant and non-pregnant women have similar characteristics [48] . The common clinical presentation of 2019-nCoV infection are presented in Table 1 .

Clinical symptoms of patients with 2019-nCoV infection.

Severe complications such as hypoxaemia, acute ARDS, arrythmia, shock, acute cardiac injury, and acute kidney injury have been reported among COVID-19 patients [7] , [8] . A study among 99 patients found that approximately 17% patients developed ARDS and, among them, 11% died of multiple organ failure [8] . The median duration from first symptoms to ARDS was 8 days [30] .

Efforts to control spread of COVID-19, institute quarantine and isolation measures, and appropriately clinically manage patients all require useful screening and diagnostic tools. While SARS-CoV-2 is spreading, other respiratory infections may be more common in a local community. The WHO has released a guideline on case surveillance of COVID-19 on January 31, 2020 [23] . For a person who meets certain criteria, WHO recommends to first screen for more common causes of respiratory illness given the season and location. If a negative result is found, the sample should be sent to referral laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

Case definitions can vary by country and will evolve over time as the epidemiological circumstances change in a given location. In China, a confirmed case from January 15, 2020 required an epidemiological linkage to Wuhan within 2 weeks and clinical features such as fever, pneumonia, and low white blood cell count. On January 18, 2020 the epidemiological criterion was expanded to include contact with anyone who had been in Wuhan in the past 2 weeks [50] . Later, the case definitions removed the epidemiological linkage.

The WHO has put forward case definitions [23] . Suspected cases of COVID-19 are persons (a) with severe acute respiratory infections (history of fever and cough requiring admission to hospital) and with no other aetiology that fully explains the clinical presentation and a history of travel to or residence in China during the 14 days prior to symptom onset; or (b) a patient with any acute respiratory illness and at least one of the following during the 14 days prior to symptom onset: contact with a confirmed or probable case of SARS-CoV-2 infection or worked in or attended a health care facility where patients with confirmed or probable SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory disease patients were being treated. Probable cases are those for whom testing for SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive or who test positive using a pan-coronavirus assay and without laboratory evidence of other respiratory pathogens. A confirmed case is one with a laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of clinical signs and symptoms.

For patients who meet diagnostic criteria for SARS-CoV-2 testing, the CDC recommends collection of specimens from the upper respiratory tract (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab) and, if possible, the lower respiratory tract (sputum, tracheal aspirate, or bronchoalveolar lavage) [51] . In each country, the tests are performed by laboratories designated by the government.

Laboratory findings

Among COVID-19 patients, common laboratory abnormalities include lymphopenia [8] , [20] , [30] , prolonged prothrombin time, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase [30] . ICU-admitted patients had more laboratory abnormalities compared with non-ICU patients [30] , [7] . Some patients had elevated aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, creatinine, and C-reactive protein [20] , [7] , [35] . Most patients have shown normal serum procalcitonin levels [20] , [30] , [7] .

COVID-19 patients have high level of IL1β, IFN-γ, IP10, and MCP1 [7] . ICU-admitted patients tend to have higher concentration of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF), IP10, MCP1A, MIP1A, and TNF-α [7] .

Radiology findings

Radiology finding may vary with patients age, disease progression, immunity status, comorbidity, and initial medical intervention [52] . In a study describing 41 of the initial cases of 2019-nCoV infection, all 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest computed tomography (CT-scan) [7] . Abnormalities on chest CT-scan were also seen in another study of 6 cases, in which all of them showed multifocal patchy ground-glass opacities notably nearby the peripheral sections of the lungs [35] . Data from studies indicate that the typical of chest CT-scan findings are bilateral pulmonary parenchymal ground-glass and consolidative pulmonary opacities [7] , [8] , [20] , [30] , [32] , [53] . The consolidated lung lesions among patients five or more days from disease onset and those 50 years old or older compared to 4 or fewer days and those 50 years or younger, respectively [47] .

As the disease course continue, mild to moderate progression of disease were noted in some cases which manifested by extension and increasing density of lung opacities [49] . Bilateral multiple lobular and subsegmental areas of consolidation are typical findings on chest CT-scan of ICU-admitted patients [7] . A study among 99 patients, one patient had pneumothorax in an imaging examination [8] .

Similar to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, there is still no specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19 [54] . Isolation and supportive care including oxygen therapy, fluid management, and antibiotics treatment for secondary bacterial infections is recommended [55] . Some COVID-19 patients progressed rapidly to ARDS and septic shock, which was eventually followed by multiple organ failure [7] , [8] . Therefore, the effort on initial management of COVID-19 must be addressed to the early recognition of the suspect and contain the disease spread by immediate isolation and infection control measures [56] .

Currently, no vaccination is available, but even if one was available, uptake might be suboptimal. A study of intention to vaccinate during the H1N1 pandemic in the United States was around 50% at the start of the pandemic in May 2009 but had decreased to 16% by January 2010 [57] .

Neither is a treatment available. Therefore, the management of the disease has been mostly supportive referring to the disease severity which has been introduced by WHO. If sepsis is identified, empiric antibiotic should be administered based on clinical diagnosis and local epidemiology and susceptibility information. Routine glucocorticoids administration are not recommended to use unless there are another indication [58] . Clinical evidence also does not support corticosteroid treatment [59] . Use of intravenous immunoglobulin might help for severely ill patients [8] .

Drugs are being evaluated in line with past investigations into therapeutic treatments for SARS and MERS [60] . Overall, there is not robust evidence that these antivirals can significantly improve clinical outcomes A. Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir combined with empirical antibiotic treatment have also been used to treat COVID-19 patients [7] . Remdesivir which was developed for Ebola virus, has been used to treat imported COVID-19 cases in US [61] . A brief report of treatment combination of Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Arbidol, and Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJDC), a traditional Chinese medicine, showed a clinical benefit to three of four COVID-19 patients [62] . There is an ongoing clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-α 2b in patients with COVID-19 [55] . Ramsedivir, a broad spectrum antivirus has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and has also initiated its clinical trial [63] , [64] . In addition, other potential drugs from existing antiviral agent have also been proposed [65] , [66] .

Control and prevention strategies

COVID-19 is clearly a serious disease of international concern. By some estimates it has a higher reproductive number than SARS [27] , and more people have been reported to have been infected or died from it than SARS [67] . Similar to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, disrupting the chain of transmission is considered key to stopping the spread of disease [68] . Different strategies should be implemented in health care settings and at the local and global levels.

Health care settings can unfortunately be an important source of viral transmission. As shown in the model for SARS, applying triage, following correct infection control measures, isolating the cases and contact tracing are key to limit the further spreading of the virus in clinics and hospitals [68] . Suspected cases presenting at healthcare facilities with symptoms of respiratory infections (e.g. runny nose, fever and cough) must wear a face mask to contain the virus and strictly adhere triage procedure. They should not be permitted to wait with other patients seeking medical care at the facilities. They should be placed in a separated, fully ventilated room and approximately 2 m away from other patients with convenient access to respiratory hygiene supplies [69] . In addition, if a confirmed COVID-19 case require hospitalization, they must be placed in a single patient room with negative air pressure – a minimum of six air changes per hour. Exhausted air has to be filtered through high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and medical personnel entering the room should wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gown, disposable N95, and eye protection. Once the cases are recovered and discharged, the room should be decontaminated or disinfected and personnel entering the room need to wear PPE particularly facemask, gown, eye protection [69] .

In a community setting, isolating infected people are the primary measure to interrupt the transmission. For example, immediate actions taken by Chinese health authorities included isolating the infected people and quarantining of suspected people and their close contacts [70] . Also, as there are still conflicting assumptions regarding the animal origins of the virus (i.e. some studies linked the virus to bat [71] , [72] while others associated the virus with snake [73] ), contacts with these animal fluids or tissues or consumption of wild caught animal meet should be avoided. Moreover, educating the public to recognize unusual symptoms such as chronic cough or shortness of breath is essential therefore that they could seek medical care for early detection of the virus. If large-scale community transmission occurs, mitigating social gatherings, temporary school closure, home isolation, close monitoring of symptomatic individual, provision of life supports (e.g. oxygen supply, mechanical ventilator), personal hand hygiene, and wearing personal protective equipment such as facemask should also be enforced [74] .

In global setting, locking down Wuhan city was one of the immediate measure taken by Chinese authorities and hence had slowed the global spread of COVID-19 [74] . Air travel should be limited for the cases unless severe medical attentions are required. Setting up temperature check or scanning is mandatory at airport and border to identify the suspected cases. Continued research into the virus is critical to trace the source of the outbreak and provide evidence for future outbreak [74] .

Conclusions

The current COVID-19 pandemic is clearly an international public health problem. There have been rapid advances in what we know about the pathogen, how it infects cells and causes disease, and clinical characteristics of disease. Due to rapid transmission, countries around the world should increase attention into disease surveillance systems and scale up country readiness and response operations including establishing rapid response teams and improving the capacity of the national laboratory system.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Ethical approval

Not required.

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Les coronavirus (CoV) sont une grande famille de virus qui provoquent des maladies qui vont du simple rhume à des maladies plus graves telles que le syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV) et le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS-CoV). Un nouveau coronavirus (nCoV) correspond à une nouvelle souche qui n'a pas été identifiée chez l'homme précédemment.

Les coronavirus sont de type zoonotique, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont transmis de l’animal à l’homme. Des investigations détaillées ont révélé que le SRAS-CoV et et le MERS-CoV étaient transmis à l’homme par les chats civettes et les dromadaires respectivement. Plusieurs coronavirus connus circulent chez des animaux qui n'ont pas encore infecté l'homme.

Les signes courants de l'infection sont les symptômes respiratoires, la fièvre, la toux, l'essoufflement et les difficultés respiratoires. Dans les cas les plus graves, l'infection peut provoquer une pneumonie, un syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère, une insuffisance rénale et même la mort.

Les recommandations standard pour prévenir la propagation de l'infection comprennent le lavage régulier des mains, le fait de se couvrir la bouche et le nez lorsqu'on tousse et éternue, la cuisson complète de la viande et des œufs. Éviter tout contact étroit avec toute personne présentant des symptômes de maladie respiratoire tels que la toux et les éternuements.

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La Région OMS de la Méditerranée orientale intensifie sa préparation face au nouveau coronavirus

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The dissertation journey during the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis or opportunity?

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Permadi SY 1

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KWAME OPOKU E | 0000-0001-7112-3524
Chen LH | 0000-0002-0854-8308
Permadi SY | 0000-0002-9509-2838

Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education , 21 Feb 2022 , 30: 100374 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100374 PMID: 35221798 PMCID: PMC8858711

Abstract

Free full text .

1. Introduction

Dissertation writing is an essential part of academic life for graduate students ( Yusuf, 2018 ). By writing the dissertation, students can build research skills to analyse new data and generate innovative concepts to inform future scientific studies ( Fadhly et al., 2018 ; Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ). Therefore, scholars in higher education are dedicated to guiding students to complete impactful dissertations. Duffy et al. (2018) note that thesis advisors can empower students to explore novel ideas and identify new products or services for the tourism and hospitality industry beyond the traditional contribution of extending the existing research literature. Namely, the intriguing ideas proposed in students’ dissertations will eventually enrich and diversify the literature in the tourism and hospitality academia. Furthermore, the process of identifying impactful ideas will prepare students for a successful career either as a researcher or practitioner.

However, dissertation writing can be a challenging experience for both native and non-native writers. Students are sometimes confused about the characteristics of the dissertation or the expectations from the academics and practitioners ( Bitchener et al., 2010 ). A graduate student has to make numerous decisions during the dissertation writing journey. To successfully guide the students through this complicated writing journey, thesis advisors need to understand the factors influencing students' writing motivation and decision-making process. Previous studies have suggested these influential factors can be broadly classified into external sources (e.g., advisor/supervisor's influence, trends in the field, or publishability of the topic) and internal sources (e.g., researcher's background or researcher interest; Fadhly et al., 2018 ; I'Anson & Smith, 2004 ; Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ). Despite this classification, the discussions related to the impacts of macro-environments, such as socio-cultural trends, economic conditions, or ecology and physical environments, on students' dissertation writing are extremely lacking. Since the time background and the world situation when writing a dissertation are also critical factors influencing students' writing goals, more research should be done to broaden students' dissertation writing experiences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has immensely impacted global education, students' learning, and research activities. According to Dwivedi et al. (2020) , the COVID-19 pandemic has affected international higher education leading to the closure of schools to control the spread of the virus. Meanwhile, Alvarado et al. (2021) found that the global health crises have seriously disrupted doctoral students' Dissertations in Practice (DiP). Specifically, students must learn new methodologies and adjust the research settings and sampling techniques because of virtual-only approaches. Some have to find new topics and research questions since the original one cannot be investigated during the quarantine period. However, students may turn this current crisis into an opportunity as they build a shared community and support each other's private and academic lives. Apparently, the crisis can result in a stronger bond of friendship, and this may generate more collaborative research projects in the future.

As mentioned earlier, some studies have tried to identify factors influencing students' dissertation writing journey, albeit lack considerations related to the effects of macro-environments. Given the severe impacts of COVID-19 on the macro-environments of global higher education and the tourism industry, this study aims to fill the research gap and explore how a public health crisis may influence graduate students' dissertation writing, especially in the field of tourism and hospitality. Specifically, this study utilizes attribution and self-efficacy theory as the research framework to examine the internal and external factors that influenced graduate students' dissertation journey amidst the COVID-19 pandemic (see Fig. 1 ). The use of attribution and self-efficacy theory is appropriate in the current study because both explain how people make sense of society, influences of others, their decision-making process and behaviours. Although some may argue these theories are outdated, many scholars have used them to explain students' behaviours and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, Xu et al. (2021) found that social capital and learning support positively influence students' self-efficacy, employability and well-being amidst the crisis. Meanwhile, Lassoued et al. (2020) used attribution theory to explore the university professors and their students' learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. They found that both groups attributed the problems to reaching high quality in distance learning to students' weak motivation to understand abstract concepts in the absence of in-person interaction.

The theoretical framework.

Understanding the lived experience of students would enable stakeholders in tourism and hospitality education to deeply comprehend the plight and predicaments of students face and the innovate ways to mitigate those challenges amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study utilizes a qualitative approach to explore the impacts of internal and extremal factors on the dissertation writing process. The study was set in the context of an international graduate hospitality and tourism program in Taiwan known for its diverse student body. The research question that guides such qualitative exploration is: How have external and internal factors influenced graduate students’ dissertation writing journey during the COVID-19 pandemic?

This study is timely and critical considering the uncertainties that characterize pandemics which aggravates the already perplexities that associate dissertation writing. It throws light on factors that are susceptible to pandemic tendencies and factors that are resilient to crisis. The findings of this study would provide insights into how crises affect academia and suggest effective ways for higher educational institutions, academicians, and other key stakeholders to forge proactive solutions for future occurrences. Especially, higher education institutions would be well-positioned and informed on areas to train students and faculty members to ameliorate the impacts associated with pandemics.

2. Literature review

2.1. COVID-19 and its impacts on educational activities

Public health crises have ramifications for educational behaviour and choices; this is especially true of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most countries and institutions of higher education are still battling with the consequences suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic. Not surprisingly, there has been a tsunami of studies on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., Dwivedi et al., 2020 ; Manzano-Leon et al., 2021 ; Alam & Parvin, 2021 ). Assessing these studies, we found that although there are substantial extant studies on the negative implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, limited studies have also emphasised the positive side of the pandemic on education. For example, Dwivedi et al. (2020) concluded that the COVID-19 had revealed the necessity of online teaching in higher educational institutions. For they observed that at Loughborough, though face-to-face teaching is practised, one cannot relegate online teaching as some students will be unable to return to campus due to border closures. Thus, faculty members have to convert existing material to the online format. Furthermore, Manzano-Leon et al. (2021) also pointed out that the COVID-19 has allowed students to interact with their peers beyond traditional education. They pinpointed that playful learning strategies such as escape rooms enable students to interact well. Alam and Parvin (2021) also underscored students who studied during the COVID-19 pandemic performed better academically than those before. This finding suggests that online education is supposedly more active than face-to-face mode.

Apart from these positive implications aforementioned, most studies have emphasised the negative impacts of COVID-19 on education. Dwivedi et al. (2020) reviewed how the global higher education sector has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. It caused the closure of schools, national lockdowns and social distancing, and a proliferation of online teaching. COVID-19 forced both teachers and students to work and study remotely from home. According to Dhawan (2020) , the rapid deployment of online learning to protect students, faculty, communities, societies, and nations affected academic life. Online learning seemed like a panacea in the face of COVID-19's severe symptoms; however, the switch to online also brought several challenges for teachers and students. Lall and Singh (2020) noted that disadvantages of online learning include the absence of co-curricular activities and students' lack of association with friends at school. Many studies have also confirmed the pandemic's adverse effects on students' mental health, emotional wellbeing, and academic performance ( Bao, 2020 ; de Oliveira Araújo et al., 2020 ).

Despite the pandemic has caused numerous difficulties for many educational institutions, scholars and educators have risen to the challenges and tried to plan effective strategies to mitigate such stressing circumstances. For example, to respond the needs of a better understanding of students' social-emotional competencies for coping the COVID-19 outbreak, Hadar et al. (2020) utilized the VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, ambiguous) framework to analyse teachers and students' struggles. Each element of VUCA is defined as follows:

● Volatility: the speed and magnitude of the crisis;
● Uncertainty: the unpredictability of events during the crisis;
● Complexity: the confounding events during the crisis;
● Ambiguity: the confusing and mixed meanings during the crisis.

This analysis and conceptualization of crises help to explain some of the students’ concerns on mental health, emotional wellbeing, and academic performance ( Bao, 2020 ; de Oliveira Araújo et al., 2020 ).

The pandemic also exacerbated existing challenges facing students and universities across the globe. According to Rose-Redwood et al. (2020) , the COVID-19 endangered the career prospects of both students and scholars. University partnerships with the arts sector, community service, and non-governmental organizations also suffered. The tourism and hospitality (academic) field faced unique challenges in light of COVID-19 without exception. Forms of tourism such as over-tourism and cruise tourism were temporarily unobservable, and most pre-crisis studies and forecast data were no longer relevant ( Bausch et al., 2021 ). Consequently, many empirical and longitudinal studies were halted due to the incomparability of data. Even though many studies have been conducted to explore the impacts of the COVID pandemic on educational activities, none of these studies has addressed how this public health crisis has affected graduate students’ dissertation journey. Therefore, the present research is needed to fill the gaps in the mainstream literature.

2.2. Attribution theory and self-efficacy

The current study employs attribution theory and self-efficacy to understand graduate students' dissertation writing journeys. Attribution theory explains how individuals interpret behavioural outcomes ( Weiner, 2006 ) and has been used in education and crisis management ( Abraham et al., 2020 ; Sanders et al., 2020 ). For example, Chen and Wu (2021) used attribution theory to understand the effects of attributing students' academic achievements to giftedness. They found that attributing students' academic success to giftedness had a positive indirect relationship with their academic achievement through self-regulated learning and negative learning emotions. However, attribution theory has been criticised for its inability to explain a person's behaviour comprehensively. This is well enunciated by Bandura (1986) that attribution theory does not necessarily describe all influential factors related to a person's behaviour. Instead, it provides in-depth accounts of one's self-efficacy. Hence, scholars have advocated the need for integrating self-efficacy into attribution theory ( Hattie et al., 2020 ).

Self-efficacy is closely related to attribution theory. Extant studies have investigated the essence of self-efficacy in education and its role on students' achievements ( Bartimote-Aufflick et al., 2016 ; Hendricks, 2016 ). For instance, in their educational research and implications for music, Hendricks (2016) found that teachers can empower students' ability and achievement through positive self-efficacy beliefs. This is achieved through Bandura's (1986) theoretical four sources of self-efficacy: vicarious experience, verbal/social persuasion, enactive mastery experience, and physiological and affective states. The current study integrates attribution theory and self-efficacy as the research framework to provide intellectual rigour and reasons underlined students' decision-making during their dissertation journey.

2.3. Internal and external factors that influence dissertation writing processes

This study considered both internal and external factors affecting graduate students' dissertation journeys in line with attribution theory. Internal factors are actions or behaviours within an individual's control ( LaBelle & Martin, 2014 ; Weiner, 2006 ). Many studies have evolved and attributed dissertation topic selection to internal considerations. For instance, I'Anson and Smith's (2004) study found that personal interest and student ability were essential for undergraduate students' thesis topic selection. Keshavarz and Shekari (2020) also found that personal interest is the primary motivation for choosing a specific thesis topic. In another study focused on undergraduate students at the English department, Husin and Nurbayani (2017) revealed that students' language proficiency was a dominant internal factor for their dissertation choice decisions.

On the other hand, external factors are forces beyond an individual's control ( LaBelle & Martin, 2014 ). Similar to internal factors, there is an avalanche of studies that have evolved and uncovered external factors that characterize students' dissertation decisions in the pre-COVID period (e.g., de Kleijn et al., 2012 ; Huin; Nurbayani, 2017 ; Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ; Pemberton, 2012 ; Shu et al., 2016; Sverdlik et al., 2018 ). For instance, de Kleijn et al. (2012) found that supervisor influence is critical in the student dissertation writing process. They further revealed that an acceptable relationship between supervisor and student leads to a higher and quality outcome; however, a high level of influence could lead to low satisfaction. Meanwhile, Pemberton (2012) delved into the extent teachers influence students in their dissertation process and especially topic selection. This study further underlined that most supervisors assist students to select topics that will sustain their interest and competence level. Unlike previous research, Keshavarz and Shekari (2020) found that research operability or feasibility was a critical external factor that informed students' dissertation decisions. In other words, practicality and usefulness are essential in determining the dissertation choices.

These studies above show how internal and external factors may determine students' dissertation decisions. Despite those studies providing valuable knowledge to broaden our understanding of which factors may play significant role in students' dissertation journeys, most of their focus was on undergraduate students and was conducted before COVID-19. Given that the learning experiences among graduate and undergraduate students as well as before and during the pandemic may differ significantly, there is a need to investigate what specific external and internal factors underline graduate students’ dissertation decisions during the COVID-19. Are those factors different from or similar to previous findings?

3. Methodology

Previous studies have disproportionately employed quantitative approaches to examine students' dissertation topic choice (e.g., Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ). Although the quantitative method can aid the researcher to investigate focal phenomena among larger samples and generalize the results, it has also been criticized for the lack of in-depth analysis or does not allow respondents to share their lived experiences. Given the rapid evolution and uncertainty linked with the COVID-19 pandemic, the contextual and social factors may drive individuals to respond to such challenges differently. Therefore, efforts toward analyzing individual experiences during the public health crisis are necessary to tailor individual needs and local educational policy implementation ( Tremblay et al., 2021 ). Accordingly, the current study adopts a qualitative approach grounded in the interpretivism paradigm to explore the factors affecting graduate students’ dissertation research activities and understand the in-depth meaning of writing a dissertation.

3.1. Data collection

Since statistical representation is not the aim of qualitative research, the purposive sampling instead of probability sampling technique was used for this study ( Holloway & Wheeler, 2002 ). Graduate students who were composing their dissertation and could demonstrate a clear understanding on the issues under study are selected as the target research subjects. To gain a rich data, the sample selection in the current study considers background, dissertation writing status, and nationality to ensure a diversified data set ( Ritchie et al., 2014 ). Data was collected from graduate students in Taiwan who were currently writing their dissertations. Taiwan was chosen as the research site because the pandemic initially had a minor impact on Taiwan than on other economically developed countries ( Wang et al., 2020 ). In the first year (2019–2020) of their study, the graduate students could conduct their research projects without any restrictions. Therefore, traditional data collections and research processes, such as face-to-face interview techniques or onsite questionnaire distributions were generally taught and implemented in Taiwanese universities at that time. However, in their second year of the graduate program (2021), the COVID-19 cases surged, and the government identified some domestic infection clusters in Taiwan. Thus, the ministry of education ordered universities to suspend in-person instruction and move to online classes from home as part of a national level 3 COVID-19 alert. Many graduate students have to modify their data collection plan and learn different software to overcome the challenges of new and stricter rules. As they have experienced the sudden and unexpected change caused by the COVID-19 in their dissertation writing journey, Taiwanese graduate students are deemed as suitable research participants in this research.

Following Keshavarz and Shekari (2020) , interview questions were extracted from the literature review and developed into a semi-structured guide. Semi-structured interview was employed allowing for probing and clarifying explanations. This also allowed both the interviewer and the interviewee to become co-researchers (Ritchie et al., 2005). The questions asked about internal, and external factors influencing dissertation writing (including topic selection and methodology) during COVID-19. Specifically, students were asked how they chose their dissertation topic, how they felt COVID-19 had impacted their dissertation, and what significant events influenced their academic choices during the pandemic. Before each interview, the purpose of the study was explained and respondents provided informed consent. All the interviews were audio-recorded and later transcribed.

Interviews, lasting about 50–60 min, were conducted with 15 graduate students as data saturation was achieved after analysing 15 interviews. The saturation was confirmed by the repetition of statements like, “personal interest motivated me”, “my supervisor guided me to select a topic”, and “I changed my data collection procedure to online”.

3.2. Data analysis and trustworthiness

Before the formal interview, two educational experts who are familiar with qualitative research were solicited to validate the wording, semantics, and meanings of the interview questions. Then, a pilot test was conducted with three graduate students to check the clarity of the expression for every interview question and revise potentially confusing phrasing. Validity and trustworthiness were also achieved through the use of asking follow-up questions. The transcripts of formal interviews were analysed using Atlas.ti 9. Qualitative themes were developed following open, selective, and axial coding procedures ( Corbin & Strauss, 1990 ). Finally, the relationships among themes and codes were identified, facilitating the research findings and discussions.

In order to prevent biases from affecting the findings of the study, series of procedures were undertaken following previous qualitative research. First, multiple quotations from respondents underlined the research findings which meant the respondents' true perspectives and expressions were represented. Moreover, the analyses were done independently and there was peer checking among the authors. There was also member checking where themes found were redirected to respondents for verification. In addition, external validation of the themes was done by asking other graduate students who share similar characteristics for comparability assessment to make the findings transferable.

4. Results and discussion

4.1. Profile of respondents

Respondents were purposively drawn from diverse backgrounds (including nationality, gender, and programs) to enrich the research findings. The sample includes graduate students who began dissertation writing in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The majority of the respondents are female and from South East Asia. Table 1 provides background information of these interviewees.

Background information of study respondents.

4.2. Internal factors

As Table 2 depicts, the themes ascertained from the data analysis were categorised according to internal and external factors which underpin the attribution theory ( Weiner, 2006 ). In consonance with previous studies, graduate students’ dissertation writing during the pandemic was influenced by internal factors (i.e., personal interest and religious background) and external considerations (i.e., career aspirations, society improvement, language issues, supervisor influence, COVID-19 publishable topics, data collection challenges). The analyses of each factor are presented below.

Major themes and codes emerging from the data.

The most salient internal factors affecting dissertation topic selection were (1) personal interest and (2) religious background. For personal interest, respondent 1 expressed:

The first thing is that [it] comes from my interest. I'm currently working on solo female traveller [s], which is the market I want to study. So, the priority comes from my personal preference and to learn about this market no matter the external situation. I also think that this is due to how I was brought up. My parent nurtured me that way, and I love to do things independently, especially when travelling.

This finding is in line with previous studies such as Keshavarz and Shekari (2020) ; I’Anson and Smith (2004) , who emphasised the relevance of personal interest in students' dissertation decision-making. Informed by the self-efficacy and attribution theories, we found that students who attribute their decision-making on dissertation writing to internal factors (i.e., personal interest) have relatively high self-efficacy levels. As argued by Bandura (1977) , efficacy expectation is “the conviction that one can successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the outcomes” (p. 193). Namely, self-efficacy is determined by an individual's capability and ability to execute decisions independently, devoid of any external considerations. Despite the uncertainties and challenging circumstances amidst COVID-19, students who believe their ability and research skills usually adhere to their original dissertation topics and directions.

Religious consideration is another conspicuous factor informing graduate students' dissertation journey during the COVID-19 pandemic. As respondent 7 mentioned:

Islam has become my way of life. I am a Muslim. It is my daily life, so I like to research this. I was born into this faith, and I am inclined to explore Halal food. I feel committed to contributing my research to my faith no matter outside circumstances. Maybe if I combine it with academic (research), it will be easier to understand and easier to do.

Although not much has been seen regarding religious considerations in students' dissertation topic selection in previous studies, this research reveals religious background as a significant internal factor. From a sociology perspective, religious orientation and affiliation could affect individual behaviour ( Costen et al., 2013 ; Lee & Robbins, 1998 ), and academic decision-making is not an exception. Religious backgrounds are inherent in the socialisation process and could affect how a person behaves or how they make a particular decision. This premise is further accentuated by Costen et al. (2013) , who argued that social connectedness affects college students' ability to adjust to new environments and situations. Social connectedness guides feelings, thoughts, and behaviour in many human endeavours ( Lee & Robbins, 1998 ). Social connectedness and upbringing underpin peoples' personality traits and behavioural patterns. Therefore, this study has extended existing literature on factors that affect graduate students' decision-making on dissertation writing from a religious perspective, which is traceable to an individual's socialisation process. In other words, during crises, most students are inclined to make decisions on their dissertation writing which are informed by their social upbringing (socialisation).

4.3. External factors

As Table 2 indicates, abundant external factors inform graduate students’ decision-making on their dissertation writing process. Except for career aspirations, language concerns, and supervisor influences that previous studies have recognized ( Chu, 2015 ; Jensen, 2013 ; Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ; Lee & Deale, 2016 ; Tuomaala et al., 2014 ), some novel factors were identified from the data, such as “COVID-19 publishable topic” and “online data collection restrictions”.

Unlike extant studies that have bemoaned the negative impacts of the COVID on education ( Qiu et al., 2020 ; Sato et al., 2021 ), the current study revealed that graduate students were eager to research on topics that were related to COVID-19 to reflect the changes of the tourism industry and trends.

Initially, overtourism [was] a problem in my country, and I want to write a dissertation about it. However, there is no tourism at my research site because of the COVID-19 pandemic. So, I had to change my topic to resilience because resilience is about overcoming a crisis. I had to discuss with my supervisor, and she suggested the way forward that I revise my topic to make it relevant and publishable due to the COVID-19 pandemic (respondent 8).

This response shows the unavoidable impacts of the COVID-19 on the research community. As Bausch et al. (2021) pointed out, tourism and hospitality scholars have to change their research directions because some forms of tourism such as overtourism and cruise tourism were temporarily unobservable amidst the pandemic. Thus, many pre-pandemic studies and forecast data were no longer relevant. However, the COVID-19 pandemic can bring some positive changes. Nowadays, the industry and academics shift their focus from pro-tourism to responsible tourism and conduct more research related to resilience. As Ting et al. (2021) suggested, “moving forward from the pandemic crisis, one of the leading roles of tourism scholars henceforth is to facilitate high-quality education and training to prepare future leaders and responsible tourism practitioners to contribute to responsible travel and tourism experiences.” (p. 6).

Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has significant ramifications upon the research methods in hospitality and tourism. As respondent 1 denoted,

Because of [the] COVID-19 pandemic, there were certain limitations like I cannot analyse interviewee's body language due to social distancing … some interruptions when we conduct online interviews due to unstable internet connectivity, which would ultimately affect the flow of the conversation.

The adjustments of research methods also bring frustrations and anxiety to students. For instance, respondent 3 expressed: “I became anxious that I won't be able to collect data because of social distancing, which was implemented in Taiwan.” The volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) feelings caused by the COVID-19 pandemic significantly influences students' mood, thinking and behaviour ( Hadar et al., 2020 ).

Apparently, during crises, graduate students' decision-making on their dissertation writing was precipitated by external considerations beyond their control. Based on self-efficacy and attribution theory, the fear that characterises crises affects students' self-efficacy level and eagerness to resort to external entities (e.g., supervisor influences or difficulties in collecting data) to assuage their predicament. In other words, some students may have a low self-efficacy level during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was triggered by the negative impacts of the crisis. Furthermore, scholars may need to notice that COVID-19 is likely to affect conclusions drawn on studies undertaken during this period due to over-reliance on online data collection.

5. Conclusions and implications

Although numerous studies have been conducted to understand the influences of the COVID-19 crisis on educational activities, none of them focuses on the graduate student's dissertation writing journey. Given the significant contributions dissertations may make to advancing tourism and hospitality knowledge, this study aims to fill the gap and uses attribution and self-efficacy theories to explore how internal and external factors influenced graduate students' decision-making for dissertations amidst the crisis. Drawing on qualitative approaches with graduate students who began writing their dissertation during the COVID-19 period, the study provides insights into students' learning experiences and informs stakeholders in hospitality and tourism education to make better policies.

There are several findings worthy of discussion. Firstly, graduate students' sociological background (i.e., personal interest and religious background), which is inherent in an individual's socialisation processes, inform their decision-making in the dissertation processes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is in line with the self-efficacy theory, which argues that an individual has the conviction that they have the necessary innate abilities to execute an outcome ( Bandura, 1977 ). Namely, respondents with high self-efficacy levels attributed their decisions to internal factors. Unlike previous studies' findings that personal interest was a factor that underpinned graduate students' decision-making ( I'Anson & Smith, 2004 ; Keshavarz & Shekari, 2020 ), it is observed that religious background is an additional factor that was evident and conspicuous during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Secondly, the complexity and uncertainty that characterised the COVID-19 pandemic made emotion a dominant factor that affected graduate students’ dissertation journey and indirectly triggered other external factors that provoked behavioural adjustments among students. The trepidation and anxiety that COVID-19 has caused significantly affects the self-efficacy level of students and predisposes them to external considerations, such as the will of the supervisor or the difficulties in data collection, in their dissertation journey. This study paralleled previous research and revealed that respondents with low self-efficacy were influenced by external considerations more than individuals with high self-efficacy ( Bandura, 1977 ). However, this study highlights how a public health crisis accelerates students who have low self-efficacy to attribute their unsatisfactory academic life to the external environment, leading to depression and negative impacts on ideology ( Abood et al., 2020 ).

Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically influenced the direction of research and body of knowledge in tourism and hospitality. This is seen in the light of the influx of COVID-19 related research topics adapted by graduate students. Furthermore, over-reliance on online data collection approaches were observed in this research. Although online surveys and interviews have many advantages, such as low cost and no geographic restrictions, the results drawn from this approach frequently suffer from biased data and issues with reliability and validity. For example, Moss (2020) revealed that survey respondents from Amazon MTurk are mostly financially disadvantaged, significantly younger than the U.S. population, and predominantly female. As more and more students collect data from online survey platforms such as Amazon MTurk, dissertation advisors may need to question the representativeness of the study respondents in their students’ dissertation and the conclusions they make based on this population.

5.1. Theoretical implications and future study suggestions

This paper has extended the attribution and self-efficacy theories by revealing that a public health crisis moderates attributive factors that underpinned the decision-making of individuals. The integration of self-efficacy theory and attributive theory has proven to better unravel the behaviour of graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic than solely utilizing one of them. The application and extension of the self-efficacy and attribution theories are rarely observed in the context of hospitality and tourism education, and thus, this study creates the foundation for future scholars to understand students’ attitudes and behaviour in our field.

The findings highlight some factors triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and have not been identified previously. For example, the religious background was a significant driver to selecting a particular research topic. This research also shows a shift in research direction to hot and publishable issues related to COVID-19. The utility of the dissertation becomes a significant consideration among graduate students. Additionally, emotion is recognized as another critical factor affecting the dissertation writing journey. The current study informs academia and the research community on the extent to which the COVID-19 would influence idea generation and the direction of research in the foreseeable future, as extant studies have overlooked this vital connection. Future studies should consider those factors when investigating relevant behaviours and experiences.

The time that the current study was done is likely to affect the findings. Therefore, it is recommended that future research explore graduate students’ dissertation journey in the post-COVID-19 era to ascertain whether there will be similarities or differences. This would help to give a comprehensive picture of the impacts of the COVID-19 on education. Moreover, the findings of this study cannot be generalised as it was undertaken at a particular Taiwanese institution. We recommend that quantitative research with larger samples could be conducted to facilitate the generalisation of the findings. Finally, it is suggested that a meta-analysis or systematic literature review on articles written on the COVID-19 pandemic and education could be done to further identify more influential factors related to the public health crisis and educational activities.

5.2. Practical implications for hospitality and tourism education

The findings revealed that negative emotion might trigger students' attribution to external factors that affected the dissertation journey. Thus, relevant stakeholders should develop strategies and innovate ways to ease the fears and anxieties of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study calls for immediate actions to prevent spillover effects on upcoming students. Faculty members, staff, and teachers should be trained on soft skills such as empathy, flexibility, and conflict solutions required by the hospitality and tourism industry.

Moreover, the thesis supervisors should notice students' over-reliance on online data collection due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As it may possibly affect the quality and findings of their students' dissertations, there should be sound and logical justification for this decision. Collecting data online should be backed by the appropriateness of the method and the research problem under study instead of the convenience of obtaining such data. There is an urgent need for students to be guided for innovative data collection methods. The school can turn the COVID-19 crisis into an opportunity to improve the online teaching materials and equipment. The research programs may consider including more teaching hours on online research design or data collection procedures to bring positive discussions on the strengths of such approaches.

Credit author statement

Emmanuel Kwame Opoku: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Project administration. Li-Hsin Chen: Conceptualization, Supervision, Review, Editing, Response to reviewers. Sam Yuan Permadi: Investigation, Visualization, Project administration.

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Moshe Karabelnik Defends His Dissertation “THE VISUAL SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVISM PRACTICE OF OPPONENTS TO COVID-19 VACCINE MANDATES”

Congratulations to Moshe Karabelnik for passing his dissertation defense on Monday, April 15th, 2024!

Title of Dissertation:

THE VISUAL SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVISM PRACTICE OF OPPONENTS TO COVID-19 VACCINE MANDATES

In recent years, digital images from smartphones and other networked cameras shared on social media have largely replaced video recording devices which social activists commonly used to document protest practices. Networked cameras’ ubiquity has fundamentally changed the practices of political protest, activism, and social movements. This research brings to light how visual social media activism overlaps with practices of protest and social movements such as solidarity, cop-watching, mobilization, and information sharing. In this dissertation, I explore visual social media activism as practice, using various social media accounts of opponents to the COVID-19 vaccine mandates. I then connect these online practices to offline protest practices related to visual social media performed by activists in Hawai‘i and Israel.

Following the practice approach to cultural studies, and the practice approach to media studies, I reveal and unpack the ways in which practices of protest are connected to the practice of Visual Social Media Activism (VSMA) used by vaccination mandate opponents. My research poses the question: What do COVID-19 vaccine mandate opponents do in relation to visual social media, and how do these practices contribute to the production of symbolic power and the battle for control over public discourse against state and media institutions?

For this purpose, I use a practice-oriented methodology in two ways: first, by using Visual Cross-Platform Analysis (Pearce et al.,2018) to analyze visual social media shared by vaccination mandate opponents across different social media platforms. I complicate this analysis by observing visual social media activism online and offline, followed by interviews with the creators and audiences of anti-vaccination visual social media. By combining these methods, I will show how visual social media activism functions in the everyday making of the social discourse around COVID-19 and civil liberties.

Committee Members:

Dr. Jenifer Winter – Chairperson Dr. Colin Moore Dr. Elizabeth Davidson Dr. Wayne Buente Dr. Seungoh Paek – University representative.

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Moshe Karabelnik Defends His Dissertation "THE VISUAL SOCIAL MEDIA
Congratulations to Moshe Karabelnik for passing his dissertation defense on Monday, April 15th, 2024! Title of Dissertation: THE VISUAL SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVISM PRACTICE OF OPPONENTS TO COVID-19 VACCINE MANDATES Abstract: In recent years, digital images from smartphones and other networked cameras shared on social media have largely replaced video recording devices which social activists commonly

Exemples de sujets de dissertation de droit sur la Covid-19

Sujet 1 - Les mesures en droit économique concernant la loi d’urgence

Sujet 2 - Les changements dans le monde du travail et les nouvelles tendances professionnelles à la suite de la pandémie

Sujet 3 - Comportements d’achat et confinements : la nécessaire adaptation des consommateurs et des entreprises

Sujet 4 - Covid-19 et sécurité internationale

Sujet 5 - La notion de liberté face à l’urgence sanitaire

Sujet 6 - Le comportement des Français face à l’annonce du pass sanitaire

Sujet 7 - Le droit des parents pendant le confinement

Sujet 8 - Covid-19 et droit des affaires : le recours à la force majeure dans la renégociation des contrats

Sujet 9 - L’essor du e-commerce pendant le Covid-19

Sujet 10 - Vers une nécessaire modernisation de la constitution économique face au Covid-19 ?

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The dissertation journey during the COVID-19 pandemic: Crisis or opportunity?

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Abstract

2.1. COVID-19 and its impacts on educational activities

2.2. Attribution theory and self-efficacy

2.3. Internal and external factors that influence dissertation writing processes

3.1. Data collection

3.2. Data analysis and trustworthiness

4.1. Profile of respondents

4.2. Internal factors

4.3. External factors

5.1. Theoretical implications and future study suggestions

5.2. Practical implications for hospitality and tourism education

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