road to democracy essay memorandum grade 12

History Paper 2 Memorandum - Grade 12 June 2021 Exemplars

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: HOW DID SOUTH AFRICANS REACT TO P.W. BOTHA’S REFORMS IN THE 1980s? 1.1 1.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• It granted rights to African trade unions
• Allowed privileges for the urban African workforce
• Create a black middle class  (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

1.1.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

• The government hoped that there would be fewer uprisings in the townships
• The house owners would not tolerate the uprisings as it might damage their houses/property
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2)  (2)

1.1.3 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1]

• Advertising campaigns
• New loans were made available (2 x 1)  (2)

1.2 1.2.1 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 1B – L2]

• The apartheid government used harsher methods to oppress uprisings
• Many of the political leaders were in jail or in exile
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2)  (4)

1.2.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• Reverend Allan Boesak
• Albertina Sisulu
• Patrick ‘Terror” Lekota  (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

1.2.3 [Extraction of information from Source 1B – L1]

• Freedom from the apartheid regime  (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.4 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 1B – L2]

• They had the same goal and that was to end apartheid
• As the ANC was banned, it called on the UDF to increase internal pressure on the government
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.2.5 [Evaluating the usefulness of Source 1B – L3] The source is useful because:

• It coordinated the anti-apartheid groups so that effective protests could be launched
• The UDF brought together many different anti-apartheid organisations across the country
• As it was a loose alliance, the government could not easily destroy it
• The UDF made the country ungovernable through various campaigns
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 x 2) (4)

1.3 1.3.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• To discourage Coloured and Indians from participating in the elections for the Tri-cameral parliament
• The reforms were seen as cosmetic and the political power would still remain in the hands of the white minority
• The fact that black South Africans were left out of the new parliamentary system

1.3.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1C – L1]

• ‘Don’t Vote’ campaign (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• To make people aware of the need to organise and actively resist apartheid
• To mobilise South Africans to fight against discrimination and oppression
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.4 [Comparison of Source 1B and Source 1C – L3]

• Source 1B indicates that the UDF became a mass-based organisation and Source 1C shows the many people/organisations that were affiliated to the UDF
• Source 1B refers to resistance campaigns launched by the UDF and Source 1C show the ‘Don’t Vote’ campaign
• Source 1B indicates that the goal was to get freedom from the apartheid regime and Source 1C shows them fighting for freedom

1.5 1.5.1 [Explanation of historical concept from Source 1D – L1]

• The power of the ordinary people to bring change
• To insist on a government that represents their interests
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2) (2)

1.5.2 [Extraction of information from Source 1D – L1]

• Rent boycotts
• Consumer boycotts (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]

• The rent money was not used to improve the conditions/facilities in their communities
• The black councillors who collected the rent became corrupt and were seen as ‘sell-outs’

1.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources- L3] Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• Black South Africans saw Botha’s reforms as cosmetic (own knowledge)
• Tri-cameral parliament was rejected by black South Africans (own knowledge)
• UDF formed to oppose apartheid (Source 1B)
• UDF coordinated the actions against apartheid (Source 1B)
• Protests, rent and consumer boycotts held (Source 1B and Source 1D)
• Different organisations affiliated to the UDF (Source 1B)
• UDF held anti-elections campaigns (Source 1C)
• People demanded freedom (Source 1C)
• Civic organisations fought for better conditions in townships (Source 1D)
• Workers, student organisations and churches joined the protest actions against apartheid (own knowledge)
• Any other relevant response

Use the following rubric to allocate marks:

(8)      [50]

QUESTION 2: HOW SUCCESSFUL WAS THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) IN DEALING WITH THE DEATH OF ACTIVIST LENNY NAIDU? 2.1 2.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) (1 x 2) (2)

2.1.2 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• Advancing the ideas of non-racialism and unity
• Fighting for freedom
• Striving to improve the quality of life of all people (3 x 1) (3)

2.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]

• If caught he would be jailed or killed by the apartheid system
• He openly rebelled against apartheid and was thus perceived as a threat
• Could not operate freely to dismantle apartheid
• Determined to fight against the unjust apartheid system
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 x 2)  (4)

2.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2]

• He was waiting to execute the instructions or orders from the ANC in South Africa
• Which government institutions he had to attack/destroy
• Any other relevant response (Any 1 x 2) (2)

2.2 2.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]

• He would have been charged for being a member of the ANC
• Charged without a passport (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source2B – L1]

• Eugene De Kock
• Mr Nafumela (2 x 1) (2)

2.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence of from Source 2B – L2] NO.

• The commissioner told them to wait for full disclosure at the amnesty hearing
• They will find a lead of what happened at the hearing

2.2.4 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]

• Murder (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.5 [Evaluating the reliability of Source 2B – L3] The source is reliable because:

• The parents and brother were convinced that Lenny was murdered
• Both de Kock and Nafumela are guilty because they applied for amnesty
• They were able to speak their hearts out and get some kind of closure

OR The source is not reliable because:

• It did not give full disclosure because the commissioner told them they still have to wait for the amnesty hearing
• Both of them still believed that they were innocent by applying for amnesty
• Any relevant response (Any 2 x 2) (4)

2.3 2.3.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L1]

• ‘How two sets of Umkhonto we Sizwe cadres were ambushed at Piet Retief’ (1 x 2)  (2)

2.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

• Swaziland supported the ANC’s fight against the apartheid regime
• Swaziland did not favour white minority rule in South Africa
• Swaziland wanted a free, democratic and liberated South Africa
• Swaziland was one of the closest independent African countries and therefore ANC cadres were able to gain access for onward travel to MK training camps, for example in Lusaka (Zambia)

2.3.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

• Charity Nyembezi
• Makhosi Nyoka
• Nonsikelelo Cothoza (3 x 1) (3)

2.4 2.4.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]

• The cartoon shows Eugene de Kock submitting his application for amnesty to the TRC
• It depicts Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the chairperson of the TRC receiving De Kock’s application
• The cartoon shows a very long list of crimes that were committed by De Kock

2.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]

• Tutu wanted De Kock to list all the crimes that he had committed before he could apply for amnesty
• De Kock had committed a number of human rights crimes against anti-apartheid activists
• De Kock was famous as a killer of anti-apartheid activist

2.5 [Comparison of Source 2C and Source 2D – L3]

• Source 2C explains De Kock’s application for amnesty and Source 2D shows De Kock submitting his application for amnesty
• Source 2C reveals many crimes that De Kock had committed and Source 2D shows De Kock with a long list of crimes that he has committed

2.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources – L3] Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• Lenny Naidu was a member of the ANC’s armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Source 2A)
• Both parents and brother of Lenny Naidu attended the TRC hearing to seek the truth about the murder (Source 2B)
• The commissioner thanked them for coming forward and making a disclosure (Source 2B)
• The TRC revealed the truth about human rights abuses committed from 1960 to 1994 (Source 2C)
• Leslie Naidu appeared before the TRC to give evidence regarding the murder of Lenny Naidu (Source 2B)
• Eugene De Kock and other former security policemen testified about their role regarding the killings of political activists at Piet Retief (Source 2C)
• The truth of how Lenny Naidu was murdered was revealed to the TRC (Source 2C)
• Eugene De Kock submitted the list of crimes he committed to the TRC (Source 2D)
• De Kock applied for amnesty for the murder of Lenny Naidu (Source 2C)
• The TRC was able to solve some murders and disappearances of political activists such as that of Lenny Naidu (own knowledge)

(8)    [50]

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS QUESTION 3: CIVIL RESISTANCE, 1970s TO 1980s: SOUTH AFRICA [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills.] SYNOPSIS Candidates should critically discuss the role and impact of the Black Consciousness Movement under Steve Biko on black South Africans in the 1970s. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to take a stance and discuss the role and impact of the Black Consciousness Movement under Steve Biko on black South Africans in the 1970s.

ELABORATION

• Reason for the formation of the Black Consciousness Movement (Background)

Biko’s philosophy of Black Consciousness (BC)

• Conscientised black people of the evils of apartheid
• Instilled a sense of self-worth and confidence in black South Africans
• Restored black pride
• Changed the way black South Africans saw themselves
• Empowered them to confront apartheid
• Biko urged black South Africans to assert themselves and to do things for themselves
• Eliminated the feeling of inferiority

Role of Steve Biko

• Formation of SASO
• SASO spread BC ideas across the campuses of the ethnically separated universities
• SASO promoted black unity and solidarity
• Made students more politically aware
• Encouraging students to liberate themselves from apartheid
• Biko promoted self-liberation
• He believed that association with whites made the liberation struggle ineffective and that blacks must liberate themselves
• Established self-help groups for black communities with other BC leaders
• BC ideas were published in SASO newsletters

Black Consciousness became a national movement

• In 1972 the Black People’s Convention was formed
• Aimed to liberate black people from both psychological and physical oppression
• Self-help projects were set up e.g. Zanempilo Clinic, Ginsburg, and Zimele Trust Fund
• Led to the formation of the Black Allied Workers Union in 1973
• BC influenced scholars that led to the formation of SASM

Challenges posed by the ideas of BC to the state

• At first the South African government was not concerned about the BCM and assumed it to be in line with its own policy of separate development
• BCM became stronger and posed a challenge to the state
• It became a mass movement that sought to undermine apartheid
• Biko’s speeches encouraged black South Africans to reject apartheid
• BC ideas incited the workers to embark on strike action
• BCM supported disinvestment companies

Government’s reaction to Biko’s philosophy

• Banning and house arrest of Biko and other leaders
• BC leaders were banned from speaking in public
• BPC activists were detained without trail
• SASO was banned on university campuses
• Biko was arrested and interrogated
• Biko was brutally murdered by the security police in 1977

Conclusion: Candidates need to tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion. [50]

QUESTION 4: THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills] SYNOPSIS Candidates need to agree or disagree with the statement by discussing the commitment and leadership displayed by both Mandela and De Klerk that ensured South Africa’s democracy. Relevant examples to South Africa’s road to democracy must be discussed. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their essays:

• Introduction: Candidates need to discuss the commitment and leadership role played by Mandela and De Klerk in creating conditions for South Africa’s road to democracy from 1990 to 1994.

ELABORATION Focus on different role players in the following key historical events and turning points:

• Release of Mandela and unbanning of ANC, PAC and SACP
• The process of negotiations (i.e. Groote Schuur Minute, Pretoria Minute)
• Suspension of the armed struggle
• Record of Understanding
• Increased violence – Rolling mass action (i.e. Boipatong, Bhisho, etc.)
• Goldstone Commission
• Multi party negotiations
• Death of Hani
• Storming of the World Trade Centre, etc.
• 1994 election – cast ballot in KZN
• ANC won elections and Mandela became the first black South African President

QUESTION 5: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: THE EVENTS OF 1989 [Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills] SYNOPSIS They need to indicate to what extent the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a catalyst for South Africa to begin its political transformation in the 1990s. Candidates must support their given line of argument with relevant historical evidence. MAIN ASPECTS Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to indicate the extent of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a catalyst for the political transformation that occurred in South Africa in the 1990s.

ELABORATION In agreeing, candidates could include the following points in their answer:

• The impact of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989 on South Africa
• Gorbachev’s reform policies of Glasnost and Perestroika
• The communist regimes in Eastern Europe collapsed
• The Berlin Wall had fallen
• Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid
• The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main source of support (financial; military and moral and its consequences)
• The National Party claim that it was protecting South Africa from a communist onslaught became unrealistic
• Western world powers supported the move that South Africa resolve its problems peacefully and democratically
• It became evident the National Party government could not maintain white supremacy indefinitely
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was not the answer to the needs of white capitalist development
• The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and its consequences
• The security forces and state of emergency had not stopped township revolts
• By the late 1980s South Africa was in a state of economic depression
• The role of business leaders in South Africa’s political transformation
• PW Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW de Klerk
• FW De Klerk started to accept that the black South African struggle against apartheid was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow
• This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with the liberation organisations
• On 2 February 1990, De Klerk announced ‘a new and just constitutional dispensation’
• This signalled the end of apartheid

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Grade 12 Students: Download This PDF for Acing Your Road To Democracy Essay!

The Road to Democracy in South Africa was a long and difficult one, marked by many setbacks, detours and dead ends. But ultimately it was a journey that led to the country’s first truly democratic elections in 1994 and the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as its first black president.

The struggle against colonialism and white minority rule took many different forms over the years. It was a struggle for political rights, for economic justice, for social equality and for human dignity.

The road to democracy in South Africa was not an easy one. But it was a journey that was worth taking, because it led to a better future for all South Africans , black and white.

Road To Democracy Essay Grade 12 Pdf Download

The Road to Democracy Essay Grade 12 PDF Download is an invaluable resource for any student wishing to gain a better understanding of the path to democracy. This educational resource offers a comprehensive overview of the different stages of democracy, including its origins, development, and current state. It also provides insight into the various challenges faced by democratic countries as well as the potential solutions to these issues. Furthermore, the essay provides a detailed analysis of the roles of citizens in maintaining a democracy, as well as the importance of civic education and civic engagement. With its in-depth analysis of these topics, the Road to Democracy Essay Grade 12 PDF Download is an excellent resource for students seeking to gain a better understanding of the path to democracy.

Benefits of democracy

Democracy is an essential form of government that has been embraced by countries around the world. It is based on the idea of free and fair elections, majority rule, and the protection of minority rights. Democracy has brought with it many benefits that have helped to improve the lives of people in many countries. Here are some of the major benefits of democracy that make it so appealing.

Another benefit of democracy is the promotion of economic growth and development. Democracies are more likely to have open and competitive markets, which encourages investment and creates jobs. This, in turn, helps to reduce poverty and inequality. Furthermore, democracies tend to have higher levels of education, which helps to promote innovation and productivity.

Finally, democracy is beneficial for international relations. Democracies tend to be more stable and less prone to conflict. They are also more likely to sign international agreements and treaties, which can help to promote peace and cooperation between countries.

Overall, democracy has a number of benefits that make it an attractive form of government. It protects individual rights and freedoms, promotes economic growth and development, and contributes to international peace and cooperation. It is no wonder that so many countries around the world have embraced democracy as the best way to ensure the well-being of their citizens.

Challenges of democracy

One of the most significant challenges of democracy is the lack of representation for minority groups. In many democracies, certain populations are underrepresented, leaving them unable to have their voices heard or their interests represented. This can lead to a lack of access to resources and opportunities, as well as an increased risk of discrimination and marginalization. The Grade 12 Road To Democracy Essay PDF Download discusses the importance of ensuring that all citizens have access to representation, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status.

Another major challenge of democracy is the issue of corruption. In many democracies, corruption is rampant and has had a damaging effect on the functioning of government. It can lead to a lack of transparency and accountability, as well as a weakening of the rule of law. The Grade 12 Road To Democracy Essay PDF Download highlights the importance of addressing corruption and ensuring that all citizens have access to a fair and just system of government.

The Grade 12 Road To Democracy Essay PDF Download is an invaluable resource for anyone looking to understand the challenges of democracy and the steps we can take to overcome them. By providing detailed analysis and useful information on the path to a more equitable society, this resource is essential for anyone wanting to make a difference and help create a better future.

Strategies to promote democracy

The journey to democracy is a long and winding one, full of twists and turns that can often be difficult to navigate. With so many different paths to take, it is important to understand the strategies necessary to promote democracy and ensure that it is maintained. In this blog post, we will explore some of the strategies to promote democracy and how they can be applied to a grade 12 essay on democracy.

In addition to education, civic engagement is another important strategy to promote democracy. By becoming involved in the democratic process, individuals can have a direct say in the decisions that affect their lives. Civic engagement can come in many forms, such as voting, attending public meetings, or joining political groups. For a grade 12 essay on democracy, students can research and write about the importance of civic engagement and how it can be used to promote democracy.

⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠

The Road to Democracy essay covers a lot of ground and provides detailed insights into the democratic process. It is a well-written and informative essay that should be required reading for anyone interested in the topic.

Austin Finnan

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This page has resources that will assist Grade 12 History students to prepare for their final exams. By this point, students should know the curriculum content. Students can use this section to revise and practice applying what they have studied.

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These packs go through mark allocation, how to analyse sources, how to answer source-based questions and how to structure essays. The following packs should be consulted before attempting to answer past exam papers.

History Paper 1 and 2 will require students to answer source-based questions and essay questions. The papers are split according to topics.

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Introduction

From apartheid to resistance.

Apartheid, meaning "apartness" in Afrikaans, was a system of racial discrimination and segregation enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It classified people into racial categories and denied basic human rights to the majority black population, leading to widespread social and economic inequality. The system was met with staunch opposition from various groups, including the ANC, the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), and the United Democratic Front (UDF). These groups used various methods of resistance, including peaceful protests, boycotts, and armed struggle, to challenge the legitimacy of apartheid and demand an end to discrimination.

Negotiations and the End of Apartheid

By the late 1980s, international pressure and internal unrest forced the South African government to consider dismantling apartheid. Negotiations between the government and the ANC, facilitated by figures like Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk, eventually paved the way for a new democratic future. Key events in the negotiation process included:

• 1990: Nelson Mandela's release from prison and the unbanning of the ANC and other political organizations.
• 1991: The repeal of apartheid laws.
• 1993: The signing of the "Agreement on a New Constitution for South Africa," outlining the framework for a democratic and multiracial society.

The First Democratic Election

The first multiracial elections were held in South Africa in April 1994. The ANC, led by Mandela, won a landslide victory, marking the beginning of a new era for the country. This historic election established a new constitution, a multi-party system, and a commitment to equality and social justice for all citizens. However, the challenges of building a truly representative and inclusive society remained significant.

Challenges of Transition and Moving Forward

South Africa's transition to democracy was a monumental achievement, but it also presented new challenges. Building a sense of national unity and reconciliation among various communities was crucial. The country also faced the task of overcoming the legacy of apartheid, including addressing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established in 1995, played a vital role in promoting healing and accountability for past atrocities.

The road to democracy in South Africa was a complex and multifaceted process. The struggle against apartheid, the negotiations, and the challenges faced in establishing a new society provide invaluable lessons about the nature of social change, the importance of democracy, and the enduring power of human resilience. South Africa's transition continues to inspire hope and serve as a reminder of the possibility of overcoming even the most intractable challenges through dialogue, reconciliation, and a shared commitment to a just and equitable future.

The Road To Democracy In South Africa Essay Grade 12

How to answer “The Road To Democracy In South Africa Essay Grade 12” correctly?

Let us look at the magic term: Essay . When a question asks a student to write an “essay,” they (students) are expected to provide a structured and well-organised piece of writing that presents and supports a main idea or a position. The essay should have an introduction that introduces the topic and states the position or a side of the writer, body paragraphs that support the thesis or position with evidence and examples based on their country of South Africa, and a conclusion that summarises the main points and restates the position (good/bad). For higher marks, the essay should demonstrate critical thinking, a paragraph with history or background of the topic, and all should be written with clarity and simple english for better understanding.

Shama Nathoo

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Road To Democracy in South Africa 1990-1994

• On the 2nd February 1990 the ANC led by Nelson Mandela and including Walter sisulu, Thabo Mbeki and other met with the NP which was led by Deklerk, and he was accampanied by Pik Botha and other. They met at the Groot  Schuur in order to discuss way forward of building a democratic south Africa. Both Parties agreed to end violence, to release political prisoners and to grant immunity to prosecuted political offenders, to bring back political offenders from exile in order for them to be part of negotiations that were taking place in South Africa.

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