presentation on local government

Who Runs the Show? Understanding Your Local Government

March 17, 2019 David Childs Democracy & Me Blog , Elections , Lesson Plans , Rights and Responsibilities 41

By Dr. David Childs, Ph.D. Northern Kentucky University Function of Local Government When we think about civics and the democratic process, we may primarily think about government at the state or even national level. However, much of the day to day managing of resources and infrastructure that impact our daily lives are carried out by our local town, city and county governments. If it were not for a well-organized local government structure many of the modern conveniences we enjoy on a regular basis would not be available. What are the primary functions of the local government? What is the structure of our local city and county governments? This article will answer some of those fundamental questions and will also hone in on the Hamilton County and Cincinnati governmental structure and give a basic overview of leadership roles in the city. We will also provide some resources and lesson plans for teachers to use to help students understand local political structures and perhaps help them be more involved in the process. We will begin by discussing the function of local government and discussing the division of labor and responsibilities of those in various leadership positions. County Governments County governments oversee a large geographical region and encompasses cities and towns, but are smaller than states. Counties are created by state governments and generally operate under the provisions set forth by the state constitution. In this way, county governments are administrative units of the state. According to the 2012 Census there are just over three thousand counties in the United States. County systems usually take one of three basic forms: the commission system, the council-administrator system, and the council-elected executive system. The most common form of the three, is the commission system. Hamilton County in Ohio is run as a commission system. Under this structure, a small number of commissioners are elected to serve as the governing body within the county. The commissioners perform all legislative and executive functions, which might include holding authority for government taxing, budgeting, appropriating, and purchasing. They also hold title to county property. In Hamilton County there are three county commissioners. There are also eight other elected officials in Hamilton County that possess executive authority for their offices; these include the judiciary, and several independent commissions. City and Municipal Governments City and Municipal Governments manage the day to day operations and functions of cities and towns. For example, cities provide things like clean water, sewage and garbage disposal. They also maintain city facilities, such as parks, streetlights, and stadiums. Furthermore, they address zoning and building regulations, promote the city’s economic development, and provide law enforcement, public transportation, and fire protection. Cities and municipal governments are typically funded by property, sales and business taxes. Revenue also comes from fees from trash collection and the provision of water and sewer services. According to the 2012 Census there are just over 19,500 municipal governments and nearly 16,500 township governments in the United States. There are two primary types of municipal governing models: a mayor-council system or a council-manager system. The city of Cincinnati operates under a mayor-council system. Under the mayor council-system both the mayor and members of the city council are elected by voters. The mayor is generally responsible for executive functions while the city council takes care of the legislative responsibilities. In Cincinnati city council members and mayors serve for four year terms. Furthermore, the City Manager works on behalf of the mayor and city council and is responsible for the day to day operations of the city.

In order for citizens to become more involved in the democratic process they must be educated on how the system works. Below are some resources and lesson plans that can help shed more light on the functions of local government that might perhaps help students and average citizens become more involved.     Resources and Lesson Plans iCivics- State and Local Government- Middle/High School Local Government- Middle School Lessons Local Government- High School Lessons Civic Action- High School Lesson Plan Local Election Scrapbook Lesson Plan- High School Role of City Government The Responsibilities of Local Government Local Government Lesson Plan

Resources Hamilton, County Ohio Hamilton County Board of Commissions Cincinnati Politics List of mayors of Cincinnati Cincinnati City Council References City of Cincinnati Official Page Cincinnati City Manager’s Office County and City Government Classroom Resource on How Local Governments Function

The best way to get our students involved in democracy is to have them look at their local government. As a future educator who hopes to teach in Hamilton County, this article really piqued my interest. I, myself, do not know too much about our local government so having a better understanding of both the mayor-council system and commission system is imperative to my future classroom. Instilling these facts in our students even at the middle grades level will (hopefully) inspire students to be involved with their local government as well as vote (in city, state, & country wide matters)!

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Structure and Function of Local Government. Structure of Local Government.

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by David Street, project manager and Caleb Weitz, chief of staff, Office of the County Administrator, Loudoun County, Virginia

One key skill you must learn in your local government career is how to present complex, technical information to decision-makers in a way that allows them to make a decision without becoming experts themselves. The earlier you begin to hone this skill, the better off you will be, because how information is presented to decision-makers, elected, appointed, or otherwise, can lead to significant organizational or community impacts. We all have experiences we can draw on of noteworthy presentations that went well… or not so well. Here are four tips to effectively brief decision-makers and make sure your presentations set the stage for the best possible discussion and action.

1. Know your issue – its ups and its downs.

Our county administrator is fond of making the point that there really is no such thing as being over-prepared. While you should strive to focus your preparation to topics, questions, and issues that are likely to come up in discussion, there’s a good case to be made for having a little extra information in your back pocket.

Last year, our county began the implementation of short-term residential rental regulations, which required us to be aware of and prepared to address questions about taxation policies, travel and tourism issues, zoning and land use concerns, affordable housing issues, and several other topics not directly tied to the decision in front of the governing body that evening. Because of our comprehensive preparation, we had both a successful discussion with our elected officials and a successful outcome for the county.

2. Know your audience – their perspective, needs, and biases.

Our public information officer once pointed out during a discussion around a complex issue that, as the subject matter expert, you have the both the blessing and curse of highly detailed knowledge. This is a perspective-changing concept to understand and apply in your work. The blessing is when you appear knowledgeable and impart quality information to those you are briefing; but the curse is that, due to your expertise, you can easily end up too far into the weeds for your audience, thereby bogging down the decision-making process.  For formal settings like meetings of the governing body, it’s worth having an awareness of what other issues are on the agenda and if/how they interact with your topic. In our experience, elected officials are often more quick than staff to draw connections between different items on an agenda.

3. Know the venue – and tailor your presentation to it.

Within the field of public administration and especially in local government, the venue information being presented can be just as important as the information itself. Think of the variety of settings where you interact with executive management or elected officials: business meetings, individual briefings, community events… the list goes on.  

We often brief upcoming items for our board of supervisors agenda in a weekly meeting with the county administrator and other senior staff. For this meeting, the goal is to ensure quality for staff reports that are transmitted to the governing body for upcoming meeting agendas. The focus of the briefing is almost completely on outstanding issues and problem areas with the reports instead of the vast majority of the work products, which are usually in great shape. When presenting these same items to the governing body, a more holistic approach to the entirety of the item, both positives and outstanding issues, is utilized instead.

4. Know what you don’t know – and that it’s okay to not know it!

One of the most powerful phrases you can use is “I don’t know.” Being unafraid to use it signals honesty and self-awareness, but the most important part of that phrase is often left unsaid. The complete phrase should be “I don’t know, but I can work to find out.” Appropriate and timely follow-up to answer the outstanding question is important to both keep your decision-makers informed and maintain your own credibility.

When you work closely with senior decision-makers and elected officials, accuracy of information being provided is paramount. Too often, we have seen overly eager staff who offer to assist, and end up talking themselves into a corner when they have incomplete knowledge of a subject, which can be very damaging to the organization’s credibility. It’s important to note that you should be prepared to answer questions that you can reasonably expect to be asked regarding your topic (see point #1).

At the end of the day, you will never be able to completely predict what questions will arise during a briefing or what path the discussion will take, but by knowing your issue, audience, venue, and knowledge gaps, you can make sure that you are as prepared as possible to facilitate a positive decision and deal with whatever comes your way as a result.

What else should students and early career professionals know when presenting information to decision makers? Share with us on our Ask and Answer page ! 

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Nov 27, 2012

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT. INTRODUCTION. Local Government is the lowest administrative unit after Federal Government and State Government. Began its existence with the gazetted Local Government Act of 1976 that was approved by Parliament.

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Presentation Transcript

LOCAL GOVERNMENT wannawj

INTRODUCTION • Local Government is the lowest administrative unit after Federal Government and State Government. • Began its existence with the gazetted Local Government Act of 1976 that was approved by Parliament. • Its administration covers certain area that has been provided by Federal and State Government. • Local Government outside Federal Territories is put under the power of State Government. • The administration of Local Government existed in all over the country. • Initially, its establishment was made through election, but since 1967 the establishment was not made through election anymore. • The administration of Local Government is under the control of Ministry of Housing and Local Government. wannawj

THE OBJECTIVES • To assist State Government in administrative field and legislate by-laws. • Through Local Government also the government able to implement some political processes in administrative and by-laws aspect. • To give chance to the local people involve in their own administrative areas. • To give some basic facilities and services to local people. wannawj

THE FUNCTIONS • To impose and collect taxes in areas that are under Local Authorities power. • To make by-laws – parking regulations, regulations for business licenses, stalls, hawkers etc. • To provide places for certain businesses – market, food court, etc • To provide places for recreational facilities. • To have Local Authorities Fund which is under Local Authorities control in financing their projects. • To provide public housing • To take care and control public health • To build public clinics and dispensaries • To control the development of land and buildings in respective administrative areas. wannawj

THE CATEGORIES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT • Through Local Government Act 1976, there are only 2 kinds of Local Government: • Town/ Municipal Council • District Council • Now, there are 3 kinds of Local Government: • City Hall/ City Council • Town/ Municipal Council • District Council wannawj

CRITERIA FOR CITY HALL/ CITY COUNCIL • State administrative centre; • The total of population is more than 100,000 people; • Has autonomy in terms of finance with annual income more than RM20 billion; • Has strong financial institutions; • Business and industrial centres; • Has higher education centres - universities and colleges Eg: Kuala Lumpur City Hall, Shah Alam City Council, Johor Bahru City Council, Ipoh City Council. wannawj

CRITERIA FOR TOWN/MUNICIPAL COUNCIL • Town centre; • The total of population is more than 100,000 people; • Annual income not less than RM5 billion; • Organized and systematic administrative centre; • People’s wishes are more focused on town services compare to infrastructural projects. Eg: Subang Jaya Municipal Council, Petaling Jaya Municipal Council, Ampang Jaya Municipal Council. Dato' Mohd Arif Bin Ab. RahmanYang DipertuaSubang Jaya Municipal Council wannawj

CRITERIA FOR DISTRICT COUNCIL • Rural based and situated outside main town centres; • The total of population is less than 100,000 people; • Annual income less than RM5 billion; • Needs more infrastructural projects compare to town services. Eg: Besut District Council, Tapah District Council, Sabak Bernam District Council etc. wannawj

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE • Mayor is the Chief Executive of City Hall. • President (Yang Dipertua) is the Chief Executive of Town Council. • There are several committees under both of them which are normally headed by a Council member. • The number of City Hall and Town Council members are not less than 8 and not more than 24 people. wannawj

President (Yang Dipertua) is the Chief Executive of District Council. • Members of District Council are not less than 8 and not more than 12 people. wannawj

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