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Gender equality: A popular slogan: CSS Essay 2021

Table of Contents

Thesis statement

While gender equality is a popular slogan, its achievement requires addressing deep-rooted societal norms, systemic barriers, and cultural biases.

Introduction

Gender equality has been a rallying cry for social justice movements around the world. It is a concept that resonates with people across cultures and generations, representing a vision of a fair and equitable society. However, the achievement of gender equality is far from simple. It requires addressing deep-rooted societal norms, systemic barriers, and cultural biases that perpetuate gender disparities. In this essay we explore the complexities of gender equality, highlighting the challenges faced and the importance of its realization.

Exposition: Understanding Gender Equality

Gender equality refers to the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of individuals, regardless of their gender identity. It encompasses the goal of eradicating gender-based discrimination and creating a society where everyone has equal access to resources, power, and decision-making. While the concept of gender equality has gained traction in recent decades, progress has been uneven across regions and sectors.

Description: Gender Disparities and Inequality

To comprehend the significance of gender equality, it is essential to recognize the existing gender disparities and inequalities that persist in various domains.

The gender pay gap remains a prominent issue globally. Statistics reveal that women, on average, earn less than their male counterparts for comparable work. Factors such as occupational segregation, stereotypes, and limited access to higher-paying positions contribute to this gap.

Moreover, women continue to be underrepresented in leadership roles in both the public and private sectors. Structural barriers, biased promotion practices, and lack of representation perpetuate gender disparities in decision-making processes and impede progress toward equality.

Gender-based violence and discrimination pose additional challenges. Women and girls disproportionately face various forms of violence, including domestic violence, sexual assault, and harassment. Discriminatory practices in education, employment, and healthcare limit their opportunities and hinder their full participation in society.

Argumentation: Factors Hindering Gender Equality

The achievement of gender equality is hindered by several factors deeply ingrained in society.

Societal norms and cultural biases perpetuate gender stereotypes and reinforce traditional gender roles. These norms and biases shape expectations and social pressures that limit individual choices and opportunities. The perception that certain professions or roles are better suited for one gender over another creates barriers and restricts career options.

Systemic barriers and institutionalized discrimination also contribute to gender inequality. The absence of policies that support work-life balance, such as affordable childcare and parental leave, disproportionately affects women’s career progression. Biased hiring and promotion practices based on gender further exacerbate disparities and hinder equal opportunities.

Furthermore, limited access to education and healthcare continues to impede gender equality. Gender gaps in education, particularly in developing countries, deny girls the opportunity to develop their full potential. Inadequate healthcare services and cultural taboos surrounding women’s health issues further restrict their well-being and overall empowerment.

Argumentation: The Importance of Gender Equality

Gender equality is not merely a slogan; it is essential for social, economic, and cultural progress.

From an economic standpoint, closing the gender pay gap and promoting gender equality in the workforce contribute to economic growth and development. When women have equal access to employment opportunities, the talent pool expands, driving innovation and productivity. Furthermore, diverse and inclusive workplaces foster creativity, problem-solving, and better decision-making.

Beyond economic benefits, gender equality is crucial for social justice and human rights. It challenges harmful gender norms and stereotypes, promoting a more inclusive and tolerant society. By ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all individuals, regardless of their gender, we create a more just and equitable world.

Narration: Progress and Promising Initiatives

While challenges persist, there have been significant strides toward gender equality. Legislative reforms and policy changes have played a crucial role in advancing gender equality. Examples include the introduction of laws to combat gender-based violence, promote pay equity, and establish quotas for women’s representation in political and corporate spheres. International agreements, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, provide a framework for action and accountability.

Grassroots movements and advocacy have also been instrumental in driving change. Campaigns like the #MeToo movement and global initiatives for women’s rights have shed light on gender-based violence, sparked conversations, and mobilized communities. These movements have raised awareness, challenged societal norms, and pushed for policy reforms, fostering a more inclusive and equal society.

Gender equality remains an ongoing struggle that requires collective efforts. While it may be a popular slogan, achieving true gender equality demands addressing deep-rooted societal norms, systemic barriers, and cultural biases. By acknowledging the persistent gender disparities, advocating for policy changes, challenging stereotypes, and promoting inclusive practices, we can pave the way for a more equitable and just future. Let us work together to turn the slogan of gender equality into a lived reality for all individuals, regardless of their gender identity.

Gender Equality is a Myth? | CSS Essay

Gender equality is achieved when women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society, including economic participation and decision-making, and when the different behaviors, aspirations and needs of women and men are equally valued and favored. Let’s explore the concept of feminism so that all of us can better understand the issue of gender equality.

What is feminism?

Feminism is the belief that everyone should have equal rights and opportunities regardless of their gender. Simply put, feminism means a belief in gender equality, the belief that both male and females should receive equal treatment and not be discriminated against based on their gender.

Why should you care about feminism?

There are various ways in which gender inequality is affecting every individual of every age, even you.

For example, if you’re a girl, were you told that you can’t participate in a sport because it’s a “boys’ thing”? Did you ever feel that when you spoke up in class, the teacher barely acknowledged your answer whereas when the boys spoke up, they were praised and encouraged to speak?

If yes, you know what gender discrimination is, and you know why feminism is important.

If you’re a boy, did people ever make fun of you when you wanted to play with your sisters’ doll houses? When you hurt your knee or scratched your elbow, were you ever told that “Boys don’t cry”, when in fact the pain was so much that the effort to not cry actually made it worse?

If yes, you’ve felt the restraining influence of gender norms — what society considers male and female behaviour, and the roles males and females are expected to take in society — and you know why feminism is essential for every individual’s freedom.

Gender inequality is limiting the freedom of people to act as individuals; it is trapping them within a narrow range of behaviours when in reality we could all do so much more and be so much more, if we were free to act without the limitations imposed by gender bias.

Who’s a feminist?

It doesn’t matter if you’re a boy or a girl, a woman or a man — if you believe in gender equality for everyone, you’re a feminist.

Nowadays, more and more people are embracing feminism. Some of the self-proclaimed feminists range from Barack Obama and Malala Yousafzai to J.K. Rowling and Ban Ki-moon. Can you think of any others?

What is the cost of gender inequality?

Women and men, girls and boys — we’re all human beings first and our gender is not what defines us, but our humanity does. The sad fact is, even though we’re born with equal abilities, we’re not treated in the same way or given the same opportunities. In some parts of the world — even in some regions of Pakistan — people do not rejoice when a girl is born, whereas a boy’s birth is considered to be a cause for celebration. This is unfortunate and unjustifiable because every human life is equally valuable, and every boy and every girl deserves their parents’ love and care.

Gender stereotypes — in other words ‘fixed ideas about men’s and women’s traits and capabilities and how people should behave, based on their gender’ — come into effect the moment we’re born. Boys are given toys such as trucks, action figures, Lego sets while girls have to play with dolls, tea sets and doll houses. Gender-specific toys — toys intended for either male or female — discourage girls from pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This is alarming because we need both males and females in these fields to expand the economy, create new ideas and things, and improve the quality of life. If we can break gender stereotypes and allow people to be freer in their choices, we can make the world a better place for each of us.

In the workplace, women do the same amount of work but they’re paid less than men doing the same work. Sometimes, they’re not even allowed to seek employment (which only makes things worse for a family by placing all the financial pressure on the men) because some people wrongly think that a woman’s place is at home. A woman’s place, or a man’s place, or any individual’s place is wherever they want it to be. But as long as gender inequality exists, we will not be able to make free choices for ourselves.

Likewise, millions of girls are deprived of their right to education, even though education is a fundamental human right of everyone and benefits not only the individual, but also the society at large. However, due to gender discrimination, we’re missing the contributions of millions of females all over the world.

Gender norms are also harmful to men, who are supposed to act tough all the time and hide their feelings (especially vulnerability), even though bottled up emotions hurt their psychological health in the long run and may lead to anger or violent behaviour, and other destructive reactions.

While these are just a few examples of how we’re hurting our world by ignoring the basic issue of gender inequality, there are innumerable ways in which this phenomenon plays out in every area of our lives. The way to fight it is to be aware of how it seeps into our lives and what steps we can take to stop it.

However, the tales tell that this very trail has never been smooth. Women have always been, and still are, subject to violence and objectification. For as long a history can tell, be it any era, civilization or culture – Greeks or Aryans, European or Arabs, Muslims or Hindus – women have been treated despicably in every possible manner. Women, since their birth as a ‘different’, yet not inferior, gender have been dealing with such impregnable challenges.

To live free from violence and inhumane treatment is one of the most fundamental human rights that should be given to everyone regardless of gender. Yet, it is estimated that one in every three women worldwide experience violence and in some countries, almost 70 percent of women have their basic human rights violated. These manifestations of violence range from rape to domestic abuse, honor-killing and acid burnings.

According to the Girls and Women’s Education Initiative, an organization that attempts to meet the needs of the educationally disadvantaged, “one in three women and girls in the developing world live on less than $2 a day.” The same amount of money we usually spend on a bottle of water is the same amount other people have to stretch in order to feed themselves and their family, buy clothes, pay rent while trying to send one’s children to school; a strenuous choice that often has negative effects on young women who are often excluded from gaining an education.

According the 2012 report “Because I am a Girl,” only 74 percent of young women between the age of 11 and 15 are in school globally, compared to 83 percent of boys. As indicated by the report, these numbers do not share the reality of poorer and rural girls or girls in conflict-affected regions. Consequently, the average number would drop even further if these lives were to be included.

It’s essential to remember that once young women are excluded from school, choices become few and far between, leaving marriage as the most practical path one can take to survive poverty. It is estimated that more than 10,000 girls a day will eventually get married before they turn 15 and most of them give birth before they turn 18. Unfortunately, the world is already losing too many young lives to maternal mortality.

According to the 2012 report by the World Health Organization, every day, more than 800 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Moreover, 99 percent of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries.

When examining the world and the listless issues that women face, particularly in developing countries, one can quickly make the assertion that industrialized countries like the U.S. have come a long way and the work of feminism has been very fruitful in achieving gender equality. But this is a fallacious proclamation that erases everyday reality of women.

The Global Gender Gap report 2017 is out and Pakistan continues to rank second worst country with the rank of 143 out of 144 countries, with a score of 0.546 on a scale where zero denotes gender imparity and one represents parity. However, before we go into the specifics of findings, there is need to take stock of the larger framework of efforts to promote gender equality.

Pakistan continues to rank among the bottom most countries by Global Gender Gap report for many years since its inception in 2006. One can discuss specifics year after year and there has been some improvement in some indicators, yet the overall scenario remains unchanged.

There are three main stakeholders working to promote gender equality: the government of Pakistan, international donors and civil society. All of them need to hold themselves accountable and show results that bear improvement in gender equality status in Pakistan.

Rather we’ve failed as human beings to achieve the real goal of humanism that attaches more importance to human beings above any standards, after shedding all lenses of biases. In a country that dominates the world by its immense military power, high economic growth, sophisticated technology and weapons; a country that claims to be a savior of humanity and liberal values, fails to elect its first ever going-to-be woman president, not because she was incompetent, but just for something her husband did more than sixteen years ago. Isn’t it a depiction of discrimination and bias? It certainly is, and if not, one needs to shed the ‘tinted glass’. The tale does not end here; in another part of the world, that too, the profounder of basic human rights publicly shames, insults and criticizes a woman for wearing an ‘extra’ piece of cloth – a burkini, while visiting the beach. The cloth is however only meant to cover her body. Yet, in another part of the world, a woman is being killed for ‘showing-off’ her body on social media in practice of her freedom. Ironically, no savior of humanity and human rights speaks in favor of wearing bikini as result of freedom of choice in this part of the world. The dilemma is, no matter how civilized, modern and liberal a nation is, it can never put down the arrows of tirade pointed at women. If a woman accuses a man for harassing or sexually abusing her, it is not that man’s fault but it’s the fault of the woman who provoked him to commit such heinous acts. But one may ask, what about little innocent girls who become victim of a man’s lecherousness? Is this, once again, their fault in some way that incited a man to assault them? No, it certainly is not! But then who is to be blamed and held accountable? This is a question many would avoid answering.

The anathema of our society is that it cannot stop slut-shaming just to scour the sins of the male gender. Hence, in this world of cat-calling, hooting, harassing, torturing and killing of women, gender equality can be anything but reality.

For decades, blood has been spilled and tears shared in order to achieve gender equality. We have fought for the right of girls and women to be seen and heard as human beings; to be respected for their individual work, dedication, and integrity. More importantly, to make sure that they are able to walk safely on this earth without fearing that their gender might be the cause for an early, unjustifiable and inhumane death. Women in this world are not asking for much. All they want, and most definitely deserve, is to be treated and respected as human beings; a cost-free demand that should be in everyone’s interest to provide.

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The Controversial Issues of Feminism and the Contemporary Women’s Rights Movements

Arooj Nadeem
January 5, 2023
CSS , CSS Essays , CSS Solved Essays , Current Affairs , Pakistan's Domestic Affairs , Pakistan's External Affairs , PMS , PMS Essays
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CSS 2022 Solved Essay | The Controversial issues of feminism and the contemporary women’s rights movements | CSS and PMS Solved Essays by Sir Syed Kazim Ali Students

Arooj Nadeem , who scored the highest marks in PMS Punjab essay paper, has attempted the essay “ The Controversial issues of feminism and the contemporary women’s rights movements ” on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan’s top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis coach with the highest success rate of his students. The essay is uploaded to help other competitive aspirants learn and practice essay writing techniques and patterns.

1- Introduction

Women’s struggle for equality and the cessation of oppression against them have been partly won by acquiring the right to vote and equal access to education through many waves of feminism. Nevertheless, they are still disproportionally affected by violence and discrimination in every aspect of life, primarily because of the contemporary women’s rights movements, maligning further the controversial issues of feminism.

2- An overview of the concept of feminism 3- Explaining the contemporary women’s rights movements 4- Where do the controversial issues of feminism stand in the contemporary women’s rights movements?

✓ Argument : The MeToo Movement shifted ‘innocent until proven guilty to ‘guilty until proven innocent, paving the way for false allegations Case in point: False allegation of harassment forced a lecturer in MAO College to kill himself
✓ Argument: The verdict given by the Supreme Court of the U.S. in the Roe vs Wade case made the government of America face a continuous backslash Case in Point: The anti-abortion movement in America
✓ Argument: The emergence of radical feminism – as a wider, man-hating, and notorious contemporary movement – propelling the non-ending Matriarchal Vs Patriarchal debate Case in Point: Robin Morgan – A renowned American Journalist and social activist – defends ‘man-hating’ as the right of the oppressed class to hate the class that is oppressing them
✓ Argument: Postmodernism and the protests from the LGBTI community changed the whole structure of feminist movements but for the worse Case in point: According to Human Rights Watch, Qatar Preventive Security Department forces have arbitrarily arrested lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) people and subjected them to ill-treatment in detention
✓ Argument : The ongoing debate between liberal and radical feminists impeding the achievements of feminism in general and women empowerment in particular Case in Point: Unlike the more reformist approach of liberal feminism, radical feminists reject the prevailing order altogether, advocating separatism at large

4- The case study of Pakistan

✓ The controversies surrounding Aurat March

5- Way forward to address the crisis of Modern-day feminism controversies

✓ To prefer more inclusivity in the contemporary women’s rights movements
✓ To put forward a more reformative approach
✓ To strengthen the legislation
✓ To invigorate Mainstreaming and awareness campaigns

6- Critical analysis 7- Conclusion

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Feminism, over the years, has come out as a movement to end sexist exploitation and oppression to achieve gender equality in law and practice for all genders, particularly women. However, the controversial issues linked with feminism, either directly or indirectly, have affected the women’s rights movements in the modern world. For instance, the ongoing anti-abortion movement in the U.S. – following the Roe Vs Wade case – has propelled a liberal Vs cultural feminism debate, impeding the achievements of feminism as a whole . Thus, the current developments in the feminist culture of the world have taken over the prime time where some feminists have been displaying the unreal meaning of feminism that, consequently, has transformed the whole idea of feminism into nothing more than a cliché concept. Furthermore, the Metoo movement resulting in fake harassment cases, the notorious men-hating radical feminist movement, and the protests from the LGBTQ community in the wake of postmodernism have changed contemporary women’s rights movements for the worse. Pakistan, being no exception, has also been facing controversies starting from Aurat March slogans to the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2022. Nonetheless, concrete steps that include an inclusive and culturally relevant approach and invigorating awareness campaigns are necessary to emancipate the contemporary women’s rights movement from the above-stated controversies. This essay sheds light on how the controversial issue of feminism has affected the women’s rights movements and also explains how the controversies could be eradicated.

“I didn’t fight to get women out from behind vacuum cleaners to get them onto the board of Hoover.” Germaine Greer

Before elucidating the controversial issues affecting the contemporary women’s rights movements, it is pertinent to contextualize feminism. Feminism, by and large, entails the idea of gender equality and women empowerment at political, economic, and, above all, social levels. Although initiated in the West, the idea of feminism is manifested worldwide. Being an interdisciplinary approach, it has addressed every inequality and discrimination irrespective of gender, religion, and nationality. For instance, the four waves of feminist movements – diverse in nature – have helped the world community. Thus, from getting the right to vote to addressing the gender pay gaps, feminism has come a long way.

To begin with, from global marches to social media campaigns, women are raising their voices and calling out sexual harassment gender pay gap and demanding women’s political representation. These movements not only strive to end gender discrimination at all levels but also endorse a more reformative, intersectional, and inclusive approach. As a result, these ongoing liberation movements consistently play their due role in shaping public opinion and creating awareness among the masses to empower women. Moreover, from holding perpetrators accountable for violence against women to changing social policies and norms globally, these movements have brought the concept of feminism to the main stage. Thus, the current feminist movements have been the most influential globally.

Having discussed what the ongoing movements for women’s empowerment entail, it is imperative to dive deep into where the controversial issues of feminism stand in the contemporary WRMs.

In the first place, the challenge of proving oneself innocent in the wake of the Metoo movement – a social media movement against sexual abuse, harassment, and rape culture– has inflicted harm upon the ongoing women’s rights approach. Several kinds of research have been conducted showing a majority of respondents, both male and female, with the headset that the movement has made it harder for men to interact with women, especially in the workplace. Moreover, along with the onset of this movement, there have come stories of men being afraid of what might happen if they were falsely accused. For instance, a false allegation of harassment following the Metoo movement forced a lecturer at MAO College Lahore to end his life. Hence, this ongoing movement has shifted the pendulum swings from ‘innocent until proven guilty’ to ‘guilty until proven innocent’ and paved the way for false allegations, creating controversy.

Moving ahead, the anti-abortion campaigns in the USA to reverse the Roe v. Wade decision — a verdict given by the Supreme Court of America making abortion legal — has added salt to the fire. The proponents of this movement and many right-to-life organizations claim that abortion not only results in mental health problems but also damages future fertility and is a cause of breast cancer. The medical professional organizations and pro-choice followers, however, are of contradictory viewpoints. Thus, this ongoing debate has made the government of America face a continuous backlash and promote legislative amendments that would broadly restrict abortion. For example, in June 2022, the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, ending federal abortion rights and allowing individual states to regulate their own abortion laws. Consequently, the overlapping controversy of abortion rights has overshadowed the actual purpose of contemporary women’s rights movements.

Apart from the anti-abortion movements, the polluted ideology of radical feminism coupled with a wider, man-hating, and notorious contemporary movement has, once again, propelled the non-ending matriarchal vs matriarchal debate. Starting as a movement to eliminate the social domination of women by men, it opposes the existing political and hierarchical social structures. It aims to dismantle patriarchy rather than adjust to the system through legislative changes. Although initiated as a progressive movement, it has now changed into an anti-male approach rubbing salt in the wounds of cultural and liberal feminists who are of the opposite viewpoint. For instance, Robin Morgan – A renowned American journalist and social activist – has publicly defended this ‘man-hating’ approach as the right of the oppressed class to hate the class oppressing them. Therefore, it has created a controversy highlighting the internal challenges of these contemporary feminist approaches.

“I feel that ‘man-hating’ is an honorable and viable political act, that the oppressed have a right to class-hatred against the class that is oppressing them.” Robin Morgan

Furthermore, the challenges imposed in the wake of ongoing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) protests have further aggravated the controversies surrounding the modern-day movements. From Disney — one of the world’s biggest entertainment companies — facing backlash over non-representation of the LGBTQ community in its content to an LGBTQ event at a Florida church igniting public anger, postmodernism has changed the whole structure of feminism, but for the worse. Moreover, many countries face allegations and backlash due to their laws regarding the LGBTQ community. To illustrate, Qatar, the first Middle Eastern and Muslim country to host the FIFA World cup 2022, had to face global backlash. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), Qatar Preventive Security Department forces have arbitrarily arrested LGBTQ people and subjected them to ill-treatment in detention. Thus, these ongoing debates over the LGBTQ community are exacerbating the whole situation.

Besides this, the contemporary struggle between liberal and radical feminists is also impeding the achievements and struggles of women’s rights movements. This polarization has reached a level nearing its apex in the past decade. Consequently, feminism today is divided into two camps, causing the concept’s unity to be torn to pieces. To illustrate, unlike the pragmatic approach of liberal feminism, radical feminists aim for a radical change and reject the existing order altogether, advocating separatism at large. Hence, the modern women’s rights movements are witnessing a series of controversies blocking the true idea of women’s empowerment from prevailing.

Pakistan, being no exception, has also been the victim of these controversial issues. To elaborate, the controversy of Aurat March, although started as a movement to put an end to domestic violence and sexual harassment, has impeded the achievements of women empowerment in the country. The slogans like ‘ mera jism, meri marzi ‘ continue to stir disagreement at the national level. Proponents are of the view that the slogan highlights sensitive issues like marital rape. Still, certain sections of the society view it as an attempt to impose “western debauchery” in Pakistan. For instance, the National Assembly Standing Committee on Information and Broadcasting urged the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) to stop the telecast of such slogans to curb moral indecency. Thus, the controversies surrounding the movement are darkening the image of feminism in the country.

With the above emanation of various controversies affecting the contemporary women’s rights movements, it has become clear that some concrete steps addressing the crisis of Modern day controversial issues have become the need of the hour. The compelling first step to alleviate these controversies is to bring more inclusivity to the modern-day women’s rights movements. By inclusivity, it is meant to resolve the internal disputes between feminist movements. Thereby, the concept of women’s empowerment can only become uncontroversial if proponents of every movement would stand together supporting the idea of women’s empowerment at large explicitly.

Identically, the world needs to apply the reformative, and not aggressive, approach to bring forth a softer image of feminism. To elaborate, a critical conscious effort using a pluralistic lens is the need of the hour to abolish the controversies surrounding the contemporary feminist discourse. While stressing some points regarding women’s empowerment, feminists today deliberately try to neglect the sensitivity and irrelevancy of it. Moreover, the interrelatedness of various forms of oppression and discrimination needs a framework to propose a solution for all society sections. Thus, the foundation of future feminist struggle must be built on reformation and relevance.

Lastly, there’s a dire need to strengthen the existing laws and make constitutional amendments that are required in the 21st century. It is because women cannot be protected socially if they face legal oppression. Also, more than just ending sexism and strengthening the legislation, the world needs to invigorate mainstreaming and awareness campaigns; because only then the long-lasting impact of these controversial issues would be lifted from the modern-day movements.

To critically analyze, the idea of women’s empowerment can only prevail in its true essence when the sentiments of the masses are echoed without any contest. Allegedly, women across the globe, owing to the virtue of their inherited sex, share a common oppression at all levels. Nevertheless, the division of feminism into various movements has made the whole concept debatable, paving the way for controversies to originate. Owing to these controversial issues, it, however, becomes difficult, if not impossible, for the real concept of feminism to live up to its cause. Thus, the actual ideology of ongoing women empowerment movements gets polluted.

In a nutshell, the overlapping controversies in the modern women’s rights trends have overpowered the continuous struggles of feminism. Moreover, these controversial issues have paved the way for many debates between cultural, liberal, radical, and postmodern feminist movements. Nonetheless, if taken sagaciously, some concrete measures can help emancipate from these controversial issues. Hence, a shift from a radical voice to a global one, from self-interest to mutual interaction, and from feminist diversity to feminist solidarity is necessary to bring forth the philanthropy of feminism to the main stage.

“ Feminist solidarity rooted in a commitment to progressive politics must include a space for rigorous critique and dissent, or we are doomed to reproduce in dominated communities – the very form of domination we seek to oppose. ” Bell Hooks

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Javier Pereira Bruno

A criticism that is often made of feminist theory in the United States is that its basic tenets and conclusions only apply to women in developed industrialized countries. Drawing upon this major statement, the paper examines ongoing dialogues articulated between U.S. and Third World feminist thought or -more broadly stated- between Western and Non Western feminism. The paper devotes particular attention to feminist theorization about the role of women in development processes and the advancement of women’s status as discussed by major frameworks in the field. Main feminist approaches to development, as usually found in the literature, constitute multifaceted road maps into the field, more than totally coherent and mutually exclusive narratives. As helpful as they may be, these frameworks were mostly developed under the influence of subsequent versions of Western feminist theory, exporting to the rest of the world a set of visions and strategies that were context specific for Western women’s movements. The paper scrutinizes the principal limitations that Third World feminist scholars have encountered in U.S. and European feminism to explain and interpret the advancement of women’s rights in the developing world. Eliciting relevant criticism from scholars working within different theoretical traditions and drawing upon critiques from structural/historical analysis to actor oriented perspectives, the analysis brings to the fore the potentiality that these contributions entail for the understanding of women’s status in less developed countries.

Third World and transnational feminisms have emerged in opposition to white second-wave feminists’ single-pronged analyses of gender oppression that elided Third World women’s multiple and complex oppressions in their various social locations. Consequently, these feminisms share two “Third World feminist” mandates: First, feminist analyses of Third World women’s oppression and resistance should be historically situated; and second, Third World women’s agency and voices should be respected. Despite these shared mandates, they have diverged in their proper domains of investigation, with transnational feminism concentrating on the transnational level and Third World feminism focusing on local and national contexts. Further, their respective positions regarding nation-states and nationalism have been antithetical, as leading transnational feminists have categorically rejected nation-states and nationalism as detrimental to feminism. In recent decades, transnational feminism has become the dominant feminist position on Third World women, overshadowing Third World feminism, and the dismissal of nation-states and nationalism as irrelevant to feminism has become fashionable. Against this current trend, this article argues for the relevance of nation-states and nationalism for transnational feminism and the urgency of reclaiming Third World feminism.

Academic Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities

Mustafa KARA

The feminist discourse faces challenges in being inclusive, as it does not adequately address the needs and experiences of women from various racial, cultural, and linguistic origins. The preceding waves of feminism mostly centred around the concerns of white middle-class women, while neglecting to acknowledge the marginalisation endured by the Third World women who were additionally exposed to colonial enforcements. Presently, women residing in the Third World face marginalisation as they confront the many obstacles resulting from both colonisation and patriarchal structures within their colonised communities. The patriarchal system facilitates the subjugation of women, exerting control over their physical and spiritual realms. Furthermore, while the colonial structure permits the exploitation of women to advance the interests of males, feminist ideologies that focus on the Eurocentric viewpoint lack recognition of the specific difficulties experienced by the women of colour, thereby underscoring the inapplicability of the global sisterhood.

Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies

Kebir Sandy

Abeer A AL-Sarrani

There is a growing consciousness among Muslim scholars of feminist scholars’ tendency to generalize and make unwarranted assumptions regarding the position of women in the Muslim World. Western feminists have not succeeded in their assumed mission to “rescue” Third World women. This article is written in response to Chandra Mohanty’s “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses” (1988, 1991). The problems that Western scholars face if attempting to promote Third World women’s rights include the failure of some campaigns by Western feminists through analyzing some of the Western feminism limitation in areas such as the geopolitics, especially the history of colonialism, and cultural and religious specificities of these Third World societies. This article analyzes problems that Western scholars face when attempting to participate in calling for Third World women’s rights, following Mohanty identification of three main problematic analytic principles. There is a te...

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Feminism Essay: Outline, Topics, & Examples

The picture introduces the basic themes of a feminism essay.

If you think that gender inequality is not an important issue anymore, bad news, you are wrong.

Women earn ~20% less than men , which will not change in the nearest 38 years unless every member of the society takes action.

In your essay on feminism, you might want to focus on the history or theory of the movement . Another idea is to write a feminist criticism paper on a film or a literary piece.

Wondering how to start a women empowerment essay? Want to know how to write about feminism? Outlining and planning your paper has never been easier! Take a look at a feminism essay outline sample and topics that we collected below. We also added several good feminism essay examples to inspire you even more.

🗃️ Feminism Essay: The 4 Steps to Write It

📝 feminism essay prompts, 💯 100+ feminism essay topics.

📜 Essay Samples

So, what should you do?

Before you start making your first draft, you need some pre-work. It consists of four stages: choosing the topic , researching, outlining, and writing.

Our experts prepared a step-by-step guide for you.

Follow it to write an excellent feminism argumentative essay.

Step 1: Choose a Feminism Essay Topic

At first, you need to decide what concerns you the most. Feminism is a rather broad topic, so there’s something worth attention for everyone.

Your topic should be comprehensive. However, don’t narrow it down too much. There might not be enough information.

How to choose a good topic for a feminism essay?

Brainstorm your ideas. Try to remember everything you’ve heard or read; jot it down.
Avoid mainstream or simple issues. It will be very hard to say something new about it.
Formulate your topic as a research question. You will need to introduce and answer it in your paper.
Do some research. You need to estimate if you can find enough information.
Check if the topic is relevant. Consult your instructor if you hesitate.

For instance, look at these two topics:

A bad topic example: Feminism is a popular movement. A good topic example: Why is feminism popular among working women in the United States? *The second topic is narrow enough to study feminism in the particular context – working women in the United States. It also poses a specific question. However, there’s a need to define the meaning of popularity in this case.

Step 2: Conduct Your Research

After you’ve chosen the topic, get to researching. This might be the most essential part of your preparation.

The quality of your sources defines the quality of your paper. You can find many sources for your essay about feminism online, but not all of them are credible.

How to find reliable information?

Use library databases and catalogs . Your college should provide access to them.
Pay attention to the following: author, publisher, and date of publication. This will help you estimate the relevance of the source before you start reading it.
Ask your instructor for help. They can recommend the sources or another area of research.
Avoid such sources as social media, Wikipedia, forums, etc. They might help you to understand your topic better. Though, don’t use them as references in your paper.

Step 3: Feminism Essay Outline

Before making a draft, you should outline your paper. A feminism essay outline below is based on a typical 5-paragraph essay format.

Step 4: Write Your Feminism Essay

Now it’s time to write!

Use your drafts to create an essay on women empowerment .

The core part of your paper is argumentation. Choose the most substantial arguments and evidence. Put them at the beginning and the end of your argumentation line. Make sure that the structure is logical.

Proofread your essay. Pay information to your writing tone, grammar, and spelling. Ask somebody to read it and tell their opinion. You need to be sure that a person who hasn’t researched the topic can understand your writing.

Once you have finished, leave your essay for a couple of hours. Then re-read it and make final edits.

Check if you followed all the instructions. What is the formatting style? Should you save your essay in PDF? If everything is OK, congratulations! You have done it!

Do you need some inspiration and advice?

In this passage, we will discuss the most popular topics in the context of feminism.

The picture introduces the best ideas for a women empowerment essay.

Feminism Definition Essay

As the term “feminism” has many interpretations, you can discuss one or compare several. Of course, the movement has changed throughout history. Feminism is not the same thing as it was 100 or even 20 years ago.

Here are the points you can examine:

Feminism as intellectual commitment. Explain the vision of feminism and how knowledge has changed the world.
Feminism as a political movement. Describe the women’s activism in the United States or Europe from the late 19 th century to the present day.
Different types of feminism and their philosophies. Here you have to explain the values of the movements. Describe their members.
The concept of feminism in different countries. Highlight the similarities and the differences. You can compare several countries or do a thorough analysis of two.
The meaning of feminism in the 21 st century. Describe how feminism changed and what are the key priorities today. You can also mention the key activists that lead the movement.

Women Empowerment Essay

Start with the main principles of women’s empowerment . These include understanding self-worth and the ability to make choices and influence society. After you define the concept, proceed with more specific areas.

How can you do it?

Tell a story. Pick one life-changing story for your women in power essay. You can describe how it made a difference in one woman’s life and how it inspired others.
Explain how the process has changed the lives of women. Choose less emancipated countries and describe how to modify the situation there.
Choose the course of action. Define the areas which are essential in women’s empowerment today. It can be education, career, family, etc. Suggest your plan to implement the changes.
Explain how feminism contributes to women’s empowerment. Pick particular examples of activism , movements, speeches, and courses of action.

Why We Need Feminism Essay

This type of essay is perfect for an argumentative topic. The need for feminism varies for each country, person, or society. In this case, you have to frame your research to a specific person or group of people.

Here are the possible areas for discussion:

Explain the values of modern feminism and why it is necessary to accept them. Write about the importance of popularizing them.
Describe the misconceptions that evolved around feminism. Explain the reasons for negative stigmas and why they are wrong.
Write about the problems that feminism fights. For example, rape, violence , and body legislation. Discuss why we need to pay attention to them and how feminist activists contribute to them.
Describe the role of feminism in your life. You can include the positive impact, the change in your life views, and the opportunities it gave you.

Feminism in the Workplace Essay

Women changed their occupations a lot since feminists started fighting for equal job opportunities . However, we still see the need for improvements. Everyone has a right to work, but there is inequality and problems to discuss.

Take a look at this list of ideas for your essay:

Write about women in the labor force from a historical perspective. It is better to choose a specific time frame and define problems and changes.
Describe the current situation. Highlight the problems such as the wage gap or different responsibilities outside the job. You can also write about the jobs that are not available for women.
Suggest the solutions to the problems. Write about the companies that promote gender equality . Describe their impact and strategy.
Research a particular country about its professional sphere. You can also compare two or three of them.

Ready to choose your topic? We are sure that you will find something worth attention here.

Here is our selection of essay titles:

Gender roles in society: The need for change .
Why is it essential to study feminism for students?
Social issues: Abortion in the US .
Black feminism in the United States. The key values, challenges, and goals.
What does it mean for a woman to be successful? The truth behind the stereotypes.
The possible ways to establish feminist values in Asian countries.
Philosophical issue: Should abortion be legal ?
What are the current trends in liberal feminism ?
Women’s role in the Victorian society .
How to prevent sexual harassment and rapes in the United States?
The role of women in the Arabian Gulf .
Does feminism move the world towards a matriarchal society?
Abortion: Supporting and opposing arguments .
How does feminism contribute to the economy of the United States?
Women’s history and the American experience .
Gender roles. Who is responsible for creating them?
Exploring influences on gender roles .
The third wave of feminism: The key achievements.
Gender inequality in the workplace and career .
Eating disorders and their consequences among women.
The turning point for women in history .
A modern CV. Should there be written information about gender and age?
Violence against Native American women .
What is the difference between gender and sex ?
Feminism and the LGBT community. The similarity of values.
Why is it better to educate men than to protect women?
Legislation denying women’s right of abortion .
The main concepts of the second wave of feminism.
Women in authoritative work roles .
How does feminism influence the perception of women’s sexuality ?
Gender discrimination at work in the United States .
Why should we pay more attention to girls’ education?
American women in careers in films of the 1930s .
Gender bias in profession choice. Why should we fight stereotypes?
Feminism in the hip-hop culture .
What are the factors determining abusive relationships?
Gender discrimination in public and work places .
Female writers in the 19 th century. The struggles of the career.
Gender bias in professional sports .
How would modern society be different without gender stereotypes?
Women in sports: wage gap and social responsibility.
Do we need gender-binary bathrooms in public places?
Gender studies: Nature versus nurture .
Fashion and retail. Why are goods designed for women more expensive?
Women in politics. The challenges of gaining recognition.
Is “pink tax” just about business, or does it involve politics?
Women’s experiences at work and their gender roles .
The goals of intersectional feminism in the United States.
Gendered division of labour and its history .
How feminism supports the diversity of women in Europe?
Gender roles in Northern India .
Should a woman look feminine to be attractive ?
Reproductive health issues: Women fertility rights .
What values do radical feminists project on the young generation?
Women and the pornography industry .
How does Netflix contribute to feminism and promote gender equality?
The role of Chinese women in the past and present .
Can feminism provoke hatred of women towards men?
The portrayal of women in media. What’s wrong with it?
The key features and goals of postmodern feminism.
Gender and education in developing countries .
Do radical feminists try to discriminate against men and their rights?
Attitudes toward women after 1865 .
What is the point of the anti-feminist movement in the 21 st century?
Women rights to land and property in the 18th century .
Why don’t women leave their abusive husbands or partners?
Women’s rights movements during the Reconstruction period .
What are the achievements of ecofeminism in the last ten years?
Women in the history of different religions .
The portrayal of women’s empowerment in cinematography and literature.
Women in the military: World War II .
Feminism in Scandinavian countries. Are they the most emancipated?
Activism, philosophy, and political career of women by the case of Angela Davis.
How can we eliminate sexism in advertising and marketing?
Black women’s struggles in the workplace .
Beauty standards. Why do women harm themselves to look good?
Saudi women in the British media and Saudi media .
Feminism anarchists. What values do they promote?
Prevalence of violence against women by an intimate partner .
Feminism in India. How does Urdu culture influence gender equality?
Case management: Domestic violence against women .
Why are there more dangers for women than men in society?
Disregard of women in Trifles by Susan Glaspell .
Online activism. How does it contribute to global feminism?
Does the hospitality industry provide dignity at work for women ?
The changes in feminist philosophy in the last 30 years.
How the Arab pop world objectifies the women’s body .
Fat shaming. Why are women so concerned about their looks?
Why should birth control pills exist for men as well?
Native American women raising children off the reservation .
The ways to fight women’s oppression in Arab countries .
How do businesses earn on gender inequality and patriarchal values?
Pro-choice movement: Benefits of women’s abortion rights .
The portrayal of a typical feminist in the 21 st century.
In what ways do radical and liberal feminism movements contradict each other?
Saudi Arabia: Gender roles and human rights .
Body positivity and feminism. Similarities and differences in values.
Feminism in African countries. What do they fight for?
Pro-life or pro-choice? Feminism and attitude to abortions.
Sexism in business. The misconceptions about female entrepreneurs .
Feminism and transgender people . What challenges do they face?
Is feminism becoming a mainstream movement in the United States?
How feminism helps women to understand their self-worth?
The history of radical feminism in the United States.
Role of black feminism in the Black Lives Matter movement .
Why are there more men than women in Forbes?
Religion and feminism. The key contradictions and arguments.
The connection between economic advancement and feminism in Europe.
How do women in politics contribute to gender equality?
Women in the sex industry. What is feminists’ attitude to them?
Women in politics. The challenges of the career.
How to explain feminism to children in simple terms?
Gender inequality in higher education .
Feminism among teenagers. Positive and negative aspects of activism.
Feminism and parenting. Should there be gender roles in children’s upbringing?
Gender roles and norms in early world history .
Victim blaming. The reasons for supporting victimized women.
Are there true feminists among men? The controversy of the issue.
The value of the feminism movement is sociological research.
Why should men support women’s empowerment?
How and why has the word “feminism” changed its meaning in the English language?
Gender and sexuality in popular media .
Career and family life. How to promote equal responsibilities for men and women?
How should parents treat their children to avoid gender inequality issues in the future?
Why do women stay in abusive relationships ?
Do we still need gender roles in the 21 st century?
How to define gender as a sociological concept?
Why are some men afraid of the feminist movement?
The efficiency of speeches for students on feminism.
Gender representation in children’s media .
The most powerful and recognized feminists of the 20 th century.
Domestic violence in the United States. How can we protect women?
Girls’ role models. How did they change because of feminism?
Gender and harassment of sexual nature at workplaces .
The main feminist activists in Europe in the 21 st century?
Gender bias in the US family law system .
The best ways of self-protection for women in the United States.
Black power movement and feminism. What do they have in common?
Gender inequality in employment .
Why should teenagers study feminism in high school?
Avoiding wage discrimination based on gender .
What is the impact of feminism on your life?
Rape and violence against women: Cultural indoctrination .
What can every person do to contribute to feminism?
How does feminism support same-sex marriages ?
Disabled women sexuality and reproductive health .
Should everyone be a feminist? The possibility of this scenario.
Women-leaders in government organizations .
Men’s attitude to modern feminism. How do they perceive the movement?
Black feminism movement analysis .
Queer feminists in the United States. Activism and social positions.
First, second, and third waves of feminism .
How to become a feminist? What should you know and do?
Feminism in post-colonial period against the backdrop of clash of cultures .
Career opportunities in the military for female soldiers.
Development of women’s rights in the United Arab Emirates .
#Metoo movement and its impact on males and females.
Gender issues perception and changes over time .
Why do some women resist and criticize feminism?
Counseling women and girls: The feminist therapy .

📜 Feminism Essay Examples

Before you start writing, take a look at these samples. We have prepared one argumentative and one descriptive essay example for you. You can use them as a reference for your paper.

Gender Wage Gaps & Feminism Argumentative Essay

The gender wage gap is a problem that many women face in their careers. Regardless of their position, a female on average earns 82 cents to every dollar a male earns. As a result, they are not able to have the same pensions and social security as men after retirement. Women should receive the same payments as men as they are equally productive. Besides, they provide for their families too, and it would be beneficial for the economy. Gender doesn’t affect productivity, especially when it comes to intellectual jobs. Women receive equal education and pay for the tuition. It is unfair that after graduation, they start working for less money. For example, according to the research held by the American Association of University Women, female physicians and surgeons in total earn $19 billion less annually than men. It is unfair because they have the same responsibilities and workload. Moreover, it is more challenging to get a job because the market is not favorable for women. Women also take part in forming family budgets. Working women pay rent or mortgage, pay for food expenses, and contribute to their children’s well-being. Single mothers have to provide for their families alone. They are in the most vulnerable position as lower salaries make them work more. That is why they should receive fair payment. In addition, women also spend more money on goods designed for them, such as clothes or healthcare products. Higher prices and lower salaries make it harder for women to make a living. If women earn as much as men, it means they will pay more taxes and will be able to spend more money. It would be better for the economy, as money turnover is a critical factor determining economic growth.

Essay on Empowerment of Women in India

India is on its way to women’s empowerment. The situation has gotten much better in the last thirty years. Female political, business, and medicine participation increased. But there are still various challenges as India is still not even close to the Scandinavian women’s empowerment model. Women in India are only 21% of the labor force and are not paid for most of their jobs. Gender inequality can be reduced if the government and society apply specific changes, which will be discussed in this essay. There are several milestones achieved in India when it comes to women’s empowerment. For example, the Mahila-E-Haat project , established in 2016, is an online marketing campaign. It supports women entrepreneurs, self-help groups, and non-government organizations. The Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana scheme started functionating in January 2015. It focuses on generating greater welfare for little girls. Also, the World Bank works on the improvement of maternity and child healthcare in India. However, India faces various challenges trying to implement gender equality. According to the World Economic Forum gender equality ranking, India dropped from 108 th in 2018 to 112 th in 2020 . Women are weakly represented in politics of higher standing. There are only 14.4% of women in the parliament and 23% in the cabinet . Females earn only one-fifth of what males make in India. Almost half of the Indian women don’t even have their own bank account. Most of them don’t even possess any valuable properties. More than half of the crimes committed in India are against women, which leads to greater physical insecurity. India has a potential for changes. There are various opportunities in the private sector and legislation. The IMF estimates that by 2025 women will add $700 billion to the economy and raise GDP by 27% . Japanese model is also a valuable lesson for India.

We hope our article helped you to figure out how and what to write about feminism and women empowerment.

If you need additional assistance, don’t hesitate to contact our expert team. They are always ready to help.

Good luck and happy writing!

good article… it will help me……

nice article.. it helped me alot

334 Feminism Essay Topics & Examples

If you’re looking for original feminist topics to write about, you’re in luck! Our experts have collected this list of ideas for you to explore.

📝 Key Points to Use to Write an Outstanding Feminism Essay

🌟 top feminism title ideas, 🏆 best feminism essay topics & examples, 🥇 most interesting feminist topics to write about, 📌 creative feminist essay titles, ✅ simple & easy feminism essay titles, 🔍 interesting topics to write about feminism, 📑 good research topics about feminism, ❓ feminism questions for essay.

You may find yourself confused by various theories, movements, and even opinions when writing a feminism essay, regardless of your topic. Thus, producing an excellent paper becomes a matter of more than merely knowing your facts.

You should be able to explain difficult concepts while coincidentally touching upon fundamental points of feminist theory. Here are some starter examples of crucial essay-writing points, which can make your work better:

Research and create a bibliography before beginning to write. There are various book and journal titles available both online and in libraries, and using them defines your essay’s credibility. You may use both books published long ago, such as “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir, and modern-day publications. Referencing reliable sources throughout your work will help you convince your readers that your approach is factual and in line with the main trends of the academic community.
Writing a feminism essay outline beforehand will save you precious time. Not only because it is a tool to get your thoughts in order before beginning to write but also because it allows you to judge whether you have covered the subject thoroughly. Furthermore, structuring beforehand enables you to understand possible drawbacks of your previous research, which you can promptly correct.
Explain the history behind your problem. Doing so allows you to set the scene for your essay and quickly introduce it to an audience, who may not be as well versed in feminism essay topics as you. Furthermore, you can use your historical introduction later as a prerequisite to explaining its possible future effects.
Be aware of the correct terminology and use it appropriately. This action demonstrates a profound knowledge of your assigned issue to your readers. From women’s empowerment and discrimination to androcentrism and gynocriticism, track the terms you may need to implement throughout your work.
Do not overlook your title as a tool to gain your readers’ attention. Your papers should interest people from the beginning and making them want to read more of your work. Writing good feminism essay titles is a great start to both catching their attention and explaining what your central theme is.
Read available feminism essay examples to understand the dos and don’ts that will help you write your own paper. Plagiarism and inspiration are different concepts, and you can get great ideas from others’ work, so long as you do not copy them!

After you have done your research, drafted an outline, and read some sample works, you are ready to begin writing. When doing so, you should not avoid opposing opinions on topics regarding feminism, and use them to your advantage by refuting them.

Utilizing feminist criticism will allow you to sway even those with different perspectives to see some aspects worthy of contemplation within your essay. Furthermore, it is a mark of good academism, to be able to defend your points with well-rounded counterarguments!

Remember to remain respectful throughout your essay and only include trusted, credible information in your work. This action ensures that your work is purely academic, rather than dabbling in a tabloid-like approach.

While doing the latter may entertain your readers for longer, the former will help you build a better demonstration of your subject, furthering good academic practices and contributing to the existing body of literature.

Find more points and essays at IvyPanda!

21st Century Patriarchy.
Third Wave Feminism.
Men in the Movement.
Gender Roles in Sports.
Femininity in Media.
The History of Feminist Slogans.
Must-Read Feminist Books.
Feminist Perspective in Politics.
Gender Equality in Patriarchal Society.
Feminism & Contemporary Art.
Feminism in “A Doll’s House” by Henrik Ibsen Nora is referred by her husband as a songbird, a lark, a squirrel, names that suggest how insignificant she is to her.
Feminism: Benefits over Disadvantages They believe that feminists make the importance of family less critical than it used to be, which affects children’s lives and their psychological state.
Feminist Approach to Health In general feminist recognize gender as an important aspect and believe that gender inequality essentially exist.
Feminist Perspective: “My Last Duchess”, “To His Coy Mistress”, and “The Secretary Chant” He thinks such behavior is offensive to his position and his power, this is why this woman is in the past, and the other one is waiting for him downstairs to enlarge Duke’s collection of […]
The Great Gatsby: Analysis and Feminist Critique The feminist critique is an aspect that seeks to explore the topic of men domination in the social, economic, and political sectors.
Feminism in “The Handmaid’s Tale” by Margaret Atwood Religion in Gilead is the similar to that of the current American society especially, the aspect of ambiguity which has been predominant with regard to the rightful application of religious beliefs and principles.
Hedda Gabler: Feminist Ideas and Themes Central to the female world was the woman with knowledge.”Think of the sort of life she was accustomed to in her father’s time.
Third-World Feminism Analysis Although the primary aim of western feminists is centered on the issues women face, the beliefs of the third world consist of various tenets compared to western feminist interpretations.
Top Themes About Feminism It’s a movement that is mainly concerned with fighting for women’s rights in terms of gender equality and equity in the distribution of resources and opportunities in society.
Female Characters in Shakespeare’s “Othello”: A Feminist Critique This shows that Desdemona has completely accepted and respected her role as a woman in the society; she is an obedient wife to Othello.
Feminist Criticism in Literature: Character of Women in Books Wright The unimportance of women in the play is a critical factor for the women should follow all the things that their men counterparts impose on them.
Feminism in “The Introduction” and “A Nocturnal Reverie” by Finch One of Anne Finch’s poems, “The Introduction,” talks about female writers of her time in the first twenty lines of her text.
Feminism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft expressly makes her stand known in advocating for the rights of the women in her novel, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, but her daughter is a bit reluctant to curve a […]
Feminist Theory of Delinquency by Chesney-Lind One of the core ideas expressed by Chesney-Lind is that girls are highly susceptible to abuse and violent treatment. At the same time, scholars note that girls do not view delinquency as the “rejection of […]
“We Should All Be Feminists” Adichie’s TED Talk For Adichie, the only thing necessary to qualify as a feminist is recognizing the problem with gender and aspiring to fix it, regardless of whether a person in question is a man or woman. This […]
Metropolis’ Women: Analysis of the Movie’s Feminism & Examples This film is an endeavor to examine the image of the female depicted, the oppression that they have to endure before they are liberated, as well as the expectations of men with regard to the […]
Feminism in Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler Hedda Gabler, upon the discovery that her imaginary world of free-living and noble dying lies in shivers about her, no longer has the vitality to continue existence in the real world and chooses self-annihilation. At […]
Feminism in The Yellow Wallpaper In an attempt to free her, she rips apart the wallpaper and locks herself in the bedroom. The husband locks her wife in a room because of his beliefs that she needed a rest break.
Feminist Connotations in Susan Glaspell’s “Trifles” It is a call to reexamine the value of women in a patriarchal society; through their central role in the drama, the female characters challenge traditional notions about women’s perspective and value.
Race, Class and Gender: Feminism – A Transformational Politic The social construction of difference in America has its historical roots in the days of slavery, the civil war, the civil rights movement, and the various shades of affirmative action that have still not managed […]
Character Analysis in Pride and Prejudice From the Feminist Perspective Darcy is a character who is able to evolve over the span of the story, and eventually, he recognizes his mistakes.Mr.
Feminist Therapy: Gwen’s Case Study The application of a feminist perspective in Gwen’s case is different from other theoretical frameworks as the approach highlights the impact of gender and associated stressors on the client’s life.
Feminism in Advertisements of the 1950s and Today In the paper, the author discussed how the whole process of advertising and feminism is depicted in print advertisements. The common characteristic is the advertisements’ illustration of feminism in the media.
Gender Issues: Education and Feminism These experiences in many times strongly affects the individual’s understanding, reasoning, action about the particular issue in contention In this work two issues of great influence and relevance to our societies are discussed.
Yves Klein’s Works From a Feminist Perspective The images were painted in the 20th century in the backdrop of the rising pressure in many parts of the globe for the government to embrace gender equality.
The Fraternal Social Contract on Feminism and Community Formation The contract was signed by men to bring to an end the conditions of the state of nature. Life was anarchic and short lived which forced men to sign a social contract that could bring […]
Feminism in “Heart of Darkness” and “Apocalypse Now” However, one realizes that she is voiceless in the novel, which highlights the insignificance of role of women in Heart of Darkness.
Feminist View of Red Riding Hood Adaptations The Brothers Grimm modified the ending of the story, in their version the girl and her grandmother were saved by a hunter who came to the house when he heard the wolf snoring.
Feminism in the “The Bell Jar” by Sylvia Plath This piece of writing reveals the concept of gender in general and “the role of female protagonists in a largely patriarchal world” in particular. In Plath’s novel, the bell jar is a metaphor used to […]
A Feminist Life Lesson in “Sula” by Toni Morrison This essay is going to review gender and love and sexuality as the key themes that intertwined with Nel and Sula’s friendship, while also explaining how these influenced each of the two main characters. On […]
Hello Kitty as a Kitsch and Anti-Feminist Phenomenon In this scenario, Hello Kitty is linked to the notion of kitsch because it connects adult men and women that are attached to the cute image to constant consumerism.
Shifting the Centre: Race, Class, and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood The author is very categorical in that it is necessary to put the role of the woman of color in the same position as that of the white one since this ensures that cultural identity […]
Feminist Critique of Jean Racine’s “Phedre” Racine view Phedre as in a trap by the anger of gods and her destiny due to the unlawful and jealous passion that resulted into the deaths of Hippolytus and Oenone.
Feminism in the Past and Nowadays The definition of liberal feminism is the following: “a particular approach to achieving equality between men and women that emphasizes the power of an individual person to alter discriminatory practices against women”.
Mary Rowlandson’s Feminism and View on Women’s Role The sort of power developed by Rowlandson was such that it set her apart from the traditional roles of the Puritan women in her time and within her culture.
Feminist Approach: Virginia Woolf In “A room of ones own” Virginia Woolf speaks about the problems of women, gender roles, and the low social position of women writers in society.
Maya Angelou and Audre Lorde: The Black Feminist Poets The themes of double discrimination are developed in the poems “Woman Work” and “Still I Rise” by Maya Angelou and poems “A Meeting of Minds” and “To the Poet Who Happens to Be Black and […]
The Picture of Arabic Feminist Najir’s father’s taking of her sexually excludes her from chances at a marriage of her own, because she is deprived of her virginity, and exposes the young woman to the risk of a pregnancy which […]
Feminism in ‘Trifles’ by Susan Glaspell The Feminist Movement, also called the Women’s Movement and the Women’s Liberation Movement, includes a series of efforts by women in the world to fight for the restoration of gender equality.
Feminist Theory and Postmodern Approaches It seems to me that such technique can be quite helpful because it helps to get to the root of the problem.
Kate Chopin’s Feminist Short Stories and Novels Two short stories were written by Chopin, A Story of One Hour and The Storm well as her brilliant novel Awakening should be regarded as one of the best examples of the feminist literature of […]
Feminist Theory of Family Therapy The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the feminist theory based on its model, views on mental health, goals, and the role of the counselor in the process.
Willa Cather and Feminism Ability to work and/or supervise oneself as a woman is also quietly depicted through the girl who is able to work in the absence of her father. Cather depicts most of the women in her […]
Importance of Feminism in Interpersonal Communication in “Erin Brockovich” In this presentation, the theme of feminism in interpersonal communication will be discussed to prove that it is a good example of how a woman can fight for her rights.
Feminist Analysis of Gender in American Television The analysis is guided by the hypothesis that the media plays a role in the propagation of antagonistic sexual and gender-based stereotypes.
Black Feminism: A Revolutionary Practice The Black Feminist Movement was organized in an endeavor to meet the requirements of black women who were racially browbeaten in the Women’s Movement and sexually exploited during the Black Liberation Movement.
Popular Culture From the Fifties to Heroin Chic: Feminism The women have become aware of their legal rights and disabilities as a consequence of the inclusion of educated women in movements to repair the legal disabilities.
Feminism: “The Second Sex” by Simone de Beauvoir According to post-structural feminism structures in society still hold the woman back.de Beauvoir states that this is because structures still exist in the minds of people as to the place of women in society.
“Feminism and Modern Friendship” by Marilyn Friedman Individualism denies that the identity and nature of human beings as individuals is a product of the roles of communities as well as social relationships.
Feminism and Roles in “A Raisin in the Sun” Play These are such questions as: “What does Beneatha’s conduct reveal about her intentions?”, “How does the character treat female’s role in society?”, “How does Beneatha regard poor people?”, “How does the heroine explain her choice […]
Third World Feminism and Its Challenges As a conclusion, Sa’ar states that “it is rooted in the code of familial commitment, which is primarily masculine and includes women only secondarily,” which makes it difficult for women to commit to the family, […]
“First Wave” Feminist Movement The reading explicitly details the pathways used by women and men in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries to advocate for the realization of equality of rights across a wide spectrum of […]
Feminism and Respect for Culture A crucial gender aspect that continues to trouble the unity of the people across the world is gender bias, which seems to encourage the formation of the feminist campaigns.
Feminism in the 20th Century: a Literature Perspective. Research Summaries For years, the sphere of political, social and economical life of people all over the world was dominated by men, while women’ were restricted to the household domain; more to the point, women were not […]
Women’s Health and Feminism Theory For a woman to be in charge of her reproductive health, she has to know some of the stages and conditions in her life.
Feminist Research Methods The study of methods and methodology shows that the unique differences are found in the motives of the research, the knowledge that the research seeks to expound, and the concerns of the researchers and the […]
Feminism Builds up in Romanticism, Realism, Modernism Exploring the significance of the theme as well as the motifs of this piece, it becomes essential to understand that the era of modernism injected individualism in the literary works.
The Adoption of Structuralism and Post-Structuralism Basics in Feminist Cultural Theory On the contrary, post structuralism is opposite to such an assumption and uses the concept of deconstruction in order to explain the relations and the position of women in the society.
“Othello” Through the Lens of Feminist Theory It depicts female characters in a state of submission and obedience and shows the disbalance in the distribution of power between men and women.
The Feminist Theory in Nursing Since nursing has traditionally been a women’s profession, it is important to understand the oppression of women to gain insight into some of the most pressing issues in nursing.
Historical Development of Feminism and Patriarchy Women in the United States have always encountered challenges that interfere with their individual fulfillment in society.
The Concept of Feminist Epistemology The analysis starts with an overview of the evolutions process of standpoint epistemology; then, the philosophical movement is defined and the major ideas and arguments embedded into the theory are discussed.
Ecological Feminism and Environmental Ethics Because of the effects that the process of globalization has had on the environment, including the increase in the speed of global warming and the scope of its outcomes, environmental ethics has gained significance.
Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics It seems that this approach to this problem is important for discussing the origins of social inequalities existing in the community. This is one of the main points that can be made.
Comparing Views on the Feminism of Wollstonecraft and Martin Luther King This means that if women are given and encouraged to have the same level of education as the men than the society would be a much better place as both the female and male genders […]
Judith Butler’s Feminist Theory From a phenomenological point of view, gender is a stable identity that is realized through the repetition of certain acts. Butler’s article is dedicated to the role of gender, its relation to a body and […]
Charlotte Gilman’s feminism theory Because of the many issues that women face, feminism movements’ seeks equality between men and women in the society. Throughout, the paper will discuss Gilman’s feminism theory and relate it to the issues of women […]
Feminist Accountability Approach Therefore, the feminist accountability approach involves the collective responsibility to fight social injustices regardless of gender and race. Therefore, integrating the global approach to social injustice promotes the aspect of universality and unity in promoting […]
The Feminist and Gender Theory Influence on Nursing That is, gender and feminist theories are still relevant in the modern world. This is explained by the fact that women are struggling to demonstrate their professionalism in order to receive the same recognition and […]
The Incorporation of Feminism in Literature By focusing on the character, the book portrays the demand for feminism in society to allow females to have the ability and potential to undertake some responsibilities persevered by their male counterparts. The belief in […]
The Feminist Theory, Prostitution, and Universal Access to Justice In the essay, it is concluded that the theory is a key component of the reforms needed in the criminal justice system with respect to prostitution. In this essay, the subject of prostitution is discussed […]
Feminism in ‘Telephone Video’ To demonstrate how feminist theory in communication is relevant to music, the paper will analyze the depiction of females, the vocal arrangements, representation of female roles and their visual appearance in Lady Gaga’s “Telephone” music […]
Feminist Theory in Psychotherapy This theory puts women at the first place, and this place is reflected in three aspects: the first is its main object of study – the situation and difficulties faced by women in society, and […]
A Feminist Analysis on Abu Ghraib Moreover, these tortures were intended to become public with the help of demonstrations at Abu Ghraib and taking photographs that accentuated the loss of prisoners’ masculine power.[4] According to Foucault’s views, public torture is an […]
Feminist Perspective in “Ruined” Play by Nottage This is a story about the issues of women in the Democratic Republic of Congo during the civil war. The comments of ‘Anonymous’ published as a response to the review of Jill Dolan, demonstrate the […]
Feminist Political Theory, Approaches and Challenge However, regardless of studying the perception of women and their role in society, there is no unified approach in feminist political theory that leads to the existence of the so-called feminist challenge.
Feminism in the Story “Lord of the Rings” The movie, in its turn, instead of focusing on the evolution of the female leads, seemed to be concerned with the relationships between the male characters as well as the growth of the latter.
Feminist Pro-Porn During Sex Wars In particular, this group was determined to fight for the rights of the lesbians as they realised that the arguments of the anti-porn feminists were against their freedom.
Seven Variations of Cinderella as the Portrayal of an Anti-Feminist Character: a Counterargument Against the Statement of Cinderella’s Passiveness It is rather peculiar that, instead of simply providing Cinderella with the dress, the crystal slippers and the carriage to get to the palace in, the fairy godmother turns the process of helping Cinderella into […]
Feminist Literature: “The Revolt of Mother” by Mary E. Wilkins The woman in her story goes against the tradition of the time and triumphs by challenging it and gaining a new self-identity. The author uses this story to address the issue of women oppression that […]
Comparing Mainardi and Kollantai on Housework and Women’s Oppression Mainardi and Kollantai argue that women should be liberated from chores for the sake of the future. Nonetheless, the two feminists have different views on the way liberation can be achieved.
Bell Hooks’ Article Analysis With Regard to Women and Minorities Feminism is meant to stop sexist oppression. The major aim of these movements has not yet been achieved. Bell Hooks promotes the knowledge of feminist theory as essential portion of the development of self-actualization.
Equal Society: Antebellum Feminism, Temperance, and Abolition It is characterized by the emergence of a women’s rights movement that was spearheaded by activists who sought to secure the rights of women to vote, own property, and participate in education and the public […]
Feminism in the “Lorraine Hansberry” Film Her activism aligns with the fundamental tenets of women of color feminism, which emphasizes the intersecting nature of oppression and the importance of centering the experiences of marginalized groups in social justice movements.
Gloria Steinem: Political Activist and Feminist Leader Thesis: Gloria Steinem’s direct, bold, argumentative, and explicit style of conveying her ideas and values is the result of her political activism, feminist leadership, and her grandmother, Pauline Perlmutter Steinem.
The Myntra Logo from a Feminist Perspective The first feature of the Myntra logo that comes under the scrutiny of transnational feminism is the commercialization of female sexuality.
Feminist Geography and Women Suppression Tim Cresswell’s feminist geography explores how the patriarchal structures of our society have silenced women’s voices and experiences in the field of geography for centuries and how recent changes in the field have allowed for […]
Feminism from a Historical Perspective Accordingly, the discontent facilitated the development of reform-minded activist organizations across Europe and the United States and the subsequent rise of the Modern or New Women’s Movement.
The Feminist Theory in Modern Realities The theory and culture of feminism in modern philosophy and the development of society play a significant role in cultural and social development.
Alice Walker’s Statement “Womanist Is to Feminist…” In her short tale “Perspectives Past and Present,” author and poet Alice Walker famously uses the statement “Womanist Is to Feminist as Purple Is to Lavender,” meaning that womanist is a larger ideological framework within […]
Feminist Perspective on Family Counselling The author of the article considers the study and the data obtained as a result of it as information reporting not only about the specifics of homosexual relationships but also about their perception in American […]
Modern Feminism and Its Major Directions Radical feminism views patriarchy as the reason men have more rights than women and attempts to fight against it. Liberal, intersectional, and radical feminism differ in many ways as they have various perspectives on women’s […]
Feminist Theory and Its Application Alice Walker advocated for the rights of women of color at the end of the 20th century, creating a feminist branch named womanism. The feminist theory is one of the most known and popular theories […]
Discussion of Feminist Movements The feminist movements have been behind a sequence of political and social movements that champion the equal rights of women in all aspects of life.
Feminists on the Women’s Role in the Bible The author of the article uses the term intertextuality, which plays a significant role in the text analysis, including from the feminist aspect.
Feminist Contribution to International Relations Moreover, it will be shown that the concept of gender is important as it helps to shed light on the power dynamics in the sphere of international relations and explain female exclusion from politics.
Emotional Revival in Feminist Writers’ Short Stories This paper aims to discuss the emotional revival of heroines in the short stories of Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman.”The Story of an Hour” is a very short story that describes a woman’s experience […]
Emotion and Freedom in 20th-Century Feminist Literature The author notes that the second layer of the story can be found in the antagonism between the “narrator, author, and the unreliable protagonist”.
The Cyborg Term in the Context of Feminist Studies In other words, during the transition of identity from the individual to the collective level, people, especially women, may encounter inequalities manifested in the collective space.
Feminist and Traditional Ethics The feminist ethics also criticize the gender binary of distinct biological formation between men and women. Consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics are the three theories of conventional ethics.
Feminism: A Road Map to Overcoming COVID-19 and Climate Change By exposing how individuals relate to one another as humans, institutions, and organizations, feminism aids in the identification of these frequent dimensions of suffering.
White Privilege in Conflict and Feminist Theories They see how the privilege of whiteness and denial of non-whiteness are connected to the social and political meaning of race and ethnicity.
Women’s Role in Society From Feminist Perspective Also, in Hartsock’s opinion, that the whole society would benefit if women were allowed to have a role equal with men in a community.
The Feminist Theory and IR Practice Focusing on how international relations theorists explained some concepts, such as security, state, and superiority that led to gender bias, feminists felt the need to develop and transform the international relations practice and theory.
Intersectionality and Feminist Activism Therefore, I hope to study the academic literature to discuss the existing tendencies and difficulties to contribute to the understanding of the identified topic in terms of gender and female studies.
Feminism: Reflection of Cultural Feminism If they found that the gases were harmful and may lead to complications in their body, they would approve the employer’s right to prohibit women from working in the company.
Feminist Theoretical Perspectives on Rape There is a number of theoretical perspectives aimed at explaining what stands behind rape, that is, how rape is reinforced by, why it is more widespread in specific concepts, and what a rapist’s motivations for […]
A Feminist Reading of “Wild Nights” and “Death Be Not Proud” From the feminist perspective, the key feature of the speaker’s stance in “Death Be Not Proud” that sets it apart from “Wild Nights” is the speaker’s persona, which is openly and unequivocally male.
Body: Social Constructionist & Feminist Approaches The idea of the gendered body was based on the focus on the concept of gender, which sees masculinity and femininity as social roles and the need for the representatives of genders to maintain within […]
Feminist Film Theory Overview The presence of women on the screen is commonly accomplished by the sexualization and objectivization of female characters. Along with that, sadism and fetishism toward the physical beauty of the object and the representation of […]
“Daddy-long-Legs”: Why Jerusha Is a Feminist Heroine Jerusha is a feminist because she uses the letters to communicate the inequalities she feels in her relationship with Daddy-long-legs and her limits.
Homosexuality and Feminism in the TV Series The depiction of these complex topics in the TV series of the humoristic genre implies both regressive and progressive impulses for the audience.
Popular Feminism in Video Post of Emma Watson According to Emma Watson, now feminism is increasingly associated with hatred of men, although in reality it only implies the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.
Contingent Foundations: Feminism and Postmodernism Feminism offers women theoretical bases on which to interrogate the issues of womanhood while Postmodernism takes this away by arguing for the “death of subjects”.abolition of the foundations of the ideals of reality.
Art, Pornography and Feminism and Internet Influence The purpose of pornography is not the desire to admire the human body and respect physical intimacy. Indeed, society can say that women themselves agree to such rules, but the choice of a minority forms […]
The Contemporary Image of Feminism Following the initial surge of the movement, governments finally came to acknowledge the magnitude of the situation and satisfied the demands of the female population.
Feminism and Nationalism: The Western World In this case, we find that feminism has been a different that all the time and therefore, it is impossible to predict the trend of feminism in future.
Gould’s and Sterling’s Feminist Articles Critique The focal point of this paper is to prepare a critical reflection on the articles by Stephen Jay Gould named “Women’s Brains” in The Panda’s Thumb and by Anne Fausto-Sterling named “The biological Connections,” from […]
Core Aspects of Black Feminist and Womanist Thoughts Compared to Jones, who believes in “unparalleled advocates of universal suffrage in its true sense,” Lindsey does not support the relegation of the “voices and experiences of women of color to the background”.
Barbara and Beverly Smith: Black Feminist Statement Sexism was an explicit element of the African American Civil Rights Movement. Fight against segregation was rather single-sided.
Feminism: Fundamentals of Case Management Practice The feminist therapy’s main emphasis is put on the notion of invoking social changes and transforming the lives of people in favor of feminist resistance in order to promote equality and justice for all.
Feminist Contributions to Understanding Women’s Lives This gave women a clear picture of the daily realities in their lives. The success of feminism is evident at all levels of human interaction since there is a better understanding of women and their […]
As We Are Feminist Campaign’s Strategic Goals The present paper is devoted to the analysis of the goals of a feminist campaign As We Are that is aimed at challenging gender stereotypes that are being promoted by the media and society in […]
Feminist Ethics in Nursing: Personal Thoughts The concept of feminist ethics emphasizes the belief that ethical theorizing at the present is done from a distinctly male point of view and, as such, lacks the moral experience of women.
Feminism: Kneel to the Rest of Life, or Fight for the Fairness It seems that the law is not perfect, and the public opinion of sexual harassment might influence a woman’s life negatively.
Feminist Perspective Influence on Canadian Laws and Lawmakers The change in the statistics is attributed to social changes, which include increase of women in the labor force, conflict in female-male relations, increase in alcohol consumption and increase in the rate of divorce. Feminists […]
Blog Post: Arab Feminism in Contemporary World Women of the Arab world have struggled to overcome inequality, oppression, and rights deprivation by state authorities, which takes the discussion of the Islamic feminist movement to the political domain. According to Sharia, the unity […]
Feminist Movement and Recommendations on Women’s Liberation According to Nawal El-Saadawi In Egypt, the feminist movement was started by Nawal El-Saadawi, and her article “The Arab Women’s Solidarity Association: The Coming Challenge” has historical importance as it addresses the plight of women in the community.
Technological Progress, Globalization, Feminism Roots However, the work becomes more complicated when the time distance of the events and processes is shorter, and the stories are unfinished.
Race at the Intersections: Sociology, 3rd Wave Feminism, and Critical Race Theory In this reading, the author examines the phenomenon of racism not merely as an issue but a systematic, institutionalized, and cultural phenomenon that is hard to eliminate.
The Feminist Performers: Yoko Ono, Marina Abramovic, Gina Pane The feminist artists ccontributed to the women’s image, its role in society, and exposed the passiveness and submissiveness the women are obliged to endure.
Feminism and Multiculturalism for Women The foundation of liberalism is having an interest in all the minority cultures that are put together to form the larger special group.
“The Great Gatsby” by Fitzgerald: Betrayal, Romance, Social Politics and Feminism This work seeks to outline the role of women in the development of the plot of the book and in relation to the social issues affecting women in contemporary society.
Pornography’s Harm as a Feminist Fallacy In this scenario, scientific research has proven the argument not to be true. It is weakened by the fact that people are not forced to watch the video.
Feminism in Mourning Dove’s “Cogewea, the Half-Blood” The patriarchal practices embraced by the Indian community and the subsequent system of governance humiliated the writer; hence, the use of Cogewea in the passage was aimed to imply the abilities that were bestowed upon […]
Feminist Film Strategy: The Watermelon Women These techniques have the capabilities of shifting meaning away from the narrative as the source of meaning to the audience’s background knowledge in making meaning.
The Emerging Feminism in India and Their Views on God as a Feminist However, among the explanation of the cause of the phenomenon for this lack of agreement is the tendency for people to define religion too narrowly, and in most cases from the perspective of their own […]
Feminist Psychology in Canada The introduction of the article gives the purposes of the research that include the historical and present condition of the psychology of women field of interest.
American Art Since 1945 Till Feminism The entire movement represented the combination of emotional strength and the self-expression of the European abstract schools: Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism.
Modernist Art: A Feminist Perspective Clarke limited the definition of modernism even further by his restriction of it to the facets of the Paris of Manet and the Impressionists, a place of leisure, pleasure, and excesses, and it seems that […]
Enlightenment, Feminism and Social Movements As a result of Enlightenment, the creative entrepreneurs as well as thinkers enjoyed the high freedom benefits that were brought in by the Enlightenment thinkers, enabling them to apply the newly acquired liberty to invent […]
“Our Journey to Repowered Feminism” by Sonja K. Foss Foss tried to work out a new conception of repowered feminism in the article “Our Journey to Repowered Feminism: Expanding the Feminist Toolbox”.
Feminist Position on Prostitution and Pornography The only requirement is that it should not violate the norms of the law. On the other hand, one of the suggestions for feminists is to envisage individual cases of enslaving women as prostitutes.
The Politics of Feminism in Islam by Anouar Majid Considering the work The Politics of Feminism in Islam by Anouar Majid written in 1998, it should be noticed that the main point of this article is the Muslim feminism and the relation of West […]
The Feminist Art Movement in the 1970s and Today The feminist art movement emerged in the 1960s and from that time the women had taken much interest in what causes them to be different from the male gender and particularly, what causes the art […]
Feminist Theory. Modes of Feminist Theorizing The second point of conflict is the acknowledgment that most of the feminist ideas are part and parcel of our culture yet these ideas might be presented in a way that is hard for us […]
Australian Feminism Movements The fact that feminism movements do not have a great following in Australia is because they are not generally seen to address issues that women and the society are facing.
Feminism in Canadian Literature First of all, the female author of the article considered by Cosh is evidently a supporter of the equality of rights for men and women, and her account on the women liberation movement in the […]
Understanding of Feminism: Philosophical and Social Concepts The vision that emerges, in the narrative as in the world it represents, is of a whole composed of separate, yet interdependent and interrelating, parts.
Geoffrey Chaucer: A Founder of English Literature as a Feminist Despite the distorted interpretation of gender in the patriarchal society, Chaucer’s vision of women contradicts the orthodox view of the biological distinction of males and females as the justification for gender inequality.
Feminist Activism for Safer Social Space by Whitzman The scientist pays special attention to the municipal parks, mainly High Park in Toronto, from the point of view of feminists trying to make women involved into the discourse concerning different aspects of the park.
Western Feminism as Fighters Against Oppression For postmodern feminists and post-colonial feminists, the second component of the new women’s ideology is the idea of the responsibility of the state to rule and administer both genders on the basis of their interpretation […]
Perils and Possibilities of Doing Transnational Feminist Activism These have promoted awareness of human rights among women and other masses, ensured and led to the adoption of the rules and regulations recognizing women rights and that supports ending of women violations and participated […]
The Feminist Gendering Into International Relations These are early female contributions to IR academic and the In terms of conferences, the theme of gender and politics was being explored in conferences.
“Feminism and Religion: The Introduction” by R. Gross Gross critically in order to see the essence of the book and the competence of the author in the current issue.
Western Feminists and Their Impact on the Consciousness and Self-Identity of Muslim Women One of the main objectives of the Western feminism is to give to the citizen of the new nation a feeling of dignity and importance resulting from that citizenship and from his ethnic origin, and […]
Feminism – Women and Work in the Middle East The history of feminism consists of different movements and theories for the rights of women. The first wave of this phenomenon began in the 19th century and saw the end only in the early 20th […]
Harriet Martineau, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Marianne Weber: Feminist Sociologists Through her writings she always advocated for the equal rights of women with men and remarked the importance of financial self-sufficiency among women in the society. She observed the role of women in society and […]
English Language in the Feminist Movement In addition to that, it is of the crucial importance to explore the underlying causes of this phenomenon. Now that we have enumerated the research methods, that can be employed, it is of the utmost […]
Feminist Ideas in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” One of these issues and the subject of this paper is the theme of feminism in Shelley’s novel. It is time to separate unchangeable morals from local manners”.- Mary Wollstonecraft in A Vindication of the […]
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s Works and Feminism
Positive Changes That Feminism Brought to America
Are Feminist Criticisms of Militarism Essentialist?
Western Feminist Critics and Cultural Imperialism
Social Justice and Feminism in America
American Women in History: Feminism and Suffrage
Wendy McElroy: A Feminist Defense of Men’s Rights
Modern Feminism as the Part of Intellectual Life
Feminist Movements in Contemporary Times
Feminist Critiques of Medicine
Shakespeare: A Feminist Writer
Liberal Feminism Movement Analysis
Feminism and Support of Gender Equality
Feminism: Liberal, Black, Radical, and Lesbian
Women and Law. Feminist Majority Foundation
Empowerment and Feminist Theory
“The Historical Evolution of Black Feminist Theory and Praxis” by Taylor
Is Power Feminism a Feminist Movement?
Postcolonial Feminism Among Epistemological Views
Feminist Theory: Performing and Altering Bodies
Feminist Theories by Bordo, Shaw & Lee, Shildrick & Price
Feminist Examination of Science
Race, Sex and Knowledge From Feminist Perspective
Colonialism and Knowledge in Feminist Discourse
Feminism and the Relational Approach to Autonomy
Feminism and Sexuality in the “Lila Says” Film
Feminist Perspective: “The Gender Pay Gap Explained”
Second Wave of Feminist Movement
Feminist Approach in Literary Criticism
Education and Feminism in the Arabian Peninsula
Black Women in Feminism and the Media
Spiritual and Educational Feminist Comparison
Feminist Theoretical Schools in Various Cultures
The Application of Psychoanalysis in Feminist Theories
Feminism: Exposing Women to the Public Sphere
Feminist Psychoanalysis From McRobbie’s Perspective
Feminist Films: “Stella Dallas” and “Dance Girl, Dance”
Ageism and Feminism in Career and Family Expectations
“Feminist Geopolitics and September 11” by Jenifer Hyndman
The History of Feminism in the 1960
Feminist Theory in “A Family Thing” Movie
Feminism in Tunisia and Jordan in Comparison
Feminism and Gender Studies in Science
Feminism in the United Arab Emirates
Conceptualization of Difference in Feminism
Feminism in Latin America
Planet B-Girl: Community Building and Feminism in Hip-Hop
Methods of Feminism Education and Its Modern Theories
Feminism in Lorrie Moore’s “You’re Ugly, Too”
Anti-Feminism and Heteropatriarchal Normativity
Feminist Archaeologists’ Interpretations of the Past
The Theory of Feminism Through the Prism of Time
Development of Feminism in Chile
Elena Poniatowska and Her Feminism
Feminism in Laura Esquivel’s “Like Water for Chocolate”
Concept of “Western Feminism”
Marxism vs. Feminism: Human Nature, Power, Conflict
Feminism in Lorber’s, Thompson’s, Hooks’s Views
Prison and Social Movement in Black Feminist View
Great Awakening, American Civil War, and Feminism
Feminist Miss America Pageant Protest of 1968
Black Feminist Perspectives in Toni Morrison’s Works
Feminist Movement as an Attempt to Obtain Equal Rights
Axel Honneth Views on Feminism
Activist and Feminist Rose Schneiderman
Feminist Deceit in Short Stories
Post-Feminism in the Wonder Bra Commercial
Feminist Movement Influence on the Arab Film Industry
Feminism: the Contraception Movement in Canada
Beyonce and Assata Shakur Feminism Ideas Comparison
Feminism in “‘Now We Can Begin” by Crystal Eastman
Gender Studies of Feminism: Radical and Liberal Branches
Feminism and Film Theory
The Realization of Third-wave Feminism Ideals
Sexuality as a Social and Historical Construct
Modern Feminist Movements
Feminist Theories in Relation to Family Functions
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Scholars Comment on Gender Equality
The Smurfette Principle in the Modern Media: Feminism Is over?
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The Feminist Movement
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Black Women and the Feminist Movement
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Feminism Interview and the Major Aim of Feminism
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What Are the Main Contributions of Feminism to the Contemporary Lifestyle?
Can Modern Feminism Start the Discrimination of Men?
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The Case Against Contemporary Feminism

By Jia Tolentino

We have misinterpreted the old adage that the personal is political Jessa Crispin writes—inflecting our personal desires...

It’s the same with feminism as it is with women in general: there are always, seemingly, infinite ways to fail. On the one hand, feminism has never been more widely proclaimed or marketable than it is now. On the other hand, its last ten years of mainstream prominence and acceptability culminated in the election of President Donald Trump. (The Times published an essay at the end of December under the headline “ Feminism Lost. Now What? ”) Since November 9th, the two main arguments against contemporary feminism have emerged in near-exact opposition to each other: either feminism has become too strict an ideology or it has softened to the point of uselessness. On one side, there is, for instance, Kellyanne Conway, who, in her apparent dislike of words that denote principles, has labelled herself a “post-feminist.” Among those on the other side is the writer Jessa Crispin, who believes that the push to make feminism universally palatable has negated the meaning of the ideology writ large.

Crispin has written a new book-length polemic on the subject, called “Why I Am Not a Feminist,” in which she offers definitions of feminism that are considerably more barbed than the earnest, cheeky slogans that have become de rigueur—“The future is female,” for example, as Hillary Clinton declared in her first video statement since the election, or “Girls just want to have fun-damental rights,” or “Feminism is the radical notion that women are people.” The dissidence at the root of these catchphrases has been obscured by their ubiquity on tote bags and T-shirts, and for Crispin the decline of feminism is visible in how easy the label is to claim. Feminism, she tells us, has become a self-serving brand popularized by C.E.O.s and beauty companies, a “fight to allow women to participate equally in the oppression of the powerless and the poor.” It’s a “narcissistic reflexive thought process: I define myself as feminist and so everything I do is a feminist act.” It’s an “attack dog posing as a kitten,” and—in what might be Crispin’s most biting entry—a “decade-long conversation about which television show is a good television show and which television show is a bad show.”

Crispin is the founder of Bookslut , a literary Web site that she started, in 2002, when she was a full-time employee at Planned Parenthood, in Austin, Texas. (She was ahead of the word-reclamation curve that culminated in the Slutwalk marches, which were first held in 2011.) After accumulating a modest but enthusiastic following, Crispin closed down Bookslut in 2016, with minimal ceremony. “I didn’t want to become a professional,” she told Vulture, adding, “I just don’t find American literature interesting. I find MFA culture terrible. Everyone is super-cheerful because they’re trying to sell you something, and I find it really repulsive.” Crispin is happy to take the contrarian stance, particularly within spheres that lend themselves to suppressive positivity. The point of “Why I Am Not a Feminist” isn’t really that Crispin is not a feminist; it’s that she has no interest in being a part of a club that has opened its doors and lost sight of its politics—a club that would, if she weren’t so busy disavowing it, invite Kellyanne Conway in.

The effect of the catchy title stands regardless. Crispin’s argument is bracing, and a rare counterbalance; where feminism is concerned, broad acceptability is almost always framed as an unquestioned good. “Somewhere along the way toward female liberation, it was decided that the most effective method was for feminism to become universal,” Crispin writes. And the people who decided this “forgot that for something to be universally accepted, it must become as banal, as non-threatening and ineffective as possible.” Another, and perhaps less fatalistic, way of framing the matter: feminism is a political argument of such obvious reason and power that it has been co-opted as an aesthetic and transformed into merchandise by a series of influential profiteers.

Crispin notes, accurately, that feminism’s history has been marked by a “small number of radical, heavily invested women who did the hard work of dragging women’s position forward, usually through shocking acts and words,” and that the “majority of women benefited from the work of these few, while often quickly trying to disassociate themselves from them.” Reading that second line, I immediately thought of an irksome scene in Megyn Kelly’s memoir , in which Kelly tells Sheryl Sandberg that she’s not a feminist, and Sandberg—whose entire feminist initiative is based on making the movement palatable to people like Kelly, and whose awkward accommodation of the Trump Administration should surprise no one—“passed no judgment” on Kelly’s distaste for the term. Crispin mostly focusses on younger and newer feminists, castigating them as selfish and timid, afraid of the second wave. They make Andrea Dworkin into a scapegoat, she writes; they “distance themselves from the bra-burning, hairy-armpitted bogeywomen.”

Here, and in some other places where Crispin’s argument requires her to take a precise measure of contemporary feminism, she—or this book’s production schedule—can’t quite account for the complexity of the times. From 2014 to 2016, I worked as an editor at Jezebel, a site that, when it was founded, in 2007, helped to define online feminism—and served ever afterward as a somewhat abstracted target for women who criticized contemporary feminism from the left. These critics didn’t usually recognize how quickly the center is always moving, and Crispin has the same problem. Much of what she denounces—“outrage culture,” empowerment marketing , the stranglehold that white women have on the public conversation—has already been critiqued at length by the young feminist mainstream. Her imagined Dworkin-hating dilettante, discussing the politics of bikini waxing and “giving blow jobs like it’s missionary work,” has long been passé. It’s far more common these days for young feminists to adopt a radical veneer. Lena Dunham’s newsletter sells “ Dismantle the Patriarchy ” patches; last fall, a Dior runway show included a T-shirt reading, “We Should All Be Feminists.” (The shirt is not yet on sale in the United States; it reportedly costs five hundred and fifty euros in France .) The inside threat to feminism in 2017 is less a disavowal of radical ideas than an empty co-option of radical appearances—a superficial, market-based alignment that is more likely to make a woman feel good and righteous than lead her to the political action that feminism is meant to spur.

The most vital strain of thought in “Why I Am Not a Feminist” is Crispin’s unforgiving indictment of individualism and capitalism, value systems that she argues have severely warped feminism, encouraging women to think of the movement only insofar as it leads to individual gains. We have misinterpreted the old adage that the personal is political, she writes—inflecting our personal desires and decisions with political righteousness while neatly avoiding political accountability. We may understand that “the corporations we work for poison the earth, fleece the poor, make the super rich more rich, but hey. Fuck it,” Crispin writes. “We like our apartments, we can subscribe to both Netflix and Hulu, the health insurance covers my SSRI prescription, and the white noise machine I just bought helps me sleep at night.”

That this line of argument seems like a plausible next step for contemporary feminism reflects the recent and rapid leftward turn of liberal politics. Socialism and anti-capitalism, as foils to Donald Trump’s me-first ideology, have taken an accelerated path into the mainstream. “Why I Am Not a Feminist” comes at a time when some portion of liberal women in America might be ready for a major shift—inclined, suddenly, toward a belief system that does not hallow the “markers of success in patriarchal capitalism . . . money and power,” as Crispin puts it. There is, it seems, a growing hunger for a feminism concerned more with the lives of low-income women than with the number of female C.E.O.s.

The opposing view—that feminism is not just broadly compatible with capitalism but actually served by it—has certainly enjoyed its share of prominence. This is the message that has been passed down by the vast majority of self-styled feminist role models over the past ten years: that feminism is what you call it when an individual woman gets enough money to do whatever she wants. Crispin is ruthless in dissecting this brand of feminism. It means simply buying one’s way out of oppression and then perpetuating it, she argues; it embraces the patriarchal model of happiness, which depends on “having someone else subject to your will.” Women, exploited for centuries, have grown subconsciously eager to exploit others, Crispin believes. “Once we are a part of the system and benefiting from it on the same level that men are, we won’t care, as a group, about whose turn it is to get hurt.”

A question of audience tugs at “Why I Am Not a Feminist.” It seemed, at points, as though anyone who understands the terms of Crispin’s argument would already agree with her. I also wondered how the book might land if Hillary Clinton had won—if the insufficiently radical feminism Crispin rails against had triumphed rather than absorbed a staggering blow. Instead, her book arrives at a useful and perhaps unexpected cultural inflection point: a time when political accommodation appears fruitless, and when, as Amanda Hess noted in the _Times Magazine _this week, many middle-class white women have marched in closer proximity to far-left ideas than perhaps they ever would have guessed. Exhortations to “transform culture, not just respond to it” are what many of us want to hear.

Of course, this being a polemic, there’s not much space given to how , exactly, the total disengagement with our individualist and capitalist society might be achieved. “Burn it down”—another nascent feminist slogan—is generally received as an abstract, metaphorical directive. The final chapter of Crispin’s book, titled “Where We Go From Here,” is four pages. In an earlier section of “Why I Am Not a Feminist,” Crispin rails against feminist flippancy toward men, writing, “It is always easier to find your sense of value by demeaning another’s value. It is easier to define yourself as ‘not that,’ rather than do an actual accounting of your own qualities and put them on the scale.” I agree.

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The Radical Possibility of the Women’s March

By Ariel Levy

Is 2024 Doomed to Repeat 1968 or 2020&-or Both?

By Susan B. Glasser

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Gender Studies

[heading] css syllabus gender studies – 100 marks[/heading], i. introduction to gender studies.

§ Introduction to Gender Studies § Difference between Gender and Women Studies § Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies § Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies § Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan

II. Social Construction of Gender

§ Historicizing Constructionism § Problematizing the category of “Sex”: Queer Theory § Is “Sex” socially determined, too? § Masculinities and Feminism § Nature versus Culture: A Debate in Gender Development

III. Feminist Theories and Practice

§ What is Feminism § Liberal Feminism § Radical Feminism § Marxist/Socialist Feminism § Psychoanalytical Feminism § Men’s Feminism § Postmodern Feminism

IV. Feminist Movements

§ Feminist Movements in the West, First W ave, Second Wave and Third Wave Feminism, United Nation Conferences on Women, Feminist Movements in Pakistan.

V. Gender and Development

§ Colonial and Capitalistic Perspectives of Gender § Gender Analysis of Development Theories; Modernization Theory, World System Theory, Dependency Theory, Structural Functionalism. § Gender Approaches to Development: Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD), Gender and Development (GAD); Gender Critique of Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs). § Globalization and Gender

VI. Status of Women in Pakistan

§ Status of Women’s health in Pakistan § Status of Women in Education § Women and Employment § Women and Law

VII. Gender and Governance

§ Defining Governance

§ Suffragist Movement

§ Gender Issues in Women as Voters

§ Gender Issues in Women as Candidates

§ Gender Issues in Women as Representatives

§ Impact of Political Quota in Pakistan

VIII. Gender Based Violence

§ Defining Gender Based Violence

§ Theories of Violence against Women

§ Structural and Direct Forms of Violence

§ Strategies to Eliminate Violence against Women

IX. Case Studies of:

§ Mukhtaran Mai

§ Mallala Yousaf Zai

§ Shermin Ubaid Chinoy

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Gender Equality in Pakistan and the Rise of Feminism

Gender equality and the rise of feminism in Pakistan is an intricacie topic, with multiple cultural, social, and political influences at work to shape this subject matter. While substantial strides have been taken toward equality over recent years, true equality still requires considerable work on our part.

Strong patriarchal culture:

One of the main obstacles to gender equality in Pakistan is its long-standing patriarchal culture, which places value on men over women and reinforces traditional gender roles that limit opportunities available to women. Furthermore, religious and social customs such as purdah require women to cover themselves up when in public spaces such as mosques. This further marginalises women.

Feminism: In spite of these challenges, there has been an emerging movement in Pakistan to promote gender equality and the rights of women – often referred to as “feminism.” One main goal of this movement is breaking down traditional gender roles that limit opportunities available to women while also creating equal access to education, employment and political participation for them all.

Pakistan’s feminist movement has achieved many significant accomplishments over time, most notable of which being its widespread achievements.

One of the greatest achievements of Pakistan’s feminist movement has been an increase in female workforce participation rates, according to World Bank estimates. Accordingly, female labor force participation rates increased from 24% in 1990 to 34% by 2020 – still low compared with many other countries but an important step for Pakistani women.

Increased recognition and acceptance of women’s rights have contributed to greater understanding and awareness surrounding the matter.

Feminist activism in Pakistan has also helped raise awareness and acceptance of women’s rights. For example, in 2016 Pakistan passed the “Protection of Women Against Violence Act”, criminalizing domestic abuse while providing victims protection and support services.

Has Pakistan achieved gender equality?

Many women still face discrimination and violence on a daily basis, being denied education and employment opportunities and facing social and cultural barriers that need to be broken down in order to create an equitable society.

Gender equality and the rise of feminism in Pakistan is a complicated matter, affected by various cultural, social, and political influences. Although progress has been made over recent years, full equality still requires much work. Feminist movements in Pakistan have played an instrumental role in advocating for gender equality and women’s rights – they continue to act as agents of change today.

Pakistan’s economy is facing numerous challenges, such as high inflation, large trade deficits and an ever-widening budget deficit. One way to address these obstacles and promote economic growth would be increasing participation of women in the workforce – they make up half of population after all and their presence could make a dramatic difference to Pakistan’s economic development.

Increased participation by women in the workforce

First and foremost, expanding women’s participation in the workforce can contribute to economic expansion. When women can work and earn a living they can significantly enhance the economy through increased productivity and consumption; moreover, women tend to invest more in their families and communities which further fuels economic expansion.

Address issues of poverty and inequality

Second, more women in the workforce can help address issues of poverty and inequality. Women often face discrimination and barriers to education and employment that keep them living in poverty. Increasing women’s participation can reduce poverty while simultaneously creating greater equality.

Thirdly, increasing women’s participation in the workforce can also help improve Pakistan’s balance of trade. More women entering the labor force will help contribute to increasing exports. While decreasing imports; this can reduce its trade deficit and improve its balance of payments.

Increased female employment can help strengthen a nation’s overall economic stability. When women can work and earn an income to support themselves and their families independently of government assistance. It reduces government burden as well as improving social stability.

Pakistan’s economy is facing several significant hurdles.

One way of meeting these challenges is increasing female participation in the workforce. Since women make up half of society and can have a dramatic effect on economic performance by driving economic growth. Addressing poverty and inequality issues. Improving balance of trade relations and stabilizing economies.

Pakistan has taken several steps to provide women with more active roles in both society and the workforce. Some key initiatives for women include:

Education: The government has made efforts to increase access to education for girls by building schools in rural areas and offering scholarships.

Legal Reforms: The government has passed several laws designed to safeguard women’s rights. Such as the “Protection of Women against Violence Act” and “Prevention of Anti-Women Practices Act”.

Economic Empowerment: To promote women’s economic empowerment, several initiatives have been undertaken by the government. For instance, they include “Benazir Income Support Program”. Which offers cash transfers to low-income families; and the “Prime Minister’s Youth Training Program”, which offers women training and skills development opportunities.

Political Participation: The government has taken several steps to increase women’s involvement in politics. Such as reserving seats for them in both the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies and encouraging more of them to run for office.

Social Change: The government has undertaken various campaigns designed to change societal attitudes toward women and advance gender equality. Such as the “Aurat March” and Pink Taxi service for exclusively female customers.

Healthcare: The government has taken several steps to improve healthcare services for women and reduce maternal mortality rates. Such as the “Lady Health Worker Program” and the “Mother and Child Health Program”.

Support to Women Working:

The government has taken measures to assist women entering the workforce. Such as providing childcare facilities in workplace settings and encouraging employers to adopt flexible working hours. Additionally, women-led businesses have been actively promoted.

Noteworthy is the fact that women in Pakistan still face many barriers in attaining true equality. And many initiatives to support women have met resistance in terms of implementation and enforcement. Furthermore, some rights activists accuse the Government of discrimination, harassment and violence against women.

Gender equality and the rise of feminism in Pakistan is an intricate topic influenced by various cultural, social and political forces. Feminism in Pakistan has played a central role in advocating for gender equality. And the rights of women; its movement remains an important force for change today. Additionally, Pakistan’s Government has taken several steps to give women more active roles within its workforce and society. Such as providing more access to education; passing laws protecting these rights; increasing economic empowerment programs. Expanding political participation opportunities for women and launching social change campaigns as well as improving healthcare services provided for working women. Such as increasing education access; passing laws protecting rights of women while improving healthcare services support working women alike.

However, much remains to be done before women in Pakistan can achieve true equality. And many initiatives have faced difficulties in implementation and enforcement. Furthermore, the Government is facing criticism from women rights activists. Who contend they are not doing enough to empower women; more needs to be done to address systemic issues of discrimination, harassment and violence against them.

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Essay on Feminism

500 words essay on feminism.

Feminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the rights of women on the grounds of equality of sexes. It does not deny the biological differences between the sexes but demands equality in opportunities. It covers everything from social and political to economic arenas. In fact, feminist campaigns have been a crucial part of history in women empowerment. The feminist campaigns of the twentieth century made the right to vote, public property, work and education possible. Thus, an essay on feminism will discuss its importance and impact.

Importance of Feminism

Feminism is not just important for women but for every sex, gender, caste, creed and more. It empowers the people and society as a whole. A very common misconception is that only women can be feminists.

It is absolutely wrong but feminism does not just benefit women. It strives for equality of the sexes, not the superiority of women. Feminism takes the gender roles which have been around for many years and tries to deconstruct them.

This allows people to live freely and empower lives without getting tied down by traditional restrictions. In other words, it benefits women as well as men. For instance, while it advocates that women must be free to earn it also advocates that why should men be the sole breadwinner of the family? It tries to give freedom to all.

Most importantly, it is essential for young people to get involved in the feminist movement. This way, we can achieve faster results. It is no less than a dream to live in a world full of equality.

Thus, we must all look at our own cultures and communities for making this dream a reality. We have not yet reached the result but we are on the journey, so we must continue on this mission to achieve successful results.

Impact of Feminism

Feminism has had a life-changing impact on everyone, especially women. If we look at history, we see that it is what gave women the right to vote. It was no small feat but was achieved successfully by women.

Further, if we look at modern feminism, we see how feminism involves in life-altering campaigns. For instance, campaigns that support the abortion of unwanted pregnancy and reproductive rights allow women to have freedom of choice.

Moreover, feminism constantly questions patriarchy and strives to renounce gender roles. It allows men to be whoever they wish to be without getting judged. It is not taboo for men to cry anymore because they must be allowed to express themselves freely.

Similarly, it also helps the LGBTQ community greatly as it advocates for their right too. Feminism gives a place for everyone and it is best to practice intersectional feminism to understand everyone’s struggle.

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Conclusion of the Essay on Feminism

The key message of feminism must be to highlight the choice in bringing personal meaning to feminism. It is to recognize other’s right for doing the same thing. The sad part is that despite feminism being a strong movement, there are still parts of the world where inequality and exploitation of women take places. Thus, we must all try to practice intersectional feminism.

FAQ of Essay on Feminism

Question 1: What are feminist beliefs?

Answer 1: Feminist beliefs are the desire for equality between the sexes. It is the belief that men and women must have equal rights and opportunities. Thus, it covers everything from social and political to economic equality.

Question 2: What started feminism?

Answer 2: The first wave of feminism occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It emerged out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. This wave aimed to open up new doors for women with a focus on suffrage.

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Three Waves of Feminism | CSS Notes

September 21, 2022
CSS International Relations (IR) Notes

Do want to know about the three waves of feminism? In this article, I am going to explain the three waves of Feminism.

Three Waves of Feminism

In an exploration of the history of feminism or, rather, feminism: How have they evolved in time and space? How have they framed feminist communication scholarship in terms of what we see as a significant interplay between theory and politics? And how have they raised questions of gender, power, and communication?

We shall focus on the modern feminist waves from the 19th to the 21st century and underscore continuities as well as disruptions. Our starting point is what most feminist scholars consider the “first wave.”

First-wave feminism arose in the context of industrial society and liberal politics but is connected to both the liberal women’s rights movement and early socialist feminism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Europe.

Concerned with access and equal opportunities for women, the first wave continued to influence feminism in both Western and Eastern societies throughout the 20th century. We then move on to the second wave of feminism, which emerged in the 1960s to 1970s in postwar Western welfare societies. When other “oppressed” groups such as Blacks and homosexuals were being defined and the New Left was on the rise.

Second-wave feminism is closely linked to the radical voices of women’s empowerment and differential rights and, during the 1980s to 1990s, also to a crucial differentiation of second-wave feminism itself, initiated by women of color and third-world women.

We end our discussion with the third feminist wave, from the mid-1990s onward, springing from the emergence of a new postcolonial and post-socialist world order, in the context of information society and neoliberal, global politics.

Third-wave feminism manifests itself in “girl” rhetoric, which seeks to overcome the theoretical question of equity or difference and the political question of evolution or revolution, while it challenges the notion of “universal womanhood” and embraces ambiguity, diversity, and multiplicity in transversal theory and politics.

First Feminist Wave: Votes for Women

During World War I, members of the National Women’s Party (NWP) protested outside the White House with confrontational banners accusing the government of undemocratic practices. Germany had already granted women suffrage, but the United States— the proponent of freedom and democracy for all— had yet to enfranchise half of its citizens.

The banner created an outrage, the police received orders to arrest the picketers, and onlookers destroyed the banner (Campbell, 1989). Comparing Germany to the United States was treachery. However, the picketers did receive some sympathy— after all, well-dressed, well-educated, White, middle-class women were going to jail.

The demonstrators knew what they were doing: Dressed in their Sunday best, they offered no resistance to the police and thus both appalled and appealed to the public. They personified White, middle-class femininity while engaging in very unfeminine and less-than-bourgeois practices.

The action was inspired by radical agitator Alice Paul (1885-1977), who introduced militant tactics to the NWP: parades, marches, picketing (mainly the White House) as well as watching fires to burn President Wilson’s speeches (Campbell, 1989). Alice Paul’s tactics were confrontational but also clever, and they were a thorn in the side of President Wilson, who much preferred the less radical tactics of the National American Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

The first wave of feminism in the United States was characterized by diverse forms of intervention. That continued to inspire later feminist movements. But despite the activist talents NAWSA of Alice Paul, the organizational skills of Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947), president of NAWSA, and the splendid oratory of Anna Howard Shaw (1847-1919), also a former president of, it was a long struggle before women won the vote in 1920 (Campbell, 1989).

The struggle went as far back as the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in 1848, during which more than 300 men and women assembled for the nation’s first women’s rights convention.

The Seneca Falls Declaration was outlined by Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), claiming the natural equity of women and outlining the political strategy of equal access and opportunity. This declaration gave rise to the suffrage movement.

In the early stages, the first wave of feminism in the United States was interwoven with other reform movements, such as abolition and temperance, and initially closely involved the omen of Maria the working classes.

However, it was also supported by Black women abolitionists, such as Stewart (1803-1879), Sojourner Truth (1797-1883), and Frances E. W. Harper (1825-1911), who more agitated for the rights of women of color.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and several others from radical parts of the women’s rights movement appeared as delegates to the National Labor Union Convention as early as 1868, before any successful attempts to organize female labor.

When women’s rights activists gradually realized that disenfranchisement severely women hampered reformatory efforts, they became determined to rectify this obvious injustice.

Still, for to gain the vote was a highly controversial issue. Even well-meaning skeptics feared that it would mean a setback for men of color, who were also at that time campaigning for enfranchisement, not to mention southerners’ fears that the thousands of illiterate women of color would also claim their rights.

Thus, women of color continued to participate, and representatives such as Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) and Mary Church Terrell (1868-1954). They strove to show how the linkage between sexism and racism functioned as the main means of White male dominance. The first wave of feminism consisted largely of White, middle-class, well-educated movement women.

This tendency was only reinforced by the counterstrikes of both the abolitionist and the working unions to also keep women involved in these movements. Furthermore, the Civil War in the United States and, later on, both World War I and World War II meant a severe backlash for women’s rights, as the focus then became demands of national unity and patriotism.

Suffragists confronted stereotypes of women and, in particular, claims of proper female behavior and talk. First, they engaged in public persuasion, which in those days was considered most unwomanly.

Campbell (1989) put it this way: “No ‘true woman’ could be a public persuader”. Second, their very activity challenged the “cult of domesticity,” which in those days dictated that a true woman’s place was in the home, meeting the needs of her husband and children.

Women were further required to be modest and wield only indirect influence, and certainly not engage in public activities. So, when a woman spoke in public, she weaknesses, by definition, displaying masculine behaviors. She was even ignoring her biological smaller brain and a more fragile physique— which she was supposed to activists protect in order to ensure her reproductive abilities. Such claims led some women’s rights to argue that women should indeed gain the right to vote from an argument of expediency.

This argument was based on the claim that women and men are, in fact, maternity fundamentally different and that women have a natural disposition toward domesticity. However, the argument ran that it would therefore be advantageous to society to enfranchise women, so they would then enrich politics with their “innately” female concerns.

Furthermore, if women had the vote, the argument ran, they would perform their roles as mothers and housewives even better. On the other hand, we find another well-used argument: justice. Following this argument, women and men are, at least in legal terms, equal in all respects; therefore, to deny women the vote was to deny them full citizenship.

Some first-wave feminists pursued the argument of women’s innate moral superiority, thus embracing what might be called “difference first-wave feminism.”

This argument was part of the sophisticated rhetoric of equity, developed simultaneously in Europe and in the United States, which shared the modern, Western political framework of enlightenment and liberalism, anchored in universalism.

From this point of view, patriarchy was understood as a fiasco that was both nonrational and nonprofitable and thereby illegitimate, but nevertheless reinforced women’s marginal societal status and domination and made women a cultural emblem of deficiency.

Politically, this view led to the claim that women and men should be treated as equals and that women should not only be given access to the same resources and positions as men but also be acknowledged for their contributions and competencies.

This concept is often called “equal-opportunities feminism” or “equity feminism,” and it is characterized by the lack of distinction between sex and gender. Even though biological differences were understood to form the basis of social gender roles, they were not considered a threat to the ideal of human equity, and biological differences were therefore not accepted as theoretically or politically valid reasons for discrimination.

One of the earliest manifestations of liberal first-wave feminism in Europe, Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), was written in the wake of the French Revolution and is still read as a seminal text.

Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own (1929) and Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex (1949) are central to the canon as well, even though both authors were also laying the groundwork for radical second-wave feminism.

Woolf introduced the notion of female bisexuality and a unique woman’s voice and writing, Beauvoir the notion of women’s radical otherness or, rather, the cognitive and social process of “othering” women as the second sex in patriarchal societies. We would say that Beauvoir thereby produced an authoritative definition of patriarchy.

Parallel to this strand of liberal first-wave feminism, a distinct socialist/ Marxist feminism developed in workers’ unions in the United States, in reformist social-democratic parties in Europe, and during the rise of communism in the former Soviet Union.

It was initiated by, among others, Rosa Luxemburg (1870-1919) in Germany, Alexandra Kollontai (1873-1952) in Russia, and anarchist Emma Goldman (1869-1940) in the United States.

Both liberal and socialist/Marxist feminism continued to develop and maintain strong voices in 20th-century feminism, though they were soon challenged by other types of feminism, as we are going to see below.

The concept of equal opportunity framed a particular type of equity research, which arose outside the academy in the first half of the 20th century, and gradually provided the basis for a growing field of research in “the women issue.”

Following the scientific paradigm of structuralism as a set of ways and means of knowing, equity research initially took the basic format of muted group theory.

Second Feminist Wave: Personal is Politics

The term second-wave feminism refers mostly to the radical feminism of the women’s liberation movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

We start our presentation on second-wave feminism with the first harbinger of new feminism and the most publicized event in the United States: the protests associated with the Miss America Pageants in 1968 and 1969. Inspired by the tactics of the more activist parts of liberal feminism, radical second-wave feminists also used performance, to shed light on what was now termed “women’s oppression.”

The Redstockings, the New York Radical Feminists, and other significant feminist groups joined the 1969 protest to show how women in pageant competitions were paraded like cattle, highlighting the underlying assumption that the way women look is more important than what they do, what they think, or even whether they think at all.

Marching down the Atlantic City boardwalk and close to the event itself, feminists staged several types of theatrical activism. Crowning a sheep Miss America and throwing “oppressive” gender artifacts, such as bras, girdles, false eyelashes, high heels, and makeup, into a trash can in front of reporters.

Carrying posters reading, “Cattle Parades Are Degrading to Human Beings,” “Boring Job: Woman Wanted,” and “Low Pay: Woman Wanted,” feminists made their message loud and clear: Women were victims of a patriarchal, commercialized, oppressive beauty culture.

It was a perfectly staged media event. A small group of women bought tickets to the pageant show and smuggled in a banner that read “WOMEN’S LIBERATION,” while shouting “Freedom for Women” and “No More Miss America,” thereby exposing the public to an early second-wave feminist agenda.

Radical second-wave feminism cannot, however, be discussed separately from other movements of the 1960s and 1970s. In fact, it grew out of leftist movements in post-war Western societies. Among them were the student protests, the anti-Vietnam War movement, the lesbian and gay movements, and, in the United States, the civil rights and Black power movements.

These movements criticized “capitalism” and “imperialism” and focused on the notion and interests of “oppressed” groups: the working classes, Blacks, and in principle, also women and homosexuals.

In the New Left, however, women found themselves reduced to servicing the revolution, cut off from real influence, and thus, once again, exposed to sexism.

This was now understood as separate oppression experienced by women in addition to racism, “classicism,” and was later renamed “heterosexism.”

As a consequence, they formed women-only “rap” groups or consciousness-raising groups, through which they sought to empower women both collectively and individually using techniques of sharing and contesting, explained in “The BITCH Manifesto” and the first second-wave publication, Sisterhood is Powerful, edited by Robin Morgan in 1970.

This type of activity and rhetoric was typical to the second-wave movement and in particular, to the red stockings, who created their name by combining bluestockings, a pejorative term for educated and otherwise strongminded women in the 18th and 19th centuries, with red, for social revolution.

The Redstockings was one of the influential but short-lived radical feminist groups of 1960 to 1970s and produced many of the expressions that have become household words in the United States: “Sisterhood is powerful,” and “consciousness raising”.

“The personal is political,” “the politics of housework,” the “pro-woman line,” and so on. Key to this branch of feminism was a strong belief that women could collectively empower one another.

Radical second-wave feminism was theoretically based on a combination of neo-Marxism and psychoanalysis. Which was outlined by feminist scholars such as Juliet Mitchell in The Subjection of Women (1970) and Shulamith Firestone in The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution (1970).

They claimed that patriarchy is inherent to bourgeois society and that sexual difference is more fundamental than class and race differences. They even claimed that women— due to their primary social attachment to the family and reproduction— constitute a class and economy of their own, based on the unpaid work in the home, the productivity of motherhood, and their function as a workforce reserve.

At the core of this new movement was another significant book, Sexual Politics, by Kate Millett (1969), in which she insisted on women’s right to their own bodies and sexuality of their “own” — sexuality that is disconnected from the obligations of marriage and motherhood.

Yet other radical feminists, such as the lesbian author Adrienne Rich and the African American lesbian author Audre Lorde (1934-1992), used poetry, speeches, and writing to link heterosexuality and women’s oppression.

Both great rhetoricians claimed that heterosexuality is a compulsory institution designed to perpetuate the social power of men across class and race.

Thus, in the early phase, radical second-wave feminism was characterized by a claim for sisterhood and solidarity, despite differences among women and simultaneous investment in the slogans “Woman’s struggle is a class struggle” and “The personal is political,” directing the feminist agenda to attempt to combine social, sexual, and personal struggles and to see them as inextricably linked.

Liberal feminists in all Western countries were inspired by Betty Friedan’s landmark book, The Feminine Mystique (1963).

Along with Rowbotham and Davis but from quite a different point of view, liberal feminists maintained that the discontent experienced by many middle-class women in post-war Western societies was due to their lack of social power and political influence.

The solution they advocated was not necessarily paid work outside the home; indeed, one representation of their demands in public was payment institutions for, housewives and so on. Zillah is a kind Eisenstein of citizen’s income.

The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism (1981) can be said to anticipate the continuity of liberal feminism from the first wave, during the second wave, and on to today’s neoliberal feminism. Typical liberal feminist concerns during the second wave, however, were documenting sexism in private as well as public life and delivering criticism of gendered patterns of socialization.

In the United States, for example, the National Organization for Women (NOW) documented sexism in children’s books, and parents’ different responses to girls and boys were seen as examples of how deeply sexism is embedded in conventional thought and practice.

Whereas both liberal and socialist/Marxist feminists worked to access and influence the institutions of society, radical feminists were critical of these institutions and skeptical of, if not outright opposed to, the inclusion of more women in what they considered profit-driven, patriarchal institutions.

The spiritual and ecofeminist parts of the movement, represented, for instance, by Mary Daly in Gyn/Ecology (1978) and Starhawk in The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess (1979), turned to the development of separate enterprises and eventually of woman-only corporations and zones.

After a few decades on the margins of feminism, this particular feminist perspective has been revived today in numerous ways: from sustainable development and simple living to corporate feminism and separatist women-only spaces, such as “SAPPHO” on the Internet.

The conflict between integration and separation signaled a basic shift from an equity approach to a different approach. During the 1980s, this new framework grew into “difference second-wave feminism,” outlined on a theoretical level by Nancy Hartsock (1983) in her paradigmatic article “The Feminist Standpoint” and a range of subsequent works.

“Standpoint feminism” articulated a specific feminist theory and practice that expanded the criticism of capitalism and patriarchy with a more complex analysis of post-war welfare societies and their consequences for women on different levels and in different situations.

Nancy Chodorow and Carol Gilligan turned to a more woman-friendly psycho-analytic theory in order to highlight women’s productive capacities in terms of motherhood and caretaking, in works such as The Reproduction of Mothering and In a Different Voice.

These competencies, neglected by both liberal and socialist feminists and derided by early radical feminists, were now re-evaluated and understood as sources of knowledge, know-how, and empowerment. This particular version of difference feminism again led to the thesis of the dual spheres, gender as culture, and communication and the “genderlects”

The need to address the differences among women simultaneously promoted the theory of different standpoints and the divergences between them. As a consequence, difference feminism gradually grew into what is now often referred to as “identity politics.” Identity second-wave feminism was marked by a growing criticism from Black, working-class, and lesbian feminists, outlined by, among others, bell hooks in Ain’t I A Woman? Black Woman and Feminism (1981) and Trinh T. Minh-ha in Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism (1989).

In the context of the complex power relations of a postcolonial but still imperial and capitalist world, they questioned what they saw as a predominantly White, middle-class, and hetero-sexual feminist agenda and raised the issue of differentiated identity politics, based on the contingent and diversified but no less decisive intersections of gender, class, race/ ethnicity, and sexuality.

Identity feminism, in turn, inspired a new interest in women’s lives and voices, which was at once more empirical and historical, and more mythical and spiritual. This has been known as “gyno-criticism,” a method first developed by Elaine Showalter in A Literature of Their Own (1977), or as “womanism,” in an African American context introduced by the author Alice Walker in Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983).

The method signaled, on one hand, a search for authenticity and continuity in women’s cultures and, on the other, an interest in understanding differences among women as constitutive.

The method was further developed by Patricia Hill Collins, who argued in Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (1990) that it is necessary to expand the analysis from merely describing the similarities and differences that distinguish the different systems of oppression according to gender, class, and race — to focusing on how they are interlocked.

In the United States, Black feminists voiced their concerns in organizations such as Black Women Organized for Action (BWOA) and the National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), which both worked to bring gender and race into the national consciousness and addressed issues of poverty, health, and welfare as described by Valerie Smith in Not Just Race, Not Just Gender: Black Feminist Readings (1998).

However, Black feminism also tended to diversify into different standpoints and identities. Women of color and third-world women, like Trinh T. Minh-ha, now spoke of themselves as the “other Others” and “inappropriate others.”

Gayatri Spivak’s Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (1987) further criticized Western feminism for speaking naively on behalf of third-world women. She elaborated on the notion of “strategic essentialism” and raised the question of the difficulty associated with translation between different groups of women, their vocabulary, and their voice.

In the European context, identity feminism took an apparently different direction with what is now known as I’ecriture feminine, articulated by authors H616ne Cixous, Luce Irigaray, and Julia Kristeva and introduced to the United States by editors Elaine Marks and Isabelle de Courtivron in New French Feminisms (1981).

French feminists explored Western universalism and its paradoxical articulation through dualisms such as mind/body, man/woman, and White/Black and their hierarchical ordering, in which one element is not only different from but also less than the other.

Second-wave feminism is not one, but many. As expressed by feminist communication scholar Julia Wood (1994), the question may not be whether you are a feminist, but which kind of feminist you are. This question is multiplied by the emergence of third-wave feminism. But before we turn to emergent feminisms, let us conclude that second-wave feminisms have been highly theoretical and consequently have had strong affiliations with the academy.

Starting in the 1970s, second-wave feminism has generated an explosion of research and teaching on women’s issues, which has now grown into a diverse disciplinary field of women’s, gender, or feminist studies.

While first- and second-wave academic feminisms are embedded in structuralism the concept of difference and identity feminism is rooted in standpoint theory and the methodology of critical discourse analysis.

Third Feminist Wave: Transversal Politics

Third-wave feminists are motivated by the need to develop a feminist theory and politics that honor contradictory experiences and deconstruct categorical thinking.

In To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism (1995), editor Rebecca Walker described the difficulty that younger feminists experience when forced to think in categories, which divide people into “Us” and “Them,” or when forced to inhabit particular identities as women or feminists.

Walker claimed that this is not because they lack knowledge of feminist history or because of the media’s horrific one-sided portrayal of feminism. Quite to the contrary, younger feminists honor the work of earlier feminists while criticizing earlier feminisms, and they strive to bridge the contradictions that they experience in their own lives.

They embrace ambiguity rather than certainty, engage in multiple positions, and practice a strategy of inclusion and exploration. Meanwhile, they propose a different politics, one that challenges notions of universal womanhood and articulates ways in which groups of women confront complex intersections of gender, sexuality, race, class, and age-related concerns. One of the many contributors in To Be Real, Eisa Davis, has called for “organic laughter” and “organized confusion” that will turn all the old “isms” into sitcoms, reminding us how far feminism has come.

Third-wave feminism is also inspired by and bound to a generation of the new global world order characterized by the fall of communism, new threats of religious and ethnic fundamentalism, and the dual risks and promises of new info- and biotechnologies.

A common American term for third-wave feminism is “girl feminism,” and in Europe, it is known as “new feminism.” This new “new” feminism is characterized by local, national, and transnational activism, in areas such as violence against women.

While concerned with new threats to women’s rights in the wake of the new global world order, it criticizes earlier feminist waves for presenting universal answers or definitions of womanhood and for developing their particular interests into somewhat static identity politics.

In itself diverse and chaotic, third-wave feminism is consequently not one, but many. The common denominator is the will to redefine feminism by bringing together an interest in traditional and even stereotypically feminine issues while remaining critical of both narratives of true femaleness, victimization, and liberation.

Thus, third-wave feminisms are defined not by common theoretical and political standpoints (s), but rather by the use of performance, mimicry, and subversion as rhetorical strategies.

Gender theorist Judith Butler signaled this paradigmatic feminist shift in her books Gender Trouble (1990) and Bodies That Matter (1993). She fueled new emergent movements such as queer and transgender politics, which take an interest in the intersections of gender and sexuality and helped articulate “performance third-wave feminism” as a theoretical framework of the politics of transgression.

Central to this perspective is the understanding of gender as a discursive practice that is both a hegemonic, social matrix and a “performative gesture” with the power to disturb the chain of social repetition and open up new realities.

Focus rests on the sustained tension between structure and agency, spelled out as a tension between performance and performativity, in order to overcome the split between society and subject and to situate the possibilities and means of agency and change.

The possibilities for change are found in the “fissures” of deferral and displacement that destabilize claims not only of identity but also of truth and “the real”. Of immense importance to feminism, however, is that the approach further destabilizes the distinction between the social and the material, discourse and body, and, not least, sex and gender.

These conceptual pairs are now seen as inextricably linked discursive practices, anchored in the heterosexual matrix, which is now being challenged.

In keeping with poststructuralist thought, she has underscored the arbitrariness of such classifications and the continuous flow between supposedly “natural” categories, locations, and positions. The potential for feminism, in Haraway’s thinking, is great and is still being explored by a range of feminist thinkers.

Third-wave feminism is tied up with the effects of globalization and the complex redistribution of power, which challenge feminist theory and politics. It also mirrors the diversification of women’s interests and perspectives and the breakdown of master stories of oppression and liberation.

For example, postcolonial, third-wave feminism is concerned with establishing a new critical global perspective and creating alliances between Black, diasporic, and subaltern feminisms, whereas queer theory and politics create a platform for what has now split into the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual and transgender movements.

Queer and transgender feminists attack what they see as the crux of the problem: heteronormativity. They call for recognition of queers: not only gays and lesbians but also drag queens, drag kings, transsexuals, masculine women, and feminine men. Emi Koyama (2003) summarized some of these concerns in “The Transfeminist Manifesto.”

Here, the primary principles of transfeminism are defined as the right (a) to define one’s own identity and to expect society to respect it Transfeminists believe that individuals should be given the freedom to construct their own gender identities as they see fit and that neither the medical establishment nor cultural institutions at large should intervene. Finally, they resist essentialist notions of identity in particular.

According to the post-socialist scholar Nancy Fraser (1997), the challenges to third-wave feminism are great. She has argued that in order to avoid the pitfalls of identity politics, it is necessary to introduce a concept of justice that simultaneously acknowledges and counters the claims of difference.

Thus, Fraser has suggested that claims of difference should be treated partly as a question of recognition within the context of civic society and partly as a matter of redistribution within the framework of the state and the public sphere.

Her aim is to reframe universalism in order to promote a new combination of, on one hand, local (singular and situated) social claims. On the other, the will and ability to expose universalism to “global” democracy.

She thus has delivered an alternative to the “old” universalism, which sanctioned the particularism inherent in identity politics, claiming that in the new democracy, everyone must acknowledge the particularity of the position from which they speak, instead of claiming rights as absolute and given.

An interesting and important contribution to third-wave feminist thinking is the notion of “transversal politics.” Nira Yuval-Davis, the author of Gender and Nation (1997), who is herself a British Jew, launched this notion, which is based on the possibility of dialogue between women across national, ethnic, and religious boundaries.

Theoretically, her work has been inspired by Gayatri Spivak’s theory of strategic essentialism and Patricia Hill Collins’s theory of the partiality of standpoints and of situated and unfinished knowledge.

The idea is that each participant in the dialogue brings with her rooting in, her membership and identity, but at the same time tries to shift in order to engage in exchange with ‘ women who have different membership and identity.

Participants are encouraged to position themselves as women with particular national, ethnic, or religious roots, while also shifting to other ways of thinking, being, and practicing in order to realize the partiality of their own positions and to identify possible common stands and interests.

Aligning herself with Bolognese feminists, Yuval-Davis (1997) called this form of dialogue “transversalism,” as opposed to both universalism and particularism, which are inherent in liberal and radical feminism, and also to the political naivete of the rainbow coalitions of the 1980s or the “Million Man Match” to Washington, D.C., in the 1990s.

It is crucial here that the boundaries of the groupings are determined not by a notion of essential difference, which leads to a particular standpoint, but by a political reality of partiality, which provides for diverse and provisional alliances.

In combination, third-wave feminism constitutes a significant move in both theory and politics toward the “performance turn” we introduced earlier.

The performance turn marks a move away from thinking and acting in terms of systems, structures, and fixed power relations, and thereby also “suppression” — toward highlighting the complexities, contingencies, and challenges of power and the diverse means and goals of the agency. Embedded in the scientific paradigm shift from structuralism to post-structuralism, the performance turn is connected to a, broader intellectual transformation.

In this context, we shall introduce you to performance, cyborg, and transfeminist theory the methodology of poststructuralist and transversal discourse analysis, and to examples of performance and transversity perspectives.

After this description, it is time for us to sum up and present you with a model of different feminisms and our own situations.

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Feminism Is Not Really a Third World Issue
Outline. 1- Introduction. No country in the world has succeeded in closing the gender gap in all aspects of social, political, and economic life, making feminism a global issue, not merely a third-world problem. 2- Debunking the term feminism.
How to Write an Essay for CSS Exam
A detailed CSS essay outline consists of 5 or more sections, presented in the form of questions, along with sufficient pointers to build an argument to answer each of the questions. If you have this outline sketched out before your essay, with enough detail that an experienced examiner can get the gist of your arguments by just going through it ...
Gender equality: A popular slogan: CSS Essay 2021
Introduction. Gender equality has been a rallying cry for social justice movements around the world. It is a concept that resonates with people across cultures and generations, representing a vision of a fair and equitable society. However, the achievement of gender equality is far from simple. It requires addressing deep-rooted societal norms ...
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The Controversial issues of feminism and the ...
Arooj Nadeem, who scored the highest marks in PMS Punjab essay paper, has attempted the essay " The Controversial issues of feminism and the contemporary women's rights movements " on the given pattern, which Sir Syed Kazim Ali teaches his students. Sir Syed Kazim Ali has been Pakistan's top English writing and CSS, PMS essay and precis ...
Feminism is not really a third world issue
2014 •. Abeer A AL-Sarrani. There is a growing consciousness among Muslim scholars of feminist scholars' tendency to generalize and make unwarranted assumptions regarding the position of women in the Muslim World. Western feminists have not succeeded in their assumed mission to "rescue" Third World women.
Feminism Essay: Outline, Topics, & Examples
Before making a draft, you should outline your paper. A feminism essay outline below is based on a typical 5-paragraph essay format. Introduction: State the issue and research question and explain the relevance of the research. Try to hook your readers by asking a provocative question or presenting impressive statistics. Provide a literature ...
Feminism CSS Essay Outline .docx
Feminism (CSS Essay Outline) · General definition. · Feminism movement. Women in past and present: · Social status/ gender roles/ duties. · Rigid concepts about women (evil or angel). · Treat women as an object or as male's property (they call women by nick names, glorify her beauty not intelligence, and manipulate her by all ways i.e. A Doll's House drama written by…).
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Feminism in the "The Bell Jar" by Sylvia Plath. This piece of writing reveals the concept of gender in general and "the role of female protagonists in a largely patriarchal world" in particular. In Plath's novel, the bell jar is a metaphor used to […] The Fraternal Social Contract on Feminism and Community Formation.
Feminism Is Not Really A Third World Issue
Feminism is Not Really a Third World Issue - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Feminism is Not Really a Third World Issue- AN IMP ESSAY FOR CSS
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The Case Against Contemporary Feminism. By Jia Tolentino. February 8, 2017. We have misinterpreted the old adage that the personal is political, Jessa Crispin writes—inflecting our personal ...
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I. Introduction to Gender Studies. § Introduction to Gender Studies. § Difference between Gender and Women Studies. § Multi-disciplinary nature of Gender Studies. § Autonomy vs. Integration Debate in Gender Studies. § Status of Gender Studies in Pakistan. II. Social Construction of Gender. § Historicizing Constructionism.
PDF Understanding the current challenges for feminist politics
space for feminist responses to this backsliding. We illustrate our framework with empirical observations from three Central and Eastern European countries: Croatia, Hungary and Poland. We aim to contribute to an understanding of the gendered aspects of de-democratization and the functioning of illiberal democracies. RÉSUMÉ
The controversial issues of feminism in contemporary women's ...
'True equality and freedoms for women' is also sometimes considered harmful for the traditional family system. Critics of feminism say that since the movements (or waves) of feminism started gained mainstream popularity in the West (mostly since the 1960s), the institution of marriage and family has severely deteriorated.
Outlines
I have tried to make the outline of the essay: "Feminism is not really a third world issue". By following the the exactly same pattern, plz have a look. TIA. 1.Epilogue a) Emergence of the Feminist approach/ movement. ... No outline is not a mandatory part of CSS essay subject. I know at least three CSP's who have passed essay exam without outline.
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Feminism views women not only as a biological category but as a social category for women, and feminists have therefore shared the view that oppression of women is linked to their sexuality. The reason for this was that the biological differences between men and women were reflected in the social organization, and women were therefore ...
THE Controversial Issues OF Feminism AND THE Contemporary Women
Feminism, over the years, has come out as a movement to end sexist exploitation and oppression to achieve gender equality in law and practice for all genders, particularly women. ... CSS Essay Outline Democracy and Illiteracy Do Not Move Together. Essay 88% (17) 8. English Essay. Essay 100% (1) 35. Bright Start. Essay 100% (1) 7.
Gender Equality in Pakistan and the Rise of Feminism
Gender equality and the rise of feminism in Pakistan is a complicated matter, affected by various cultural, social, and political influences. Although progress has been made over recent years, full equality still requires much work. Feminist movements in Pakistan have played an instrumental role in advocating for gender equality and women's ...
Essay On Feminism in English for Students
500 Words Essay On Feminism. Feminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the rights of women on the grounds of equality of sexes. It does not deny the biological differences between the sexes but demands equality in opportunities. It covers everything from social and political to economic arenas.
CSS Coaching
CSS Coaching. · January 26, 2018 ·. Essay Outline: Feminism is not really a third world issue. Outline. 1. Introduction. Indeed, feminism protects and uplifts the women's rights equal to men's rights in the society. While women issues exist across the globe.
Three Waves of Feminism
1 Three Waves of Feminism. 1.1 First Feminist Wave: Votes for Women. 1.2 Second Feminist Wave: Personal is Politics. 1.3 Third Feminist Wave: Transversal Politics. Three Waves of Feminism. In an exploration of the history of feminism or, rather, feminism: How have they evolved in time and space?
4 Essays of CSS.
4 Essays of CSS. - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This document summarizes the suffering of black women and Muslim women throughout history. For black women, it discusses how early feminism focused on the needs of white women and excluded black women. It led to the development of womanism as a movement centered on black women's unique experiences.
feminism is not really a third world issue
Please check my outline. 1) Introduction: Feminism in not really a third world issue because in fact, it is a global one. 2) Three Waves of Feminism in Europe and the US: 1st wave (19th to early 20th century) 2nd wave (1960s to 1980s) 3rd wave (1990s) 3)Feminism in the third world: A case study of Pakistan-.