write my phd thesis for me

Dissertation writing service

Dissertation done without the stress

Get dissertation help to save time and reduce stress while delivering on every deadline with ease.

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Professional dissertation writers team

At EssayPro, we have an extensive team of proficient experts who offer one-on-one dissertation writing help. Dissertation writers are evaluated based on their previous customer feedback and reviews. You can look at the track record of the writer you're considering before making your selection.

Writing a dissertation can be long and tedious. It takes hours, days, and weeks to complete

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Reasons to select our dissertation assistance service

Years of serving students.

Our experts from USA/Canada are dedicated to student success and will tackle any academic dissertations with ease.

Beat your deadlines

Ace those deadlines and get your college work done in no time.

Custom dissertation

Let us guide you to your academic success with 100% plagiarism-free papers. Get a free plagiarism report.

Give us a shot while facing any kind of massive dissertation on any topic and for any subject.

Leading price per page

Why spend more? Get uni work done cheaper with us with an initial price from $10.8 per page.

Latest feedback on our PhD dissertation writing services

To see what customers think about our dissertation service, check out our reviews. You'll quickly see why we are a reliable and trusted service!

Help with any types of dissertations

Undergraduate dissertation.

Choose from among hundreds of experts, who can assist you in completing your undergraduate dissertation! Prices start at $13 per page, but discounts may apply for long orders or where the completion date is set further away.

Master's dissertation

If you are in the process of completing a Master's degree, we can provide you with an experienced expert to finish your dissertation. We strive to provide a quick turnaround with outstanding results at an affordable price, starting at $14.3 per page.

PhD or doctoral dissertation

Hire from among our most skilled experts, who already have solid experience helping learners to gain excellent results from their institutions. Prices for PhD assistance start at $15.6 per page.

How our dissertation writing service works

1. send us your dissertation requirements.

Insert all the relevant information about your order. You can also upload the necessary materials for its completion. The more detailed your requirements are, the better.

2. Pick the most adept author

Read customer feedback and compare authors in terms of their experience and rating. Decide who is most qualified to deliver the best results.

3. Pay when the paper is ready

You’ll get a notification when the author finishes your custom dissertation writing. At this point, you can download your dissertation and complete the payment.

Frequently asked questions

Will you follow my guidelines, how do you guarantee that your dissertation writing services are completely original, what do i do if i need my dissertation writer to change something, is an upfront payment required for dissertation writing services usa, what guarantees do you provide when using your dissertation services, how does your essay advice service help with dissertation, essay pro: who are we.

EssayPro dissertation writing service is all about making your academic life easier. We offer high-quality work at prices that fit a student's budget. Our team is filled with experienced writers who know their way around various subjects, ensuring your dissertation is unique and just what you need. We're here to support you in hitting those academic milestones.

We're always here, day or night, to answer your questions or help you out, thanks to our 24/7 customer support. Your privacy and safety are a big deal to us, so we keep all your details under wraps. With EssayPro, you can relax a bit, knowing we've got your dissertation covered.

Discover our EssayPro custom dissertation writing service

At EssayPro, we pride ourselves on being more than just an essay writing service . We offer custom dissertation writing services that set the benchmark for quality and originality. Our team of experienced writers crafts every dissertation from the ground up, ensuring 100% originality and confidentiality.

While other Ph.D. dissertation writing services might hire just anyone to churn out generic content, we handpick our experts to guarantee top-notch quality. We know the industry is plagued with competitors who give dissertation help services
a bad name, but at EssayPro, we strive for nothing less than excellence. Our reputation is our most valuable asset, and we work tirelessly to uphold it.

We've struck the perfect balance between quality and affordability. With EssayPro, you'll be amazed at the superior quality you can obtain on a budget. We recognize the importance of your time, and we are confident that our dedication to client satisfaction will spread the word about the unrivaled quality we provide.

Choose EssayPro for comprehensive, personalized support for all your writing needs, from essays to custom dissertations. Experience the difference that dedication to quality and professionalism can make.

What advantages will I receive if I hire your service to write my dissertation?

By outsourcing your work to EssayPro's dissertation service, you get:

Your time back – Having free time is essential for individual growth.

By delegating tasks and getting help with dissertation to us, you open your schedule up for the opportunity to experience more in life.

More freedom to do what you love – Without homework hanging over your head, you are free to devote your time to your hobbies, giving you more energy to enjoy your day.

Time for priorities – With your newfound free time, getting tedious assignments out of the way via our dissertation service, you can use that freedom to grow and develop your marketable skills by investing time in things that interest you.

A high-quality guarantee – Delegating your "write my dissertation for me" task to us means you’re placing it in good hands. We provide cheap dissertation writing services while maintaining quality to satisfy our clients and grow our reputation in the market.

Best dissertation writing service online

Choosing the best team, whether it's for essay help or dissertation service, can be a daunting task, given the myriad options and varying quality standards. Here's how EssayPro stands out as your best choice:

Quality assurance: When you buy dissertation at EssayPro, you are assured of the highest results crafted to meet your specific needs.

Easy registration: Creating an account takes only a few moments, streamlining your path to expert dissertation help online.

Expert selection: You can select your writer based on ranking and skill, ensuring the perfect match for your project. Our dissertation writing service offers a diverse list of expert writers to fit your needs.

Clear communication: Send detailed instructions and keep your writer updated with any changes. You can monitor the writing process from your account page, staying in control every step of the way.

Unlimited revisions: Enjoy limitless revisions at no additional cost. Engage in direct communication with your writer and request drafts as often as you wish.

At EssayPro, your interests are our priority. We strive to make the dissertation writing process as personalized and transparent as possible, providing a tailored solution that aligns with your unique requirements.

What is included in a Ph.D dissertation?

Maximize the impact of your custom dissertation paper - let our phd dissertation writing service handle the Key components:

Abstract: we summarize your paper with a comprehensive abstract that demonstrates the validity of your work.

Research proposal: outline of sources, timeline, and methodology.

Literature review: it is a crucial aspect of your dissertation, which is why it's wise to seek help writing dissertation from professionals like us. With our assistance, you can save time and be confident in the quality of the content.

Methodology: presenting results with precision and clarity - we ensure the methodology chapter is organized and detailed.

Introduction: it's where you captivate your reader with a compelling introduction - it should make a strong first impression.

Discussion: where you emphasize the significance of the research - you show the relevance of your findings in this crucial chapter.

Ease of hiring a dissertation writer

Standard structure compliance – The writers working for us strictly comply with the standard requirements, as well as the structure and quality of your dissertation.

Diligence – Writers do diligent research and maintain the consistency of the overall paper as well as each section.

Attention to detail – The concepts conveyed in your dissertation will be logical and evidence-based. Every online dissertation writer pays much attention to the slightest details.

Stay on top of the task – When using our online dissertation writing services, you get an account through which you can track every single step of the writing process. Transparency guaranteed at every stage. Say goodbye to uncertainty and hello to high-quality dissertation writing help.

Professional dissertation writing services at your convinience

EssayPro’s thesis writing service offer the best PhD dissertation help, assisting you in reaching high standards in your explanation as to how and why your dissertation is Ph.D-worthy.

Formatting: Proper formatting is essential when it comes to high-quality pieces. Knowing how to cite your sources and how to structure your paper correctly are the necessary criteria for having your dissertation accepted. Contact our dissertation writers to help you with this. Full or Partial Dissertation Paper.

Review: If you already have a dissertation paper written, you’re always better off having it reviewed professionally. We can assist you with fact-checking, structure, and helping you achieve maximum quality writing. You always have the option of asking us for assistance at any stage of writing.

Help from professional dissertation writers with Ph.D.s

At EssayPro, our writing team consists of highly skilled and knowledgeable Ph.D. graduates who are dedicated to delivering top academic services for students.

• 24/7 availability of over 100 writers We have a large pool of writers, ensuring that there's always someone available to take on your "write my dissertation for me" project. Find an expert that matches your specific needs and requirements.
• Expert dissertation help from Ph.D. holders Dissertations require a high level of expertise and attention to detail. That's why we've assembled a team of Ph.D. graduates with the necessary skills and experience to provide cheap dissertation writing services without compromising quality.
• Close collaboration with writers Our writers will work closely with you to ensure that your dissertation writing experience is as seamless as possible. Simply reach out to our support team to request writing assistance.
• Access to scientific resources and analytical tools Our writers have access to various scientific databases and analytical tools, such as SPSS or Stata, allowing them to handle any type of research-related task with ease.

What makes our dissertation service different?

• Round-the-clock support At EssayPro, you have the assurance of being constantly connected with your assigned writer. This is because we understand that last-minute changes and new requirements may arise and require immediate attention. You can rest easy knowing that your writer is always accessible.
• Confidentiality guaranteed Clients trust our dissertation writing services and choose to return because they know that the information shared between us will be kept confidential. We never share any information with third parties, and all client information is stored securely. Your collaboration with us will always remain private.
• Ensuring originality Many "do my dissertation" services use generic templates, resell pre-written essays, or even do both. At EssayPro, we go above and beyond that by providing custom-written content that is original and free of duplicated material. Our writers start from scratch, avoiding the use of any templates or pre-made work. Additionally, we run every written paper through various plagiarism detection tools to ensure that our work meets high standards of originality.
• Committed to punctuality Meeting deadlines is a top priority at EssayPro. Our goal is to provide you with online dissertation help as quickly as possible while ensuring that it arrives before the required date. You can count on us to write a dissertation for you promptly and efficiently, allowing you to focus on other priorities.

Write My Thesis for Me - Get Quality Help

Our team of dedicated writers is ready to complete a thesis paper on any topic. We meet all requirements and guarantee

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Choose your thesis writer

PapersOwl expert writers are online and available for hire. Read through their profiles, and sample assignments to find your perfect match.

Completed orders: 5000

Impact of Information Technology on Business Performance

• Paper Type: Essay (Any Type)
• Subject: Business

Completed orders: 720

Cushing′s Syndrome

• Subject: Psychology

Completed orders: 807

The Effects of Weed Treatment on Grass Production

• Subject: Environmental Issues

100% Happiness Guarantee

PapersOwl’s priority is your happiness. Our writers always follow instructions, deliver original papers, and never miss deadlines. Our support agents are always there for you: to revise papers, change writers, and even refund your money.

Order 1 page to test our writing service. Proceed to buying the full paper AFTER 1 page testing

Submit your instructions and choose a writer. Make a deposit and start tracking your order in progress. Release the money if satisfied. Order a full version. ✅

HUMAN WRITING AT ITS BEST

We follow instructions.

We check your requirements and have direct communication with writers.

We choose professionals

We only match you with writers who specialize in your subject and topic.

We meet deadlines

We make sure you’ll get all your orders on time and ready for submission.

We guarantee uniqueness

We use plagiarism checkers and verify all our essays are plagiarism-free.

Prices start at $13.5 for writing . The final price depends on the number of pages and the deadline.

HOW TO PLACE AN ORDER FROM YOUR PHONE

1. Submit instructions

Fill out an order form and include as much detail as possible.

2. Choose writer

Pick a writer or leave it to our AI matching system, then add funds.

3. Track order

Check the status of your order or chat with your writer at any time.

4. Check paper

Revise your paper and release funds to the writer when you’re satisfied.

Our Thesis Writing Service Activity

Thesis paper faq, can i trust the staff on your platform, will you write thesis for me and deliver it on time, can i write my thesis paper in 2 weeks, will my thesis writer be knowledgeable in my topic, can professionals write my thesis for me.

Some students find that producing high-quality academic work is more complex than expected. However, this doesn't have to be an issue. If you've been looking for a solution, look no further. You can hire one of our professional writers to give you all tips and show you how to write a thesis paper. 

Why should you hire someone? Putting together a thesis of high complexity can take a tremendous amount of time. Lots of students simply don't have the time. They can't spend every hour on academic writing - they need social lives and should be making the first steps in their working lives.

Our service gives you 24/7 support and access to top experts. Pay for your research papers and we promise timely delivery of your paper. You can't go wrong with PapersOwl.

PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IN PUTTING MY THESIS TOGETHER

While you can always get a professional thesis writing service to do the job for you, knowing how to do it without thesis helpers online is crucial. Your thesis paper must have an engaging intro. So that your work is convincing, you should have a compelling thesis statement. Creating one isn't always easy, especially with little writing experience. 

What trips many students up with their writing is that they should come up with all formats and requirements for the thesis paper. We're here to assist you if you're unsure how to produce a great thesis for your academic success. Contact PapersOwl and ask about getting any type of research paper text. We'll be in touch as soon as possible and will give you all the necessary help with thesis writing.

If you're feeling overwhelmed with the task of writing your thesis, don't worry - you're not alone. Many students struggle with this complex assignment, and it's perfectly understandable. However, the good news is that you don't have to face it alone. At PapersOwl, we specialize in helping students just like you write their theses with ease. So if you're thinking "who can write my thesis for me?", look no further. Our team of expert writers is here to provide you with top-quality academic writing assistance and ensure your success. Just contact us today and say "write my thesis", and we'll take care of the rest.

"Can Someone Write My Thesis for Me?” – Yes! Of course! 

We are not new in the field, and we've faced multiple questions like who can write my thesis for me. But what's important is to know that students looking to buy thesis papers should only choose the best services. If you pick a poor one, your marks and chances of succeeding will decrease. So, for example, if I were to look for someone to write my master's thesis for me, I wouldn't just contact the first service I come across. Instead, it would be good if you researched to find the best service. 

PapersOwl Writing Service Main Advantages

Finding the right service can take some time. However, there is one option that's guaranteed to give you excellent value for money - PapersOwl.com. We put together our company to give students the best thesis assistance online. 

Thanks to our team's hard work and professionalism, our professional thesis writing services are top-rated. As a result, we can produce academic work of a very high standard and quickly provide PhD thesis help. In addition, we provide our clients with numerous benefits.

Plagiarism-Free

Our team members know that academic work has to be 100% unique. They ensure their work is completely original when crafting any kind of paper. If someone asks us – can you write my PhD thesis for me, we reply that we can and that there will be no plagiarism in the said online thesis writing. Whenever we produce academic papers, we work hard to meet the client's needs and demands. Before sending it to the client, we put the work through anti-plagiarism software to check if it's unique.

Rely On Our Support

We're glad to offer round-the-clock support. You'll find helpers available online every hour of the day. This convenient service reduces stress for everyone. Another great feature we offer is staying connected with your hired specialist. That allows you to keep track of your thesis paper writing progress whenever you want. Plus, you can inform your writer of additional guidelines and requirements anytime.

High Quality At A Fair Cost

If a student's thinking, 'I need help with writing my thesis,' they can't just choose the most expensive option. Many students who want to pay for thesis writing can't afford the top prices. They don't have much money, and helping isn't going to cost an arm and a leg. If you need guidance, you should find PapersOwl, an affordable and fairly priced service. If a student asks us for aid with their paper, we can assist them, whatever their budget is.

HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?

The specifics of your task determine the cost of the writing services at PapersOwl. When it comes to writing a thesis paper, we understand the importance and gravity of such a project, and we can handle it with the care it deserves. But you must know that the text lengths, the field of the topic, and many factors relate to the cost. Yet rest assured as we offer competitive and befitting every student expenditure.

That's why if you are looking for help, you've come to the right place. Our experienced online essay writers can take on any thesis paper writing challenge, no matter the difficulty. If you ask, "Will you write master's thesis for me?" the answer is yes! We've got you covered! Using our service to connect to skilled authors will allow you to relax, knowing that someone write my thesis paper and will produce outstanding results.

The final paper you submit must be of high quality. If you want a master's thesis help online, choose PapersOwl. We can guide you to write your thesis online. Every team member has a top degree and can produce brilliant academic work. So ask us, 'Will you write a thesis for me?' and we will. But we'll do more than that: for a low price, we'll produce an excellent paper that's completely original.

WRITERS WHO CAN WRITE PhD THESIS FOR ME

The benefits we've just described allow our services to stand out. Only experienced thesis writers like ours can guarantee your work's success. We only hire people who have top academic degrees. They've been through the process and have proven that they can even help me write thesis online, producing original, high-quality work on time.

When you choose PapersOwl to write my thesis, you can be confident that you're getting the best possible service. Our team of experienced writers are all highly educated, with advanced degrees in their fields. They have been through the process of writing a thesis themselves, and they know exactly what it takes to produce a successful paper. So when you say "write my thesis", you can trust that we will deliver original, high-quality work that meets all of your requirements and is delivered on time. With our help, you can achieve academic success by hiring writers at PapersOwl and taking your career to the next level. So don't hesitate - contact us today and ask us to help you write my thesis!

HOW TO PUT AN ORDER TO WRITE MY THESIS PAPER

If you're thinking, 'I'll use PapersOwl to write my bachelor thesis paper,' great! We are thrilled to begin working with you. Here are a few simple steps for you to take to get started: 

• Visit PapersOwl.com.
• Click the orange ORDER NOW button in the top right-hand corner of the screen.
• Fill out the required information and attach any necessary files.
• Click the CHOOSE WRITER button to proceed. Alternatively, agree to pay more, and – we'll pick one for you.
• Then, select one of the available writers. The list of options depends on the service level you choose: All Levels, Gold, or Platinum.
• When you've chosen and the thesis writer assigned, you'll be able to contact them to start the writing process. 

If you have issues with our essay writing service , don't hesitate to get in touch. We're always glad to answer any queries and address any problems you might have. 

Students ask us, 'Can you make my thesis for money?' and the answer is a big yes! Get a paper written for you by our professional writers. Our service is reliable, convenient, and affordable. We produce a high-quality thesis on time and for reasonable prices. Choose PapersOwl, and you no longer have to worry about your work.

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How we will write a dissertation for you

Create an order.

Choose what type of work you want us to write, specify the number of pages or words, expected delivery date, etc.

Provide details

Describe your dissertation in details and attach any additional materials or documents if needed.

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Solving Your "Write My Dissertation" Problem

Be honest. How many times have you wanted to say write my dissertation over the duration of your course? It’s always there, even before it’s officially assigned. At both graduate and undergraduate level, the dreaded dissertation hangs over you. The thought of the huge chunk of work you will have to do to complete it hanging over your head. 

The thought of the consequences of getting it wrong. It’s there constantly like a voice in your head.

A voice in your head that constantly tells you you’re not good enough. You can’t do it. The voice tells you you’ll never get into university and do your master’s degree or doctoral qualification. It asks you if high school was all a waste of time, Of course those things aren’t true, and we hope on some rational level you know that. But there’s nothing rational about dissertation writing. That’s why you end up typing pay someone to write my dissertation into a search engine right?

You know what? That voice is lying. You can do this. But just because you can do something doesn’t necessarily mean you should. Wouldn’t you like to remove that giant ball of pressure from the pit of your stomach? That cloud of gloom that follows you everywhere? Wouldn’t you like to silence that voice once and for all?

Well, now you can. Simply say to Academized: "write my dissertation for me." And once your order is placed, all of that pressure, negativity and self-doubt will be gone.

You no longer need to question if you are indeed an expert in your subject. You no longer need to worry if you will gain your qualification at the end of this. Simply put – you’re in the reliable hands of top rated writers now. All of your worries are a thing of the past.

Write My Dissertation by Experienced Writers

That was a good decision! A legit, genuinely brilliant decision in fact! You no longer need to sit up at night trying to research your thesis, but instead frantically Googling "write my dissertation online." Score. Once you’ve placed your order, you can even have a glass or two of your favourite tipple to celebrate!

You are now safe in the hands of our recommended company. You, like many students before you have just chosen to hire the most inexpensive website, Acadmized.com, to make your future bright.

You will be assigned a dissertation writer who will be qualified to university level, meaning they have previously written their own dissertation (plus our test ones and many others for our customers). Your writer is experienced, and they know exactly what your professors are looking for in a dissertation.

All of your in text citations will be done correctly, your bibliography and abstract will be included, and of course your main essay. Your thesis will be generated and proved, each point expanded on fully and backed up by experts. Your conclusion will scream out that you were right. The persuasive, engaging tone will leave no doubt in the mind of your readers that you know exactly what you are talking about. You will appear to be an authority on your subject – all without any stress or pressure!

Can You Write My Dissertation Cheap?

In short, no. Anyone who promises to write your dissertation cheap isn’t producing the quality of work that you will need to ace this.

What we can promise is good value for money. We offer high quality work at low prices. As low a price as we can while still being able to afford the kind of writer necessary for this kind of task. Qualified writers don’t come cheap, it’s that simple.

We do go out of our way to make our service as affordable as we can. We offer discounts for new customers. We offer multi level discounts for returning customers – the more you order, the higher discount potential becomes. We also offer seasonal discounts, so always check for a promotional code before placing your order.

Another good way to keep your price down is to give us plenty of notice of the work you need completing. We can and do work to strict deadlines for urgent papers, but if you can give us longer, do. The longer we have, the lower your price will be.

We know how stressful dissertation writing is, and if you do decide to go it alone, we wish you the best of luck. We want to see the next generation of professionals succeed and we genuinely hope you are one of them. If you decide to use our service, well of course, you won’t need us to wish you luck, so instead, we would like to be the first to offer you congratulations on your success!

What our customers say

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As a non-native English speaker, I often struggle with academic writing. I turned to Academized for help with my thesis proposal, and I couldn't be happier. The writer not only crafted an excellent proposal but also improved my original ideas. Their attention to detail and adherence to academic standards was impressive. Definitely a 5-star service!

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Because of some family issues, I had no time to write my Anthropology essay. The instructions from the professor were to read 5 textbook chapters, watch 2 videos, and read 2 scientific articles. I simply did not have enough time. That is why I have decided to give it a try and order an essay online. My choice has fallen on Academized. I asked to find an Anthropology expert for my essay as I was scared that other writers would take it and provide a mediocre paper. And it happened so that the essay turned out amazing! The writer actually read all the materials and watched all the videos before writing. I am so happy with the results, as I got the grade I wanted.

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This was my third time ordering a case study from this service. The writer was super easy to work with, and she did extensive research. The turnaround time was fast, and my case study had no grammatical mistakes. I highly recommend it if you need a paper urgently but you’re busy with other assignments or extra-curricular activities. The customer service is also friendly and understanding. Overall, I had a positive experience using this genuine service with experienced writers.

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The customer support is top-notch, and I've encountered zero problems since I began using their services. Every paper I've entrusted to them has been delivered promptly, often even ahead of schedule. Thanks to their service, I've been able to alleviate stress and dedicate more time to the rest of my coursework. Their pricing is reasonable and well worth it. I'd highly recommend them to anyone who could make good use of the services they provide.

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It was a long-term project that involved multiple revisions and reworks but I am so so happy with the end result.

Format of your dissertation

We can also format your dissertation according to your specific requirements.

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Tips for writing a PhD dissertation: FAQs answered

From how to choose a topic to writing the abstract and managing work-life balance through the years it takes to complete a doctorate, here we collect expert advice to get you through the PhD writing process

Campus team

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Embarking on a PhD is “probably the most challenging task that a young scholar attempts to do”, write Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith in their practical guide to dissertation and thesis writing. After years of reading and research to answer a specific question or proposition, the candidate will submit about 80,000 words that explain their methods and results and demonstrate their unique contribution to knowledge. Here are the answers to frequently asked questions about writing a doctoral thesis or dissertation.

What’s the difference between a dissertation and a thesis?

Whatever the genre of the doctorate, a PhD must offer an original contribution to knowledge. The terms “dissertation” and “thesis” both refer to the long-form piece of work produced at the end of a research project and are often used interchangeably. Which one is used might depend on the country, discipline or university. In the UK, “thesis” is generally used for the work done for a PhD, while a “dissertation” is written for a master’s degree. The US did the same until the 1960s, says Oxbridge Essays, when the convention switched, and references appeared to a “master’s thesis” and “doctoral dissertation”. To complicate matters further, undergraduate long essays are also sometimes referred to as a thesis or dissertation.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines “thesis” as “a dissertation, especially by a candidate for a degree” and “dissertation” as “a detailed discourse on a subject, especially one submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of a degree or diploma”.

• Ten platinum rules for PhD supervisors
• Fostering freedom in PhD students: how supervisors can shape accessible paths for doctoral research
• Lessons from students on effective research supervision

The title “doctor of philosophy”, incidentally, comes from the degree’s origins, write Dr Felix, an associate professor at Mahidol University in Thailand, and Dr Smith, retired associate professor of education at the University of Sydney , whose co-authored guide focuses on the social sciences. The PhD was first awarded in the 19th century by the philosophy departments of German universities, which at that time taught science, social science and liberal arts.

How long should a PhD thesis be?

A PhD thesis (or dissertation) is typically 60,000 to 120,000 words ( 100 to 300 pages in length ) organised into chapters, divisions and subdivisions (with roughly 10,000 words per chapter) – from introduction (with clear aims and objectives) to conclusion.

The structure of a dissertation will vary depending on discipline (humanities, social sciences and STEM all have their own conventions), location and institution. Examples and guides to structure proliferate online. The University of Salford , for example, lists: title page, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, lists of figures, tables and abbreviations (where needed), chapters, appendices and references.

A scientific-style thesis will likely need: introduction, literature review, materials and methods, results, discussion, bibliography and references.

As well as checking the overall criteria and expectations of your institution for your research, consult your school handbook for the required length and format (font, layout conventions and so on) for your dissertation.

A PhD takes three to four years to complete; this might extend to six to eight years for a part-time doctorate.

What are the steps for completing a PhD?

Before you get started in earnest , you’ll likely have found a potential supervisor, who will guide your PhD journey, and done a research proposal (which outlines what you plan to research and how) as part of your application, as well as a literature review of existing scholarship in the field, which may form part of your final submission.

In the UK, PhD candidates undertake original research and write the results in a thesis or dissertation, says author and vlogger Simon Clark , who posted videos to YouTube throughout his own PhD journey . Then they submit the thesis in hard copy and attend the viva voce (which is Latin for “living voice” and is also called an oral defence or doctoral defence) to convince the examiners that their work is original, understood and all their own. Afterwards, if necessary, they make changes and resubmit. If the changes are approved, the degree is awarded.

The steps are similar in Australia , although candidates are mostly assessed on their thesis only; some universities may include taught courses, and some use a viva voce. A PhD in Australia usually takes three years full time.

In the US, the PhD process begins with taught classes (similar to a taught master’s) and a comprehensive exam (called a “field exam” or “dissertation qualifying exam”) before the candidate embarks on their original research. The whole journey takes four to six years.

A PhD candidate will need three skills and attitudes to get through their doctoral studies, says Tara Brabazon , professor of cultural studies at Flinders University in Australia who has written extensively about the PhD journey :

• master the academic foundational skills (research, writing, ability to navigate different modalities)
• time-management skills and the ability to focus on reading and writing
• determined motivation to do a PhD.

How do I choose the topic for my PhD dissertation or thesis?

It’s important to find a topic that will sustain your interest for the years it will take to complete a PhD. “Finding a sustainable topic is the most important thing you [as a PhD student] would do,” says Dr Brabazon in a video for Times Higher Education . “Write down on a big piece of paper all the topics, all the ideas, all the questions that really interest you, and start to cross out all the ones that might just be a passing interest.” Also, she says, impose the “Who cares? Who gives a damn?” question to decide if the topic will be useful in a future academic career.

The availability of funding and scholarships is also often an important factor in this decision, says veteran PhD supervisor Richard Godwin, from Harper Adams University .

Define a gap in knowledge – and one that can be questioned, explored, researched and written about in the time available to you, says Gina Wisker, head of the Centre for Learning and Teaching at the University of Brighton. “Set some boundaries,” she advises. “Don’t try to ask everything related to your topic in every way.”

James Hartley, research professor in psychology at Keele University, says it can also be useful to think about topics that spark general interest. If you do pick something that taps into the zeitgeist, your findings are more likely to be noticed.

You also need to find someone else who is interested in it, too. For STEM candidates , this will probably be a case of joining a team of people working in a similar area where, ideally, scholarship funding is available. A centre for doctoral training (CDT) or doctoral training partnership (DTP) will advertise research projects. For those in the liberal arts and social sciences, it will be a matter of identifying a suitable supervisor .

Avoid topics that are too broad (hunger across a whole country, for example) or too narrow (hunger in a single street) to yield useful solutions of academic significance, write Mark Stephan Felix and Ian Smith. And ensure that you’re not repeating previous research or trying to solve a problem that has already been answered. A PhD thesis must be original.

What is a thesis proposal?

After you have read widely to refine your topic and ensure that it and your research methods are original, and discussed your project with a (potential) supervisor, you’re ready to write a thesis proposal , a document of 1,500 to 3,000 words that sets out the proposed direction of your research. In the UK, a research proposal is usually part of the application process for admission to a research degree. As with the final dissertation itself, format varies among disciplines, institutions and countries but will usually contain title page, aims, literature review, methodology, timetable and bibliography. Examples of research proposals are available online.

How to write an abstract for a dissertation or thesis

The abstract presents your thesis to the wider world – and as such may be its most important element , says the NUI Galway writing guide. It outlines the why, how, what and so what of the thesis . Unlike the introduction, which provides background but not research findings, the abstract summarises all sections of the dissertation in a concise, thorough, focused way and demonstrates how well the writer understands their material. Check word-length limits with your university – and stick to them. About 300 to 500 words is a rough guide ­– but it can be up to 1,000 words.

The abstract is also important for selection and indexing of your thesis, according to the University of Melbourne guide , so be sure to include searchable keywords.

It is the first thing to be read but the last element you should write. However, Pat Thomson , professor of education at the University of Nottingham , advises that it is not something to be tackled at the last minute.

How to write a stellar conclusion

As well as chapter conclusions, a thesis often has an overall conclusion to draw together the key points covered and to reflect on the unique contribution to knowledge. It can comment on future implications of the research and open up new ideas emanating from the work. It is shorter and more general than the discussion chapter , says online editing site Scribbr, and reiterates how the work answers the main question posed at the beginning of the thesis. The conclusion chapter also often discusses the limitations of the research (time, scope, word limit, access) in a constructive manner.

It can be useful to keep a collection of ideas as you go – in the online forum DoctoralWriting SIG , academic developer Claire Aitchison, of the University of South Australia , suggests using a “conclusions bank” for themes and inspirations, and using free-writing to keep this final section fresh. (Just when you feel you’ve run out of steam.) Avoid aggrandising or exaggerating the impact of your work. It should remind the reader what has been done, and why it matters.

How to format a bibliography (or where to find a reliable model)

Most universities use a preferred style of references , writes THE associate editor Ingrid Curl. Make sure you know what this is and follow it. “One of the most common errors in academic writing is to cite papers in the text that do not then appear in the bibliography. All references in your thesis need to be cross-checked with the bibliography before submission. Using a database during your research can save a great deal of time in the writing-up process.”

A bibliography contains not only works cited explicitly but also those that have informed or contributed to the research – and as such illustrates its scope; works are not limited to written publications but include sources such as film or visual art.

Examiners can start marking from the back of the script, writes Dr Brabazon. “Just as cooks are judged by their ingredients and implements, we judge doctoral students by the calibre of their sources,” she advises. She also says that candidates should be prepared to speak in an oral examination of the PhD about any texts included in their bibliography, especially if there is a disconnect between the thesis and the texts listed.

Can I use informal language in my PhD?

Don’t write like a stereotypical academic , say Kevin Haggerty, professor of sociology at the University of Alberta , and Aaron Doyle, associate professor in sociology at Carleton University , in their tongue-in-cheek guide to the PhD journey. “If you cannot write clearly and persuasively, everything about PhD study becomes harder.” Avoid jargon, exotic words, passive voice and long, convoluted sentences – and work on it consistently. “Writing is like playing guitar; it can improve only through consistent, concerted effort.”

Be deliberate and take care with your writing . “Write your first draft, leave it and then come back to it with a critical eye. Look objectively at the writing and read it closely for style and sense,” advises THE ’s Ms Curl. “Look out for common errors such as dangling modifiers, subject-verb disagreement and inconsistency. If you are too involved with the text to be able to take a step back and do this, then ask a friend or colleague to read it with a critical eye. Remember Hemingway’s advice: ‘Prose is architecture, not interior decoration.’ Clarity is key.”

How often should a PhD candidate meet with their supervisor?

Since the PhD supervisor provides a range of support and advice – including on research techniques, planning and submission – regular formal supervisions are essential, as is establishing a line of contact such as email if the candidate needs help or advice outside arranged times. The frequency varies according to university, discipline and individual scholars.

Once a week is ideal, says Dr Brabazon. She also advocates a two-hour initial meeting to establish the foundations of the candidate-supervisor relationship .

The University of Edinburgh guide to writing a thesis suggests that creating a timetable of supervisor meetings right at the beginning of the research process will allow candidates to ensure that their work stays on track throughout. The meetings are also the place to get regular feedback on draft chapters.

“A clear structure and a solid framework are vital for research,” writes Dr Godwin on THE Campus . Use your supervisor to establish this and provide a realistic view of what can be achieved. “It is vital to help students identify the true scientific merit, the practical significance of their work and its value to society.”

How to proofread your dissertation (what to look for)

Proofreading is the final step before printing and submission. Give yourself time to ensure that your work is the best it can be . Don’t leave proofreading to the last minute; ideally, break it up into a few close-reading sessions. Find a quiet place without distractions. A checklist can help ensure that all aspects are covered.

Proofing is often helped by a change of format – so it can be easier to read a printout rather than working off the screen – or by reading sections out of order. Fresh eyes are better at spotting typographical errors and inconsistencies, so leave time between writing and proofreading. Check with your university’s policies before asking another person to proofread your thesis for you.

As well as close details such as spelling and grammar, check that all sections are complete, all required elements are included , and nothing is repeated or redundant. Don’t forget to check headings and subheadings. Does the text flow from one section to another? Is the structure clear? Is the work a coherent whole with a clear line throughout?

Ensure consistency in, for example, UK v US spellings, capitalisation, format, numbers (digits or words, commas, units of measurement), contractions, italics and hyphenation. Spellchecks and online plagiarism checkers are also your friend.

How do you manage your time to complete a PhD dissertation?

Treat your PhD like a full-time job, that is, with an eight-hour working day. Within that, you’ll need to plan your time in a way that gives a sense of progress . Setbacks and periods where it feels as if you are treading water are all but inevitable, so keeping track of small wins is important, writes A Happy PhD blogger Luis P. Prieto.

Be specific with your goals – use the SMART acronym (specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timely).

And it’s never too soon to start writing – even if early drafts are overwritten and discarded.

“ Write little and write often . Many of us make the mistake of taking to writing as one would take to a sprint, in other words, with relatively short bursts of intense activity. Whilst this can prove productive, generally speaking it is not sustainable…In addition to sustaining your activity, writing little bits on a frequent basis ensures that you progress with your thinking. The comfort of remaining in abstract thought is common; writing forces us to concretise our thinking,” says Christian Gilliam, AHSS researcher developer at the University of Cambridge ’s Centre for Teaching and Learning.

Make time to write. “If you are more alert early in the day, find times that suit you in the morning; if you are a ‘night person’, block out some writing sessions in the evenings,” advises NUI Galway’s Dermot Burns, a lecturer in English and creative arts. Set targets, keep daily notes of experiment details that you will need in your thesis, don’t confuse writing with editing or revising – and always back up your work.

What work-life balance tips should I follow to complete my dissertation?

During your PhD programme, you may have opportunities to take part in professional development activities, such as teaching, attending academic conferences and publishing your work. Your research may include residencies, field trips or archive visits. This will require time-management skills as well as prioritising where you devote your energy and factoring in rest and relaxation. Organise your routine to suit your needs , and plan for steady and regular progress.

How to deal with setbacks while writing a thesis or dissertation

Have a contingency plan for delays or roadblocks such as unexpected results.

Accept that writing is messy, first drafts are imperfect, and writer’s block is inevitable, says Dr Burns. His tips for breaking it include relaxation to free your mind from clutter, writing a plan and drawing a mind map of key points for clarity. He also advises feedback, reflection and revision: “Progressing from a rough version of your thoughts to a superior and workable text takes time, effort, different perspectives and some expertise.”

“Academia can be a relentlessly brutal merry-go-round of rejection, rebuttal and failure,” writes Lorraine Hope , professor of applied cognitive psychology at the University of Portsmouth, on THE Campus. Resilience is important. Ensure that you and your supervisor have a relationship that supports open, frank, judgement-free communication.

If you would like advice and insight from academics and university staff delivered direct to your inbox each week, sign up for the Campus newsletter .

Authoring a PhD Thesis: How to Plan, Draft, Write and Finish a Doctoral Dissertation (2003), by Patrick Dunleavy

Writing Your Dissertation in Fifteen Minutes a Day: A Guide to Starting, Revising, and Finishing Your Doctoral Thesis (1998), by Joan Balker

Challenges in Writing Your Dissertation: Coping with the Emotional, Interpersonal, and Spiritual Struggles (2015), by Noelle Sterne

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How To Write A Dissertation Or Thesis

8 straightforward steps to craft an a-grade dissertation.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020

Writing a dissertation or thesis is not a simple task. It takes time, energy and a lot of will power to get you across the finish line. It’s not easy – but it doesn’t necessarily need to be a painful process. If you understand the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis, your research journey will be a lot smoother.  

In this post, I’m going to outline the big-picture process of how to write a high-quality dissertation or thesis, without losing your mind along the way. If you’re just starting your research, this post is perfect for you. Alternatively, if you’ve already submitted your proposal, this article which covers how to structure a dissertation might be more helpful.

How To Write A Dissertation: 8 Steps

• Clearly understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is
• Find a unique and valuable research topic
• Craft a convincing research proposal
• Write up a strong introduction chapter
• Review the existing literature and compile a literature review
• Design a rigorous research strategy and undertake your own research
• Present the findings of your research
• Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Step 1: Understand exactly what a dissertation is

This probably sounds like a no-brainer, but all too often, students come to us for help with their research and the underlying issue is that they don’t fully understand what a dissertation (or thesis) actually is.

So, what is a dissertation?

At its simplest, a dissertation or thesis is a formal piece of research , reflecting the standard research process . But what is the standard research process, you ask? The research process involves 4 key steps:

• Ask a very specific, well-articulated question (s) (your research topic)
• See what other researchers have said about it (if they’ve already answered it)
• If they haven’t answered it adequately, undertake your own data collection and analysis in a scientifically rigorous fashion
• Answer your original question(s), based on your analysis findings

In short, the research process is simply about asking and answering questions in a systematic fashion . This probably sounds pretty obvious, but people often think they’ve done “research”, when in fact what they have done is:

• Started with a vague, poorly articulated question
• Not taken the time to see what research has already been done regarding the question
• Collected data and opinions that support their gut and undertaken a flimsy analysis
• Drawn a shaky conclusion, based on that analysis

If you want to see the perfect example of this in action, look out for the next Facebook post where someone claims they’ve done “research”… All too often, people consider reading a few blog posts to constitute research. Its no surprise then that what they end up with is an opinion piece, not research. Okay, okay – I’ll climb off my soapbox now.

The key takeaway here is that a dissertation (or thesis) is a formal piece of research, reflecting the research process. It’s not an opinion piece , nor a place to push your agenda or try to convince someone of your position. Writing a good dissertation involves asking a question and taking a systematic, rigorous approach to answering it.

If you understand this and are comfortable leaving your opinions or preconceived ideas at the door, you’re already off to a good start!

Step 2: Find a unique, valuable research topic

As we saw, the first step of the research process is to ask a specific, well-articulated question. In other words, you need to find a research topic that asks a specific question or set of questions (these are called research questions ). Sounds easy enough, right? All you’ve got to do is identify a question or two and you’ve got a winning research topic. Well, not quite…

A good dissertation or thesis topic has a few important attributes. Specifically, a solid research topic should be:

Let’s take a closer look at these:

Attribute #1: Clear

Your research topic needs to be crystal clear about what you’re planning to research, what you want to know, and within what context. There shouldn’t be any ambiguity or vagueness about what you’ll research.

Here’s an example of a clearly articulated research topic:

An analysis of consumer-based factors influencing organisational trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms.

As you can see in the example, its crystal clear what will be analysed (factors impacting organisational trust), amongst who (consumers) and in what context (British low-cost equity brokerage firms, based online).

Need a helping hand?

Attribute #2:   Unique

Your research should be asking a question(s) that hasn’t been asked before, or that hasn’t been asked in a specific context (for example, in a specific country or industry).

For example, sticking organisational trust topic above, it’s quite likely that organisational trust factors in the UK have been investigated before, but the context (online low-cost equity brokerages) could make this research unique. Therefore, the context makes this research original.

One caveat when using context as the basis for originality – you need to have a good reason to suspect that your findings in this context might be different from the existing research – otherwise, there’s no reason to warrant researching it.

Attribute #3: Important

Simply asking a unique or original question is not enough – the question needs to create value. In other words, successfully answering your research questions should provide some value to the field of research or the industry. You can’t research something just to satisfy your curiosity. It needs to make some form of contribution either to research or industry.

For example, researching the factors influencing consumer trust would create value by enabling businesses to tailor their operations and marketing to leverage factors that promote trust. In other words, it would have a clear benefit to industry.

So, how do you go about finding a unique and valuable research topic? We explain that in detail in this video post – How To Find A Research Topic . Yeah, we’ve got you covered 😊

Step 3: Write a convincing research proposal

Once you’ve pinned down a high-quality research topic, the next step is to convince your university to let you research it. No matter how awesome you think your topic is, it still needs to get the rubber stamp before you can move forward with your research. The research proposal is the tool you’ll use for this job.

So, what’s in a research proposal?

The main “job” of a research proposal is to convince your university, advisor or committee that your research topic is worthy of approval. But convince them of what? Well, this varies from university to university, but generally, they want to see that:

• You have a clearly articulated, unique and important topic (this might sound familiar…)
• You’ve done some initial reading of the existing literature relevant to your topic (i.e. a literature review)
• You have a provisional plan in terms of how you will collect data and analyse it (i.e. a methodology)

At the proposal stage, it’s (generally) not expected that you’ve extensively reviewed the existing literature , but you will need to show that you’ve done enough reading to identify a clear gap for original (unique) research. Similarly, they generally don’t expect that you have a rock-solid research methodology mapped out, but you should have an idea of whether you’ll be undertaking qualitative or quantitative analysis , and how you’ll collect your data (we’ll discuss this in more detail later).

Long story short – don’t stress about having every detail of your research meticulously thought out at the proposal stage – this will develop as you progress through your research. However, you do need to show that you’ve “done your homework” and that your research is worthy of approval .

So, how do you go about crafting a high-quality, convincing proposal? We cover that in detail in this video post – How To Write A Top-Class Research Proposal . We’ve also got a video walkthrough of two proposal examples here .

Step 4: Craft a strong introduction chapter

Once your proposal’s been approved, its time to get writing your actual dissertation or thesis! The good news is that if you put the time into crafting a high-quality proposal, you’ve already got a head start on your first three chapters – introduction, literature review and methodology – as you can use your proposal as the basis for these.

Handy sidenote – our free dissertation & thesis template is a great way to speed up your dissertation writing journey.

What’s the introduction chapter all about?

The purpose of the introduction chapter is to set the scene for your research (dare I say, to introduce it…) so that the reader understands what you’ll be researching and why it’s important. In other words, it covers the same ground as the research proposal in that it justifies your research topic.

What goes into the introduction chapter?

This can vary slightly between universities and degrees, but generally, the introduction chapter will include the following:

• A brief background to the study, explaining the overall area of research
• A problem statement , explaining what the problem is with the current state of research (in other words, where the knowledge gap exists)
• Your research questions – in other words, the specific questions your study will seek to answer (based on the knowledge gap)
• The significance of your study – in other words, why it’s important and how its findings will be useful in the world

As you can see, this all about explaining the “what” and the “why” of your research (as opposed to the “how”). So, your introduction chapter is basically the salesman of your study, “selling” your research to the first-time reader and (hopefully) getting them interested to read more.

How do I write the introduction chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this post .

Step 5: Undertake an in-depth literature review

As I mentioned earlier, you’ll need to do some initial review of the literature in Steps 2 and 3 to find your research gap and craft a convincing research proposal – but that’s just scratching the surface. Once you reach the literature review stage of your dissertation or thesis, you need to dig a lot deeper into the existing research and write up a comprehensive literature review chapter.

What’s the literature review all about?

There are two main stages in the literature review process:

Literature Review Step 1: Reading up

The first stage is for you to deep dive into the existing literature (journal articles, textbook chapters, industry reports, etc) to gain an in-depth understanding of the current state of research regarding your topic. While you don’t need to read every single article, you do need to ensure that you cover all literature that is related to your core research questions, and create a comprehensive catalogue of that literature , which you’ll use in the next step.

Reading and digesting all the relevant literature is a time consuming and intellectually demanding process. Many students underestimate just how much work goes into this step, so make sure that you allocate a good amount of time for this when planning out your research. Thankfully, there are ways to fast track the process – be sure to check out this article covering how to read journal articles quickly .

Literature Review Step 2: Writing up

Once you’ve worked through the literature and digested it all, you’ll need to write up your literature review chapter. Many students make the mistake of thinking that the literature review chapter is simply a summary of what other researchers have said. While this is partly true, a literature review is much more than just a summary. To pull off a good literature review chapter, you’ll need to achieve at least 3 things:

• You need to synthesise the existing research , not just summarise it. In other words, you need to show how different pieces of theory fit together, what’s agreed on by researchers, what’s not.
• You need to highlight a research gap that your research is going to fill. In other words, you’ve got to outline the problem so that your research topic can provide a solution.
• You need to use the existing research to inform your methodology and approach to your own research design. For example, you might use questions or Likert scales from previous studies in your your own survey design .

As you can see, a good literature review is more than just a summary of the published research. It’s the foundation on which your own research is built, so it deserves a lot of love and attention. Take the time to craft a comprehensive literature review with a suitable structure .

But, how do I actually write the literature review chapter, you ask? We cover that in detail in this video post .

Step 6: Carry out your own research

Once you’ve completed your literature review and have a sound understanding of the existing research, its time to develop your own research (finally!). You’ll design this research specifically so that you can find the answers to your unique research question.

There are two steps here – designing your research strategy and executing on it:

1 – Design your research strategy

The first step is to design your research strategy and craft a methodology chapter . I won’t get into the technicalities of the methodology chapter here, but in simple terms, this chapter is about explaining the “how” of your research. If you recall, the introduction and literature review chapters discussed the “what” and the “why”, so it makes sense that the next point to cover is the “how” –that’s what the methodology chapter is all about.

In this section, you’ll need to make firm decisions about your research design. This includes things like:

• Your research philosophy (e.g. positivism or interpretivism )
• Your overall methodology (e.g. qualitative , quantitative or mixed methods)
• Your data collection strategy (e.g. interviews , focus groups, surveys)
• Your data analysis strategy (e.g. content analysis , correlation analysis, regression)

If these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these in plain language in other posts. It’s not essential that you understand the intricacies of research design (yet!). The key takeaway here is that you’ll need to make decisions about how you’ll design your own research, and you’ll need to describe (and justify) your decisions in your methodology chapter.

2 – Execute: Collect and analyse your data

Once you’ve worked out your research design, you’ll put it into action and start collecting your data. This might mean undertaking interviews, hosting an online survey or any other data collection method. Data collection can take quite a bit of time (especially if you host in-person interviews), so be sure to factor sufficient time into your project plan for this. Oftentimes, things don’t go 100% to plan (for example, you don’t get as many survey responses as you hoped for), so bake a little extra time into your budget here.

Once you’ve collected your data, you’ll need to do some data preparation before you can sink your teeth into the analysis. For example:

• If you carry out interviews or focus groups, you’ll need to transcribe your audio data to text (i.e. a Word document).
• If you collect quantitative survey data, you’ll need to clean up your data and get it into the right format for whichever analysis software you use (for example, SPSS, R or STATA).

Once you’ve completed your data prep, you’ll undertake your analysis, using the techniques that you described in your methodology. Depending on what you find in your analysis, you might also do some additional forms of analysis that you hadn’t planned for. For example, you might see something in the data that raises new questions or that requires clarification with further analysis.

The type(s) of analysis that you’ll use depend entirely on the nature of your research and your research questions. For example:

• If your research if exploratory in nature, you’ll often use qualitative analysis techniques .
• If your research is confirmatory in nature, you’ll often use quantitative analysis techniques
• If your research involves a mix of both, you might use a mixed methods approach

Again, if these words have got your head spinning, don’t worry! We’ll explain these concepts and techniques in other posts. The key takeaway is simply that there’s no “one size fits all” for research design and methodology – it all depends on your topic, your research questions and your data. So, don’t be surprised if your study colleagues take a completely different approach to yours.

Step 7: Present your findings

Once you’ve completed your analysis, it’s time to present your findings (finally!). In a dissertation or thesis, you’ll typically present your findings in two chapters – the results chapter and the discussion chapter .

What’s the difference between the results chapter and the discussion chapter?

While these two chapters are similar, the results chapter generally just presents the processed data neatly and clearly without interpretation, while the discussion chapter explains the story the data are telling  – in other words, it provides your interpretation of the results.

For example, if you were researching the factors that influence consumer trust, you might have used a quantitative approach to identify the relationship between potential factors (e.g. perceived integrity and competence of the organisation) and consumer trust. In this case:

• Your results chapter would just present the results of the statistical tests. For example, correlation results or differences between groups. In other words, the processed numbers.
• Your discussion chapter would explain what the numbers mean in relation to your research question(s). For example, Factor 1 has a weak relationship with consumer trust, while Factor 2 has a strong relationship.

Depending on the university and degree, these two chapters (results and discussion) are sometimes merged into one , so be sure to check with your institution what their preference is. Regardless of the chapter structure, this section is about presenting the findings of your research in a clear, easy to understand fashion.

Importantly, your discussion here needs to link back to your research questions (which you outlined in the introduction or literature review chapter). In other words, it needs to answer the key questions you asked (or at least attempt to answer them).

For example, if we look at the sample research topic:

In this case, the discussion section would clearly outline which factors seem to have a noteworthy influence on organisational trust. By doing so, they are answering the overarching question and fulfilling the purpose of the research .

For more information about the results chapter , check out this post for qualitative studies and this post for quantitative studies .

Step 8: The Final Step Draw a conclusion and discuss the implications

Last but not least, you’ll need to wrap up your research with the conclusion chapter . In this chapter, you’ll bring your research full circle by highlighting the key findings of your study and explaining what the implications of these findings are.

What exactly are key findings? The key findings are those findings which directly relate to your original research questions and overall research objectives (which you discussed in your introduction chapter). The implications, on the other hand, explain what your findings mean for industry, or for research in your area.

Sticking with the consumer trust topic example, the conclusion might look something like this:

Key findings

This study set out to identify which factors influence consumer-based trust in British low-cost online equity brokerage firms. The results suggest that the following factors have a large impact on consumer trust:

While the following factors have a very limited impact on consumer trust:

Notably, within the 25-30 age groups, Factors E had a noticeably larger impact, which may be explained by…

Implications

The findings having noteworthy implications for British low-cost online equity brokers. Specifically:

The large impact of Factors X and Y implies that brokers need to consider….

The limited impact of Factor E implies that brokers need to…

As you can see, the conclusion chapter is basically explaining the “what” (what your study found) and the “so what?” (what the findings mean for the industry or research). This brings the study full circle and closes off the document.

Let’s recap – how to write a dissertation or thesis

You’re still with me? Impressive! I know that this post was a long one, but hopefully you’ve learnt a thing or two about how to write a dissertation or thesis, and are now better equipped to start your own research.

To recap, the 8 steps to writing a quality dissertation (or thesis) are as follows:

• Understand what a dissertation (or thesis) is – a research project that follows the research process.
• Find a unique (original) and important research topic
• Craft a convincing dissertation or thesis research proposal
• Write a clear, compelling introduction chapter
• Undertake a thorough review of the existing research and write up a literature review
• Undertake your own research
• Present and interpret your findings

Once you’ve wrapped up the core chapters, all that’s typically left is the abstract , reference list and appendices. As always, be sure to check with your university if they have any additional requirements in terms of structure or content.  

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

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20 Comments

thankfull >>>this is very useful

Thank you, it was really helpful

unquestionably, this amazing simplified way of teaching. Really , I couldn’t find in the literature words that fully explicit my great thanks to you. However, I could only say thanks a-lot.

Great to hear that – thanks for the feedback. Good luck writing your dissertation/thesis.

This is the most comprehensive explanation of how to write a dissertation. Many thanks for sharing it free of charge.

Very rich presentation. Thank you

Thanks Derek Jansen|GRADCOACH, I find it very useful guide to arrange my activities and proceed to research!

Thank you so much for such a marvelous teaching .I am so convinced that am going to write a comprehensive and a distinct masters dissertation

It is an amazing comprehensive explanation

This was straightforward. Thank you!

I can say that your explanations are simple and enlightening – understanding what you have done here is easy for me. Could you write more about the different types of research methods specific to the three methodologies: quan, qual and MM. I look forward to interacting with this website more in the future.

Thanks for the feedback and suggestions 🙂

Hello, your write ups is quite educative. However, l have challenges in going about my research questions which is below; *Building the enablers of organisational growth through effective governance and purposeful leadership.*

Very educating.

Just listening to the name of the dissertation makes the student nervous. As writing a top-quality dissertation is a difficult task as it is a lengthy topic, requires a lot of research and understanding and is usually around 10,000 to 15000 words. Sometimes due to studies, unbalanced workload or lack of research and writing skill students look for dissertation submission from professional writers.

Thank you 💕😊 very much. I was confused but your comprehensive explanation has cleared my doubts of ever presenting a good thesis. Thank you.

thank you so much, that was so useful

Hi. Where is the excel spread sheet ark?

could you please help me look at your thesis paper to enable me to do the portion that has to do with the specification

my topic is “the impact of domestic revenue mobilization.

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PhD Thesis First Draft: 8 Practical Writing Tips for PhD Students

Many early career researchers will agree that the most difficult step in writing a PhD thesis is getting started. Students often find themselves mentally unprepared to take on this challenge as most formal training revolves around conducting research with little focus on how to write a PhD thesis. Uncertainty about the guidelines for PhD thesis writing and how to present their study in an engaging, impactful way often results in procrastination, self-doubt, and anxiety among otherwise confident researchers. The fact is students need to write a PhD thesis to complete their doctoral degree, and as ironic as it seems, the only remedy to this inertia is to meet this challenge head-on.

This article provides young researchers with practical tips to help them deliver a successful first draft when writing a PhD thesis.

• Create an outline and structure: A good way to start writing a PhD thesis is to first create a draft outline or structure of your thesis. Like journal articles, a PhD thesis must have an introduction that presents the key points of your study in a compelling way, a body section that contains the main aspects of your research along with supporting data and evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the thesis and provides additional insights or suggestions for further research. This first step is important because once you have the right structure in place, summarizing your thesis can happen more easily.  
• Adhere to university or institutional guidelines: A common mistake that many students make while creating an outline and structure is not keeping in mind the guidelines for PhD thesis writing set by your university or institute. It’s important to adhere to the university or institute’s guidelines, for example the preferred structure or style of references, when writing a PhD thesis. Be sure to check with your supervisor to ensure that the word count, structure, citation style and other key elements of your thesis meet the recommended guidelines for PhD thesis writing.
• Use active voice and avoid grammatical and spelling errors: It is important to focus on using simple language that’s free of complicated jargon when writing a PhD thesis. To ensure better readability, use active voice instead of passive voice and avoid long winding sentences. Be aware of and avoid spelling and grammar errors such as dangling modifiers, subject-verb disagreement, and parallelism in your work. You can use AI tools like Paperpal for Word , which offers real-time suggestions to help you improve your language right from the first draft itself.
• Maintain consistency in your writing style: One of the most useful writing tips for PhD students is referring to the preferred style guide to ensure consistency in spellings, proper punctuation, correct hyphenation, and the right use of technical terms and phrases. Also check for consistency when it comes mentioning organizations and institutions, affiliations, references, legends and other key elements when writing a PhD thesis.
• Be careful when citing or quoting text: With the sheer quantum of research reading required when writing a PhD thesis, it can be difficult to keep track of sources of information. It is also quite possible for students to inadvertently introduce plagiarism in their writing by using chunks of well-written text as is or quoting information without citing it correctly. So be sure to properly cite any sources of data that you’re using in your thesis, including text, images and figures to avoid any ethical misconduct.
• Set a target deadline for completion : Another top writing tip for PhD students is to set a delivery date and stay committed to it. You can also share this goal with a broader set of people (peers, supervisor, friends, etc.), who will act as catalysts on the journey of writing your PhD thesis first draft and in the time you’ve set for yourself. It is critical however that the final deadline be realistic and take into account challenges that may come in the way of you achieving your goals.

Write your PhD thesis confidently with Paperpal’s AI writing assistant

• Take time to make revisions and proofread before submission: This is one of the most important writing tips for PhD students, but one that often takes the back seat. Remember that no matter how clear your first draft seems about your research findings, argumentation and flow, there will always be room for improvement and especially to your first draft. Once you’re done with your first draft, be sure to revisit each chapter and make the necessary edits before sharing it ahead with your mentor for feedback. When planning your work, make sure to factor in ample time for editing and proofreading, so that all the work you put into writing a PhD thesis is polished before submission.
• Remember it’s a first draft and not the final version: If you’re getting stuck with your writing, move on and start work on a different section; you don’t need to write in chronological order as long as you follow the structure you’ve created for yourself. Remember the cardinal rule when wondering how to write a PhD thesis – No one gets it right in the first draft itself. Capture your thoughts and findings as clearly and engagingly as possible in your first draft, don’t waste too much time striving for perfection at this stage. You can always fine-tune your writing and repeat this process as you go along, which can help you reach your writing goals faster.

Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster.  

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Related Reads:

• Good Writing Habits: 7 Ways to Improve Your Academic Writing
• How to Make Your Thesis Supervision Work for You
• 8 Most Effective Ways to Increase Motivation for Thesis Writing 
• PhD Dissertation Outline: Creating a Roadmap to Success

Dangling Modifiers and How to Avoid Them in Your Writing 

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Thesis and Dissertation: Getting Started

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The resources in this section are designed to provide guidance for the first steps of the thesis or dissertation writing process. They offer tools to support the planning and managing of your project, including writing out your weekly schedule, outlining your goals, and organzing the various working elements of your project.

Weekly Goals Sheet (a.k.a. Life Map) [Word Doc]

This editable handout provides a place for you to fill in available time blocks on a weekly chart that will help you visualize the amount of time you have available to write. By using this chart, you will be able to work your writing goals into your schedule and put these goals into perspective with your day-to-day plans and responsibilities each week. This handout also contains a formula to help you determine the minimum number of pages you would need to write per day in order to complete your writing on time.

Setting a Production Schedule (Word Doc)

This editable handout can help you make sense of the various steps involved in the production of your thesis or dissertation and determine how long each step might take. A large part of this process involves (1) seeking out the most accurate and up-to-date information regarding specific document formatting requirements, (2) understanding research protocol limitations, (3) making note of deadlines, and (4) understanding your personal writing habits.

Creating a Roadmap (PDF)

Part of organizing your writing involves having a clear sense of how the different working parts relate to one another. Creating a roadmap for your dissertation early on can help you determine what the final document will include and how all the pieces are connected. This resource offers guidance on several approaches to creating a roadmap, including creating lists, maps, nut-shells, visuals, and different methods for outlining. It is important to remember that you can create more than one roadmap (or more than one type of roadmap) depending on how the different approaches discussed here meet your needs.

• Manuscript Preparation

Know How to Structure Your PhD Thesis

• 4 minute read
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Table of Contents

In your academic career, few projects are more important than your PhD thesis. Unfortunately, many university professors and advisors assume that their students know how to structure a PhD. Books have literally been written on the subject, but there’s no need to read a book in order to know about PhD thesis paper format and structure. With that said, however, it’s important to understand that your PhD thesis format requirement may not be the same as another student’s. The bottom line is that how to structure a PhD thesis often depends on your university and department guidelines.

But, let’s take a look at a general PhD thesis format. We’ll look at the main sections, and how to connect them to each other. We’ll also examine different hints and tips for each of the sections. As you read through this toolkit, compare it to published PhD theses in your area of study to see how a real-life example looks.

Main Sections of a PhD Thesis

In almost every PhD thesis or dissertation, there are standard sections. Of course, some of these may differ, depending on your university or department requirements, as well as your topic of study, but this will give you a good idea of the basic components of a PhD thesis format.

• Abstract : The abstract is a brief summary that quickly outlines your research, touches on each of the main sections of your thesis, and clearly outlines your contribution to the field by way of your PhD thesis. Even though the abstract is very short, similar to what you’ve seen in published research articles, its impact shouldn’t be underestimated. The abstract is there to answer the most important question to the reviewer. “Why is this important?”
• Introduction : In this section, you help the reviewer understand your entire dissertation, including what your paper is about, why it’s important to the field, a brief description of your methodology, and how your research and the thesis are laid out. Think of your introduction as an expansion of your abstract.
• Literature Review : Within the literature review, you are making a case for your new research by telling the story of the work that’s already been done. You’ll cover a bit about the history of the topic at hand, and how your study fits into the present and future.
• Theory Framework : Here, you explain assumptions related to your study. Here you’re explaining to the review what theoretical concepts you might have used in your research, how it relates to existing knowledge and ideas.
• Methods : This section of a PhD thesis is typically the most detailed and descriptive, depending of course on your research design. Here you’ll discuss the specific techniques you used to get the information you were looking for, in addition to how those methods are relevant and appropriate, as well as how you specifically used each method described.
• Results : Here you present your empirical findings. This section is sometimes also called the “empiracles” chapter. This section is usually pretty straightforward and technical, and full of details. Don’t shortcut this chapter.
• Discussion : This can be a tricky chapter, because it’s where you want to show the reviewer that you know what you’re talking about. You need to speak as a PhD versus a student. The discussion chapter is similar to the empirical/results chapter, but you’re building on those results to push the new information that you learned, prior to making your conclusion.
• Conclusion : Here, you take a step back and reflect on what your original goals and intentions for the research were. You’ll outline them in context of your new findings and expertise.

Tips for your PhD Thesis Format

As you put together your PhD thesis, it’s easy to get a little overwhelmed. Here are some tips that might keep you on track.

• Don’t try to write your PhD as a first-draft. Every great masterwork has typically been edited, and edited, and…edited.
• Work with your thesis supervisor to plan the structure and format of your PhD thesis. Be prepared to rewrite each section, as you work out rough drafts. Don’t get discouraged by this process. It’s typical.
• Make your writing interesting. Academic writing has a reputation of being very dry.
• You don’t have to necessarily work on the chapters and sections outlined above in chronological order. Work on each section as things come up, and while your work on that section is relevant to what you’re doing.
• Don’t rush things. Write a first draft, and leave it for a few days, so you can come back to it with a more critical take. Look at it objectively and carefully grammatical errors, clarity, logic and flow.
• Know what style your references need to be in, and utilize tools out there to organize them in the required format.
• It’s easier to accidentally plagiarize than you think. Make sure you’re referencing appropriately, and check your document for inadvertent plagiarism throughout your writing process.

PhD Thesis Editing Plus

Want some support during your PhD writing process? Our PhD Thesis Editing Plus service includes extensive and detailed editing of your thesis to improve the flow and quality of your writing. Unlimited editing support for guaranteed results. Learn more here , and get started today!

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Smodin's Thesis Generator: The Ultimate Tool for Crafting a Winning Thesis

Generate a thesis statement, or a multi-part thesis in just a click with our Thesis Generator. Quickly find sources for your thesis with our AI Research tool to produce a scholarly quality thesis.

Smodin's Free Thesis Generator & Thesis Statement Writer

If you're struggling to come up with a thesis statement for your research paper, Smodin's free thesis generator can help. Our innovative tool uses advanced AI algorithms to quickly generate thesis statements based on your topic and requirements. With Smodin Thesis generator, you can save time and effort while ensuring your thesis statement is clear, concise, and on-point.

How Smodin's Free Thesis Generator Works

Smodin's free thesis generator uses advanced AI algorithms to quickly and accurately generate thesis statements based on your topic and requirements. To use our tool, simply input your topic or subject, choose the type of paper you're writing, and select the main idea you want to convey in your thesis statement.

How To use Smodin Thesis Statement Writer

Using Smodin's free thesis generator is simple and easy, and can save you valuable time and effort when writing a research paper. With our tool, you can generate high-quality thesis statements quickly and efficiently, giving you more time to focus on analysis and writing. So why not give Smodin's free thesis generator a try today and see how it can benefit your research paper writing process.

Tips for Using Smodin's Free Thesis Generator

To get the most out of Smodin's free thesis generator, input a clear and concise topic or keywords to ensure accurate results. Refine and edit the generated thesis statement to ensure it fits your research paper perfectly, and use it as a starting point for your own research and writing. With these tips in mind, you can streamline the process of generating a thesis statement and produce high-quality research papers that meet your specific requirements and style.

Why Smodin's Free Thesis Generator is the Perfect Tool for Students and Researchers

Smodin's free thesis generator is an essential tool for students and researchers looking to streamline the process of writing a research paper. With advanced AI algorithms, our tool quickly generates clear and concise thesis statements based on your topic and requirements, ensuring your research paper is of the highest quality.

In addition to saving time and effort, using Smodin's free thesis generator ensures your thesis statement is well-crafted and effective. With our tool, you can focus on conducting thorough research and crafting a compelling argument, rather than getting bogged down in the preliminary stages of the writing process.

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I Am Doing a PhD at 16—My Mother's Death Is the Reason

I met my mother only once. Our meeting was brief, leaving behind no photographs or baby books to remember her by.

In 2008, in a small, remote village in Southern Ethiopia, she held me for a fleeting moment—our first and last together. Shortly after my birth, she succumbed to tuberculosis (TB), a treatable disease that cruelly robbed us of a future together.

I was ten months old and severely underweight when I was adopted and brought to the United States. Diagnosed with TB shortly after arriving, I was thrust into a battle for life that many children in Ethiopia—and around the world—never survive.

I am incredibly fortunate to have been adopted by a family not only filled with love but also equipped to fight the disease that claimed my biological mother. My mother, Dr. Myiesha Taylor, an emergency medicine physician, ensured that I received the care necessary to not only survive but also to thrive.

I am acutely aware that my story is the exception rather than the rule. It reinforces my commitment to advocate for those who are still caught in the relentless cycle of this preventable disease.

Thanks to the life-saving treatment I received at Kaiser Hospital in Oakland and the long-term care provided by our nation's public health infrastructure, I stand here today. But this narrative extends beyond my recovery—it is a stark reminder of the global fight against TB that continues to claim lives.

I often find myself pondering the fate of countless children who, unlike me, do not escape the grip of TB. How many potential Nelson Mandelas, Albert Einsteins, Marie Curies, or Malala Yousafzai have been lost to a disease that we have the means to treat and prevent? Such thoughts are a somber reminder of the harsh realities faced by many around the world.

According to the World Health Organization, TB is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, killing 1.5 million people in 2020 alone. These aren't just numbers—they represent potential leaders, innovators, and caretakers whose contributions to the world will never be realized. Each number is a story cut short, a light extinguished too soon.

My recovery from tuberculosis (TB) was not just a testament to medical science but also to the strength of the public health infrastructure in the United States that supported my treatment. The trajectory of my life shifted dramatically due to the medical care and opportunities I received, a stark contrast to the fate my biological mother met.

Robust health systems like this are not universally available, particularly in the parts of the world where I was born. This disparity inspires my commitment to advocate for international support and policy-making that strengthen health systems globally, especially in low and middle-income countries. I am driven by the mission to ensure that every child has access to the same level of care that enabled me to survive and thrive.

• I grew up with my loving puppy. Now I feel a profound emptiness
• My homeless brother's real problem wasn't a lack of shelters
• I helped thousands of migrants at the U.S. border

This commitment influenced my decision to pursue a PhD in sociology, a field that provides a lens to examine the complex interactions between society, health, and disease—interactions I have personally lived through.

My journey from that small village in Ethiopia to soon becoming the youngest graduate in the history of Texas Woman's University reflects a broader issue. While my achievements are uniquely mine, they shed light on a devastating reality that affects countless others—lives and potential futures lost to a disease that remains untreated and rampant in many parts of the world.

As I prepare to graduate from Texas Woman's University, the youngest in its storied history since its founding in 1901, I am both honored and excited to join my sister, Haley Taylor Schlitz, in this unique legacy—gratefully stepping forward from the record she once set.

Reflecting on what my early graduation symbolizes, I feel a profound connection to this achievement. At the same time, I reflect on what my early graduation symbolizes. It is not just an academic achievement; it is a call to action. It is a plea to the global community to recommit to the fight against TB, to not only save lives but to unlock the potential of millions more who could change the world.

Tuberculosis rates, alarmingly, are on the rise again in the United States. We cannot afford to lose more lives to a condition that should belong in the past. The world needs more leaders, more healers, more visionaries who can face the challenges of tomorrow. For every child lost to TB, we lose a part of our future.

We cannot allow tuberculosis to continue stealing mothers from their children or potential leaders from our future. My journey from a small village in Ethiopia to becoming a PhD candidate in Sociology at age 16 is not just a personal triumph, it is a powerful demonstration of what is possible when we dedicate ourselves to eradicating TB.

Now is the time to champion a world where every child has the opportunity to leave their mark—a world rich with promise, shaped by our shared efforts and possibilities.

After losing her mother and battling early health challenges, Hana Taylor Schlitz was adopted by an American family. At just 16 years old, she is set to become the youngest graduate in the history of Texas Woman's University in May 2024, with a major in Sociology. This fall, as she begins her PhD in Sociology at Texas Woman's University, Hana embodies the university's motto to "Boldly Go," continuing her pursuit to significantly impact social change through her research and studies.

All views expressed are the author's own.

Do you have a unique experience or personal story to share? See our Reader Submissions Guide and then email the My Turn team at [email protected] .

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About the writer

After losing her mother and battling early health challenges, Hana Taylor Schlitz was adopted by an American family. At just 16 years old, she is set to become the youngest graduate in the HERstory of Texas Woman's University in May 2024, with a major in Sociology. This fall, as she begins her PhD in Sociology at Texas Woman's University, Hana embodies the university's motto to "Boldly Go," continuing her pursuit to significantly impact social change through her research and studies.

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