essay meaning in persian

معنی‌ها و نمونه‌جمله‌ها

• مترادف و متضاد
• ترتیب نمایش نتایج

گذشته‌ی ساده:

سوم شخص مفرد:

وجه وصفی حال:

• - the essays of Michel de Montaigne
• - مقاله‌های میشل دومونتاین
• - The little bird made an essay at flying.
• - پرنده‌ی کوچک کوشید که پرواز کند.
• - His first essay into politics was in 1948.
• - اولین پردازش او به امور سیاسی در 1948 بود.
• - He stayed there all day and in the evening again essayed escape.
• - او همه‌ی روز آنجا ماند و شب هنگام دوباره کوشید که فرار کند.
• - the men who essayed the path of natural science
• - مردانی که راه علوم طبیعی را پیمودند
• - a ballerina who essayed a dramatic role on television
• - رقصنده‌ی باله‌ای که بازی در نقشی دراماتیک در تلویزیون را امتحان کرد

تبلیغات (تبلیغات را حذف کنید)

مترادف و متضاد essay

• noun written discourse Synonyms: article, composition, discussion, disquisition, dissertation, explication, exposition, manuscript, paper, piece, study, theme, thesis, tract, treatise
• noun try, attempt Synonyms: aim, bid, dry run, effort, endeavor, exertion, experiment, hassle, labor, one’s all, one’s level best, shot, striving, struggle, test, toil, travail, trial, try on, tryout, undertaking, venture, whack, work Antonyms: idleness, pass
• verb try, attempt Synonyms: aim, assay, endeavor, have a crack, have a go, have a shot, have at it, labor, make a run at, offer, put to the test, seek, strive, struggle, take a stab at, take a whack at, take on, test, toil, travail, try out, undertake, venture, work Antonyms: be idle, forget, neglect, pass

ارجاع به لغت essay

از آن‌جا که فست‌دیکشنری به عنوان مرجعی معتبر توسط دانشگاه‌ها و دانشجویان استفاده می‌شود، برای رفرنس به این صفحه می‌توانید از روش‌های ارجاع زیر استفاده کنید.

شیوه‌ی رفرنس‌دهی:

معنی لغت «essay» در فست‌دیکشنری . مشاهده در تاریخ ۱۴ اردیبهشت ۱۴۰۳، از https://fastdic.com/word/essay

لغات نزدیک essay

• - essayistic

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A Step-by-Step Guide to Reading and Writing in Persian Script

The Persian script is an elegant and beautiful writing system used for the Persian language and several other languages spoken in the Middle East and Central Asia. Learning to read and write in Persian script opens up a world of literature, poetry, and cultural understanding.

Whether you are planning to travel to Iran, have Persian heritage, or simply have a fascination with languages, this step-by-step guide will provide you with the necessary tools to navigate and master the Persian script. From understanding the alphabet and pronunciation to developing reading and writing skills, this comprehensive guide will take you on a journey toward fluency in Persian script.

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1- introduction to the persian script, history and significance of persian script.

The Persian script has a rich history that dates back to the 9th century. It is derived from the Arabic script but adapted to accommodate the unique sounds and phonetics of the Persian language. This script has great significance as it is not only used to write Persian but also several other languages spoken in Iran and neighboring countries.

Differences Between Persian Script and Roman Alphabet

One of the main differences between the Persian script and the Roman alphabet that we are familiar with is the direction of writing. Persian script is written from right to left, which may feel a bit disorienting at first for those accustomed to left-to-right scripts. Another difference is the existence of some additional letters in the Persian script to represent sounds that do not exist in the English language.

2- Understanding the Persian Alphabet

Overview of persian alphabet.

The Persian alphabet consists of 32 letters, each representing a specific sound. These letters are divided into two categories: vowels, and consonants. Understanding the Persian alphabet is the first step towards reading and writing in Persian script.

Vowels and Consonants in Persian Script

In Persian script, vowels are represented by diacritic marks placed above or below the consonants. This means that the same consonant can have different vowel sounds depending on its placement in a word. Consonants, on the other hand, are represented by distinct letters and are categorized into six groups based on their phonetic properties.

Pronunciation Guide for Persian Alphabet

Learning the pronunciation of some Persian alphabet can be a bit challenging for English speakers. However, with practice and some guidance, it becomes easier. Paying attention to the subtle differences in phonetics and practicing the sounds regularly can help improve your pronunciation skills in Persian script.

3- Mastering Persian Pronunciation

Essential sounds in the persian language.

To master Persian pronunciation , it is important to familiarize yourself with the essential sounds of the language. Persian has some unique sounds that may not exist in English, such as the “خ – kh” sound, which is pronounced deep in the throat. Understanding these sounds and training your tongue and vocal cords to produce them accurately will greatly enhance your pronunciation skills.

Common Pronunciation Challenges for English Speakers

English speakers may face certain challenges when pronouncing Persian sounds due to differences in phonetic systems. For example, the rolled “r” sound commonly found in English is not present in Persian. Additionally, the Persian script includes sounds that English speakers may find difficult to reproduce initially. Being aware of these challenges can help you focus on specific areas of improvement.

Tips for Improving Persian Pronunciation

Improving Persian pronunciation requires practice and dedication. One helpful tip is to listen to native Persian speakers and imitate their pronunciation. You can also make use of online resources or language exchange programs to practice speaking with native speakers. Consistency and patience will go a long way in refining your Persian pronunciation skills.

4- Developing Reading Skills in Persian Script

Reading practice with simple words.

To develop your reading skills in Persian script, start with simple words that you can easily understand. Practice reading aloud and gradually increase the complexity of the words as you become more comfortable. Reading simple texts, such as children’s books or beginner-level materials, can also be helpful in building your reading proficiency.

Reading Comprehension Strategies

When reading in Persian, it’s important to employ effective comprehension strategies. Start by understanding the context of the text and identify familiar words. Break down unfamiliar words into smaller parts and try to infer their meanings from the context. Using a dictionary or language learning apps can also aid in expanding your vocabulary and improving comprehension.

Common Vocabulary in Persian Script

Building your vocabulary is crucial for reading in Persian script. Start by learning common words used in everyday conversation and gradually expand your repertoire. Practice using new words in sentences to reinforce their meaning and usage. Flashcards or vocabulary lists can be handy tools to enhance your Persian vocabulary.

5- Building Vocabulary and Comprehension in Persian

Expanding your persian vocabulary.

Building your Persian vocabulary is like collecting gems to adorn your language skills. One way to expand your vocabulary is by learning new words every day. Start with basic everyday words like “سلام – salâm” (hello) and “خوبم – khubam” (I’m fine), and gradually move on to more complex words. You can also use flashcards or language-learning apps to practice and memorize new words. Remember, a rich vocabulary opens doors to better comprehension and expression in Persian.

Strategies for Comprehending Persian Texts

Reading Persian texts might seem a little challenging, but fear not! There are strategies to help you comprehend what you read. Start by reading simple texts and gradually progress to more challenging ones. Break down sentences and look up unfamiliar words. Context is your trusty guide, so pay attention to the surrounding words and phrases. And don’t forget to practice reading aloud to improve your pronunciation and fluency. With time and practice, Persian texts will become less intimidating and more enjoyable.

Resources for Building Farsi Language Skills

In your journey to master Persian, having the right resources is like having a treasure map that leads you to success. There are different resources available online and offline. There are some websites that offer audio lessons, vocabulary lists, and cultural insights. Persian textbooks such as Persian-English dictionaries and grammar books can be valuable companions, providing explanations and examples. Additionally, joining language exchange apps or finding a language partner can enhance your learning experience. Remember, with the right resources, you’ll be on your way to Persian proficiency in no time!

6- Writing in Persian: Basic Rules and Techniques

Introduction to the persian writing system.

Persian script is written from right to left, and each letter has multiple forms depending on its position in a word. Vowels are represented by diacritical marks placed above or below the consonants. It may seem intricate at first, but with practice, it will become easier.

Basic Rules of Persian Script Writing

Start by familiarizing yourself with the alphabet and the different forms of each letter. Pay attention to the placement of vowels, as they are crucial for accurate pronunciation. Practice writing individual letters, then move on to simple words and sentences. Remember to take it one step at a time, and soon you’ll be writing Persian like a pro.

Writing Exercises for Practice

Practice makes perfect, and when it comes to writing in Persian , it’s no exception. Start with simple writing exercises like copying Persian sentences or writing short paragraphs about everyday topics. As you gain confidence, challenge yourself with more complex exercises, such as summarizing articles or writing creatively. Don’t forget to review your work and ask for feedback to identify areas for improvement. With consistent practice and a dash of determination, your Persian writing skills will shine brightly.

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7- Advanced Writing Skills in Persian Script

Enhancing writing fluency in persian.

Once you have a solid foundation in the Persian script, it’s time to take your writing skills to the next level. Enhancing writing fluency involves practicing regularly and exposing yourself to different genres of writing. Write a message to friends, engage in online discussions, or even attempt creative writing projects. The more you immerse yourself in writing, the more natural it will become.

Writing Complex Sentences and Paragraphs

Writing complex sentences and paragraphs in Persian is like weaving a tapestry of words that captivates the reader. To achieve this, enhance your sentence structure by incorporating conjunctions, adverbs, and adjectives. Practice forming compound and complex sentences to express your ideas with depth and clarity. Remember to vary your sentence lengths to create a balanced and engaging flow.

Tips for Improving Persian Writing Style

Developing a unique and captivating writing style in Persian is like painting a masterpiece with your words. To enhance your writing style, read Persian literature and pay attention to the techniques used by skilled writers. Experiment with different writing techniques, such as metaphor, simile, and personification. Embrace your creativity and let your personality shine through your writing. Remember, the more you write, the more your distinct style will emerge.

8- Tips for Practicing and Improving Persian Script Proficiency

Effective strategies for regular practice.

Consistency is key when it comes to improving your Persian script proficiency. Incorporate regular practice into your daily routine. Set aside dedicated time for reading and writing in Persian. Practice with a variety of materials, such as books, or online articles. Embrace the challenge and keep pushing yourself to progress.

Utilizing Technology for Persian Script Learning

In this digital age, technology can be your loyal companion in mastering Persian script. Use language-learning apps to practice reading and writing. Online forums and language exchange platforms offer opportunities to connect with native Persian speakers. You can also find digital flashcards and pronunciation guides that make learning more engaging and interactive.

Seeking Language Exchange and Immersion Opportunities

Immersing yourself in the Persian language and culture is like diving into an ocean of opportunities for growth. Seek out language exchange partners who are native speakers of Persian or join online language exchange groups. Immerse yourself in Persian music , movies , and podcasts to improve your listening skills . Consider traveling to Iran to experience the language in its natural environment. Embrace every chance to practice and immerse yourself, and you’ll see your Persian script proficiency soar.

As you conclude this guide, you are now equipped with the essential knowledge and skills to read and write in Persian script. Remember, practice is key to improving your proficiency, so continue to engage in regular reading and writing exercises. Embrace the beauty of the Persian language and script, and explore the rich literary and cultural heritage it offers. With dedication and perseverance, you will unlock new opportunities for communication and connection with Persian-speaking communities around the world.

Let’s start!

1- Is learning Persian script difficult?

Learning any new writing system can be challenging, but with the right resources and practice, mastering Persian script is definitely achievable. With its logical structure and consistent rules, you can gradually develop your reading and writing skills over time.

2- Do I need to know the Persian language to learn Persian script?

No, you do not need to be fluent in Persian to learn the Persian script. However, having some understanding of the Persian language can certainly enhance your learning experience and help you make connections between the script and its linguistic context.

3- Can I use this guide to learn other Arabic-based scripts?

While this guide primarily focuses on the Persian script, many of the principles and techniques discussed can be applied to other Arabic-based scripts, such as Arabic itself, or languages like Urdu. However, it’s important to note that each script has its own unique features and characteristics, so additional resources specific to the desired script may be required.

4- Are there any online resources or tools recommended for learning Persian script?

Yes, there are several online resources and tools available to aid your learning journey. Websites, mobile apps, and online language courses can provide interactive lessons, drills, and practice materials to help you improve your skills in reading and writing Persian script.

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Hayyim, Sulayman. New Persian-English dictionary, complete and modern, designed to give the English meanings of over 50,000 words, terms, idioms, and proverbs in the Persian language, as well as the transliteration of the words in English characters. Together with a sufficient treatment of all the grammatical features of the Persian Language. [Teheran, Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim] 1934-1936.

Copyright © 1934 by Librarie-imprimerie Béroukhim. No part of this material in the dictionary may be stored, transmitted, retransmitted, lent, or reproduced in any form or medium without the permission of Mr. Darioush Haim.

New Persian-English dictionary  includes Perso-Arabic and roman alphabets. The option for exclusively searching entry words only encompasses the Perso-Arabic words. The roman transliteration of entry words is not consistently available for entries and so is not searchable.

Scanned pages from the printed dictionary are linked from page views.

The data conversion and presentation of this dictionary was sponsored by the University of Chicago with support from the U.S. Department of Education.

Data for this dictionary was most recently updated in November 2021.

Translation of "essay" into Persian

مقاله, انشا, جستار are the top translations of "essay" into Persian. Sample translated sentence: It's that little girl from Springfield who wrote the essay. ↔ همون دختر کوچولوئه از اسپرینگفیلد هست که اون مقاله رو نوشته.

A written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject. [..]

English-Persian dictionary

It's that little girl from Springfield who wrote the essay .

همون دختر کوچولوئه از اسپرینگفیلد هست که اون مقاله رو نوشته.

piece of writing often written from an author's personal point of view

We had to write an essay about our hero at school

یه بار که توی مدرسه باید دربارهی یه قهرمان انشا مینوشتیم

Less frequent translations

• (طرح پیشنهادی برای تمبر یا اسکناس جدید) الگو
• (ماهیت یا مرغوبیت و غیره) آزمودن
• اقدام کردن به
• امتحان کردن
• امتحاناانجام دادن
• انشا (نوشته ی کوتاه که بیانگر اندیشه و سلیقه ی نویسنده است)
• عیارگیری کردن
• مقاله نویسی
• پردازش (به کاری)

Show algorithmically generated translations

Automatic translations of " essay " into Persian

Translations with alternative spelling

"Essay" in English - Persian dictionary

Currently we have no translations for Essay in the dictionary, maybe you can add one? Make sure to check automatic translation, translation memory or indirect translations.

Phrases similar to "essay" with translations into Persian

• free form essay توصیف انشایی از خصوصیت ارزیابی شونده، روش تشریحی

Translations of "essay" into Persian in sentences, translation memory

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English to Persian Meaning of essay - مقاله

مقاله, رساله, پایان نامه, ترکیب بندی, تلاش, اعمال زور, عکس, خجالتی, کتاب, تثبیت, تلاش كردن, کوشش, فشار دادن, تجربه, تست, معاینه, امتحان, آزمایش

تلاش كردن, کوشش, تلاش, بروید و در مورد, فشار دادن, مقاله, تست, معاینه کردن, تجربه, ثابت كردن, وانمود کردن

Your ESSAY : I'd have better luck making friends...

May I suggest it as the topic for your ESSAY ?

She gets into Cornell, because you wrote her ESSAY .

Flatland is more than just a mathematical ESSAY .

Meaning and definitions of essay, translation in Persian language for essay with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of essay in Persian and in English language.

What essay means in Persian, essay meaning in Persian, essay definition, examples and pronunciation of essay in Persian language.

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• English to Persian

Essay meaning in Persian

Essay meaning in Persian. Here you learn English to Persian translation / English to Persian dictionary of the word ' Essay ' and also play quiz in Persian words starting with E also play A-Z dictionary quiz . To learn Persian language , common vocabulary and grammar are the important sections. Common Vocabulary contains common words that we can used in daily life. This way to learn Persian language quickly and learn daily use sentences helps to improve your Persian language. If you think too hard to learn Persian language, 1000 words will helps to learn Persian language easily, they contain 2-letter words to 13-letter words. Below you see how to say Essay in Persian.

How to say 'Essay' in Persian

Learn also: Essay in different languages

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Here you learn top 1000 Persian words, that is separated into sections to learn easily (Simple words, Easy words, Medium words, Hard Words, Advanced Words). These words are very important in daily life conversations, basic level words are very helpful for beginners. All words have Persian meanings with transliteration.

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Definition, Meaning

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• Transcription

Essay: Persian translation, definition, meaning, synonyms, pronunciation, transcription, antonyms, examples

essay - a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

Similar words: essay

• research essay - مقاله تحقیقی
• your essay - مقاله شما
• model essay - انشا مدل
• visual essay - مقاله تصویری
• published essay - مقاله منتشر شده
• writing essays - نوشتن مقاله
• personal essay - مقاله شخصی
• length of the essay - طول انشا
• dramatic essays - مقالات نمایشی
• several essays - چندین مقاله
• I have essays to write - من مقاله هایی برای نوشتن دارم
• first essay - اولین انشا
• extended essay - مقاله مبسوط
• brief essay - انشا مختصر
• You better get that essay done - بهتره این مقاله رو انجام بدی

Synonyms: essay

noun (synonyms) :

verb (synonyms) :

Antonyms: not found

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Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays

The achaemenid persian empire (550–330 b.c.).

Fluted bowl

Vessel terminating in the forepart of a fantastic leonine creature

Relief: two servants bearing food and drink

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art , The Metropolitan Museum of Art

October 2004

The Achaemenid Persian empire was the largest that the ancient world had seen, extending from Anatolia and Egypt across western Asia to northern India and Central Asia. Its formation began in 550 B.C., when King Astyages of Media, who dominated much of Iran and eastern Anatolia (Turkey), was defeated by his southern neighbor Cyrus II (“the Great”), king of Persia (r. 559–530 B.C.). This upset the balance of power in the Near East. The Lydians of western Anatolia under King Croesus took advantage of the fall of Media to push east and clashed with Persian forces. The Lydian army withdrew for the winter but the Persians advanced to the Lydian capital at Sardis , which fell after a two-week siege. The Lydians had been allied with the Babylonians and Egyptians and Cyrus now had to confront these major powers. The Babylonian empire controlled Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean. In 539 B.C., Persian forces defeated the Babylonian army at the site of Opis, east of the Tigris. Cyrus entered Babylon and presented himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch, restoring temples and releasing political prisoners. The one western power that remained unconquered in Cyrus’ lightning campaigns was Egypt. It was left to his son Cambyses to rout the Egyptian forces in the eastern Nile Delta in 525 B.C. After a ten-day siege, Egypt’s ancient capital Memphis fell to the Persians.

A crisis at court forced Cambyses to return to Persia but he died en route and Darius I (“the Great”) emerged as king (r. 522–486 B.C.), claiming in his inscriptions that a certain “Achaemenes” was his ancestor. Under Darius the empire was stabilized, with roads for communication and a system of governors (satraps) established. He added northwestern India to the Achaemenid realm and initiated two major building projects: the construction of royal buildings at Susa and the creation of the new dynastic center of Persepolis , the buildings of which were decorated by Darius and his successors with stone reliefs and carvings. These show tributaries from different parts of the empire processing toward the enthroned king or conveying the king’s throne. The impression is of a harmonious empire supported by its numerous peoples. Darius also consolidated Persia’s western conquests in the Aegean. However, in 498 B.C., the eastern Greek Ionian cities, supported in part by Athens, revolted. It took the Persians four years to crush the rebellion, although an attack against mainland Greece was repulsed at Marathon in 490 B.C.

Darius’ son Xerxes (r. 486–465 B.C.) attempted to force the mainland Greeks to acknowledge Persian power, but Sparta and Athens refused to give way. Xerxes led his sea and land forces against Greece in 480 B.C., defeating the Spartans at the battle of Thermopylae and sacking Athens. However, the Greeks won a victory against the Persian navy in the straits of Salamis in 479 B.C. It is possible that at this point a serious revolt broke out in the strategically crucial province of Babylonia. Xerxes quickly left Greece and successfully crushed the Babylonian rebellion. However, the Persian army he left behind was defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.

Much of our evidence for Persian history is dependent on contemporary Greek sources and later classical writers, whose main focus is the relations between Persia and the Greek states, as well as tales of Persian court intrigues, moral decadence, and unrestrained luxury. From these we learn that Xerxes was assassinated and was succeeded by one of his sons, who took the name Artaxerxes I (r. 465–424 B.C). During his reign, revolts in Egypt were crushed and garrisons established in the Levant. The empire remained largely intact under Darius II (r. 423–405 B.C), but Egypt claimed independence during the reign of Artaxerxes II (r. 405–359 B.C). Although Artaxerxes II had the longest reign of all the Persian kings, we know very little about him. Writing in the early second century A.D., Plutarch describes him as a sympathetic ruler and courageous warrior. With his successor, Artaxerxes III (r. 358–338 B.C), Egypt was reconquered, but the king was assassinated and his son was crowned as Artaxerxes IV (r. 338–336 B.C.). He, too, was murdered and replaced by Darius III (r. 336–330 B.C.), a second cousin, who faced the armies of Alexander III of Macedon (“the Great”) . Ultimately Darius III was murdered by one of his own generals, and Alexander claimed the Persian empire. However, the fact that Alexander had to fight every inch of the way, taking every province by force, demonstrates the extraordinary solidarity of the Persian empire and that, despite the repeated court intrigues, it was certainly not in a state of decay.

Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. “The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 B.C.).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acha/hd_acha.htm (October 2004)

Further Reading

Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002.

Wiesehöfer, Josef. Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD . London: I.B. Tauris, 1996.

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• Egypt in the Late Period (ca. 664–332 B.C.)
• Ernst Emil Herzfeld (1879–1948) in Persepolis
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Friday essay: why traditional Persian music should be known to the world

Doctoral Candidate, Comparative Literature, Religion and History of Philosophy, University of Sydney

Disclosure statement

Darius Sepehri does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Sydney provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU.

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Weaving through the rooms of my Brisbane childhood home, carried on the languid, humid, sub-tropical air, was the sound of an Iranian tenor singing 800-year old Persian poems of love. I was in primary school, playing cricket in the streets, riding a BMX with the other boys, stuck at home reading during the heavy rains typical of Queensland.

I had an active, exterior life that was lived on Australian terms, suburban, grounded in English, and easy-going. At the same time, thanks to my mother’s listening habits, courtesy of the tapes and CDs she bought back from trips to Iran, my interior life was being invisibly nourished by something radically other, by a soundscape invoking a world beyond the mundane, and an aesthetic dimension rooted in a sense of transcendence and spiritual longing for the Divine.

I was listening to traditional Persian music ( museghi-ye sonnati ). This music is the indigenous music of Iran, although it is also performed and maintained in Persian-speaking countries such as Afghanistan and Tajikistan. It has ancient connections to traditional Indian music, as well as more recent ones to Arabic and Turkish modal music.

It is a world-class art that incorporates not only performance but also the science and theory of music and sound. It is, therefore, a body of knowledge, encoding a way of knowing the world and being. The following track is something of what I might have heard in my childhood:

Playing kamancheh, a bowed spike-fiddle, is Kayhān Kalhor, while the singer is the undisputed master of vocals in Persian music, ostād (meaning “maestro”) Mohammad Reza Shajarian . He is singing in the classical vocal style, āvāz , that is the heart of this music.

A non-metric style placing great creative demands on singers, āvāz is improvised along set melodic lines memorised by heart. Without a fixed beat, the vocalist sings with rhythms resembling speech, but speech heightened to an intensified state. This style bears great similarity to the sean-nos style of Ireland , which is also ornamented and non-rhythmic, although sean-nos is totally unaccompanied, unlike Persian āvāz in which the singer is often accompanied by a single stringed instrument.

A somewhat more unorthodox example of āvāz is the following, sung by Alireza Ghorbāni with a synthesised sound underneath his voice rather than any Persian instrument. It creates a hypnotic effect.

Even listeners unfamiliar with Persian music should be able to hear the intensity in the voices of Ghorbāni and Shajarian. Passion is paramount, but passion refined and sublimated so that longing and desire break through ordinary habituated consciousness to point to something unlimited, such as an overwhelming sense of the beyond.

Beyond media contrived images

The traditional poetry and music of Iran aim to create a threshold space, a zone of mystery; a psycho-emotional terrain of suffering, melancholy, death and loss, but also of authentic joy, ecstasy, and hope.

Iranians have tasted much suffering throughout their history, and are wary of being stripped of their identity. Currently, economic sanctions are being re-applied to Iran’s entire civilian population , depriving millions of ordinary people of medicine and essentials .

Traditional Persian music matters in this context of escalating aggression because it is a rich, creative artform, still living and cherished. It binds Iranians in a shared culture that constitutes the authentic life of the people and the country, as opposed to the contrived image of Iran presented in Western media that begins and ends with politics.

This is a thoroughly soulful music, akin not in form but in soulfulness with artists such as John Coltrane or Van Morrison. In the Persian tradition, music is not only for pleasure, but has a transformative purpose. Sound is meant to effect a change in the listener’s consciousness, to bring them into a spiritual state ( hāl ).

Like other ancient systems, in the Persian tradition the perfection of the formal structures of beautiful music is believed to come from God, as in the Pythagorean phrase, the “music of the spheres.”

Because traditional Persian music has been heavily influenced by Sufism, the mystical aspect of Islam, many rhythmic performances ( tasnif , as opposed to āvāz ) can (distantly) recall the sounds of Sufi musical ceremonies ( sama ), with forceful, trance-inducing rhythms. (For instance in this Rumi performance by Alireza Eftekhari).

Even when slow, traditional Persian music is still passionate and ardent in mood, such as this performance of Rumi by Homayoun Shajarian, son of Mohammad-Reza:

Another link with traditional Celtic music is the grief that runs through Persian music, as can be heard in this instrumental by Kalhor.

Grief and sorrow always work in tandem with joy and ecstasy to create soundscapes that evoke longing and mystery.

Connections with classical poetry

The work of classical poets such as Rumi, Hāfez, Sa’di, Attār, and Omar Khayyām forms the lyrical basis of compositions in traditional Persian music. The rhythmic structure of the music is based on the prosodic system that poetry uses ( aruz ), a cycle of short and long syllables.

Singers must therefore be masters not only at singing but know Persian poetry and its metrical aspects intimately. Skilled vocalists must be able to interpret poems. Lines or phrases can be extended or repeated, or enhanced with vocal ornaments.

Thus, even for a Persian speaker who knows the poems being sung, Persian music can still reveal new interpretations. Here, for example (from 10:00 to 25:00 mins) is another example of Rumi by M.R. Shajarian:

This is a charity concert from 2003 in Bam, Iran, after a horrendous earthquake destroyed the town. Rumi’s poem is renowned among Persian speakers, but here Mohammad-Reza Shajarian sings it with such passion and emotional intensity that it sounds fresh and revelatory.

“Without everyone else it’s possible,” Rumi says, “Without you life is not liveable.”

While such lines are originally drawn from the tradition of non-religious love poems, in Rumi’s poems the address to the beloved becomes mystical, otherworldly. After a tragedy such as the earthquake, these lyrics can take on special urgency in the present.

When people listen to traditional music, they, like the singers, remain still. Audiences are transfixed and transported.

According to Sufi cosmology, all melodious sounds erupt forth from a world of silence. In Sufism, silence is the condition of the innermost chambers of the human heart, its core ( fuad ), which is likened to a throne from which the Divine Presence radiates.

Because of this connection with the intelligence and awareness of the heart, many performers of traditional Persian music understand that it must be played through self-forgetting, as beautifully explained here by master Amir Koushkani:

Persian music has roughly twelve modal systems, each known as a dastgah . Each dastgah collects melodic models that are skeletal frameworks upon which performers improvise in the moment. The spiritual aspect of Persian music is made most manifest in this improvisation.

Shajarian has said that the core of traditional music is concentration ( tamarkoz ), by which he means not only the mind but the whole human awareness. It is a mystical and contemplative music.

The highly melodic nature of Persian music also facilitates expressiveness. Unlike Western classical music, there is very sparing use of harmony. This, and the fact that like other world musical traditions it includes microtonal intervals, may make traditional Persian music odd at first listen for Western audiences.

Solo performances are important to traditional Persian music. In a concert, soloists may be accompanied by another instrument with a series of call-and-response type echoes and recapitulations of melodic phrases.

Similarly, here playing the barbat, a Persian variant of the oud, maestro Hossein Behrooznia shows how percussion and plucked string instruments can forge interwoven melodic structures that create hypnotic soundscapes:

Ancient roots

The roots of traditional Persian music go back to ancient pre-Islamic Persian civilisation, with archaeological evidence of arched harps (a harp in the shape of a bow with a sound box at the lower end), having been used in rituals in Iran as early as 3100BC.

Under the pre-Islamic Parthian (247BC-224AD) and Sasanian (224-651AD) kingdoms, in addition to musical performances on Zoroastrian holy days, music was elevated to an aristocratic art at royal courts.

Centuries after the Sasanians, after the Arab invasion of Iran, Sufi metaphysics brought a new spiritual intelligence to Persian music. Spiritual substance is transmitted through rhythm, metaphors and symbolism, melodies, vocal delivery, instrumentation, composition, and even the etiquette and co-ordination of performances.

The main instruments used today go back to ancient Iran. Among others, there is the tār, the six-stringed fretted lute; ney, the vertical reed flute that is important to Rumi’s poetry as a symbol of the human soul crying out in joy or grief; daf, a frame drum important in Sufi ritual; and the setār, a wooden four-stringed lute.

The tār, made of mulberry wood and stretch lambskin, is used to create vibrations that affect the heart and the body’s energies and a central instrument for composition. It is played here by master Hossein Alizadeh and here by master Dariush Talai .

Music, gardens, and beauty

Traditional Persian music not only cross-pollinates with poetry, but with other arts and crafts. At its simplest, this means performing with traditional dress and carpets on stage. In a more symphonic mode of production, an overflow of beauty can be created, such as in this popular and enchanting performance by the group Mahbanu:

They perform in a garden: of course. Iranians love gardens, which have a deeply symbolic and spiritual meaning as a sign or manifestation of Divine splendour. Our word paradise, in fact, comes from the Ancient Persian word, para-daiza , meaning “walled garden”. The walled garden, tended and irrigated, represents in Persian tradition the cultivation of the soul, an inner garden or inner paradise.

The traditional costumes of the band (as with much folk dress around the world) are elegant, colourful, resplendent, yet also modest. The lyrics are tinged with Sufi thought, the poet-lover lamenting the distance of the beloved but proclaiming the sufficiency of staying in unconsumed desire.

As a young boy, I grasped the otherness of Persian music intuitively. I found its timeless spiritual beauty and interiority had no discernible connection with my quotidian, material Australian existence.

Persian music and arts, like other traditional systems, gives a kind of “food” for the soul and spirit that has been destroyed in the West by the dominance of rationalism and capitalism. For 20 years since my boyhood, traditional Persian culture has anchored my identity, healed and replenished my wounded heart, matured my soul, and allowed me to avoid the sense of being without roots in which so many unfortunately find themselves today.

It constitutes a world of beauty and wisdom that is a rich gift to the whole world, standing alongside Irano-Islamic architecture and Iranian garden design .

The problem is the difficulty of sharing this richness with the world. In an age of hypercommunication, why is the beauty of Persian music (or the beauty of traditional arts of many other cultures for that matter) so rarely disseminated? Much of the fault lies with corporate media.

Brilliant women

Mahbanu, who can also be heard here performing a well-known Rumi poem, are mostly female. But readers will very likely not have heard about them, or any of the other rising female musicians and singers of Persian music. According to master-teachers such as Shajarian , there are now often as many female students as male in traditional music schools such as his.

Almost everyone has seen however, through corporate media, the same cliched images of an angry mob of Iranians chanting, soldiers goose-stepping, missile launches, or leaders in rhetorical flight denouncing something. Ordinary Iranian people themselves are almost never heard from directly, and their creativity rarely shown.

The lead singer of the Mahbanu group, Sahar Mohammadi, is a phenomenally talented singer of the āvāz style, as heard here , when she performs in the mournful abu ata mode. She may, indeed, be the best contemporary female vocalist. Yet she is unheard of outside of Iran and small circles of connoisseurs mainly in Europe.

A list of outstanding modern Iranian women poets and musicians requires its own article. Here I will list some of the outstanding singers, very briefly. From an older generation we may mention the master Parisa (discussed below), and Afsaneh Rasaei . Current singers of great talent include, among others, Mahdieh Mohammadkhani , Homa Niknam , Mahileh Moradi , and the mesmerising Sepideh Raissadat .

Finally, one of my favourites is the marvelous Haleh Seifizadeh, whose enchanting singing in a Moscow church suits the space perfectly.

The beloved Shajarian

Tenor Mohammad-Reza Shajarian is by far the most beloved and renowned voice of traditional Persian music. To truly understand his prowess, we can listen to him performing a lyric of the 13th century poet Sa’di:

As heard here, traditional Persian music is at once heavy and serious in its intent, yet expansive and tranquil in its effect. Shajarian begins by singing the word Yār , meaning “beloved”, with an ornamental trill. These trills, called tahrir , are made by rapidly closing the glottis, effectively breaking the notes (the effect is reminiscent of Swiss yodeling).

By singing rapidly and high in the vocal range, a virtuoso display of vocal prowess is created imitating a nightingale , the symbol with whom the poet and singer are most compared in Persian traditional music and poetry. Nightingales symbolise the besotted, suffering, and faithful lover. (For those interested, Homayoun Shajarian, explains the technique in this video ).

As with many singers, the great Parisa, heard here in a wonderful concert from pre-revolutionary Iran, learned her command of tahrir partly from Shajarian. With her voice in particular, the similarity to a nightingale’s trilling is clear.

Nourishing hearts and souls

The majority of Iran’s 80 million population are under 30 years of age . Not all are involved in traditional culture. Some prefer to make hip-hop or heavy-metal, or theatre or cinema. Still, there are many young Iranians expressing themselves through poetry (the country’s most important artform) and traditional music.

National and cultural identity for Iranians is marked by a sense of having a tradition, of being rooted in ancient origins, and of carrying something of great cultural significance from past generations, to be preserved for the future as repository of knowledge and wisdom. This precious thing that is handed down persists while political systems change.

Iran’s traditional music carries messages of beauty, joy, sorrow and love from the heart of the Iranian people to the world. These messages are not simply of a national character, but universally human, albeit inflected by Iranian history and mentality.

This is why traditional Persian music should be known to the world. Ever since its melodies first pierced my room in Brisbane, ever since it began to transport me to places of the spirit years ago, I’ve wondered if it could also perhaps nourish the hearts and souls of some of my fellow Australians, across the gulf of language, history, and time.

• Friday essay
• Iranian women
• Persian culture
• Traditional music

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Iranian Culture: 9 Unique Traditions and Lifestyles

Categories Asian Culture , Culture , Iranian Culture

In this article we set out a fascinating tour through the heart of Iranian culture , getting familiar with its unique traditions and lifestyles. From the graceful art of Taarof to the significance of Haft, the holy number seven, symbolizing completeness in every aspect of life. Discover the Sofreh, a symbol of familial bonds and togetherness cherished in Iranian culture.

Join us as we wander through the lively streets of Shiraz , the eternal glory of Isfahan , and the complex alleys of Yazd , where tradition and heritage stand as monuments to flexibility and holiness. Are you ready to soak yourself in the richness of Persian identity?

1. Taarof: Politeness and Mutual Respect

2. haft: seven, 3. sofreh: persian cloth for serving meals, 2. iranian happiness, 3. iranian social life, 4. iranian food, 5. iranian relationships, 6. iranian parenting, 7. iranian work culture, 8. traditional clothing, key takings about iranian culture, 1. three main cultural roots.

Taarof, a fundamental of Iranian etiquette, represents a complex system of politeness and mutual respect deeply rooted in Persian culture. Serving as a delicate dance of gestures and politeness, Taarof governs interactions involving the exchange of gifts, food, money, and more. While it may seem confusing to outsiders, mastering Taarof is considered an art form by many Iranians, showing one’s respect for tradition and appreciation for social harmony.

Whether graciously declining offerings or insisting on returning gestures, the underlying intention is to convey respect, hospitality, and regard, particularly evident in hospitality settings where hosts attempt to make guests feel sincerely welcomed and appreciated.

In everyday interactions, such as interactions with service personnel like taxi drivers, Taarof manifests in the form of polite refusals and insistent offers, reflecting a cultural norm where individuals strive to prioritize the well-being and comfort of others over their own.

This elaborate movement of social etiquette not only demonstrates the importance of mutual respect but also highlights the significance of maintaining harmonious relationships within Iranian society. While Taarof may pose challenges for those unfamiliar with its distinctions, acknowledging and respecting its role in Iranian culture develops deeper connections and appreciation for the rich texture of customs and traditions that define Persian identity.

The significance of the number seven, deeply rooted in Iranian culture, extends beyond simple numerical value to cover meaningful symbolic meaning. Across various domains; religious, political, cosmological, and cultural; the number seven emerges as a symbol of completeness, periodicity, and spiritual significance. Rooted in Indo-European traditions, the holiness of numbers, particularly three, five, and seven, held primary connotations for the Aryans of India and Iran.

In Zoroastrian belief, seven represents totality, exemplified by the seven creations guarded by the seven Aməša Spəntas and the ceremonial rituals honoring the seven creations. Furthermore, the renovation of the world is associated with seven lords, including the Zoroastrian Savior Astvat.ərəta and his six companions, who symbolize the regions of the earth.

Beyond religious contexts, the number seven fills Iranian political and social structures. In ancient Persia , it manifested as the “Seven Great Houses,” a group of influential magnates sharing rulership and advising the king. Even military organizations reflected the significance of seven, with field commanders leading the Persian army despite its tenth-based organization.

This respect for seven extended to the realm of folklore, rituals, and customs, shaping practices like the seven annual Zoroastrian feasts, the seven-fold rituals of Muslim pilgrimage, and the seven-fold hierarchy of church dioceses established by Persian Christians. Moreover, literary works such as Nezāmi Ganjavi’s “Haft Peykar” and Jāmī’s “Haft Owrang” epitomize the cultural fascination with seven, employing it as a symbol of completeness and perfection.

Thus, the universal influence of the number seven shows its central role in defining Iranian identity and shaping various aspects of its civilization.

The Sofreh, a traditional Persian spread or cloth used during special occasions, shows a rich texture of cultural symbolism and social etiquette deeply rooted in Iranian society. Beyond its literal function of serving meals, the Sofreh represents a unity of tradition, hospitality, and spiritual significance. Family members gather around the Sofreh, whether spread on a table or the floor, advancing a sense of togetherness and connection during meal times, a ritual that has endured despite evolving lifestyles.

The Sofreh is not simply a physical object but a symbol of respect and honor; those seated around it honor the space and each other, observing customs such as beginning the meal with salt and concluding with prayers. Respect for elders is Primary, with preference given to senior family members and strict rules of conduct observed, such as refraining from lying down or stretching legs in the presence of the Sofreh.

Basically, the Sofreh serves as a focal point for communal gatherings, representing the values of warmth, generosity, and familial bonds cherished in Iranian culture.

Moreover, the Sofreh assumes different forms and significance across various ceremonies and festivities, further accentuating its multifaceted role in Iranian cultural expression. From the Sofreh Aqd in engagement ceremonies, adorned with symbolic items representing blessings and prosperity for the newlyweds, to the Sofreh Haft-Seen during Nowruz, adorned with seven items symbolizing renewal and abundance, the Sofreh serves as a canvas for cultural heritage and spiritual reflection.

During Ramadan, the Sofreh becomes a holy space for iftar meals, where families and guests break their fast together in an atmosphere of friendship and spiritual connection. Even on occasions like Yalda night, when the longest night of the year is celebrated, the Sofreh becomes a tableau of seasonal delights, adorned with fresh fruits and symbolic treats, celebrating the cycle of nature and the bonds of community.

Essentially, the Sofreh goes beyond its material form to become a barrel for cultural identity, unity, and shared experiences in the texture of Iranian life.

Despite the dominant challenges, Iranians find sources of happiness and strength among adversity. The deeply rooted cultural traditions, familial bonds, and community ties serve as pillars of support in guiding life’s uncertainties. Despite economic hardships, Iranians often gather with friends and family, sharing meals and stories around the sofreh, a symbol of togetherness and hospitality.

Moments of joy are found in simple pleasures, such as sipping tea, enjoying traditional music, or celebrating cultural festivals like Noruz, the Iranian New Year.

Moreover, the Iranian people exhibit remarkable innovation and creativity in the face of limitations. From the active bazaars to the lively art scene, Iranians demonstrate a zest for life and a determination to persevere. Despite the challenges depicted in cinema and observed in daily life, there is an adaptability and spirit of optimism that endures.

While economic indicators may paint a thoughtful picture, the lived experiences of Iranians reveal a diverse texture of emotions, where moments of happiness coexist with struggles and setbacks. Ultimately, the pursuit of happiness in Iran is a complex interplay of cultural heritage, social dynamics, and individual flexibility, reflecting the richness and complexity of the Iranian experience.

Iranian social life is deeply rooted in collectivism and familial loyalty. Families in Iran exhibit strong bonds, where the interests of the family unit often take preference over individual needs. This collective loyalty extends to the shared honor and shame among family members, emphasizing the importance of maintaining family cohesion and honor. Additionally, social classes in Iran are distinct, ranging from the upper class to rural wage earners, each with its own set of values and norms.

Communication in Iranian society is characterized by indirectness and reliance on non-verbal cues. Iranians often employ figurative language and storytelling to convey messages, aiming to avoid embarrassment or offense while showing respect to others. Verbal communication is drawn out as individuals take time to reach a full understanding, and direct refusals are considered impolite, often masked by indirect responses to maintain harmony in relationships.

Furthermore, non-verbal communication follows both public and private rules, with distinctions in behavior between formal public settings and informal private gatherings. While physical contact and gestures of affection are acceptable within familial and friend circles, they are restricted in public spaces, especially between individuals of the opposite gender, sticking to Islamic principles of modesty and respect. These social norms and etiquette play a significant role in shaping interactions and relationships within Iranian society, reflecting its cultural heritage and values.

Iranian food culture is rich in diversity, with a strong emphasis on fresh, green, and lush vegetables accompanying nearly every meal. Raw and crisp vegetables like chives, parsley, radish, basil, mint, and tarragon are integral components of Iranian cuisine , providing not only lively colors but also essential nutrients. Alongside these vegetables, the staple foods of Iranian cuisine include rice, various herbs, cheese, flatbreads, and a variety of meats such as poultry, beef, lamb, or fish.

Stew served over rice dominates as the most popular dish, its recipes varying by region but consistently offering a hearty and flavorful experience. Furthermore, Iranian food culture is deeply rooted in traditional medicine beliefs, emphasizing the importance of balance in food consumption to maintain overall health and well-being. This holistic approach to food reflects Iranians’ commitment to nourishing both body and soul, ensuring a harmonious relationship between dietary choices and overall health.

In addition to the rich texture of traditional Iranian cuisine, the country offers a culinary adventure with a selection of unique and sometimes surprising dishes that may scheme adventurous eaters. From the unusual Kalle Pache, a soup made from a sheep’s head and hooves, to Sirabi, a traditional tripe soup, Iranians have developed a taste for dishes that may seem unconventional to outsiders but hold a special place in local cuisine.

Other plot delicacies include kebabs made from sheep organs like kidneys, lungs, and hearts, demonstrating creativity in utilizing every part of the animal. Furthermore, Iranian food culture extends to snacks and beverages, with offerings like Sekanjebin, a mint-infused vinegar syrup served with lettuce, and Doogh, a yogurt-based drink enjoyed with sweet pastries like Gooshfil.

Even desserts show Iranian creativity, with dishes like Khoresht-e-Mast, a sweet yogurt stew garnished with saffron, rosewater, and pistachios, offering a delightful blend of savory and sweet flavors. Overall, Iranian food culture celebrates diversity, innovation, and a deep appreciation for the culinary arts, inviting both locals and visitors to be satisfied in a rich textile of flavors and textures.

See Also Moroccan Culture

The Iranian romantic relationship and marriage culture is characterized by several key elements. Firstly, communication plays a significant role, especially for Persian girls who may exhibit delicate signs of affection towards someone they are interested in. Continual conversations, calls without a specific reason, and text messages to inquire about well-being are common indicators of interest in a potential partner.

Secondly, respect and politeness are highly valued in Iranian relationships. Men often show respect and courtesy towards women they are interested in, while women appreciate gestures of affection and attention. These gestures can include planning special dates, leaving love notes, cuddling, and showing appreciation for their partner’s appearance.

However, Iranian couples must guide social and cultural restrictions, particularly regarding public displays of affection. Kissing, hugging, and other intimate gestures are severely restricted in public spaces due to societal norms and government regulations. Additionally, the government disapproves of casual dating and non-marital sex, enforcing strict separation of genders and imposing potential effects on couples who refuse these norms in public.

Despite these challenges, modern technology has revolutionized dating in Iran, with the rise of online platforms like Telegram enabling young Iranians to connect and pursue relationships more cautiously. These platforms offer opportunities for individuals to meet potential partners, avoiding traditional barriers and providing a space for young Iranians to explore romantic connections in a changing cultural landscape.

Overall, while directing societal expectations and government regulations, Iranian couples continue to adapt and find ways to express affection and build meaningful relationships in a complex social environment.

In Iranian culture, parenting is deeply rooted in traditional values, where the family is considered the core of society. Parents, particularly fathers, hold significant authority and are responsible for making major decisions regarding their children’s lives, including their education, profession, and marriage partner. This patriarchal structure, reinforced by religious and cultural practices, emphasizes the importance of obedience and respect for elders.

While modernization has led to some shifts in power dynamics, especially among the educated classes, traditional norms still succeed in many aspects of family life.

The role of children in Iranian families is to be disciplined and to attach to the expectations set by their parents and elders. Sons are typically groomed to become providers for their families, while daughters are taught to prioritize modesty and obedience. Despite evolving societal norms, gender roles remain distinct, with more restrictions imposed on girls, particularly regarding dating and social interactions.

Family unity is primary, with parents often sacrificing their own needs for the well-being of their children. The extended family plays a crucial role in providing emotional and financial support, creating a strong sense of cohesion among relatives. While parental control is prevalent, it is often tempered by love and affection, developing a sense of obligation and trust between parents and children. However, the emergence of abnormal families and instances of parental violence highlights the challenges of balancing traditional values with modern expectations in Iranian society.

Iranian work culture is deeply interlinked with the country’s economic structure, which comprises a significant hydrocarbon sector, agriculture, services, manufacturing, and financial services. With a mixed economy featuring a large public sector, Iran’s business landscape is characterized by state involvement and a considerable portion of centrally planned activities. The Tehran Stock Exchange reflects this diversity, with over 40 industries directly engaged.

In business meetings, punctuality is primary, and while hospitality and politeness are valued, discussions may progress slowly due to indirect communication styles and hierarchical decision-making processes.

Building strong business relationships is fundamental in Iranian work culture, often requiring third-party introductions and rapport-building efforts. Openness, honesty, and patience are essential traits when engaging in negotiations, as Iranians may approach discussions cautiously due to historical suspicions toward Western business interests. Emphasizing mutual benefits and demonstrating genuine interest in supporting Iran’s economy can facilitate trust and collaboration.

However, piloting the hierarchical structure and cultural variations, such as formal titles and the importance of academic achievement, is crucial for successful interactions. Despite challenges like passive resistance and corruption perceptions, advancing personal connections and respecting Iranian values can pave the way for fruitful business enterprises in the country.

Iranian traditional clothing reflects a rich fabric of culture, history, and ethnicity, with each region showing its own unique style. From the dynamic Baloch robes adorned with heavy needlework to the colorful skirts of the Gilaki women, traditional Iranian clothes show a remarkable diversity of fabrics, patterns, and accessories. Women’s clothing, in particular, is characterized by elegance and sophistication, featuring long robes, jackets, scarves, and intricate jewelry.

Men’s clothing includes long robes, wide belts, headdresses, and coats, often in simple yet stylish designs. Gold jewelry is not only worn as adornment but also incorporated into clothing, adding a touch of luxury and tradition to the unit.

While traditional clothing may not be as common in urban areas, it remains a cherished part of Iranian culture, especially in villages and during traditional festivals and weddings. Each ethnic group, from the Baloch and Gilaki to the Kurdish and Turk, contributes to the rich textile of Persian attire, showing their unique heritage through colorful fabrics, complex ornamentation, and distinct accessories.

Despite the modernization of fashion trends, traditional elements persist in modern Iranian clothing, with designers infusing patterns rooted in customs and traditions into contemporary styles. This fusion of tradition and modernity represents the eternal significance of Iranian traditional clothing as a symbol of cultural identity and heritage, cherished by Iranians both at home and abroad.

9. Three Cultural Cities

Shiraz, meaning Persian wine, holds a special place in Iranian culture as one of the country’s most charming cities. Renowned as the city of poets, literature, and flowers, Shiraz attracts visitors with its rich cultural heritage and natural beauty. The city’s poetic beauty is completed by its abundance of gardens, earning it the title of the city of gardens among Iranians.

Eram Garden, with its lush greenery and fragrant blossoms, is just one example of the many exquisite gardens that adorn Shiraz. Beyond its floral splendor, Shiraz boasts a lively arts and crafts scene, featuring complex collage work, silverware, and the famed Shiraz Kilim rugs and Jajim blankets crafted by local artisans.

Isfahan, often praised as the most beautiful city globally and named “Nesf-e-Jahan” or “Half World” by Persians , boasts a rich textile of history, culture, and architectural marvels. Serving as Persia’s capital from 1592 to 1722, Isfahan has been a melting pot of diverse cultures and religions, where Jews, Armenians, Christians, and Muslims coexist harmoniously. From its flourishing under the Seljuq Turks to its golden age under the Persian Safavi dynasty, Isfahan has stood as a light of Persian culture and Islamic architecture.

Renowned for its grand boulevards, majestic palaces, elaborately decorated mosques, and iconic covered bridges, Isfahan is a treasure collection of historical landmarks and artifacts. Its significance in history is enshrined in the Persian proverb “Esfahān nesf-e-jahān ast” (Isfahan is half of the world), reflecting its undeniable splendor and cultural richness.

Yazd settled in the heart of Iran, stands as proof of tradition and heritage. This ancient city, deeply rooted in religious customs and traditional values, maintains a distinct charm characterized by its Muslim processions and gatherings that honor Islamic saints and respected figures. Its earthen architecture, untouched by modernization, maintains the heart of bygone eras, boasting traditional districts, the complex Qanat system, and a wealth of historic sites including houses, bazaars, Hammams, mosques, synagogues, and Zoroastrian temples.

As a pivotal stop along historic trade routes, Yazd flourished as a hub of commerce, earning honors from travelers like Marco Polo, who praised its splendor and renowned silk industry. Throughout history, Yazd’s strategic location facilitated cultural exchange and trade between regions, earning it the title “Home of Piety” for its abundance of religious structures and its pivotal role in connecting diverse communities.

1. Taarof : A complex dance of politeness and respect, Taarof reflects Iranian traditions of hospitality and social harmony, mastering its complexities shows respect for tradition and mutual understanding.

2. The Significance of Seven : The number seven holds deep symbolism in Iranian culture, representing completeness and shaping various aspects of identity and civilization.

3. The Symbolism of Sofreh : Beyond its function, the Sofreh represents familial unity and spiritual significance, serving as a focal point for communal gatherings.

4. Sources of Happiness : Iranians find joy in simple pleasures and familial bonds despite challenges, reflecting adaptability among complexity.

5. Social Norms and Etiquette : Iranian social life is marked by collectivism and indirect communication, understanding these norms is crucial for meaningful relationships.

6. Rich Culinary Heritage : Iranian cuisine celebrates diversity and emphasizes fresh ingredients, reflecting a deep appreciation for culinary arts.

7. Relationship Dynamics : Iranian romantic relationships involve subtle gestures of affection, managing societal norms among evolving dynamics.

8. Workplace Culture : Iranian work culture blends state involvement with personal relationships, and understanding Iranian values is essential for successful collaborations.

9. Cultural Identity in Clothing : Traditional Iranian clothing blends tradition with modernity, preserving cultural heritage through fashion.

10. Exploring Cultural Cities : Cities like Shiraz, Isfahan, and Yazd offer glimpses into Iran’s rich history and architectural wonders, representing the beauty and diversity of Iranian culture.

Earl M. Kinkade

Sophia Melo Gomes

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About 115 miles north of Alaska, a U.S. Navy submarine emerges from several feet of thick ice.

The Navy’s 68 submarines could be anywhere at any time — patrolling the Arctic and the Persian Gulf, or near Russia, China or North Korea.

Their missions are closely-held secrets, but a frigid training exercise offers a glimpse of military life deep undersea.

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Inside a Navy Submarine Navigating the Arctic

A Times photojournalist embarked on a nuclear-powered attack sub to see how the Pentagon is training for a potential war below the frozen sea.

Photographs and Text by Kenny Holston

Reporting from the attack submarine Hampton, underway in the Arctic Ocean

U.S. Navy sailors aboard nuclear-powered submarines have long trained in the Arctic, learning to hunt their Russian counterparts in case of war. But America’s sub force is sharpening its combat skills at the edge of the world as Russia expands military operations there.

One day in March, the black metal sail of a 360-foot attack sub armed with Tomahawk cruise missiles and torpedoes punched through the dense ice of the Beaufort Sea during Operation Ice Camp.

For many of the 152 sailors on board the U.S.S. Hampton, it is their first patrol.

In the sub’s nerve center, where sailors navigate the boat and stand watch over sonar, radio and weapons consoles, Master Chief Petty Officer Jacob Green mentors the junior officers and crew members as they carry out their duties.

Everyone calls him “Cob” — for chief of the boat.

Operating a sub in the Arctic is especially challenging. First, navigation. In some areas, shallow waters force the crew to thread a narrow path between twin threats: the ice above and the ocean floor below.

Ice keels — huge chunks of overturned sea ice pointing downward — are also a hazard here. This was the case when Cmdr. Mike Brown and his crew aboard the Hampton transited through the Bering Strait.

“We operated the boat 20 feet off the bottom with 40, 60 feet of ice above us and we were able to dodge the ice keels,” Commander Brown said.

Second, water condensation that comes from the freezing ocean waters against the boat’s hull creates the risk of small electrical fires on the submarine.

Since a loss of propulsion could mean getting stuck under the ice, keeping the sub’s small nuclear power plant in top form becomes a matter of life or death.

As on any sub, space is at a premium.

Beds often have to be shared as the sailors work in shifts (rotating bunks is called “hot racking”). Cooks frequently bake fresh bread so they don’t have to store premade loaves (the supply officer is called “Chop,” like pork chop). Menus must be meticulously planned for the duration of the underwater mission. In emergencies, surgeries can be performed on the wardroom table.

The small dining areas for officers and sailors are among the few places where the crew can unwind together and study the minutiae of submarine operations for hours on end.

Crew members play the strategy card game cribbage to pass time, and so, they say, as not to let time pass them.

But time does pass, and all of the sailors will miss milestones in the lives of their families and friends. When they do finally return home, they will be unable to talk in detail about their efforts at sea because most of what they do is classified.

Some sailors spend their downtime on smartphones, reading old messages or watching TV shows and movies downloaded before the patrol. “Day 31 is sometimes the lowest morale day while underway,” said Capt. Mickaila Johnston, an undersea medical officer. “App downloads expire: Spotify, Netflix, etc.”

Being “underway” on a sub, the sailors say, is like working in a small office space with no windows, no way to leave, no Wi-Fi and zero cell service. Crucial military decisions are made entirely on the boat, with no outside communication.

The layout of the boat resembles an elongated maze of extremely dark passageways no wider than the aisle on a school bus. Sailors must turn parallel when walking past each other. The companionways between two primary decks are so narrow that only one person at a time can use them. Nothing and no one is ever far away.

Commander Brown leads an all-male crew. A ban on women serving in the submarine force ended only in 2010 , and many female officers are rising through the ranks aboard subs like his. None are yet senior enough to command a submarine.

On this particular day the Hampton has risen from the depths for Ice Camp — a three-week mission testing the crew’s ability to fight in one of the most unforgiving places on Earth.

Several miles away other service members and researchers have built Camp Whale, a clutch of winterized tents and a small command center on a large ice floe that itself moves about a half mile an hour on the frozen ocean.

Life there is rugged. No showers. No running water. The outside air dips to 40 degrees below zero. Above, the northern lights sometimes shimmer after sunset.

Teams are flown by helicopter back and forth between the subs and the camp when physical contact with the subs is necessary.

“The goal here is twofold,” Commander Brown said in an interview. “It’s geopolitical. It’s also just building the proficiency of being able to operate under the ice. I have a crew full of sailors that by and large have never been here, have never been under the ice. And so one of my primary focuses is to train the next generation of sailors.”

U.S. Navy submarines run classified missions around the world every single day. Attack boats like the Hampton might collect intelligence on enemy warships or eavesdrop on unfriendly governments, while much larger ballistic missile submarines stay submerged for 90 days at a time, carrying enough nuclear warheads to destroy entire countries.

Before long, it is time to break through the unforgiving Arctic ice again.

As the crew concludes its mission in the Beaufort Sea, the sub heads north before surfacing at the North Pole.

These submariners will then press on, continuing their voyage under the icy sea in silence.

John Ismay contributed reporting from Washington.

Kenny Holston is a Times photographer based in Washington, primarily covering Congress, the military and the White House. More about Kenny Holston

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