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Unraveling the binational outbreak of anthrax in Ghana and Nigeria: an in-depth investigation of epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and plausible recommendations toward its eradication in Africa

Authors: Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Valentine Chidalu Okeke, Abdulafees Hamzat, Dauda Ayomide Onawola and Joseph Fosu Arthur

Progress in endophytic fungi secondary metabolites: biosynthetic gene cluster reactivation and advances in metabolomics

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Navigating thrombotic terrain: unveiling a novel homocystinuria mutation associated with thrombophilia in a 16 year old

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus: retrospect and prospect

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Prof. Ashraf H. Shaalan, Ph.D.

Prof. Emeritus Ashraf H. Shaalan, Ph.D., is a biological anthropologist who is well-recognized as a dynamic leader and scientist. He was the president of the Egyptian National Research Centre, the largest multi-disciplinary research organization in the Middle East (2009-2018). He was also elected in 2016, 2019 and 2023 as the chairperson of the Coordinating Council of the Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), which is an inter-governmental organization that has a membership of 23 countries from three continents. Previously, Prof. Shaalan was the Deputy President of The Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology and he participated as a member or chairperson of many bilateral governmental scientific boards. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University in Cairo, and completed his M.Sc. and Ph.D. at the same University.

Prof. Shaalan is a well-known author in the field of growth and development of children and he is the co-editor of the Medical Journal of National Research Centre of Egypt for more than 10 years. He always aims for excellence in the publication of scientific articles.

Prof. Yasser R. Abdel-Fattah, Ph.D.

Prof. Yasser R. Abdel-Fattah., is the Deputy Minister of Scientific Research, a microbiologist who is well known in the bioprocess development sector with his valuable career and innovations. In addition, his interventions and inputs to science and technology have positive impacts on the paradigm shift to use scientific research as a driving force for fostering national economy.

During the period of 2013-2018, Prof. Abdel-Fattah was the Secretary General of Supreme council for research centers and institutes (Ministry of Scientific Research, Egypt) and Professor of microbial biotechnology in Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria. Previously, he occupied several posts as: Deputy president of Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (2013-2014), Acting director of City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications (2010-2011), and Dean of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (2007-2010).

He is also a member of the experts board Environmental Biotechnology Section of the European Federation of Biotechnology EFB since 2011. For two years, since 2011, he was selected to be a member of the advisory committee for Science and Technology at WTA. In 2008 he was a member of the Biotechnology and Genetic engineering sciences committee responsible for planning to university education sector of the higher supreme of universities. His biography was included in Marquis Who’s who: Medicine and Healthcare for the year 2006 due to achievements done in the field of industrial biotechnology. He was awarded the distinguished scientific achievement award and shield of honor for the year 2001-2002 of City for Scientific Research & Technology Applications.

Dr Ihab Tewfik, Ph.D.

Ihab is a Registered Nutritionist and UNICEF-UN consultant with significant expertise in planning, implementing and evaluating sustainable public health nutrition intervention programmes at population level. Ihab has developed an independent research career that underpins the pivotal role of medical nutrition in regulating complications of chronic diseases through Tailored Functional Recipes (TFRs). These innovative TFRs are formulated, optimized using locally food ingredients and served as meals to nourish vulnerable populations to attain optimum health. The TFR-concept is not limited to elimination of malnutrition but extend to the design and engineering of food that transcends disease prevention by improving availability of micronutrients, increasing biological functions, and promoting sustainable health. Such concept has been employed to modulate global chronic disease in Georgia, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Lebanon, Nepal, Qatar, Kuwait and UK.

Dr Tewfik has led the Human Nutrition degree at University of Westminster over the last twelve years as Programme Director. His research portfolio spans to investigate the relationship between obesogenic environment and health outcomes of individual and population. His work embraces the effects of nutritional exposure during childhood and risk factors for later non-communicable diseases (NAFLD, PCOs, ADHD, CVD, DM, Cancer) especially in countries experiencing nutritional transition. As Fellow of the Royal Society of Public Health (FRSPH), Ihab has been at the forefront of promoting global public health intervention with an international research agenda stretched to 11 research projects with UNICEF-UN in aspects of public health nutrition intervention. In UK, he has carried out three national projects on food safety (FSA-UK) and on Biomarkers for predicting breast radiotherapy induced side-effect funded by the National Cancer Research Institute.

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Which Express stores are closing? See a full list of locations set to shutter

Express locations are set to close in more than 25 states after Express Inc. announced on Monday that it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and will close over 100 stores across its various brands.

The Columbus, Ohio-based retailer, which is also the parent company of Bonobos and UpWest, said in a release it plans to close approximately 95 Express stores and all of its UpWest stores.

Express currently operates about 530 Express, Express Edit and Express Factory Outlet stores in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, according to the  store locator , as well as seven stores in Mexico and Central America. The company also operates around 60 Guideshop locations and 12 UpWest stores.

Closing sales at the affected stores were scheduled to begin Tuesday, April 23.

Here's which locations will be shuttered.

Express stores closing

In its bankruptcy court filing , Express listed the stores it plans to close. Here is that list, along with the state, city and shopping center where each store is located.

• Chandler: Chandler Fashion, 3111 W. Chandler Blvd.
• Cerritos: Los Cerritos, 224 Los Cerritos Center.
• Downey: Stonewood, 234 Stonewood St.
• Emeryville: Bay Street, 5680 Bay St.
• Escondido: North County Fair, 200 E. Via Rancho Pkwy.
• Fresno: Fresno Fashion Fair, 645 Shaw Ave.
• Lakewood: Lakewood, 500 Lakewood Blvd.
• Montclair: Montclair Plaza, 2149 Montclair Plaza
• Moreno Valley: Moreno Valley, 22500 Town Circle
• National City: Plaza Bonita, 3030 Plaza Bonita Rd.
• San Diego: Mission Valley, 1640 Camino Del Rio N.
• San Diego: University Town Center, 4485 La Jolla Village Dr.
• Santa Ana: Mainplace Mall, 2800 N. Main St.
• Santa Clara: Valley Fair Mall, 2855 Stevens Creek Blvd.
• Sherman Oaks: Sherman Oaks Fashion Square, 14006 Riverside Dr.
• Thousand Oaks: The Oaks, 202 W. Hillcrest Dr.
• Valencia: Valencia Town Center, 24201 Valencia Blvd.
• Broomfield: Flatiron Crossing, One West Flatiron Drive
• Denver: Denver Pavilions, 500 16th St.
• Loveland: Shopts at Centerra, 5971 Sky Pond Dr.

Connecticut

• Danbury: Danbury Fair, 7 Backus Ave.
• Greenwich: Greenwich Avenue, 181 Greenwich Ave.
• Westport: Main Street-Westport, 125 W. Main St.
• Aventura: Aventura Mall, 19501 Biscayne Blvd.
• Clearwater: Countryside Mall, 27001 U.S. Highway 19 N.
• Miami: Bayside, 401 Biscayne Blvd.
• Miami Beach: Lincoln Road, 904 Lincoln Rd.
• Tampa: Citrus Park Town Center, 8021 Citrus Park
• Alpharetta: North Point, 1174 N Point Pkwy.
• Atlanta: Atlantic Station, 230 18th St.
• Kennesaw: Town Center at Cobb, 400 Ernest W. Barrett Pkwy.
• Honolulu: Pearlridge, Moanalua Road
• Chicago: State Street, 17 N. State St.
• Chicago: West Diversey Street, 655 W. Diversey Pkwy.
• Fairview Heights: St. Clair Square, 134 St. Claire Sq.
• Lincolnwood: Lincolnwood Town Center, 3333 W. Touhy Ave.
• Merrillville: Southlake Mall, 2121 Southlake Mall
• Wheaton: Wheaton, 11160 Veirs Mill Rd.

Massachusetts

• Boston: Newbury Street, 109 Newbury St.
• Dorchester: South Bay, 20-36 District Ave.
• North Dartmouth: North Dartmouth, 104B N. Dartmouth Mall
• Sterling Heights: Lakeside, 14600 Lakeside Cir.
• Saint Cloud: Crossroads Center, 4101 W. Division St.
• Kansas City: Zona Rosa, 7120, Nw 86 Terr.
• Lincoln: Westfield Gateway, 414 Gateway Mall
• Henderson: Galleria At Sunset, 1300 Sunset Rd.
• Deptford Township: Deptford Mall, 1750 Deptford Center Rd.
• Freehold: Freehold Raceway, 3710 Route 9
• Mays Landing: Mall at Hamilton Center, 4403 Black Horse Pike
• Paramus: Garden State, 110 Garden State Plaza
• Woodbridge: Woodbridge, 250 Woodbridge Ctr. Dr.
• Bayshore: Southshore, 1701 Sunrise Hwy.
• Bayside: Bay Terrace, 26th Avenue and Bell Blvd.
• Brooklyn: Kings Plaza, 5036 Kings Plaza
• New York: Flatiron–Fifth Avenue, 129 5th Ave.
• New York: Broadway–Soho, 514 Broadway
• New York: Times Square, 1552 North Broadway
• Oceanside: The Sands, 3513 Long Beach Rd.
• Valley Stream: Green Acres Mall, 2034 Green Acres Mall
• Yonkers: Cross Country, 5130 Xavier Dr.

North Carolina

• Charlotte: Northlake, 6801 Northlake Mall Dr.
• Winston-Salem: Hanes Mall, 3320 Silas Creek Pkwy.
• Liberty Township: Liberty Center, 7540 Bales St.
• Toledo: Franklin Park, 5001 Monroe

Pennsylvania

• Philadelphia: Walnut Street: 1521 Walnut St.

Rhode Island

• Warwick: Warwick, 400 Bald Hill Rd.
• Franklin: Cool Springs, 1800 Galleria Blvd.
• Cedar Hill: Hillside Village, 305 West Fm 1382
• Corpus Christi: La Palmera, 5488 S. Padre Island Dr.
• Dallas: Dallas Galleria, 13350 Dallas Pkwy.
• Roanoke: Valley View Mall, 4802 Valley View Blvd.
• Sterling: Dulles Town Center, 21100 Dulles Town Ctr.
• Vancouver: Vancouver, 8700 N.E. Vancouver Mall Dr.

Washington, D.C.

• Washington, D.C.: F Street, 555 11th St. NW
• Madison: East Towne Mall, 89 East Towne Mall

Express Factory Outlet stores closing

In addition to the regular stores, Express is also closing some Express Factory Outlet stores in 14 states:

• Manchester: Buckland Hills, 194 Buckland Hills Drive #2500
• Commerce: Commerce Outlets, 800 Steven B. Tanger Blvd.
• Evansville: Eastland Mall, 800 N. Green River Rd.
• Cedar Rapids: Lindale, 4444 1st Ave. NE
• Davenport: Northpark, 320 W. Kimberly Rd.
• Williamsburg: Williamsburg, 150 Tanger Dr.
• Bossier City: Louisiana Boardwalk, 355 Boardwalk Blvd.
• Baltimore: White Marsh, 8200 Perry Hall Blvd.
• Salisbury: Centre at Salisbury, 2300 North Salisbury Blvd.
• Portage: Crossroads Mall, 6650 Westnedge Ave.

New Hampshire

• North Conway: Settlers Green, 2 Common Ct.
• Livingston: Livingston Mall, 112 Eisenhower Pkwy.
• Moorestown: Moorestown, 400 New Jersey 38
• Brooklyn: Fulton Street, 490 Fulton St.
• Hartford: Sangertown Square, 1 Sangertown Sq.
• Philadelphia: Fashion District Philadelphia, 901 Market St.
• College Station: Post Oak, 1500 Harvey Rd.
• San Antonio: Rolling Oaks, 6906 N. Loop 1604 E.
• Spokane: Northtown, 4750 Division St.
• Baraboo: Outlets at the Dells, 210 N. Gasser Rd.

UpWest stores closing

Express said it will close all of its UpWest stores. According to the store locator , there are 10 UpWest stores in eight states and in Washington, D.C.:

• San Jose: Santana Row, 356 Santana Row Suite 6002
• Boulder: Pearl Street: 1430 Pearl St.
• Chicago: Lincoln Park, 924 W. Armitage Ave.
• Boston: Newbury Street, 172 Newbury St.
• Garden City: Roosevelt Field Mall, 630 Old Country Rd. Suite 1085
• New York: SoHo, 107 Spring St.
• Minneapolis: Mall of America, 130 South Ave.
• Tysons: Tysons Corner Center, 1961 Chain Bridge Rd.
• Seattle: Bellevue Square, 575 Bellevue Square
• Georgetown: M Street, 3110 M St.

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What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S.

More Americans died of gun-related injuries in 2021 than in any other year on record, according to the latest available statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). That included record numbers of both gun murders and gun suicides. Despite the increase in such fatalities, the rate of gun deaths – a statistic that accounts for the nation’s growing population – remained below the levels of earlier decades.

Here’s a closer look at gun deaths in the United States, based on a Pew Research Center analysis of data from the CDC, the FBI and other sources. You can also read key public opinion findings about U.S. gun violence and gun policy .

This Pew Research Center analysis examines the changing number and rate of gun deaths in the United States. It is based primarily on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The CDC’s statistics are based on information contained in official death certificates, while the FBI’s figures are based on information voluntarily submitted by thousands of police departments around the country.

For the number and rate of gun deaths over time, we relied on mortality statistics in the CDC’s WONDER database covering four distinct time periods:  1968 to 1978 ,  1979 to 1998 ,  1999 to 2020 , and 2021 . While these statistics are mostly comparable for the full 1968-2021 period, gun murders and suicides between 1968 and 1978 are classified by the CDC as involving firearms  and  explosives; those between 1979 and 2021 are classified as involving firearms only. Similarly, gun deaths involving law enforcement between 1968 and 1978 exclude those caused by “operations of war”; those between 1979 and 2021 include that category, which refers to gun deaths among military personnel or civilians  due to war or civil insurrection in the U.S . All CDC gun death estimates in this analysis are adjusted to account for age differences over time and across states.

The FBI’s statistics about the types of firearms used in gun murders in 2020 come from the bureau’s  Crime Data Explorer website . Specifically, they are drawn from the expanded homicide tables of the agency’s  2020 Crime in the United States report . The FBI’s statistics include murders and non-negligent manslaughters involving firearms.

How many people die from gun-related injuries in the U.S. each year?

In 2021, the most recent year for which complete data is available, 48,830 people died from gun-related injuries in the U.S., according to the CDC. That figure includes gun murders and gun suicides, along with three less common types of gun-related deaths tracked by the CDC: those that were accidental, those that involved law enforcement and those whose circumstances could not be determined. The total excludes deaths in which gunshot injuries played a contributing, but not principal, role. (CDC fatality statistics are based on information contained in official death certificates, which identify a single cause of death.)

What share of U.S. gun deaths are murders and what share are suicides?

Though they tend to get less public attention than gun-related murders, suicides have long accounted for the majority of U.S. gun deaths . In 2021, 54% of all gun-related deaths in the U.S. were suicides (26,328), while 43% were murders (20,958), according to the CDC. The remaining gun deaths that year were accidental (549), involved law enforcement (537) or had undetermined circumstances (458).

What share of all murders and suicides in the U.S. involve a gun?

About eight-in-ten U.S. murders in 2021 – 20,958 out of 26,031, or 81% – involved a firearm. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. More than half of all suicides in 2021 – 26,328 out of 48,183, or 55% – also involved a gun, the highest percentage since 2001.

How has the number of U.S. gun deaths changed over time?

The record 48,830 total gun deaths in 2021 reflect a 23% increase since 2019, before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic .

Gun murders, in particular, have climbed sharply during the pandemic, increasing 45% between 2019 and 2021, while the number of gun suicides rose 10% during that span.

The overall increase in U.S. gun deaths since the beginning of the pandemic includes an especially stark rise in such fatalities among children and teens under the age of 18. Gun deaths among children and teens rose 50% in just two years , from 1,732 in 2019 to 2,590 in 2021.

How has the rate of U.S. gun deaths changed over time?

While 2021 saw the highest total number of gun deaths in the U.S., this statistic does not take into account the nation’s growing population. On a per capita basis, there were 14.6 gun deaths per 100,000 people in 2021 – the highest rate since the early 1990s, but still well below the peak of 16.3 gun deaths per 100,000 people in 1974.

The gun murder rate in the U.S. remains below its peak level despite rising sharply during the pandemic. There were 6.7 gun murders per 100,000 people in 2021, below the 7.2 recorded in 1974.

The gun suicide rate, on the other hand, is now on par with its historical peak. There were 7.5 gun suicides per 100,000 people in 2021, statistically similar to the 7.7 measured in 1977. (One caveat when considering the 1970s figures: In the CDC’s database, gun murders and gun suicides between 1968 and 1978 are classified as those caused by firearms and explosives. In subsequent years, they are classified as deaths involving firearms only.)

Which states have the highest and lowest gun death rates in the U.S.?

The rate of gun fatalities varies widely from state to state. In 2021, the states with the highest total rates of gun-related deaths – counting murders, suicides and all other categories tracked by the CDC – included Mississippi (33.9 per 100,000 people), Louisiana (29.1), New Mexico (27.8), Alabama (26.4) and Wyoming (26.1). The states with the lowest total rates included Massachusetts (3.4), Hawaii (4.8), New Jersey (5.2), New York (5.4) and Rhode Island (5.6).

The results are somewhat different when looking at gun murder and gun suicide rates separately. The places with the highest gun murder rates in 2021 included the District of Columbia (22.3 per 100,000 people), Mississippi (21.2), Louisiana (18.4), Alabama (13.9) and New Mexico (11.7). Those with the lowest gun murder rates included Massachusetts (1.5), Idaho (1.5), Hawaii (1.6), Utah (2.1) and Iowa (2.2). Rate estimates are not available for Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont or Wyoming.

The states with the highest gun suicide rates in 2021 included Wyoming (22.8 per 100,000 people), Montana (21.1), Alaska (19.9), New Mexico (13.9) and Oklahoma (13.7). The states with the lowest gun suicide rates were Massachusetts (1.7), New Jersey (1.9), New York (2.0), Hawaii (2.8) and Connecticut (2.9). Rate estimates are not available for the District of Columbia.

How does the gun death rate in the U.S. compare with other countries?

The gun death rate in the U.S. is much higher than in most other nations, particularly developed nations. But it is still far below the rates in several Latin American countries, according to a 2018 study of 195 countries and territories by researchers at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington.

The U.S. gun death rate was 10.6 per 100,000 people in 2016, the most recent year in the study, which used a somewhat different methodology from the CDC. That was far higher than in countries such as Canada (2.1 per 100,000) and Australia (1.0), as well as European nations such as France (2.7), Germany (0.9) and Spain (0.6). But the rate in the U.S. was much lower than in El Salvador (39.2 per 100,000 people), Venezuela (38.7), Guatemala (32.3), Colombia (25.9) and Honduras (22.5), the study found. Overall, the U.S. ranked 20th in its gun fatality rate that year .

How many people are killed in mass shootings in the U.S. every year?

This is a difficult question to answer because there is no single, agreed-upon definition of the term “mass shooting.” Definitions can vary depending on factors including the number of victims and the circumstances of the shooting.

The FBI collects data on “active shooter incidents,” which it defines as “one or more individuals actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area.” Using the FBI’s definition, 103 people – excluding the shooters – died in such incidents in 2021 .

The Gun Violence Archive, an online database of gun violence incidents in the U.S., defines mass shootings as incidents in which four or more people are shot, even if no one was killed (again excluding the shooters). Using this definition, 706 people died in these incidents in 2021 .

Regardless of the definition being used, fatalities in mass shooting incidents in the U.S. account for a small fraction of all gun murders that occur nationwide each year.

How has the number of mass shootings in the U.S. changed over time?

The same definitional issue that makes it challenging to calculate mass shooting fatalities comes into play when trying to determine the frequency of U.S. mass shootings over time. The unpredictability of these incidents also complicates matters: As Rand Corp. noted in a research brief , “Chance variability in the annual number of mass shooting incidents makes it challenging to discern a clear trend, and trend estimates will be sensitive to outliers and to the time frame chosen for analysis.”

The FBI found an increase in active shooter incidents between 2000 and 2021. There were three such incidents in 2000. By 2021, that figure had increased to 61.

Which types of firearms are most commonly used in gun murders in the U.S.?

In 2020, the most recent year for which the FBI has published data, handguns were involved in 59% of the 13,620 U.S. gun murders and non-negligent manslaughters for which data is available. Rifles – the category that includes guns sometimes referred to as “assault weapons” – were involved in 3% of firearm murders. Shotguns were involved in 1%. The remainder of gun homicides and non-negligent manslaughters (36%) involved other kinds of firearms or those classified as “type not stated.”

It’s important to note that the FBI’s statistics do not capture the details on all gun murders in the U.S. each year. The FBI’s data is based on information voluntarily submitted by police departments around the country, and not all agencies participate or provide complete information each year.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published on Aug. 16, 2019.

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This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Published on 26.4.2024 in Vol 26 (2024)

Correction: Internet Tool to Support Self-Assessment and Self-Swabbing of Sore Throat: Development and Feasibility Study

Authors of this article:

Corrigenda and Addenda

• Mark Lown 1 , PhD   ; 
• Kirsten Smith 2 , PhD   ; 
• Ingrid Muller 1 , PhD   ; 
• Catherine Woods 1 , PhD   ; 
• Emma Maund 3 , PhD   ; 
• Kirsty Rogers 4   ; 
• Taeko Becque 1 , PhD   ; 
• Gail Hayward 5 , DPhil   ; 
• Michael Moore 1 , BMBS   ; 
• Paul Little 1 , MD, MRCP, MRCGP   ; 
• Margaret Glogowska 5 , PhD   ; 
• Alastair Hay 6 , MD   ; 
• Beth Stuart 7 , PhD   ; 
• Efi Mantzourani 8 , MPharm, MSc, PhD   ; 
• Christopher R Wilcox 1 , MRCGP   ; 
• Natalie Thompson 1 , MSc   ; 
• Nick A Francis 1 , BA, MD, PhD  

1 Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

2 School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

3 School of Healthcare Enterprise and Innovation, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

4 Local Clinical Research Network Wessex, Southampton, United Kingdom

5 Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

6 Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

7 Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

8 Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Corresponding Author:

Margaret Glogowska, PhD

Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford

Radcliffe Observatory Quarter

Woodstock Road

Oxford, OX2 6GG

United Kingdom

Phone: 44 01865617872

Email: [email protected]

Related Article Correction of: https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e39791/ J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e59420 doi:10.2196/59420

In “Internet Tool to Support Self-Assessment and Self-Swabbing of Sore Throat: Development and Feasibility Study” (J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e39791) the authors noted one error.

In the originally published article, the affiliations appeared as follows:

Mark Lown1 , PhD; Kirsten A Smith1 , PhD; Ingrid Muller1 , PhD; Catherine Woods1 , PhD; Emma Maund2 , PhD; Kirsty Rogers3 ; Taeko Becque1 , PhD; Gail Hayward4 , DPhil; Michael Moore1 , BMBS; Paul Little1 , MD, MRCP, MRCGP; Margaret Glogowska4 , PhD; Alastair Hay5 , MD; Beth Stuart6 , PhD; Efi Mantzourani7 , MPharm, MSc, PhD; Christopher R Wilcox1 , MRCGP; Natalie Thompson1 , MSc; Nick A Francis1 , BA, MD, PhD

1. School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

2. School of Healthcare Enterprise and Innovation, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

3. Local Clinical Research Network Wessex, Southampton, United Kingdom

4. Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

5. Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

6. Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

7. Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

The affiliations have been corrected as follows:

Mark Lown1 , PhD; Kirsten Smith2 , PhD; Ingrid Muller1 , PhD; Catherine Woods1 , PhD; Emma Maund3 , PhD; Kirsty Rogers4 ; Taeko Becque1 , PhD; Gail Hayward5 , DPhil; Michael Moore1 , BMBS; Paul Little1 , MSc, PhD; Margaret Glogowska5 , PhD; Alastair Hay6 , MD; Beth Stuart7 , PhD; Efi Mantzourani8 , MPharm, MSc, PhD; Christopher R Wilcox1 , MRCGP; Natalie Thompson1 , MSc; Natalie Thompson1 , MSc; Nick A Francis1 , BA, MD, PhD

1. Primary Care Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

2. School of Computing, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom

3. School of Healthcare Enterprise and Innovation, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

4. Local Clinical Research Network Wessex, Southampton, United Kingdom

5. Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

6. Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

7. Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom

8. Cardiff School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

The correction will appear in the online version of the paper on the JMIR Publications website on April 26, 2024, together with the publication of this correction notice. Because this was made after submission to PubMed, PubMed Central, and other full-text repositories, the corrected article has also been resubmitted to those repositories.

This is a non–peer-reviewed article. submitted 11.04.24; accepted 16.04.24; published 26.04.24.

©Mark Lown, Kirsten Smith, Ingrid Muller, Catherine Woods, Emma Maund, Kirsty Rogers, Taeko Becque, Gail Hayward, Michael Moore, Paul Little, Margaret Glogowska, Alastair Hay, Beth Stuart, Efi Mantzourani, Christopher R Wilcox, Natalie Thompson, Nick A Francis. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 26.04.2024.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.