6.9 pizza order (individual assignment)

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AP Computer Science A (Nitro) - Outline

Primitive types, 1.1 why programming why java.

• Video 1.1.1 Printing in Java
• Check for Understanding 1.1.2 Printing in Java
• Example 1.1.3 Hello World
• Example 1.1.4 Printing Multiple Lines
• Exercise 1.1.5 Welcome Program
• Exercise 1.1.6 ASCII Art
• Exercise 1.1.7 Fixing a Paragraph
• Exercise 1.1.8 Heating Up
• Exercise 1.1.9 Personal Timeline

1.2 Variables and Data Types

• Video 1.2.1 Variables and Types
• Check for Understanding 1.2.2 Variables and Types
• Example 1.2.3 Variables
• Example 1.2.4 Using Final
• Exercise 1.2.5 Our First Integer
• Video 1.2.6 Variables and Types Pt. 2
• Check for Understanding 1.2.7 Variables and Types Pt. 2
• Example 1.2.8 Swapping Two Values
• Exercise 1.2.9 Answering Questions
• Exercise 1.2.10 Team Rankings

1.3 Expressions and Assignment Statements

• Video 1.3.1 Arithmetic Expressions
• Check for Understanding 1.3.2 Arithmetic Expressions
• Example 1.3.3 Calculator
• Example 1.3.4 Temperature Conversion
• Example 1.3.5 Tricky Java
• Exercise 1.3.6 Weight of a Pyramid
• Exercise 1.3.7 Add Fractions
• Exercise 1.3.8 Freely Falling Bodies

1.4 Compound Assignment Operators

• Video 1.4.1 Compound Assignment Operators
• Check for Understanding 1.4.2 Compound Assignment Operators
• Example 1.4.3 All Functions Calculator
• Example 1.4.4 Increase/Decrease by 1
• Exercise 1.4.5 Work Shift
• Exercise 1.4.6 Personalized T-shirts

1.5 User Input

• Video 1.5.1 User Input
• Check for Understanding 1.5.2 User Input Quiz
• Example 1.5.3 Using the Scanner Class
• Example 1.5.4 Increase/Decrease by 1 (User Input)
• Example 1.5.5 int Before String
• Exercise 1.5.6 Personalized T-shirts (User Input)
• Exercise 1.5.7 Night Out
• Exercise 1.5.8 Test Score Calculator
• Exercise 1.5.9 MLA Citation

1.6 Casting and Ranges of Variables

• Video 1.6.1 Casting
• Check for Understanding 1.6.2 Casting
• Example 1.6.3 Casting
• Exercise 1.6.4 Casting to an Int
• Exercise 1.6.5 Casting to a Double
• Example 1.6.6 Casting Order of Operations
• Example 1.6.7 Rounding Using Casting
• Exercise 1.6.8 Movie Ratings
• Example 1.6.9 Implicit Casting
• Example 1.6.10 Min and Max Values of Integers
• Exercise 1.6.11 Integer Overflow

1.7 Primitive Types Quiz

• Unit Quiz 1.7.1 Primitive Types Quiz

Using Objects

2.1 objects: instances of classes.

• Video 2.1.1 Objects: Instances of Classes
• Check for Understanding 2.1.2 Quiz: Classes and Objects
• Video 2.1.3 Multi-File Exercises in Java
• Example 2.1.4 Rectangle Skeleton
• Example 2.1.5 GrilledCheese Skeleton
• Example 2.1.6 Shark Skeleton
• Free Response 2.1.7 Free Response: What instance variables?
• Exercise 2.1.8 Pizza Instance Variables
• Exercise 2.1.9 Game Skeleton

2.2 Creating and Storing Objects (Instantiation)

• Video 2.2.1 Creating and Storing Objects
• Check for Understanding 2.2.2 Quiz: Constructors
• Example 2.2.3 The Rectangle Class
• Example 2.2.4 The Point Class
• Example 2.2.5 The Student Class
• Exercise 2.2.6 Using the Rectangle Class
• Exercise 2.2.7 New Student Field
• Exercise 2.2.8 More Instance Variables
• Exercise 2.2.9 Pizza Time!
• Badge 2.2.10 Instantiation Badge

2.3 Overloading

• Video 2.3.1 Method Overloading
• Check for Understanding 2.3.2 Method Overloading Quiz
• Example 2.3.3 Overloaded Rectangle
• Example 2.3.4 Overloaded GrilledCheese
• Example 2.3.5 Null Pointer Exception
• Exercise 2.3.6 Plain Coffee
• Exercise 2.3.7 Custom Piñatas
• Exercise 2.3.8 Website Class
• Exercise 2.3.9 Empty References

2.4 Calling a Void Method

• Video 2.4.1 Calling a Void Method
• Check for Understanding 2.4.2 Quiz: Void Methods
• Example 2.4.3 Area of a Rectangle
• Example 2.4.4 Program Flow
• Exercise 2.4.5 Hello!
• Exercise 2.4.6 Loose Change
• Exercise 2.4.7 Chat Bot
• Exercise 2.4.8 Greetings and Salutations

2.5 Calling a Void Method with Parameters

• Video 2.5.1 Calling a Void Method with Parameters
• Check for Understanding 2.5.2 Methods and Parameters
• Example 2.5.3 Rectangle
• Example 2.5.4 Moving a Point
• Exercise 2.5.5 Using the Point Class
• Example 2.5.6 Calculator
• Exercise 2.5.7 Cricket Players
• Exercise 2.5.8 More Operations
• Exercise 2.5.9 Chat Bot 2.0

2.6 Calling a Non-void Method

• Video 2.6.1 Calling a Non-void Method
• Check for Understanding 2.6.2 Quiz: Non-Void Methods
• Example 2.6.3 Rectangle
• Example 2.6.4 Desks in a Room
• Example 2.6.5 Activity Log
• Exercise 2.6.6 Number Games
• Exercise 2.6.7 Construction Costs
• Exercise 2.6.8 How Far Away is ...?

2.7 String Objects

• Video 2.7.1 String Objects
• Check for Understanding 2.7.2 String Objects
• Example 2.7.3 Immutable Strings
• Example 2.7.4 String Concatenation
• Example 2.7.5 Rectangle Dimensions
• Example 2.7.6 Printing Equations
• Exercise 2.7.7 Pretty Printing Operations
• Exercise 2.7.8 Auto-fill
• Exercise 2.7.9 QuoteMachine

2.8 String Methods

• Video 2.8.1 String Methods
• Check for Understanding 2.8.2 String Methods
• Example 2.8.3 Bigger Strings?
• Example 2.8.4 Chopping Strings
• Example 2.8.5 Object Concatenation
• Exercise 2.8.6 Speaking
• Exercise 2.8.7 toString for Animals
• Exercise 2.8.8 Organizing Class Roster
• Exercise 2.8.9 Concatenating Fractions
• Exercise 2.8.10 Word Games

2.9 Wrapper Classes: Integers and Doubles

• Video 2.9.1 Wrapper Classes
• Check for Understanding 2.9.2 Quiz: Wrapper Classes
• Example 2.9.3 Creating Integers
• Example 2.9.4 Using Doubles
• Example 2.9.5 Autoboxing Example
• Exercise 2.9.6 Order Up!
• Exercise 2.9.7 Currency
• Exercise 2.9.8 Guess the number!

2.10 Using the Math Class

• Video 2.10.1 Using the Math Class
• Check for Understanding 2.10.2 Quiz: Static Methods
• Example 2.10.3 Using the Math Class
• Example 2.10.4 Static Methods: Rectangle
• Example 2.10.5 Generating Random Numbers
• Exercise 2.10.6 Circle Area
• Exercise 2.10.7 The Unit Circle
• Exercise 2.10.8 Racing

2.11 Using Objects Quiz

• Unit Quiz 2.11.1 Using Objects Quiz

Boolean Expressions and if Statements

3.1 boolean expressions and if statements.

• Video 3.1.1 Comparison Operators
• Check for Understanding 3.1.2 Comparison Operators
• Example 3.1.3 Old Enough To Vote
• Example 3.1.4 Grade Range
• Example 3.1.5 Equality of Strings
• Exercise 3.1.6 Meeting Goals
• Exercise 3.1.7 Sugar Tax
• Exercise 3.1.8 Triple Double

3.2 if Statements and Control Flow

• Video 3.2.1 If Statements
• Check for Understanding 3.2.2 If Statements
• Example 3.2.3 Can Vote
• Example 3.2.4 Negative Numbers
• Example 3.2.5 Rectangle
• Exercise 3.2.6 Discounts
• Exercise 3.2.7 Sweet or Unsweet?
• Exercise 3.2.8 Cooking
• Exercise 3.2.9 Rating

3.3 if-else Statements

• Video 3.3.1 If-Else Statements
• Check for Understanding 3.3.2 If-Else
• Example 3.3.3 Bill with add tip
• Example 3.3.4 Even and Odd
• Exercise 3.3.5 Running Speed
• Exercise 3.3.6 Battleships Move
• Exercise 3.3.7 Ratings
• Exercise 3.3.8 Player Score

3.4 else if Statements

• Video 3.4.1 else-if Statements
• Check for Understanding 3.4.2 else-if
• Example 3.4.3 Add Tip
• Example 3.4.4 Add Tip - 8 or 4 Customers
• Example 3.4.5 Add Tip - 8, 4, 2 Customers
• Exercise 3.4.6 Positive, Negative, or Zero
• Exercise 3.4.7 Salmon Spawn
• Exercise 3.4.8 Berries
• Exercise 3.4.9 Battleships

3.5 Compound Boolean Expressions

• Video 3.5.1 Compound Boolean Expressions
• Check for Understanding 3.5.2 Logical Operators
• Example 3.5.3 Light Switch
• Example 3.5.4 Number in Range
• Example 3.5.5 Pizza Slices
• Exercise 3.5.6 Roller Coaster
• Exercise 3.5.7 Compound Roller Coaster
• Exercise 3.5.8 Divisibility
• Exercise 3.5.9 Find the Median

3.6 Equivalent Boolean Expressions

• Video 3.6.1 Equivalent Boolean Expressions
• Check for Understanding 3.6.2 De Morgan's Laws
• Example 3.6.3 De Morgan AND
• Example 3.6.4 De Morgan OR
• Exercise 3.6.5 Amusement Park
• Exercise 3.6.6 Negative Numbers
• Exercise 3.6.7 Odd and Even
• Free Response 3.6.8 Odd and Even Free Response

3.7 Comparing Objects

• Video 3.7.1 Comparing Objects
• Check for Understanding 3.7.2 Comparing Objects
• Example 3.7.3 Comparing Strings
• Example 3.7.4 Comparing Rectangles
• Example 3.7.5 Null Test
• Example 3.7.6 Identify Aliases
• Exercise 3.7.7 String Variable Trace
• Free Response 3.7.8 String Trace
• Exercise 3.7.9 Three Strings
• Exercise 3.7.10 Comparing Circles

3.8 Boolean Expressions and if Statements Quiz

• Unit Quiz 3.8.1 Boolean Expressions and If Statements Quiz

4.1 Iteration

• Video 4.1.1 While Loops
• Check for Understanding 4.1.2 While Loops
• Example 4.1.3 While Loop Countdown
• Example 4.1.4 Get Down to One
• Example 4.1.5 Running Average
• Exercise 4.1.6 Making Taffy
• Exercise 4.1.7 Guess the Number
• Exercise 4.1.8 Divisibility
• Exercise 4.1.9 Max and Min Values

4.2 For Loops

• Video 4.2.1 For Loops
• Check for Understanding 4.2.2 For Loops
• Example 4.2.3 For Loop
• Example 4.2.4 Countdown
• Example 4.2.5 Count By Twos
• Exercise 4.2.6 Print the Odds
• Exercise 4.2.7 Repeat
• Exercise 4.2.8 Replace WHILE with FOR Loop
• Exercise 4.2.9 Replace FOR Loop with WHILE Loop
• Exercise 4.2.10 Multiplication Table

4.3 Developing Algorithms Using Strings

• Video 4.3.1 Developing Algorithms Using Strings
• Check for Understanding 4.3.2 Developing Algorithms Using Strings
• Example 4.3.3 Traversing Strings
• Example 4.3.4 Replace Characters
• Example 4.3.5 Reverse String
• Exercise 4.3.6 Replace Letter
• Exercise 4.3.7 Password Checker
• Exercise 4.3.8 Finding Palindromes
• Exercise 4.3.9 Fixing Grammar
• Exercise 4.3.10 Teen Talk
• Badge 4.3.11 String Processing Badge

4.4 Nested Iteration

• Video 4.4.1 Nested Iteration
• Check for Understanding 4.4.2 Nested Iteration
• Example 4.4.3 Make a Rectangle
• Example 4.4.4 Nested Loop Iteration Counts
• Example 4.4.5 Inverted Triangle
• Exercise 4.4.6 Upright Number Triangle
• Exercise 4.4.7 Make a Tree
• Exercise 4.4.8 Multiplication Table

4.5 Informal Code Analysis

• Video 4.5.1 Informal Code Analysis
• Check for Understanding 4.5.2 Informal Code Analysis
• Example 4.5.3 Loop Execution Count
• Example 4.5.4 While Loop Time
• Example 4.5.5 For Loop Time
• Free Response 4.5.6 Time Comparisons
• Exercise 4.5.7 Improving findChar Speed
• Example 4.5.8 Improving findChar Speed Check
• Free Response 4.5.9 findChar Speed Reflection

4.6 Iteration Quiz

• Unit Quiz 4.6.1 Iteration Quiz

Writing Classes

5.1 writing classes.

• Video 5.1.1 Anatomy of Classes
• Check for Understanding 5.1.2 Quiz: Access Modifiers
• Example 5.1.3 Rectangle Getter Methods
• Exercise 5.1.4 Access for DNA Class
• Exercise 5.1.5 Access for Employee Class
• Exercise 5.1.6 Fixing Circle

5.2 Constructors

• Video 5.2.1 Constructors
• Check for Understanding 5.2.2 Quiz: Constructors
• Example 5.2.3 SuperHero Class
• Example 5.2.4 Initializing an Object without a Constructor
• Exercise 5.2.5 Batting Average
• Exercise 5.2.6 Dog Class
• Exercise 5.2.7 Student Overload
• Exercise 5.2.8 SchoolClub Class

5.3 Documentation with Comments

• Video 5.3.1 Documentation with Comments
• Check for Understanding 5.3.2 Quiz: Comments
• Example 5.3.3 Comments for Debugging
• Example 5.3.4 Power Class with Comments
• Exercise 5.3.5 Commenting Activity Tracker
• Exercise 5.3.6 Commenting Activity Log
• Exercise 5.3.7 C.Y.O.A. Layout
• Exercise 5.3.8 C.Y.O.A. Finishing the story

5.4 Accessor Methods

• Video 5.4.1 Accessor Methods
• Check for Understanding 5.4.2 Quiz: Accessors
• Example 5.4.3 Student Getter Methods
• Example 5.4.4 SuperHero Class with Secret Identity
• Exercise 5.4.5 Add Some Getter Methods
• Exercise 5.4.6 Full Dragon Class
• Exercise 5.4.7 A Different Dragon Class
• Exercise 5.4.8 A Chef's Best Meal

5.5 Mutator Methods

• Video 5.5.1 Mutator Methods
• Check for Understanding 5.5.2 Quiz: Mutators
• Example 5.5.3 SuperHero Class with Mutator Methods
• Example 5.5.4 Student Setters
• Exercise 5.5.5 Rectangle class
• Exercise 5.5.6 Full Fraction Class
• Exercise 5.5.7 Weekly Routine

5.6 Writing Methods

• Video 5.6.1 Writing Methods
• Check for Understanding 5.6.2 Quiz: Writing Methods
• Example 5.6.3 Triangle Class
• Example 5.6.4 Baseball Player Class
• Exercise 5.6.5 Distance Conversions
• Exercise 5.6.6 Food App Demo
• Exercise 5.6.7 Car Class
• Resource 5.6.8 Combination Lock FRQ

5.7 Static Variables and Methods

• Video 5.7.1 Static Variables and Methods
• Check for Understanding 5.7.2 Quiz: Static Methods
• Example 5.7.3 Static SuperHero
• Example 5.7.4 Static Variables: Circle
• Exercise 5.7.5 Randomizer Class
• Exercise 5.7.6 Rock, Paper, Scissors!
• Exercise 5.7.7 In the Game?

5.8 Scope and Access

• Video 5.8.1 Scope and Access
• Check for Understanding 5.8.2 Quiz: Local Variables and Scope
• Example 5.8.3 Instance Variable Scope
• Example 5.8.4 Local Variable Scope
• Example 5.8.5 Variable Shadowing
• Example 5.8.6 Method Decomposition with Trivia
• Exercise 5.8.7 Scope
• Exercise 5.8.8 Which Variables Exist?
• Exercise 5.8.9 Broken Calculator

5.9 this Keyword

• Video 5.9.1 this Keyword
• Check for Understanding 5.9.2 Quiz: this Keyword
• Example 5.9.3 Rectangles and this
• Example 5.9.4 Student and this
• Exercise 5.9.5 Write Your Own CodeHS
• Exercise 5.9.6 Song Class
• Exercise 5.9.7 Fraction Math

5.10 Ethical and Social Implications of Computing

• Video 5.10.1 Implications of Computing Systems
• Free Response 5.10.2 Computing and Your Life
• Check for Understanding 5.10.3 Quiz: Ethical and Social Impact
• Connection 5.10.4 ACM General Ethical Principles
• Free Response 5.10.5 ACM General Ethical Principles
• Connection 5.10.6 Bias in Facial Recognition
• Free Response 5.10.7 Bias in Facial Recognition
• Connection 5.10.8 Self-driving Cars
• Free Response 5.10.9 Self-driving Cars

5.11 Writing Classes Quiz

• Unit Quiz 5.11.1 Writing Classes Quiz
• Video 6.1.1 Introduction to Arrays
• Check for Understanding 6.1.2 Quiz: Arrays
• Example 6.1.3 Making an Array
• Example 6.1.4 Make an Empty Array
• Example 6.1.5 Indexing Into an Array
• Exercise 6.1.6 Our First Array
• Exercise 6.1.7 Set Scores
• Exercise 6.1.8 Last Element in Array
• Exercise 6.1.9 Snap Shot Splash Screen

6.2 Traversing Arrays

• Video 6.2.1 Using Arrays
• Check for Understanding 6.2.2 Quiz: Using Arrays
• Example 6.2.3 Iterating Over An Array - For Loop
• Example 6.2.4 Iterating Over An Array - While Loop
• Example 6.2.5 Array Out of Bounds
• Example 6.2.6 Finding a Target Value
• Exercise 6.2.7 Print Array
• Exercise 6.2.8 Print Odd Array Indices
• Exercise 6.2.9 Find Index of a String
• Exercise 6.2.10 Fibonacci Sequence

6.3 Enhanced for Loop for Arrays

• Video 6.3.1 Enhanced For Loop for Arrays
• Check for Understanding 6.3.2 Enhanced For Loop for Arrays
• Example 6.3.3 Enhanced For Loop
• Example 6.3.4 Classroom Array
• Example 6.3.5 Updating Values in a Loop
• Exercise 6.3.6 Print Odds
• Exercise 6.3.7 Largest Value
• Exercise 6.3.8 Classroom Array
• Exercise 6.3.9 Array Average

6.4 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays

• Video 6.4.1 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays
• Check for Understanding 6.4.2 Developing Algorithms Using Arrays
• Example 6.4.3 Finding the Minimum Value
• Example 6.4.4 Reordering an Array
• Example 6.4.5 Finding Duplicates
• Exercise 6.4.6 Find the Median
• Exercise 6.4.7 Find the Last Multiple of 3
• Exercise 6.4.8 Most Improved
• Challenge 6.4.9 Car Showroom

6.5 Array Quiz

• Unit Quiz 6.5.1 Array Quiz

7.1 ArrayList

• Video 7.1.1 ArrayLists
• Check for Understanding 7.1.2 Quiz: ArrayList
• Example 7.1.3 Initializing an ArrayList
• Example 7.1.4 Array vs. ArrayList Initialization
• Free Response 7.1.5 Arrays vs. ArrayLists
• Exercise 7.1.6 Initializing an ArrayList
• Exercise 7.1.7 Car Inventory

7.2 ArrayList Methods

• Video 7.2.1 ArrayLists Methods
• Check for Understanding 7.2.2 Quiz: ArrayList Methods
• Example 7.2.3 ArrayList and Java Primitives
• Example 7.2.4 ArrayList Methods
• Example 7.2.5 Array vs. ArrayList Methods
• Exercise 7.2.6 Get First Element
• Exercise 7.2.7 ArrayList of Even Numbers
• Exercise 7.2.8 Teacher Class List
• Exercise 7.2.9 Teacher Class List Methods

7.3 Traversing ArrayLists

• Video 7.3.1 Traversing ArrayLists
• Check for Understanding 7.3.2 Quiz: Traversing Arrays
• Example 7.3.3 Reading List
• Example 7.3.4 While Loop ArrayList Traversal
• Example 7.3.5 ArrayList Traversing Error
• Exercise 7.3.6 Traversing Odds
• Exercise 7.3.7 ArrayList Helper Methods
• Exercise 7.3.8 Road Trip!

7.4 Developing Algorithms using ArrayLists

• Video 7.4.1 Developing Algorithms Using ArrayLists
• Check for Understanding 7.4.2 Quiz: Developing Algorithms
• Example 7.4.3 Traversing ArrayLists Simultaneously
• Example 7.4.4 Inserting Elements While Traversing ArrayLists
• Exercise 7.4.5 ArrayList equals
• Exercise 7.4.6 Airline Tickets
• Exercise 7.4.7 Billboard Top 10
• Exercise 7.4.8 User Data Cleanup

7.5 Searching

• Video 7.5.1 Linear Search
• Check for Understanding 7.5.2 Quiz: Linear Search
• Example 7.5.3 Linear Search
• Exercise 7.5.4 Linear Search on ArrayList with While Loop
• Exercise 7.5.5 Fantasy Football Roster
• Resource 7.5.6 Card Collection FRQ

7.6 Sorting

• Video 7.6.1 Selection Sort
• Check for Understanding 7.6.2 Selection Sort
• Example 7.6.3 Selection Sort
• Exercise 7.6.4 Explore Selection Sort
• Video 7.6.5 Insertion Sort
• Check for Understanding 7.6.6 Insertion Sort
• Example 7.6.7 Insertion Sort
• Example 7.6.8 Visualizing Algorithms
• Exercise 7.6.9 Explore Insertion Sort
• Example 7.6.10 Selection Sort vs. Insertion Sort Run Time
• Free Response 7.6.11 Selection Sort vs. Insertion Sort
• Exercise 7.6.12 Phonebook

7.7 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection

• Video 7.7.1 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection
• Check for Understanding 7.7.2 Ethical Issues Around Data Collection
• Connection 7.7.3 The Curly Fry Conundrum
• Free Response 7.7.4 Reflection
• Connection 7.7.5 Guidelines on Ethical Data Use
• Free Response 7.7.6 Issue News Article
• Badge 7.7.7 ArrayList Badge

7.8 ArrayList Quiz

• Unit Quiz 7.8.1 ArrayList Quiz

8.1 2D Arrays

• Video 8.1.1 2D Arrays
• Check for Understanding 8.1.2 Quiz: 2D Arrays
• Example 8.1.3 GradeBook
• Example 8.1.4 ChessBoard
• Exercise 8.1.5 Manipulating 2D Arrays
• Exercise 8.1.6 Complete Chessboard
• Exercise 8.1.7 Tic Tac Toe Board

8.2 Traversing 2D Arrays

• Video 8.2.1 Traversing 2D Arrays
• Check for Understanding 8.2.2 Quiz: Traversing 2D Arrays
• Example 8.2.3 Traversing Gradebook
• Example 8.2.4 Linear Search 2D Arrays
• Example 8.2.5 Row vs. Column Major
• Free Response 8.2.6 Row vs. Column Major
• Exercise 8.2.7 Sum Rows in a 2D Array
• Exercise 8.2.8 Tic Tac Toe Methods
• Challenge 8.2.9 Finalizing Tic Tac Toe
• Badge 8.2.10 2D Array Badge

8.3 2D Array Quiz

• Unit Quiz 8.3.1 2D Array Quiz

Inheritance

9.1 inheritance.

• Video 9.1.1 Inheritance
• Check for Understanding 9.1.2 Quiz: Subclasses and Superclasses
• Example 9.1.3 Person Superclass
• Example 9.1.4 Vehicle Superclass
• Example 9.1.5 High School Student
• Exercise 9.1.6 Person / Student Object
• Exercise 9.1.7 Books
• Exercise 9.1.8 Computers
• Exercise 9.1.9 More Animals!

9.2 Writing Constructors for Subclasses

• Video 9.2.1 Writing Constructors for Subclasses
• Check for Understanding 9.2.2 Quiz: Writing Constructors for Subclasses
• Example 9.2.3 Student Subclass
• Example 9.2.4 Shape Class
• Example 9.2.5 Implicit Call to Super
• Exercise 9.2.6 Students
• Exercise 9.2.7 Instruments
• Exercise 9.2.8 Foods
• Exercise 9.2.9 Clothing Store

9.3 Overriding Methods

• Video 9.3.1 Overriding Methods
• Check for Understanding 9.3.2 Quiz: Overriding Methods
• Example 9.3.3 Square is a Rectangle
• Example 9.3.4 Student toString
• Example 9.3.5 Restaurant Bills
• Exercise 9.3.6 Dogs Bark
• Exercise 9.3.7 Electric Cars
• Exercise 9.3.8 Online Companies

9.4 super Keyword

• Video 9.4.1 super Keyword
• Check for Understanding 9.4.2 Quiz: super Keyword
• Example 9.4.3 Square Class
• Example 9.4.4 Animal Class
• Example 9.4.5 Apple Pie
• Exercise 9.4.6 Squares
• Exercise 9.4.7 Bank Accounts
• Exercise 9.4.8 Employees
• Exercise 9.4.9 Student Test Scores

9.5 Creating References Using Inheritance

• Video 9.5.1 Creating References Using Inheritance Hierarchies
• Check for Understanding 9.5.2 Quiz: References Using Inheritance Hierarchies
• Example 9.5.3 Animal Sounds
• Example 9.5.4 Shape Areas
• Example 9.5.5 Person Class
• Exercise 9.5.6 Pies
• Exercise 9.5.7 Creating .equals
• Exercise 9.5.8 Online Companies Revisited
• Exercise 9.5.9 Assignments

9.6 Polymorphism

• Video 9.6.1 Polymorphism
• Check for Understanding 9.6.2 Quiz: Polymorphism
• Example 9.6.3 Using Person Methods
• Example 9.6.4 Modified Student Class
• Example 9.6.5 Vehicle Methods
• Exercise 9.6.6 Which Team?
• Exercise 9.6.7 Cars
• Exercise 9.6.8 Library Books
• Exercise 9.6.9 Fun with Solids

9.7 Object Superclass

• Video 9.7.1 Object Superclass
• Check for Understanding 9.7.2 Quiz: Object Superclass
• Example 9.7.3 Default Values
• Example 9.7.4 Override toString
• Example 9.7.5 Override equals
• Exercise 9.7.6 Equal?
• Exercise 9.7.7 Equals? - Part 2
• Exercise 9.7.8 Equal Rectangles
• Exercise 9.7.9 2D Array Tester

9.8 Inheritance Quiz

• Unit Quiz 9.8.1 Inheritance Quiz

10.1 Recursion

• Video 10.1.1 Recursion
• Check for Understanding 10.1.2 Quiz: Recursion
• Example 10.1.3 Summing
• Example 10.1.4 Sum Array
• Example 10.1.5 Fibonacci Recursion
• Exercise 10.1.6 Factorial
• Exercise 10.1.7 Countdown!
• Exercise 10.1.8 Recursive Minimum
• Exercise 10.1.9 Bacteria Cultures

10.2 Recursive Searching

• Video 10.2.1 Recursive Searching
• Check for Understanding 10.2.2 Quiz: Recursive Searching
• Example 10.2.3 Binary Search
• Example 10.2.4 Binary Recursive
• Example 10.2.5 Binary vs Linear
• Exercise 10.2.6 Exploring Binary Searches
• Exercise 10.2.7 Comparing Binary Search and Linear Search
• Exercise 10.2.8 Maximum Iterations

10.3 Recursive Sorting

• Video 10.3.1 Recursive Sorting
• Check for Understanding 10.3.2 Quiz: Recursive Sorting
• Example 10.3.3 Merge Sort
• Example 10.3.4 Sort Visualizer
• Exercise 10.3.5 Explore Merge Sort
• Exercise 10.3.6 Merge Sort Benchmark Testing
• Exercise 10.3.7 Recursive Calls
• Exercise 10.3.8 Sort Benchmark Testing

10.4 Recursion Quiz

• Unit Quiz 10.4.1 Recursion Quiz

Recursion - Demo Unit

11.1 recursion.

• Notes 11.1.1 Recursion
• Check for Understanding 11.1.2 Quiz: Recursion
• Example 11.1.3 Summing
• Example 11.1.4 Sum Array
• Exercise 11.1.5 Factorial
• Exercise 11.1.6 Countdown!
• Exercise 11.1.7 Recursive Minimum
• Exercise 11.1.8 Bacteria Cultures
• Article 11.1.9 Lesson Feedback

11.2 Recursive Searching

• Video 11.2.1 Recursive Searching
• Check for Understanding 11.2.2 Quiz: Recursive Searching
• Example 11.2.3 Binary Search
• Example 11.2.4 Binary Recursive
• Example 11.2.5 Binary vs Linear
• Exercise 11.2.6 Exploring Binary Searches
• Exercise 11.2.7 Debug the Code: Linear Recursive Searches
• Exercise 11.2.8 Comparing Binary Search and Linear Search
• Article 11.2.9 Predict the Code: Binary Recursive Searches
• Exercise 11.2.10 Maximum Iterations
• Article 11.2.11 Lesson Feedback

11.3 Recursive Sorting

• Video 11.3.1 Recursive Sorting
• Check for Understanding 11.3.2 Quiz: Recursive Sorting
• Example 11.3.3 Merge Sort
• Example 11.3.4 Sort Visualizer
• Exercise 11.3.5 Explore Merge Sort
• Exercise 11.3.6 Merge Sort Benchmark Testing
• Exercise 11.3.7 Recursive Calls
• Exercise 11.3.8 Sort Benchmark Testing
• Article 11.3.9 Lesson Feedback

11.4 Recursion Quiz

• Unit Quiz 11.4.1 Recursion Quiz

Introduction to Programming in Java with Karel the Dog

12.1 introduction to programming with karel.

• Video 12.1.1 Introduction to Programming With Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.1.2 Quiz: Karel Commands
• Example 12.1.3 Our First Karel Program
• Exercise 12.1.4 Your First Karel Program
• Exercise 12.1.5 Short Stack

12.2 More Basic Karel

• Video 12.2.1 More Basic Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.2.2 More Basic Karel
• Example 12.2.3 Tennis Ball Square
• Exercise 12.2.4 Make a Tower
• Exercise 12.2.5 Pyramid of Karel

12.3 Java Programs and the Run Method

• Video 12.3.1 Writing a Java Program
• Check for Understanding 12.3.2 Run Method
• Example 12.3.3 Square Karel
• Exercise 12.3.4 Tower Karel
• Exercise 12.3.5 Gold Medal Karel
• Exercise 12.3.6 Maze Karel

12.4 Karel Can't Turn Right

• Video 12.4.1 Karel Can't Turn Right
• Check for Understanding 12.4.2 Karel Can't Turn Right
• Example 12.4.3 Tower and Turn Right
• Exercise 12.4.4 Slide Karel
• Exercise 12.4.5 Fireman Karel
• Badge 12.4.6 Right Turn Karel Badge

12.5 Methods in Karel

• Video 12.5.1 Methods in Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.5.2 Methods in Karel
• Example 12.5.3 Turn Around
• Exercise 12.5.4 Planting Bushes
• Exercise 12.5.5 Mario Karel

12.6 Top Down Design and Decomposition in Karel

• Video 12.6.1 Top Down Design and Decomposition in Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.6.2 Top Down Design and Decomposition
• Example 12.6.3 Hurdle Karel
• Exercise 12.6.4 The Two Towers
• Exercise 12.6.5 Planting Flowers

12.7 Commenting Your Code

• Video 12.7.1 Commenting Your Code
• Check for Understanding 12.7.2 Commenting Your Code
• Example 12.7.3 Hurdle Karel (Comments)
• Exercise 12.7.4 The Two Towers + Comments

12.8 Super Karel

• Video 12.8.1 Super Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.8.2 Super Karel
• Example 12.8.3 Hurdle Karel (with SuperKarel)
• Exercise 12.8.4 The Two Towers + SuperKarel
• Badge 12.8.5 Super Karel Badge

12.9 For Loops

• Video 12.9.1 For Loops
• Check for Understanding 12.9.2 For Loops
• Example 12.9.3 Repeated Move
• Example 12.9.4 Put Down Tennis Balls
• Exercise 12.9.5 Marathon Karel
• Exercise 12.9.6 Take 'em All
• Exercise 12.9.7 Dizzy Karel
• Exercise 12.9.8 For Loop Square
• Exercise 12.9.9 Planting Flowers
• Exercise 12.9.10 Lots of Hurdles

12.10 While Loops in Karel

• Video 12.10.1 While Loops in Karel
• Check for Understanding 12.10.2 While Loops in Karel
• Example 12.10.3 Move to Wall
• Exercise 12.10.4 Follow The Yellow Ball Road
• Exercise 12.10.5 Just Keep Spinning
• Exercise 12.10.6 Lay Row of Tennis Balls
• Exercise 12.10.7 Big Tower

12.11 If Statements

• Video 12.11.1 If Statements
• Check for Understanding 12.11.2 If Statements Quiz
• Example 12.11.3 If Statements
• Example 12.11.4 Safe Take Ball
• Exercise 12.11.5 Is There a Ball?

12.12 If/Else Statements

• Video 12.12.1 If/Else Statements
• Check for Understanding 12.12.2 If/Else Statements
• Example 12.12.3 Flip Karel
• Exercise 12.12.4 Fix It Karel
• Exercise 12.12.5 Invert
• Badge 12.12.6 Conditional Karel Badge

12.13 Control Structures Example

• Video 12.13.1 Control Structures Example
• Check for Understanding 12.13.2 Control Structures Example
• Example 12.13.3 Cleanup Karel
• Exercise 12.13.4 Random Hurdles
• Exercise 12.13.5 Fix It Karel

12.14 More Karel Examples and Testing

• Video 12.14.1 More Karel Examples and Testing
• Example 12.14.2 Move Tennis Ball Stack
• Example 12.14.3 Climbing Karel

12.15 How to Indent Your Code

• Video 12.15.1 How to Indent Your Code
• Check for Understanding 12.15.2 How to Indent Your Code
• Example 12.15.3 Dance and Clean Karel
• Exercise 12.15.4 Diagonal
• Exercise 12.15.5 Staircase
• Badge 12.15.6 Karel Exercises Badge

12.16 Karel Challenges

• Challenge 12.16.1 Fetch
• Challenge 12.16.2 Racing Karel
• Challenge 12.16.3 Tower Builder
• Challenge 12.16.4 Super Cleanup Karel
• Challenge 12.16.5 Double Tennis Balls
• Challenge 12.16.6 Midpoint Karel
• Badge 12.16.7 Karel Challenges Badge

12.17 Karel Quiz

• Unit Quiz 12.17.1 Karel Quiz

AP Test Practice

13.1 ap practice test 1.

• Final 13.1.1 Final AP Review
• Practice 13.1.2 Free Response 1a
• Practice 13.1.3 Free Response 1b
• Practice 13.1.4 Free Response 2a
• Practice 13.1.5 Free Response 2b
• Practice 13.1.6 Free Response 3a
• Exercise 13.1.7 Free Response 3b
• Exercise 13.1.8 Free Response 4a
• Exercise 13.1.9 Free Response 4b
• Badge 13.1.10 AP Practice Test Badge

Java Pretest

14.1 java pretest.

• Notes 14.1.1 About the Pretest
• Survey 14.1.2 Mindsets
• Quiz 14.1.3 Knowledge & Skills: Java

Java Posttest

15.1 java posttest.

• Notes 15.1.1 About the Posttest
• Survey 15.1.2 Mindsets
• Quiz 15.1.3 Java Knowledge & Skills

Teacher Feedback

16.1 teacher feedback.

• Resource 16.1.1 Feedback Survey

Additional Exercises

17.1 unit 3.

• Example 17.1.1 Lesson 3.2 Air Hockey
• Exercise 17.1.2 Lesson 3.2 Constructions
• Exercise 17.1.3 Lesson 3.2 Game Bonus
• Example 17.1.4 Lesson 3.3 Floating Point Error
• Exercise 17.1.5 Lesson 3.3 Comparing Doubles
• Exercise 17.1.6 Lesson 3.4 Classifying the Rich
• Exercise 17.1.7 Lesson 3.4 Mesozoic Age
• Challenge 17.1.8 Lesson 3.4 Dinosaurs
• Exercise 17.1.9 Lesson 3.5 Salmon Season
• Exercise 17.1.10 Lesson 3.6 Used Car
• Example 17.1.11 Lesson 3.7 Changing Dogs
• Example 17.1.12 Lesson 3.7 Creating Strings with New
• Example 17.1.13 Lesson 3.7 Creating Strings with Literals

17.2 Unit 4

• Exercise 17.2.1 Lesson 4.1 Find Digits
• Exercise 17.2.2 Lesson 4.2 Factorial
• Exercise 17.2.3 Lesson 4.2 Five Little Ducks
• Exercise 17.2.4 Lesson 4.3 Fix the Sum
• Example 17.2.5 Lesson 4.5 Values Held in Variables
• Quiz 17.2.6 Lesson 4.5 Values Held in Variables
• Exercise 17.2.7 Lesson 4.5 Values Held In Variables
• Example 17.2.8 Lesson 4.5 Variable Trace
• Free Response 17.2.9 Lesson 4.5 Variable Trace

17.3 Unit 5

• Quiz 17.3.1 Lesson 5.10 Ethical Programmer Agreement
• Presentation 17.3.2 Lesson 5.10 Explore a Software Application
• Free Response 17.3.3 Lesson 5.10 Career Choice and Computing

17.4 Unit 7

• Exercise 17.4.1 The Congo Company - Marketing Analysis
• Free Response 17.4.2 The Congo Company - Strategy
• Exercise 17.4.3 The Congo Company - Optimization

18.1 Elevens

• Connection 18.1.1 Elevens Activity Guide
• Exercise 18.1.2 Activity 1: Design and Create a Card Class
• Exercise 18.1.3 Activity 2: Initial Design of a Deck Class
• Free Response 18.1.4 Activity 2 Questions
• Exercise 18.1.5 Activity 3: Shuffling the Cards in a Deck
• Free Response 18.1.6 Activity 3 Questions
• Exercise 18.1.7 Activity 4: Adding a Shuffle Method to the Deck
• Demo 18.1.8 Activity 6: Playing Elevens
• Free Response 18.1.9 Activity 6 Questions
• Exercise 18.1.10 Activity 7: Elevens Board Class Design
• Free Response 18.1.11 Activity 7 Questions
• Exercise 18.1.12 Activity 8: Using an Abstract Board Class
• Free Response 18.1.13 Activity 8 Questions
• Exercise 18.1.14 Activity 9: Implementing the Elevens Board
• Free Response 18.1.15 Activity 9 Questions

19.1 Magpie Lab

• Connection 19.1.1 Magpie Student Guide
• Free Response 19.1.2 Activity 1: Chatbots
• Example 19.1.3 Activity 2: Introduction to Magpie
• Exercise 19.1.4 Activity 2: Modifying Magpie
• Free Response 19.1.5 Activity 2: Questions
• Exercise 19.1.6 Activity 3: Improving Keyword Detection
• Exercise 19.1.7 Activity 4: Responses that Transform Statements

Picture Lab

20.1 picture lab.

• Resource 20.1.1 Introduction & Student Guide
• Free Response 20.1.2 A1: Digital Pictures and Color
• Example 20.1.3 A2: Picking a Color
• Free Response 20.1.4 A2 Questions: Picking a Color
• Example 20.1.5 A3: Exploring a Picture
• Free Response 20.1.6 A3 Questions: Exploring a Picture
• Exercise 20.1.7 A4: Two-Dimensional Arrays in Java
• Free Response 20.1.8 A5: Interfaces
• Exercise 20.1.9 A5: Modifying a Picture
• Exercise 20.1.10 A6: Mirroring a Picture
• Exercise 20.1.11 A9: Edge Detection

Consumer Review Lab

21.1 introduction.

• Resource 21.1.1 Consumer Review Lab Activity Guide
• Exercise 21.1.2 Review
• Free Response 21.1.3 Review Free Response
• Check for Understanding 21.1.4 Check For Understanding

21.2 Sentiment Value and Star Ratings

• Exercise 21.2.1 Sentiment Value
• Free Response 21.2.2 Sentiment Value Free Response

21.3 Autogenerated Review

• Exercise 21.3.1 Autogenerate Review
• Free Response 21.3.2 Autogenerate Review Free Response

21.4 Create a Negative or Positive Review

• Exercise 21.4.1 Create a Negative or Positive Review
• Free Response 21.4.2 Create a Negative or Positive Review

21.5 Open Ended Activity!

• Exercise 21.5.1 Final Activity
• Free Response 21.5.2 Wrap Up

Celebrity Lab

22.1 activity 1: introduction to celebrity.

• Free Response 22.1.1 Introduction to Celebrity

22.2 Activity 2: The Celebrity Class: A Simple Version

• Free Response 22.2.1 Celebrity Class: A Simple Version
• Exercise 22.2.2 Celebrity Constructor

22.3 Activity 3: Putting it All Together

• Exercise 22.3.1 Set up Constructors
• Exercise 22.3.2 Setting up the Game
• Exercise 22.3.3 Complete Game Play Methods
• Free Response 22.3.4 Check Your Understanding

22.4 Activity 4: Extending the Celebrity Class

• Free Response 22.4.1 Extending the Celebrity Class
• Example 22.4.2 Literature Celebrity
• Exercise 22.4.3 Custom Celebrity
• Exercise 22.4.4 Updating CelebrityGame
• Exercise 22.4.5 Updating the GUI

22.5 Activity 5: Open Ended Activity

• Free Response 22.5.1 Open Ended Activity

Steganography Lab

23.1 activity 1: exploring color.

• Resource 23.1.1 Steganography Student Lab
• Free Response 23.1.2 Picture Lab A1: Digital Pictures and Color
• Free Response 23.1.3 Exploring Color
• Example 23.1.4 Clearing Bits
• Free Response 23.1.5 Clearing Bits Responses
• Exercise 23.1.6 Changing Colors
• Free Response 23.1.7 Changing Colors Response
• Exercise 23.1.8 Setting Bits

23.2 Activity 2: Hiding and Revealing a Picture

• Free Response 23.2.1 Hiding and Revealing
• Exercise 23.2.2 Hiding and Revealing

23.3 Activity 3: Identifying a Hidden Picture

• Exercise 23.3.1 Identifying a Hidden Picture
• Free Response 23.3.2 Identify a Hidden Picture: Check Your Understanding

23.4 Activity 4: Hiding and Revealing a Text Message

• Free Response 23.4.1 Hiding and Revealing a Text Message Intro
• Exercise 23.4.2 Hiding and Revealing a Text Message
• Free Response 23.4.3 Hiding and Revealing; Check your Understanding

23.5 Activity 5: Open Ended Project

• Exercise 23.5.1 Open Ended Project

Java Level 1 Certification Practice

24.1 practice #1: java fundamentals.

• Quiz 24.1.1 Quiz: Java Fundamentals
• Notes 24.1.2 Practice #1 Reflection

24.2 Practice #2: Data Types and Lists

• Quiz 24.2.1 Quiz: Data Types and Lists
• Notes 24.2.2 Practice #2 Reflection

24.3 Practice #3: Implementing Flow Control

• Quiz 24.3.1 Quiz: Implementing Flow Control
• Notes 24.3.2 Practice #3 Reflection

24.4 Practice #4: OOP and Other Advanced Topics

• Quiz 24.4.1 Quiz: OOP and Other Advanced Topics
• Notes 24.4.2 Practice #4 Reflection

Deprecated Activities 08/25/21

25.1 deprecated activities 08/25/21.

• Exercise 25.1.1 Welcome Program
• Exercise 25.1.2 ASCII Art
• Exercise 25.1.3 Heating Up
• Exercise 25.1.4 Answering Questions
• Exercise 25.1.5 Freely Falling Bodies
• Exercise 25.1.6 My Age
• Exercise 25.1.7 My Age (User Input)
• Exercise 25.1.8 Night Out
• Exercise 25.1.9 Casting to an Int
• Free Response 25.1.10 Phone Skeleton
• Exercise 25.1.11 Student GPA Field
• Exercise 25.1.12 Instance Variables for Your Dog
• Exercise 25.1.13 Plain Coffee
• Exercise 25.1.14 Empty References
• Exercise 25.1.15 Loose Change
• Exercise 25.1.16 Chat Bot
• Exercise 25.1.17 Basketball Players
• Exercise 25.1.18 Chat Bot 2.0
• Exercise 25.1.19 Number Games
• Exercise 25.1.20 Full Name
• Exercise 25.1.21 Speaking
• Exercise 25.1.22 toString for Flowers
• Exercise 25.1.23 Organizing Files
• Exercise 25.1.24 Guess the number!
• Exercise 25.1.25 Circle Area
• Exercise 25.1.26 Number Order
• Exercise 25.1.27 Discounts
• Exercise 25.1.28 Cooking
• Exercise 25.1.29 Positive or Negative
• Exercise 25.1.30 Battleships Move
• Exercise 25.1.31 Berries
• Exercise 25.1.32 Battleships
• Exercise 25.1.33 Find the Minimum
• Exercise 25.1.34 Odd Numbers
• Exercise 25.1.35 Three Strings
• Exercise 25.1.36 Guess the Number
• Exercise 25.1.37 Max and Min Values
• Exercise 25.1.38 Repeat 100 Times
• Exercise 25.1.39 Replace FOR Loop with WHILE Loop
• Exercise 25.1.40 Replace Letter
• Exercise 25.1.41 Teen Talk
• Exercise 25.1.42 Make a Tree
• Exercise 25.1.43 Access for Employee Class
• Exercise 25.1.44 Dog Class
• Exercise 25.1.45 C.Y.O.A. Layout
• Exercise 25.1.46 C.Y.O.A. Finishing the story
• Exercise 25.1.47 Text Messages Getter Methods
• Exercise 25.1.48 A Chef's Best Meal
• Exercise 25.1.49 Weekly Routine
• Exercise 25.1.50 Distance Conversions
• Exercise 25.1.51 How Many Players in the Game?
• Exercise 25.1.52 Scope
• Exercise 25.1.53 Write Your Own CodeHS
• Exercise 25.1.54 Our First Array
• Exercise 25.1.55 Last Element in Array
• Exercise 25.1.56 Print Array
• Exercise 25.1.57 Fibonacci Sequence
• Exercise 25.1.58 Classroom Array
• Exercise 25.1.59 Find the Last Multiple of 3
• Exercise 25.1.60 Most Improved
• Exercise 25.1.61 Car Inventory
• Exercise 25.1.62 Get First Element
• Exercise 25.1.63 ArrayList of Even Numbers
• Exercise 25.1.64 ArrayList Helper Methods
• Exercise 25.1.65 User Data Cleanup
• Exercise 25.1.66 Fantasy Football Roster
• Exercise 25.1.67 Phonebook
• Exercise 25.1.68 Manipulating 2D Arrays
• Exercise 25.1.69 Sum Rows in a 2D Array
• Exercise 25.1.70 Person / Student Object
• Exercise 25.1.71 Books
• Exercise 25.1.72 Students
• Exercise 25.1.73 Foods
• Exercise 25.1.74 Electric Cars
• Exercise 25.1.75 Squares
• Exercise 25.1.76 Bank Accounts
• Exercise 25.1.77 Pies
• Exercise 25.1.78 Assignments
• Exercise 25.1.79 Cars
• Exercise 25.1.80 Library Books
• Exercise 25.1.81 Equal?
• Exercise 25.1.82 Equals? - Part 2
• Exercise 25.1.83 Countdown!
• Exercise 25.1.84 Bacteria Cultures
• Exercise 25.1.85 Exploring Binary Searches
• Exercise 25.1.86 Explore Merge Sort
• Exercise 25.1.87 Recursive Calls

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Geographic coordinates of Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia

City coordinates

Coordinates of Elektrostal in decimal degrees

Coordinates of elektrostal in degrees and decimal minutes, utm coordinates of elektrostal, geographic coordinate systems.

WGS 84 coordinate reference system is the latest revision of the World Geodetic System, which is used in mapping and navigation, including GPS satellite navigation system (the Global Positioning System).

Geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) define a position on the Earth’s surface. Coordinates are angular units. The canonical form of latitude and longitude representation uses degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes, or in decimal degrees.

Latitude varies from −90° to 90°. The latitude of the Equator is 0°; the latitude of the South Pole is −90°; the latitude of the North Pole is 90°. Positive latitude values correspond to the geographic locations north of the Equator (abbrev. N). Negative latitude values correspond to the geographic locations south of the Equator (abbrev. S).

Longitude is counted from the prime meridian ( IERS Reference Meridian for WGS 84) and varies from −180° to 180°. Positive longitude values correspond to the geographic locations east of the prime meridian (abbrev. E). Negative longitude values correspond to the geographic locations west of the prime meridian (abbrev. W).

UTM or Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system divides the Earth’s surface into 60 longitudinal zones. The coordinates of a location within each zone are defined as a planar coordinate pair related to the intersection of the equator and the zone’s central meridian, and measured in meters.

Elevation above sea level is a measure of a geographic location’s height. We are using the global digital elevation model GTOPO30 .

Elektrostal , Moscow Oblast, Russia

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Elektrostal

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