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Gr. 12 HISTORY REVISION: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

REVISION: THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

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Grade 12 History Essay: Black Power Movement USA

Subject: History

Age range: 16+

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

13 February 2024

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The Black Power Movement Essay explores the historical and social significance of the Black Power Movement that emerged in the 1960s. This essay examines the key ideologies, leaders, and activities that shaped the movement and analyzes its impact on the African American community and the broader civil rights movement.

The essay begins by providing a brief overview of the historical context in which the Black Power Movement emerged, including the Civil Rights Movement and the socio-political climate of the time. It then delves into the core principles of the movement, such as self-determination, racial pride, and the rejection of nonviolence as the sole strategy for achieving racial equality.

The essay explores the influential figures within the Black Power Movement, including Stokely Carmichael, Angela Davis, and Huey P. Newton. It discusses their roles as leaders and their contributions to the movement’s ideology and activism. Additionally, the essay highlights significant events and organizations associated with the movement, such as the Black Panther Party and the National Black Power Conferences.

Furthermore, the essay examines the impact of the Black Power Movement on the African American community and the broader civil rights movement. It analyzes how the movement challenged traditional civil rights strategies and redefined notions of Black identity and empowerment. The essay also discusses the movement’s influence on subsequent activist movements and its lasting legacy in contemporary social and political discourse.

Overall, the Black Power Movement Essay provides a comprehensive analysis of this significant chapter in American history, shedding light on its ideologies, leaders, impact, and lasting relevance in the fight for racial justice and equality.

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Course: US history   >   Unit 8

• Introduction to the Civil Rights Movement
• African American veterans and the Civil Rights Movement
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Emmett Till
• The Montgomery Bus Boycott
• "Massive Resistance" and the Little Rock Nine
• The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
• SNCC and CORE

Black Power

• The Civil Rights Movement
• “Black Power” refers to a militant ideology that aimed not at integration and accommodation with white America, but rather preached black self-reliance, self-defense, and racial pride.
• Malcolm X was the most influential thinker of what became known as the Black Power movement, and inspired others like Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party.
• The Black Panther Party in Oakland, California, operated as both a black self-defense militia and a provider of services to the black community.

The origins of Black Power

Malcolm x and the nation of islam, the black panther party, the black panther party for self-defense ten-point platform and program.

• We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.
• We want full employment for our people.
• We want an end to the robbery by the white men of our Black Community.
• We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.
• We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society.
• We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.
• We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.
• We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.
• We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.
• We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.

What do you think?

• Quoted in John Hope Franklin and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (New York: McGraw Hill, 2011), 551.
• Richard Wright, Black Power: An American Negro Views the African Gold Coast (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954).
• For more, see Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
• For more on Malcolm X, see James L. Conyers, Jr. and Andrew P. Smallwood, eds. Malcolm X: A Historical Reader (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2008).
• Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, (New York: Grove Press, 1965).
• Franklin and Higginbotham, From Slavery to Freedom , 557-558.
• For more on the Black Panthers, see Donna Jean Murch, Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010); and Joshua Bloom & Waldo E. Martin, Jr., Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013).
• Franklin and Higginbotham, From Slavery to Freedom , 561. See also Ward Churchill & Jim Vanderwall, The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI’s Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990).

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Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12

Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12 memo and answer guide.

Table of Contents

CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

Explain to what extent did Black Power Movement influence the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Use relevant examples to support your line of argument.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills.]

Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Candidates should use relevant examples to support their line of argument.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

Introduction: Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s.

ELABORATION

Origins of the Movement:

• The Black Power Movement came out of dissatisfaction with the Civil Rights Movements.
• The Civil Rights Movement had focused on black and white Americans working together but inequalities remained. African Americans still faced poverty and racial discrimination.
• Some African American were disappointed with the Civil Rights Movement and believed that King was too moderate
• They wanted change in the USA to happen faster and they were prepared to use violence to do this.
• Black Power Movement promoted black pride, unity and self- reliance
• Black nationalists believed that the use of force was justified in order to gain social, political and economic power for Black Americans

Role of Malcolm X:

• Malcolm X, leading figure in the Black Power Movement, powerful speaker and dedicated human rights activist
• In 1952 he became a leading member of the nation of Islam, a black Muslim group which believed that white society was holding African Americans back and they desired separation of races
• Eloquence and charisma attracted many new members to this organisation membership grew from 500 in 1952 to 30 000 in 1963
• Promoted the use of violence to achieve the aims of Black Power
• Challenged the peaceful approach of Martin Luther King Jnr
• After a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1963-1964, Malcolm X changed his ideas about integration as he had seen how Muslims of all nationalities and races could live together peacefully
• Founded the Organisation of Afro-American unity in 1964. He became less militant and adopted views that were not popular with black nationalists

The Black Panther

• Huey Newton and Bobby Searle formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) for Self Defence in 1966
• They aimed to protect African American neighbourhoods from police brutality and racism
• The Black Panthers promoted African Americans carrying guns to defend themselves
• The idea of Black Power scared many white Americans
• The BPP started programmes to help ease poverty in Black communities such as Free Breakfast for Children, feeding thousands of poor and hungry black children everyday
• Clinics where adults and children could get free medical care
• A tutoring scheme to help black children succeed at school
• The BPP drew up a ten-point programme that included the following demands:
• Full employment and an end to capitalism that preyed on the African American community
• Descent housing and education for African Americans
• An end to police brutality
• The Black panthers were very popular in the 1960s as they were involved in defending the rights of both workers and ethnic minorities like the African American communities in the ghettoes

The role of Stokely Carmichael

• Stokely Carmichael joined the Civil Rights Movement when he saw the bravery of those involved in a sit-in
• Became a member of SNCC and a Freedom Rider
• His commitment to Martin Luther King’s passive resistance ideals changed in 1966 after James Meredith, a civil rights activist engaged in a peaceful protest march, was shot
• Carmichael and other activists continued on the march to honour Meredith and during the march he was arrested
• When he was released from jail, Carmichael made a famous speech using the term ‘Black Power’ for the first time and he urged African Americans to take pride in being black
• He was in favour of African dress and Afro hairstyles
• He wanted African Americans to recognise their heritage and build a sense of community
• He also adopted the slogan ‘Black is beautiful’ which promoted pride in being black
• Carmichael started to criticise other leaders, like King, and how they wanted to work with whites
• He later left the SNCC and joined the BPP where he promoted the Black Power Movement as a leader, speaker and writer
• He later wrote a book linking Black Power to Pan-Africanism
• Any other relevant answer Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with relevant conclusion

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Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12

Civil Rights Movement 1950 to 1970 essay: Black Power Movement History Grade 12 memo and answer guide.

CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: BLACK POWER MOVEMENT

Explain to what extent did Black Power Movement influence the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Use relevant examples to support your line of argument.

[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical and interpretative skills.]

Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s. Candidates should use relevant examples to support their line of argument.

MAIN ASPECTS

Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

Introduction: Candidates should indicate to what extent the Black Power Movement influenced the actions of African Americans in the 1960s.

ELABORATION

Origins of the Movement:

• The Black Power Movement came out of dissatisfaction with the Civil Rights Movements.
• The Civil Rights Movement had focused on black and white Americans working together but inequalities remained. African Americans still faced poverty and racial discrimination.
• Some African American were disappointed with the Civil Rights Movement and believed that King was too moderate
• They wanted change in the USA to happen faster and they were prepared to use violence to do this.
• Black Power Movement promoted black pride, unity and self- reliance
• Black nationalists believed that the use of force was justified in order to gain social, political and economic power for Black Americans

Role of Malcolm X:

• Malcolm X, leading figure in the Black Power Movement, powerful speaker and dedicated human rights activist
• In 1952 he became a leading member of the nation of Islam, a black Muslim group which believed that white society was holding African Americans back and they desired separation of races
• Eloquence and charisma attracted many new members to this organisation membership grew from 500 in 1952 to 30 000 in 1963
• Promoted the use of violence to achieve the aims of Black Power
• Challenged the peaceful approach of Martin Luther King Jnr
• After a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1963-1964, Malcolm X changed his ideas about integration as he had seen how Muslims of all nationalities and races could live together peacefully
• Founded the Organisation of Afro-American unity in 1964. He became less militant and adopted views that were not popular with black nationalists

The Black Panther

• Huey Newton and Bobby Searle formed the Black Panther Party (BPP) for Self Defence in 1966
• They aimed to protect African American neighbourhoods from police brutality and racism
• The Black Panthers promoted African Americans carrying guns to defend themselves
• The idea of Black Power scared many white Americans
• The BPP started programmes to help ease poverty in Black communities such as Free Breakfast for Children, feeding thousands of poor and hungry black children everyday
• Clinics where adults and children could get free medical care
• A tutoring scheme to help black children succeed at school
• The BPP drew up a ten-point programme that included the following demands:
• Full employment and an end to capitalism that preyed on the African American community
• Descent housing and education for African Americans
• An end to police brutality
• The Black panthers were very popular in the 1960s as they were involved in defending the rights of both workers and ethnic minorities like the African American communities in the ghettoes

The role of Stokely Carmichael

• Stokely Carmichael joined the Civil Rights Movement when he saw the bravery of those involved in a sit-in
• Became a member of SNCC and a Freedom Rider
• His commitment to Martin Luther King’s passive resistance ideals changed in 1966 after James Meredith, a civil rights activist engaged in a peaceful protest march, was shot
• Carmichael and other activists continued on the march to honour Meredith and during the march he was arrested
• When he was released from jail, Carmichael made a famous speech using the term ‘Black Power’ for the first time and he urged African Americans to take pride in being black
• He was in favour of African dress and Afro hairstyles
• He wanted African Americans to recognise their heritage and build a sense of community
• He also adopted the slogan ‘Black is beautiful’ which promoted pride in being black
• Carmichael started to criticise other leaders, like King, and how they wanted to work with whites
• He later left the SNCC and joined the BPP where he promoted the Black Power Movement as a leader, speaker and writer
• He later wrote a book linking Black Power to Pan-Africanism
• Any other relevant answer Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with relevant conclusion

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Grade 12 - Topic 3 - Civil Society protests 1950s to 1990s

Topic 3: Civil society protests 1950s to 1970s

Online Resource:

http://learn.mindset.co.za/resources/history/grade-12/civil-society-protests-1950s-1970s [Accessed 25 February 2015]

The above video resource provides useful hints / study tips before embarking on grade 12 History.

Before we begin, and to clear any confusion, we must understand what the term ‘civil society’ means.

“ community  of  citizens  linked by  common   interests  and  collective activity .”

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/civil-society  [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

What forms of civil society protest emerged from the 1960s to 1990?

Background and focus

The Second World War had been fought to attain democracy but it did not deliver lasting peace or a better society.

After the war:

women in growing economies were beginning to do paid work outside the home,

youth were more critical of their parents ‘generation and increasingly became aware of injustices, racism and human rights violations;

a counter culture started to emerge.

The section on women’s identity in South Africa is closely linked with the study of Apartheid in Grade 11 (Topic 5). In this section, learners should analyse the civic action taken in the context of the overall theme of this topic.

The following is to be covered in this topic:

Introduction: Overview of civil society protests

”Women’s liberation and feminist movements in the 1960s and 1970s: a middle class movement in industrialised countries;

http://womenshistory.about.com/od/feminism-second-wave/a/Womens-Liberation.htm [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

”Women’s identity in South Africa from the 1950s to 1970s – black women see themselves first as black, and white women see themselves first as white; trade unionism, women workers, their economic role in the rural areas and in the informal sector; as political anti-pass campaigners, initiatives taken within the liberation struggle, including the middle class Black Sash;

http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/turbulent-1950s-women-defiant-activists  [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Women and the anti-pass campaign

The Defiance Campaign is launched and women step forward

The Federation of South African Women ( FSAW or FEDSAW)

Women’s role in the Congress of the Party and the Freedom Charter

The women’s 1955 anti-pass campaign

Preparations for the 1956 Women’s March

Source: http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-sash  [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

“The Black Sash was formed in 1955 and it began as a tea party of six women, Jean Sinclair, Ruth Foley, Elizabeth McLaren, Tertia Pybus, Jean Bosazza and Helen Newton-Thompson. The women were opposed to the Senate Bill which asked for a two thirds majority of both houses of parliament to remove people described as 'coloured' from the common voters’ role. The organisation grew into an avenue for liberal women to oppose government policies by means of marches, convoys, demonstrations and vigils. This was the founding of the Women’s Defence of the Constitution, the symbol of the organisation, a constitution draped in a black sash, showed their mourning of the constitution. The media soon nicknamed the organisation the “Black Sash” referring to the black sashes that members draped over their right shoulder during protest demonstrations.”

Source: http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/black-sash  [Accessed 25 February 2015]

”the peace movements: disarmament; students and anti-war movements; and

Online Resources:

https://www.marxists.org/glossary/events/p/e.htm  [Accessed 25 February 2015]

http://learn.mindset.co.za/resources/history/grade-12/civil-society-protests-1950s-1970s/learn-xtra-exam-revision-2013/civil-society-protests  [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Civil rights movements.

Case Study : the US Civil Rights Movement

Source: http://rapaulsen.iweb.bsu.edu/images/large/civilrights.jpg [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

This section includes:

Reasons and origins of the Civil Rights Movement in the USA (background information only);

http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_causes_of_the_civil_right_movements[Accessed [25 February 2015]

http://www.english-online.at/history/civil-rights-movement/civil-rights-movement-history-and-causes.htm [25 February 2015]

http://www.isreview.org/issues/45/civilrights.shtml  [25 February 2015]

The role, impact and influence of Martin Luther King Junior; and the influence of passive resistance (Gandhi) on MartinLuther King;

Gandhi ...influencing Martin Luther King Junior

http://www.michaellewin.org/articles/gandhi/martin-luther-king-jnr/ [25 February 2015]

http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v17n2p21.htm [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Forms of protest through civil disobedience: Montgomery bus boycott, sit-ins, marches including to Lincoln Memorial,

Source : http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/cincinnati_flyer_march_on_washington.jpg [Accessed 25 February 2015]

http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/aug/20/civil-disobedience-sanchez-gordillo [Accessed 25 February 2015]

Montgomery Boycott

http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/overview/ [Accessed 25 February 2015]

http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/march-on-washington-august-28-1963/ [Accessed 25 February 2015]

www.criticalpast.com/.../65675022808_Historical-o . [Accessed 25 February 2015]

Birmingham campaign and Selma-Montgomery marches;

www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejKhuRZlRQE [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

www.history.com/topics/.../selma-ontgomery-mar ... [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

School desegregation: case study (Little Rock, Arkansas); and

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qk1tTCk2Kks [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Short-term and long-term gains.

Case Study: the Black Power Movement

Source : http://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/312a_43.jpg [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Reasons for the movement;

www.teachertube.com/.../roots-of-the-black-power-o .. [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Black Panther

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_panthers.htm [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Roles of Stokely Carmichael and Malcolm X; and

1. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/stokely-carmichael [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

2. http://www.biography.com/people/malcolm-x-9396195 [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

3. http://www.malcolmx.com/ [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Source: http://ionenewsone.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/malcolm-x-1.jpg [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

Overview of the progress, if any, that was made towards equality and civil rights by the civil rights and Black Power movements.

While African-American members of the US population have made great strides, recent events in the USA have suggested that unhealthy tension (violent) still exists in the USA today.

It would be useful for educators to divide students into groups to debate this topic. Instead of using such a general approach, perhaps categorise the advancement of people of colour in the USA in different spheres of private and public life.

Constructive debate should be encouraged, as well as a safe environment for learners to ventilate their views, in a respectful manner. This topic is particularly relevant for South Africa. If History is meant to teach us about the further, then we need to pay attention to it.

Exam preparation

http://learn.mindset.co.za/sites/default/files/resourcelib/emshare-show-note-asset/899_fdoc.pdf [ Accessed 25 February 2015]

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The Black power movement : rethinking the civil rights-Black power era

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