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How C++ Is Used in Embedded Systems: Applications and Case Studies

Hey there, tech-savvy folks! 👋 Today, we’re going to dive into the intriguing world of embedded systems and explore the fascinating applications and case studies of the C++ programming language within this domain. As a programming enthusiast and code-savvy friend 😋, I’ve always been enthusiastic about exploring the intersection of technology and real-world applications. So, let’s buckle up and delve deep into the realm of embedded systems and how C++ plays a crucial role in this fascinating domain.

Introduction to Embedded Systems and C++

Definition of embedded systems.

Before we jump into the nitty-gritty details, it’s essential to grasp the concept of embedded systems. These systems are specialized computing devices that are designed for specific tasks and are embedded within a larger mechanical or electrical system. From your smartwatch to the complex avionics systems in aircraft, embedded systems are all around us, quietly performing their designated functions.

Overview of C++ Programming Language

Now, let’s talk about our trusty programming language, C++. Known for its efficiency, performance, and versatility, C++ has been a cornerstone in the software development industry. From its robust support for object-oriented programming to its extensive use in system software and game development, C++ has proven its mettle time and again. But how does C++ fit into the world of embedded systems? Let’s find out!

Applications of C++ in Embedded Systems

So, where does C++ shine within the realm of embedded systems? Let’s explore some fascinating applications:

Real-time Operating Systems

In the realm of real-time operating systems (RTOS), C++ has carved out a significant niche for itself. With its ability to manage system resources efficiently and its support for real-time constraints, C++ is the go-to choice for designing and implementing RTOS components. Whether it’s ensuring timely response in automotive control systems or managing critical processes in industrial machinery, C++ proves to be a reliable companion in the RTOS landscape.

Mobile and Wireless Technologies

The ubiquity of mobile and wireless devices underscores the importance of efficient embedded systems. C++ finds its place in this domain by enabling the development of high-performance, low-latency applications for mobile platforms and wireless communication systems. Whether it’s optimizing memory usage or enhancing processing speed, C++ empowers developers to create robust embedded solutions for an increasingly connected world.

Case Studies of C++ in Embedded Systems

Now, let’s take a closer look at some real-world case studies where C++ has made a tangible impact within embedded systems:

Automotive Industry

In the automotive industry, safety, reliability, and performance are paramount. C++ comes to the fore in this domain, playing a key role in the development of embedded systems for vehicle control units, infotainment systems, and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Its ability to support low-level hardware interactions and real-time processing makes C++ a natural fit for the demanding requirements of automotive embedded systems.

Consumer Electronics Sector

From smart TVs to IoT devices, consumer electronics rely heavily on embedded systems to deliver seamless user experiences. C++ demonstrates its prowess in this sector by enabling the creation of efficient and feature-rich embedded software for a wide range of devices. Whether it’s optimizing battery life in smart gadgets or ensuring smooth multimedia playback, C++ empowers developers to craft sophisticated embedded solutions for the consumer market.

Comparison of C++ with Other Programming Languages in Embedded Systems

Now, let’s tackle the age-old debate of C++ versus other programming languages within the realm of embedded systems. Here’s a quick rundown of the advantages and limitations of using C++:

Advantages of Using C++

• Performance Optimization : C++ allows for fine-grained control over system resources, making it ideal for performance-critical embedded applications.
• Object-Oriented Approach : The object-oriented nature of C++ facilitates modular and reusable code, enhancing productivity in embedded system development.
• Hardware Interaction : With its capability to interact closely with hardware, C++ is well-suited for embedded systems that require low-level control.

Limitations of C++ in Embedded Systems

• Memory Management : The manual memory management in C++ can pose challenges in embedded systems where memory constraints are a primary concern.
• Complexity : C++’s rich feature set can lead to complex codebases, resulting in potential maintenance and debugging challenges in embedded projects.

Future Prospects of C++ in Embedded Systems

As we gaze into the future, it’s intriguing to ponder the potential advancements and emerging trends in C++ for embedded systems:

Advances in C++ for Embedded Systems

The evolution of C++ standards and tooling continues to bolster its capabilities for embedded development. With features like constexpr, std::span, and modules, C++ is constantly evolving to address the specific needs of embedded systems, providing developers with an array of tools to create efficient and maintainable embedded software.

Emerging Trends in Embedded Systems with C++ Usage

The rise of edge computing, IoT proliferation, and the demand for real-time processing herald a promising landscape for C++ in embedded systems. As the technology ecosystem evolves, C++ is poised to play an integral role in enabling the next generation of intelligent and interconnected embedded solutions.

In Closing… 😊

Overall, the pervasive influence of embedded systems in our daily lives, coupled with the indispensable role of C++ in this domain, underscores the enduring relevance and impact of this programming language. As we continue to witness technological advancements and breakthroughs, C++ remains a stalwart companion for developers delving into the fascinating world of embedded systems.

So, tech aficionados, keep exploring, keep innovating, and remember—when it comes to embedded systems, C++ is the bridge between imagination and implementation! 🚀

Random Fact: Did you know that Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, initially called it "C with Classes"? Talk about a transformative journey for a programming language! 🌟

Program Code – How C++ Is Used in Embedded Systems: Applications and Case Studies

Code output:.

Imagine a continuous stream of output where sensor values are printed every 500 milliseconds, and a ‘Processing sensor data…’ message appears every second.

Code Explanation:

This program simulates an embedded system application using C++. Embedded systems commonly involve reading from sensors and processing that data. The main components of this simulation are:

Two functions named ReadSensorData and ProcessSensorData are defined at the beginning. ReadSensorData simulates a sensor providing data by generating a random number intended to represent sensor output. ProcessSensorData simulates data processing, which could be anything, such as filtering, scaling, or applying algorithms to interpret the sensor input.

There’s a use of multithreading here, where each core functionality (reading and processing data) runs on its own thread. This is highly relevant in embedded systems to perform concurrent tasks—like reading multiple sensors simultaneously or processing data while another task is ongoing.

main function: Here’s where the two threads are created, with each one running one of our functions. sensorReader , the first thread, introduces concurrency, running ReadSensorData . The sensorProcessor thread does the same for the ProcessSensorData function. By using join on both threads, we ensure that the main thread will wait for these threads to finish before exiting, which, in our case, never happens because of the infinite loop.

In ReadSensorData , a simulated sensor value is generated using rand() % 1024 to get a value in the range 0-1023, typical for a 10-bit sensor. It then simulates a read interval with a delay of 500 milliseconds using std::this_thread::sleep_for() .

In ProcessSensorData , simulated data processing is set up as a task that takes longer than the read operation, as represented by a 1-second sleep. This represents the common scenario in embedded systems where data processing or analysis takes longer than raw data collection.

The use of <chrono> library allows us to simulate real-time constraints, which is a fundamental aspect of embedded system programming, where operations often need to be timed precisely.

The program gives us a simple yet illustrative glimpse into the tasks and challenges faced in embedded systems programming, specifically showing concurrent task handling and pseudo real-time operations.

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10 Real Life Examples of Embedded Systems

Get Our White Paper Compare chip-down vs. modular designs DOWNLOAD PDF Embedded systems are at the heart of many different products, machines and intelligent operations, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence applications. As embedded systems applications appear in every industry and sector today, embedded devices and software play a crucial role in the functioning of cars, home appliances, medical devices, interactive kiosks, and other equipment we use in our daily lives. In this article, we have provided embedded system examples with explanations to help you learn how this technology is impacting every facet of modern life.   While real life embedded systems have become a significant part of our lives, they are engineered to operate with minimal human intervention. Characteristics like compact size, simple design, and low cost make them a useful technology in industries like aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and even smart cities. Thus, they are one of the driving forces behind today’s digital, connected, and automated world. Here you will find the types and characteristics of embedded systems along with some real-life examples of devices running embedded software.

4 Types of Embedded Devices

Stand-alone

Real-time embedded systems are designed and installed to carry out specific tasks within a pre-defined time limit. They are further divided into two different types:

• Soft Real-Time Embedded Systems: For these systems, the completion of the task is of paramount importance, while the deadline is not a priority.
• Hard Real-Time Embedded Systems: These systems prioritize deadlines, so they shouldn’t be missed in any case. 

Some of the real-time embedded systems examples are:

• Sound System of a computer (Soft real-time system)
• Aircraft control system (Hard real-time system)

These are self-sufficient systems that do not rely on a host system like a processor or a computer to perform tasks. Here are some standalone embedded technology examples:

• Microwave ovens
• Washing machines
• Video game consoles

These systems are connected to a wired or wireless network to perform assigned tasks and provide output to the connected devices. They are comprised of components like controllers and sensors. Here are some network embedded software examples:

• Home security systems
• Card swipe machines

These systems are smaller in size and easy to use. Though they come with limited memory, people still prefer them due to their portability and handiness. Here are a few mobile embedded control systems examples:

• Digital cameras
• Mobile phones
• Smart watch
• Fitness tracker

Characteristics of Embedded Computer Systems

The main characteristics of typical embedded systems include:

• Small Form Factor (SFF): These are PCB designs packed with robust processing power in smaller rugged enclosures, which maximizes space efficiency.
• Power efficient components: These are processors with lower thermal design power that minimize cooling and eradicate the need for fans as well as moving components.
• Single-functioned: These systems are designed to perform a specific operation during their lifetime.
• Lower cost: Since they don’t feature expansion slots for peripherals, embedded systems are generally lower cost than full-featured computers and have fewer component complexities.

If you are not familiar with embedded systems terminology  or concepts and want to know more, we have many resources available. See the Related Content at the bottom of this page, as well as our Resources , Solutions pages and Videos .

10 Embedded Systems Examples

There are many things with embedded systems incorporated in the Internet of Things (IoT), as well as in machine to machine (M2M) devices. Exceptionally versatile and adaptable, embedded systems can be found in all smart devices today. It is difficult to find a single portion of modern life that doesn’t involve this technology. Here are some of the real-life examples of embedded system applications. 

• Central heating systems
• GPS systems
• Fitness trackers
• Medical devices
• Automotive systems
• Transit and fare collection
• Factory robots
• Electric vehicle charging stations
• Interactive kiosks

1. Central Heating Systems

• Office buildings
• Grocery stores

2. GPS Systems

• Mobile devices

3. Fitness Trackers

• Monitoring personal activity 
• Medical monitoring
• Sports training

4. Medical Devices

• Defibrillator
• Ultrasound scanners

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5. Automotive Systems

• Car navigation system
• Anti-lock braking system
• Vehicle entertainment system

6. Transit and Fare Collection

• Metro stations
• Bus stations
• Railway stations

If you are looking for embedded processor examples in the transportation sector, see some of our customer stories, sharing how Digi embedded System-on-Modules are designed into transit and vehicle applications:

• Withdraw cash
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• Deposit money into another account

8. Factory Robots

• Assembly line
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• Painting 
• Palletizing

9. Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

• Charging vehicles
• Swapping batteries
• Parking vehicles

10. Interactive Kiosks

• Retail sites and convenience stores
• Movie theaters
• Government buildings

The Importance of Embedded Systems

• They are small, fast, and powerful computers used in many devices and equipment we use daily.
• They guarantee the performance of real-time applications.
• They are responsible for the completion of a task within a specified time limit, such as rapid graphics processing and artificial intelligence processing.

Additionally, embedded modules are becoming more sophisticated and powerful all the time, and are increasing in graphics performance and edge compute capabilities, giving embedded developers the tools to bring high-performance market-driven products to market.  

Find Your Embedded Systems Solutions with Digi

 The significance of embedded systems is so much that the world without them would look considerably different than it does today. Thanks to the continuous tech advancements, they will become more crucial for every device in the foreseeable future. Understanding why we use embedded systems and a plethora of examples where they are installed will make you better equipped to perceive the tech world around you and leverage the benefits of this exciting technology. At Digi, we’ve taken embedded systems and development tools to the next level. Our embedded systems are complete solutions for wireless application development, with developer tools and built-in security. Learn more about our embedded systems solutions  and contact us to start a conversation.  

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A Case Study in Embedded Systems Design: An Engine Control Unit

A number of techniques and software toolsfor embedded system design have been recently proposed. However, the current practice in the designer community is heavily basedon manual techniques and on past experience rather than on arigorous approach to design. To advance the state of the artit is important to address a number of relevant design problemsand solve them to demonstrate the power of the new approaches.

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Abstract The design of embedded controllers is about developing control algorithms and their implementation satisfying tight constraints on performance and cost. To reduce design time and implementation cost, we propose a methodology based on the principles of platform-based design. The design process is decomposed into a sequence of steps that involve different levels of abstraction (platforms) related by a refinement relation. The design method is exemplified by applying it to the design of an automotive engine controller.

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A Case Study in Embedded Systems Design: An Engine Control Unit

• Published: September 2000
• Volume 6 , pages 71–88, ( 2000 )

Cite this article

• Tullio Cuatto 1 ,
• Claudio Passerone 1 ,
• Claudio Sansoè 1 ,
• Francesco Gregoretti 1 ,
• Attila Jurecska 2 &
• Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli 3  

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A number of techniques and software toolsfor embedded system design have been recently proposed. However,the current practice in the designer community is heavily basedon manual techniques and on past experience rather than on arigorous approach to design. To advance the state of the artit is important to address a number of relevant design problemsand solve them to demonstrate the power of the new approaches.We chose an industrial example in automotive electronics to validateour design methodology: an existing commercially available EngineControl Unit. We discuss in detail the specification, the implementationphilosophy, and the architectural trade-off analysis. We analyzethe results obtained with our approach and compare them withthe existing design underlining the advantages offered by a systematicapproach to embedded system design in terms of performance anddesign time.

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Tullio Cuatto, Claudio Passerone, Claudio Sansoè & Francesco Gregoretti

Eagle Technology Group, Synopsys, Inc., Beaverton, OR, 97006

Attila Jurecska

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Cuatto, T., Passerone, C., Sansoè, C. et al. A Case Study in Embedded Systems Design: An Engine Control Unit. Design Automation for Embedded Systems 6 , 71–88 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008989409134

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