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Five Year Plans of India List, Objectives and Achievements

Five-Year Plans of India were a series of economic & social development initiatives launched by the Indian government. Check List of Five Year Plans of India its Objectives & Achievements for UPSC.

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Five Year Plans of India

The Five-Year Plans were a series of national economic development plans implemented by the Indian government to promote industrialization and economic growth. They were first introduced in India in 1951, shortly after India gained independence from British colonial rule, and continued until 2017.

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Objectives of Five Year Plans of India

The Five-Year Plans of India was a series of economic and social development initiatives launched by the Government of India to promote economic growth, social welfare, poverty reduction, regional balance and self-reliance in a planned and systematic manner.

Key Features of Five Year Plans of India

Here are some key features of the Five-Year Plans in India:

Goals: Each Five-Year Plan had specific goals and objectives that were designed to promote economic growth and development in different sectors, such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, and social welfare.
Planning Commission: The Planning Commission of India was responsible for formulating the Five-Year Plans. The Commission would assess the current state of the economy, identify areas that needed improvement, and set targets for the next five years.
Implementation: The implementation of the Five-Year Plans was carried out through various government departments and agencies at the national, state, and local levels.
Funding: The funds required for implementing the Five-Year Plans were sourced from the government’s budget, loans from international organizations, and private investments.
Results: Over the years, the Five-Year Plans helped India achieve significant progress in various sectors, such as agriculture, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. However, some plans were more successful than others, and there were also instances of corruption and inefficiencies in implementation.

Current Status of Five Year Plans of India

The Government of India stopped the Five-Year Plans after the Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) and replaced them with a new think tank body called the Niti Aayog, which focuses on sustainable development goals and long-term planning.

List of Five Year Plans of India

Here is a complete list of Five Year Plans of India along with the Time Period and its Salient Features:

Five-Year Plans of India Brief Analysis

The Five-Year Plans of India, spanning from 1951 to 2017, were instrumental in steering the country’s economic development and growth. The early plans, such as the First and Second, laid the groundwork for industrialization and agriculture.

The Green Revolution was initiated during the Third Plan, leading to increased food production. Subsequent plans addressed social justice, poverty alleviation, and human resource development. The Eighth Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalization, opening up the economy to foreign investment. The Tenth and Eleventh Plans emphasized inclusive growth, rural development, and social sectors. The Twelfth Plan focused on sustainable development, infrastructure, and manufacturing.

Post-2017, India shifted away from the traditional Five-Year Plan model, with the NITI Aayog taking charge of development strategies. Challenges ranged from financial constraints to regional imbalances and global economic uncertainties. Despite challenges, the plans achieved successes in infrastructure development, poverty alleviation, and technological advancements, shaping India’s economic and social landscape.

Five Year Plans of India UPSC

The Five-Year Plans of India is a crucial topic for UPSC aspirants because they form an important part of the Indian economy and polity. This topic is specifically mentioned in the UPSC Syllabus under General Studies paper III, which deals with the Indian economy, planning, and development. Aspirants who are preparing for UPSC exams need to have a clear understanding of the Five-Year Plans and their salient features to answer questions related to economic planning and development in India.

Moreover, online coaching and mock tests for UPSC exams often cover this topic in detail and provide aspirants with a comprehensive understanding of the Five-Year Plans and their importance in the Indian economy. Aspirants can benefit from UPSC Online Coaching by attending lectures, participating in discussions, and accessing study materials related to the Five-Year Plans. Similarly, the UPSC Mock Test can help aspirants assess their knowledge of this topic and identify areas that need further study.

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Five Year Plans of India FAQs

What is the five-year plan.

The five-year plan is a centralized economic plan that sets targets for industrial and agricultural production over a five-year period.

How many 5 year plans are there in India?

There were 12 five-year plans in India, starting from 1951 and ending in 2017.

What are the main goals of five-year plan?

The main goals of the five-year plans in India were to achieve rapid industrialization, increase agricultural production, reduce poverty and unemployment, and promote social welfare.

Who started 5 year plan in India?

The 5 year plan in India was started by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, in 1951.

Who is the father of 2nd five-year plan?

The father of the second five-year plan in India was P.C. Mahalanobis, an Indian scientist and statistician who played a key role in the planning process.

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Economic Planning - List of Five Year Plans In India, History & Objectives

The Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950. Subsequently, Planning Commission was set up on 15 March 1950 and the plan era started from 1 April 1951 with the launching of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56).

List of Five Year Plans in India Download PDF Here

This article will keep you updated on the history and objectives of economic planning in India, Five Year Plan in India and the Planning Commission as well as its successor, the NITI Aayog. You can also download the list of Five Year Plans, its objectives, and assessments in the form of PDF.

UPSC exam aspirants must refer to the information given below related to Economic Planning in India.

The topic of the economic planning of India is covered in the general studies section of UPSC and various other competitive exams.

Know the detailed UPSC Syllabus in the linked article.

Economic Planning In India – Five Year Plans

The term economic planning is used to describe the long-term plans of the government of India to develop and coordinate the economy with efficient utilization of resources. Economic planning in India started after independence in the year 1950 when it was deemed necessary for the economic growth and development of the nation.

Long-term objectives of Five Year Plans in India are:

High Growth rate to improve the living standard of the residents of India.
Economic stability for prosperity.
Self-reliant economy.
Social justice and reducing the inequalities.
Modernization of the economy.

The idea of economic planning for five years was taken from the Soviet Union under the socialist influence of first Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru.

The first eight five year plans in India emphasised on growing the public sector with huge investments in heavy and basic industries, but since the launch of the Ninth five year plan in 1997, attention has shifted towards making the government a growth facilitator.

An overview of all Five Year Plans implemented in India is highlighted below:

Objectives of Economic Planning in India

The following were the original objectives of economic planning in India:

Economic Development: This is the main objective of planning in India. Economic Development of India is measured by the increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of India and Per Capita Income
Increased Levels of Employment: An important aim of economic planning in India is to better utilise the available human resources of the country by increasing employment levels.
Self-Sufficiency: India aims to be self-sufficient in major commodities and also increase exports through economic planning. The Indian economy had reached the take-off stage of development during the third five-year plan in 1961-66.
Economic Stability: Economic planning in India also aims at stable market conditions in addition to the economic growth of India. This means keeping inflation low while also making sure that deflation in prices does not happen. If the wholesale price index rises very high or very low, structural defects in the economy are created and economic planning aims to avoid this.
Social Welfare and Provision of Efficient Social Services: The objectives of all the five year plans as well as plans suggested by the NITI Aayog aim to increase labour welfare, social welfare for all sections of the society. Development of social services in India, such as education, healthcare and emergency services have been part of planning in India.
Regional Development: Economic planning in India aims to reduce regional disparities in development. For example, some states like Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are relatively well-developed economically while states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Assam and Nagaland are economically backward. Others like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh have uneven development with world-class economic centres in cities and a relatively less developed hinterland. Planning in India aims to study these disparities and suggest strategies to reduce them.
Comprehensive and Sustainable Development: The development of all economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services is one of the major objectives of economic planning.
Reduction in Economic Inequality: Measures to reduce inequality through progressive taxation, employment generation and reservation of jobs have been a central objective of Indian economic planning since independence.
Social Justice: This objective of planning is related to all the other objectives and has been a central focus of planning in India. It aims to reduce the population of people living below the poverty line and provide them access to employment and social services.
Increased Standard of Living: Increasing the standard of living by increasing the per capita income and equal distribution of income is one of the main aims of India’s economic planning.

History of Economic Planning In India

Economic planning in India dates back to pre-Independence period when leaders of the freedom movement and prominent industrialists and academics got together to discuss the future of India after Independence which was soon to come. Noted civil engineer and administrator M. Visvesvaraya is regarded as a pioneer of economic planning in India. His book “Planned Economy for India” published in 1934 suggested a ten year plan, with an outlay of Rs. 1000 crore and a planned increase of 600% in industrial output per annum based on economic conditions of the time.

The Industrial Policy Statement published just after independence in 1948 recommended setting up of a Planning Commission and following a mixed economic model. Here are the major milestones related to economic planning in India:

Setting up of the Planning Commission: 15 March 1950
First Five Year Plan: 9 July 1951
Dissolution of the Planning Commission: 17 August 2014
Setting up of NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog: 1 January 2015

Setting up the NITI Aayog was a major step away from the command economy structure adopted by India till 1991. The Planning Commission’s top-down model of development had become redundant due to present economic conditions and NITI Aayog approaches economic planning in a consultative manner with input from various state governments and think tanks.

While preparing for the UPSC Exam, Economic Planning should be approached in a systematic manner. The major achievements of economic planning in India remain an important part of the UPSC Syllabus . The strategy of economic planning in India under the Planning Commission as well as the NITI Aayog are important as well. As a rule, IAS aspirants should focus on:

Objectives of Economic Planning In India
Major Achievements of Economic Planning in India
The Planning Commission and Five Year Plans
NITI Aayog Action Agenda and Annual Reports
Sustainable Development Goals
Economic Reforms in India and Various Government Programmes
Current Affairs related to all of the topics mentioned above

Solving the previous year’s UPSC Question Papers is a good way to revise the preparation done for this topic as the Indian Economy and issues relating to planning are a permanent fixture of Mains General Studies Paper III. UPSC 2024 may also draw on some aspects of planning done by state governments.

To practice questions on Indian Economy for UPSC Prelims, please check out:

Frequently Asked Question On Economic Planning in India

Q. what is meant by economic planning, q. what is the main aim of economic planning in india, q. when did economic planning started in india, q. what is history of economic planning in india, q. what are the features of economic planning in india.

Few Features of Economic Planning in India are:

Definite Objective:
Central Planning Authority:
Democratic Character:
Only an Advisory Role of Planning Commission:
Comprehensiveness:
Planning for Consumption

Q. Who plays major role in economic planning in India?

Q. who is the father of indian economy, q. who presented the first five year plan in india, q. what are the major failure of economic planning in india, q. how many types of economic planning are there, q. which was the last five year plan in india, q. which plan is called rolling plan, q. who is the father of five years plan.

To learn about the best strategy to be followed that can help in guiding through the exam preparation, candidates can refer to the IAS toppers list and check out their success stories.

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Five Year Plans of India

Planning plays an important role in the smooth functioning of an economy. In 1950, the Government set up the Planning Commission to create, develop, and execute India’s five-year plans. In the article , we will look at each five year plan of India and how it helps achieve the basic objectives of growth, employment, self-reliance, and also social justice. Further, it also takes into account the new constraints and possibilities to make the necessary directional changes and emphasis.

Objectives of Five Year Plan of India

The objectives of these five-year plans were as follows:

Economic Growth
Economic Equity and Social Justice
Full Employment
Economic Self-Reliance
Modernisation

First Five Year Plan of India (1951-56)

On December 8, 1951, the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first five-year plan to the Parliament of India. This was based on the Harrod-Domar model. At that time, India was facing three problems – the influx of refugees, a severe shortage of food, and also mounting inflation .

India had to recover from the partition and the disequilibrium in the economy due to the Second World War. The First Plan, therefore, had the objectives of rehabilitating refugees, agricultural development , and self-sufficiency in food along with controlling inflation.

Source: Pixabay

Second Five Year Plan of India (1956-61)

The focus of the Second Plan was rapid industrialization, especially the development of heavy industries and capital goods, like iron, steel, chemicals, etc. and the machine building industries. Professor Mahalanobis developed the plan.

Third Five Year Plan of India (1961-66)

The primary goal of the Third Plan was to establish India as a self-reliant and a self-generating economy. However, the Second Plan had slowed the rate of growth of agricultural production in the country which limited India’s economic development.

Therefore, the Third Plan included agricultural development as one of its objectives to achieve balanced, regional development. Unfortunately, this period had many misfortunes which drained the funds – Indo-China war in 1961-62, Indo-Pak war in 1965-66, and also a severe drought-led famine in 1965-66. Therefore, this plan could not meet its objectives.

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Three Annual Plans

From 1966-69, three Annual Plans were devised. While the Fourth Plan was designed in 1966, it was abandoned under the pressure of drought, currency devaluation, and inflationary recession on the economy. Therefore, the government opted for an Annual Plan in 1966-67 and the subsequent two years. This is period is also called – Plan Holiday.

Fourth Five Year Plan of India (1969-74)

There were two principal objectives of this plan – ‘Growth with Stability’ and ‘Progressive Achievement of Self-Reliance’. It aimed at a 5.5 percent average growth rate of the national income and also the provision of the national minimum for the weaker sections of the society (called ‘Garibi Hatao’ or ‘Growth with Justice’). However, another Indo-Pak war in 1971-72 created a financial crunch for the plan.

Fifth Five Year Plan of India (1974-79)

This plan had two main objectives – the removal of property and attainment of self-reliance. This was planned through the promotion of higher growth rates, better income distribution, and also a significant increase in the domestic rate of saving.

It also focused on import substitution and export promotion. Further, it included a National Program on Minimum Needs like housing, drinking water, primary education, etc.

Annual Plan (1978-80)

Also called the Rolling Plan, it helped to achieve the targets of the previous years.

Sixth Five Year Plan of India (1980- 85)

This plan focused on the socio-economic infrastructure in the rural areas. Further, it endeavored to eliminate rural poverty and reduce regional disparities through the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP – 1979).

Seventh Five Year Plan of India (1985 – 90)

The country enjoyed a reasonable rate of economic growth (5.4 percent) during the Sixth Plan. The Seventh Plan focused on the rapid production of foodgrains along with an increase in the creation of employment and overall productivity. The guiding principles were growth, modernization, self-reliance, and social justice.

Eighth Five Year Plan of India (1992 – 97)

The Eighth Plan was scheduled to be introduced in April 1990. However, there were many changes in the Government at the Center, which led to the reconstitution of the Planning Commission and the preparation of different versions of the approach to the Eighth Plan.

Finally, in 1992, the Eighth Plan was introduced (fourth version). At this time, the country was going through a severe economic crisis and the Government initiated fiscal reforms to provide a new dynamism to the economy.

Ninth Five Year Plan of India (1997 – 2002)

The South East Asian Financial Crisis (1996-97) caused an overall slowdown in the economy of India too. While the liberalization process was still criticized, India was out of the fiscal mess of the early 1990s. The Plan targeted a high growth rate of 7 percent and also directed itself towards time-bound social objectives.

Further, the Plan focused on the seven Basic Minimum Services (BMS) with a view to achieving complete population coverage in a time-bound manner. The BMS includes:

Safe drinking water
Primary health service
Universalization of primary education
Public housing assistance to shelter-less families
Nutritional support to children
Connectivity of all villages and habitations
Streamlining the public distribution system

Tenth Five Year Plan of India (2002 – 07)

Some major aspects of this Plan were:

Double the per capita income in 10 years
Higher growth rates must translate into better quality of life for people
Set monitorable targets
Consideration of governance as a factor of development
Policy and institutional reforms in all sectors
Declaring the agriculture sector as the primary moving force (PMF) of the economy
Emphasis on the social sector (health, education, etc.)

Eleventh Five Year Plan of India (2007-12)

The title of the 11th Plan was ‘Towards Faster and more Inclusive Growth’. It envisaged a high growth rate of around 9 percent implying a growth rate of around 7.5 percent in the per capita GDP. It also ensured an overall improvement in the quality of life of people. The vision of the 11th Plan includes:

Rapid growth with reducing poverty and increasing employment opportunities
Easy access to essential services in health and education for the poor
Empowerment through education and development of skills
Using the National Rural Employment Guarantee Program to extend employment opportunities to all
Environmental sustainability
Reducing gender inequality
Improving the overall governance

Twelfth Five Year Plan of India (2012 – 17)

According to this plan, ‘ It must be guided by a vision of India moving forward in a manner that would ensure a broad-based improvement in the living standards of all the people through a growth process which is faster than in the past, more inclusive, and also more environmentally sustainable. ‘ The objectives of this Plan are as follows:

A growth rate of 9 percent
Focus on the agricultural sector and have an average growth of 4 percent during the Plan period
Restrain inflationary pressure
For the growth of GDP, ensure that the commercial energy supplies grow at a rate of 6.5-7 percent per year.
Develop a holistic water management policy
Suggest new legislation for the acquisition of land
Continue focus on health, education, and skill development
Large investments in the development of the infrastructure sector
Emphasis on the process of fiscal correction
Efficient use of available resources

Solved Question

Q1. What are the objectives of the 12th Five Year Plan of India?

The objectives of the 12th Five Year Plan of India include:

Achieving a growth rate of 9 percent
Ensuring a growth rate of 4 percent in the agricultural sector
Ensuring that the commercial energy supplies grow at a rate of 6.5-7 percent per year
Developing a holistic water management policy
Continuing the focus on health, education, and development of skills
Focusing on the development of the infrastructure sector
Emphasize on fiscal correction
Using resources efficiently

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23 Five Years urban planning in India

Dr. Taruna Bansal

Aim: To understand the importance of five year plans and the role of cities towards Urban development in India

Introduction

Urbanisation being a world-wide phenomenon has affected India economy as direct reflection of the structural changes in the economy with anOccupational shift from agriculture to urban-based industry with increased agricultural performance solely responsible for promoting urbanisation. The combined contribution of industry and services to GDP is higher than agriculture which emphasis on urban areas which are likely to play an increasingly important role with the continuing liberalisation of the economy. As per the current scenario much of the growth of the economy will come from economic activities that are likely to be concentrated in and around existing cities and towns, particularly large cities, having transport and telecom linkages with global economy in order to become preferred destinations for investments. The cities need to be supported with improved planning and infrastructure to accommodate growth, better governance and management.Currently 300 million Indians currently live in towns and cities. Within 20-25 years, another 300 million people will get added to Indian towns and cities. This urban expansion will happen at a speed quite unlike anything that India has seen before.

2. History of Planning in India

The ever inevitable increase in India’s urban population under different circumstances has been adding enormous stress on its infrastructure systems, which needs proper planning & management in order to sustain & contribute towards the development of the nation & its economy. Therefore, Planning is an important component for any country, especially for a developing one like India.In view of prioritising planning the government of India initiated five year plans post-independence period in 1951. Prior to first five year plan, Indian economy was backward having increase in Population more as compared to economic growth with a bad situation of trade and industries, this was effecting The per capita income in the country which was also very low. Therefore, planning started in India with a central objective to initiate a process of development which will raise living standards and open out to the people new opportunities for a richer and more varied life. (comission)Since 1947, the Indian economy has been premised on the concept of planning. The Planning Commission has been entrusted with the responsibility of the creation, development and execution of India’s five year plans. This has been carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission to be known as NITI Aayog after the dissolution of the Planning Commission in 2014an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India.

2.1. Pre Independence Planning

Prior independence theoretical efforts including National Planning Committee by Indian National Congress in 1938, The Bombay Plan & Gandhian Plan in 1944, Peoples Plan in 1945 (by post war reconstruction Committee of Indian Trade Union), and Sarvodaya Plan in 1950 by Jaiprakash Narayan were steps towards planned economic developments in India.

2.2. Post Independence Planning

After independence, India launched its First FYP in 1951, under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The process began with setting up of Planning Commission in March 1950 in pursuance of declared objectives of the Government to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by efficient exploitation of the resources of the country, increasing production and offering opportunities to all for employment in the service of the community. The Planning Commission was charged with the responsibility of making assessment of all resources of the country, augmenting deficient resources, formulating plans for the most effective and balanced utilization of resources and determining priorities.

2.3. Disruptions in 5 Year Plans

However the inception of 1st 5year plan began in 1951 with two subsequent five-year plans was formulated till 1965, when there was a break because of the Indo-Pakistan Conflict. Two successive years of drought, devaluation of the currency, a general rise in prices and erosion of resources disrupted the planning process and after three Annual Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-year plan was started in 1969 The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political Situation at the Centre and the years 1990-91 and 1991-92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.

3. Detailed Outline of Five Year Plan’s in India

Table 1 Characteristics of Various Five Year Plans in India (CHAPTER 7 )

4. Five Year Plan’s Realising Role of Cities

4.1. The Seventh Plan

During the earlier phases of Five year planning in India certain problems have arisen on account of inadequate regulatory reinforcement leading to insufficient control over constructive activities resulting to haphazard and unplanned growth. The role of cities was not recognised until the beginning of the Seventh Five Year Plan where the economic importance of cities was realised and emphasised. The Seventh Five Year Plan mentioned “Urbanisation as a phenomenon” to be included under considerations for further economic development. The plan envisaged large scale urban development via preparationof urban development plans at regional as well as sub-regional level to be ableto understand the planning feasibility along with the interaction between physical planning and investment planning, rather than planning based on simple basic urban services like transportation and water supply. Further, considering urbanisation as a part of economic development this plan suggested the diversion of migrating population back towards small and medium cities by creating opportunities through industrial investments. This diversion was created to concentrate urban development in close proximity of these small and medium cities using private and public both sector investing in themin order to prevent larger cities from further urban extension. The idea was to reallocate the benefits of urban development towards other cities which is surviving till date. However in the current version of UIDSSMT – UrbanInfrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns the objective of restraining growth of large cities is not clearly mentioned against the objective of migration diversion.(Phatak, UNLEASHING URBANIZATION, 2011)

4.2. The Eleventh Plan

The eleventh five year plan focused on inclusive growth and is majorly known for its famous initiative called JNNURM, JawaharlalNehru National Urban Renewal Mission. It intends to enable and empower urban local bodies known as ULBs which includesMunicipal corporations, Municipalities including Municipal council, municipal board, municipal committee, Town area committees and notified area committees.(india, 2010-11)Under this plan the preparation of city development plan and identification of urban reforms was made at both state as well as municipal levels. However the CDP offered limited considerations with respect to socio economic aspects and could not guide towards the emerging needs by excluding the developments concentrated in peri-urban areas. Therefore, JNNURM was initiated to emphasise on urban development and to provide impulsion tocertain urban reforms. Inspite of some good example cases the overall progress in terms of execution of service delivery standards has been considered unsatisfactory.

JNNURM attempted towards providing a holistic approach from the point of implementing Urban Governance and providing urban infrastructure to ensure inclusive urban growth.

A total of 21 projects with an approved cost of 5,211 crore, were formulated and proposed to boost public transportation systems with BRT known as Bus rapid transit system executed in case of Delhi. Another set of 123 projects were allocated for the improvement of vehicular traffic and parking areas with an approved cost of Rs.10, 162 crore. This included building new roads, adding flyovers, introducing Road over bridges known as ROBs that allowed pedestrian traffic to claim its safe access, as in case of Mysore city.

Later the pilot phase of RAY known as Rajiv Awas Yojanawas launched to make India slum free. This scheme was supported by innovative construction techniques while using land as a resource with private participation for providing houses to eligible slum dwellers along with legislation to provide property rights to slum dwellers.Further the launch of SJSRY known as Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgaar Yojana enabled urban poor to gain full employment across the 3,941 towns included for an assistance of 3,360. (Commission)

4.3. The Twelfth Plan

The objective of the Twelfth Plan has more inclusive sustainable urban growth with special emphasis overEnvironmental sustainability of Indian cities.It aimed towards making all citiesbecome efficient towards management and utilisation of available resources including water, land and energy and at the same time should be able to preserve and promote their cultural and historical heritage and derive profits from their tourism potential.These cities were also expected to promote world class infrastructure and services at affordable prices to support the economic activities offered by them. The approach was to generate employment avenues and to enhance the quality of life by bringing people residing in the city as the predominant factor for the urban development. This development should ensure to provide its citizens with access to basic services of clean water, sanitation, sewage, solid waste management, affordable public transport systems and housing along with a healthy environment.

The Twelfth Five Year Plan focused on strengthening the five enablers for urbanisation: governance, planning, financing, capacity building and innovation.While strengthening the urban governance frame work by adopting the following strategies: Suggesting merger of Ministry of Urban Development with that of the Housing and Urban development in order to achieve Convergence at the Central Government and by setting up UTMA known as Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) for all million plus metro-politan cities to look into the city level transportation planswith respect to the spatial and land use plans for an integrated approach. It also mandated the capacity building component of E-Governance under renewed JNNURM scheme for every city receiving assistance under the scheme. Further this mandated the creation of DP known as development plans for every city with a minimum perspective of 10years of projected growth while taking into account its natural endowments, economic potential and sustainable elements to promote clean and green city. It specifically provided the following:

Strategic densification along mass transit corridors with mixed land use

A city mobility plan for making cities safe for vulnerable groups including women, children, pedestrian and cyclists.

Urban poverty reduction strategy with inclusionary zoning for old age homes, orphanages, working hostels, night shelters, etc.

Plans for City sewerage, sanitation, water sources, Economic and commercial activity plan, Infrastructure plan, Affordable housing plan, Environment conservation plan and Plan for peri-urban areas with respect to the city.

Mission City Approach was followed under JNNURM-I. About 70 per cent of the central assistance was provided to 65 Mission cities in particular which limited the concept encouraging medium and small cities to realise their full economic potential. Therefore under JNNURM-II the limitation was removed and all cities were made eligible to participate under the programme.Along with improvements in JNNURM II and RAY, the NULM known as National Urban Livelihood Mission scheme is also taken up under the Twelfth Plan with an objective to make cities engines of inclusive growth. This entails revamping the guidelines of Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rozgaar Yojana (SJSRY) and enhancing its scope. Its basic thrust would be to build capacities and skills in sectors that have growing employment opportunities and are relevant to local socio-economic conditions, within the umbrella of NULM, theNational scheme for support to street vendors and assistance to the States for provision of shelters(Commission)

5 . Major Initiatives Towards Urban Planning In India

As stated by the planning commission the future of urbanisation in India will be directed towards growth irrespective of the definition of large cities defined as million plus, metropolitan agglomerations or mega cities, this growth will be taking place on the peripheries of cities and densification will happen too in case of few existing cities. (K.C.Sivaramakrishnan & B.N.Singh)The analysis of urbanisation pattern and projections for the next 20 years for India is indicative of the fact that huge amount of the urban population will be living in metropolitan regions. However this does not ensure the growth of main cities to continue at the same pace. Instead in few cases the central city growthmay decline with significant growth towards its peripheries. Agglomerations covering several municipal jurisdictions will emerge as a distinct feature of India’s urbanisation and will also cause the existing urban agglomerations to expand in scale, where agricultural mandi towns, new industrial centres and service activities located in the metropolitan regions will be integrated together. It is also projected that most of these urban agglomerations will be growing along the future transport corridors, leading to elimination of distinction in terms of identity for area as urban and rural. These urban corridors will be characterised by multiple nodes, concentrating densification towards metropolitan node or otherwise the urban periphery as in case of Bangalore and in case of Calcutta respectively. Further it is estimated that few corridors may eventually lead into discontinuous growth wasting urban lands and other resources in the process of development and therefore will need careful management in fields of infrastructure and its due environmental implications with an urgent need for an urban model that goes beyond the current municipality model of Indian planning. In view of the above Indian government has proposed development specific urban reforms embracing industrial and economic policies as a key development strategy with emergence of industrial and economic corridors. Creation of SEZ’s known as Special Economic Zones and NIZM’s known as National Investment and Manufacturing Zones focusing on specific industrial and economic activities in and around existing urban regions.

5.1. Special Economic Zones

In the year 2000 Indian government announced its SEZ Policy and SEZ Act was passed in the year 2005 catering to the objectives of promoting foreign as well as domestic investments while promoting trade through exports and creating employment. The Act anticipated these Special economic zones to act as engines of growth by attracting huge financial investors to help develop infrastructure within the area, to enhance economic activity and by creating additional employment opportunity to benefit its population. (Planning Commission) This was also supported the idea of diverting migration from metropolitan cities by providing other cities with adequate and expected opportunities. Till the year 2014 a total of 196 Special Economic Zones were operational in India with few of them being successfulin achieving the anticipated levels of development and investment whereas majority of them could not meet up to the planning expectation.(Shriya Nanad, 2015)

5.2. National Investment and Manufacturing Zones

These are conceived as special industrial townships offering better level of infrastructure, governance, fiscal planning green technology as compared to Special Economic Zones. Its proposal is applicable only for manufacturing industries which are capable of organising clusters and are self-regulatory. These are again proposed along the emerging urban corridor’s and in total fourteen investment regions are proposed across India where Andhra Pradesh is leading to setup India’s first national investment and manufacturing zone. Apart from these fourteen the pilot phase of NIZM belongs to the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor where a total of eight investment regions are identified to promote state of art infrastructure and land use zoning under the umbrella of this concept.(Finance, 2016)

5.3. Urban Corridors

During the year of 1988 a total of 329 urban centres across the country were identified as GEM’s known as Generators of Economic Momentum by the National Commission on Urbanisation with the idea of converging and consolidating development activities. Along with 49 SPUR’s known as Spatial Priority Urban Regions based on the evaluation of development potential and existing opportunities. This followed a study titled as India-Urban Corridors by the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO) based on the data acquired from 1991 Census, to identify potential urban corridors at the country level. Later by the year 2014, India had its inspirations from the already established international models of urban corridors fromcountries like china, japan and United States. These examples helped in the realisation of benefits to develop such urban corridor’s to help boost the economic growth while diverting urban expansions and infrastructural investment towards second order cities along the corridor’s to start developing with state of art facilities and in return favouring the major cities. The pilot project in this regard is still under development in collaboration with Japanese investors in the year 2007 and it is known as the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor. It is expected to attract 52% of foreign direct investment in India and is expected to reach a total of US$90 billion. (ADOMAITIS, 2014) along this corridor the following National Investment and Manufacturing Zones are identified: within Gujaratit’s the Ahmedabad-Dholera Investment Region, in Maharashtra Shendra-Bidkin Industrial Part city and Dighi Port Industrial Area is identified, in Haryana it’s the Manesar & Bawal Investment Region, in case of Rajasthan the circuit of Khushkhera-Bhiwadi-Neemrana Investment Region and Jodhpur-Pali-Marwar Region is considered whereas Madhya Pradesh has Pithampur-Dhar-Mhow Investment Region and Dadri-Noida-Ghaziabad investment Region in the state of Uttar Pradesh.(Finance, 2016)

Figure 1 State wise distribution of JNNURM cities, Allocated and Potential Smart Cities in India (2016 Bennett, 2015)

Current Perspective of Urbanisation and Urban Planning In India

The current terminology used for urban development is under the frame scope of Smart cities. This concept is based on technologically advanced interventions to help cities and settlements manage their resources better and to operate their infrastructure systems and structures more efficiently. This concept is also the catchphrase of Prime Minister Narendra

Modi’s government which targets setting up atleast 100 urban settlements in the first phase. Regarding this the Ministry of Urban Development has already identified existing cities that will beremodelled based on the smart city concept. They have categorised these cities considered for further development as allocated smart cities and potential smart cities.

As per the scheme of ministry of urban development initially a total of seven smart cities will be executed as role models and they will belong to the states of Gujarat, Kerala, Rajasthan and Karnataka.The state of Uttar Pradesh is alone identified with six upcoming proposals to be onsidered under smart city modification.

The first three smart cities are essentially aligned along the DMIC known as Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor and are expected to be completed by 2019. The idea supports sustainable development as it revolves around protecting natural environment from the adverse impacts created by urban development. It’s an initiative towards urban transformation of Indian cities with a smarter approach and concern towards self-sustenance.(Mission, 2015)However the government of India hasn’t defined a specific model for smart city instead each city is expected to formulate its own vision, approach and plan in view of their local resource potential and environmental concerns and to extent the levels of development could get accommodated. And accordingly they are expected to prepare their SCP called as the Smart city proposal envisioning the proposed plan outcomes in terms of smart applications and infrastructure development and resource mobilisation. (Ministry of Urban Development, 2015)

Figure 2 Smart Cities Vision, (vIKRAM, 2014)

Retrieved from http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/267/2670990/image001.jpg 2016 Bennett, C. &. (2015, August 14). List of Potential Smart Cities. Retrieved from Times of India:
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ADOMAITIS, K. (2014, may 10). Euromonitor International. Retrieved 2016, from http://blog.euromonitor.com/2014/05/urban-corridors-to-boost-growth-of-second-tier-cities-in-india.html
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comission, p. (n.d.). 1st five year plan. Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html
Commission, P. (n.d.). Urban Development. Retrieved May 2016, from http://planningcommission.nic.in/hackathon/Urban_Development.pdf
Finance, M. o. (2016, March 11). National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs) . Retrieved from Press Information Bureau Government of India: http://pib.nic.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=137814
Goby Cracked, W. a. (2015, january 6). Types of urban design. Retrieved AUgust 25, 2015, from Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/gobycracked/types-of-urban-design-43238694
Gupta, R. K. (July – September 2011, ). Change Detection Techniques for Monitoring Spatial. Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 8 – 3, , 88 – 104.
India, E. G. (2015, APRIL). Rapid Rail Transit System- RRTS corridors to Alwar Meerut Panipat get Delhi. Retrieved from http://www.estateguruindia.com/rapid-rail-transit-system-rrts-corridors-to-alwar-meerut-panipat-get-delhi/
india, m. o. (2010-11). Urban Planning in India. Retrieved July 2016, from maps of india: http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-planning/urban.html
K.C.Sivaramakrishnan & B.N.Singh. (n.d.). Urbanisation. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi 33KDfxOHMAhVCm5QKHZ1qBagQFgghMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningcommission.nic.in%2Frepo rts%2Fsereport%2Fser%2Fvision2025%2Furban.doc&usg=AFQjCNGs7Cugk26ezRIPKi2A6I
Kumar, A. (2009). Retrieved 2016, from http://www.science20.com/humboldt_fellow_and_science/blog/jaipur_pink_city_india_its_drying_water_bodies_a nd_excessive_deforestation_could_only_be_revers
Ministry of Urban Development, G. o. (2015, June). Samrt Cities. Retrieved August 2016, from Mission Statement & Guidlines: http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/smartcityguidelines.pdf
Mission, S. C. (2015). Govt. needs to change the way of implementation for smart city project. Retrieved october 30, 2015, from http://www.smartcitiesprojects.com/govt-needs-to-change-the-way-of-implementation-for-smart-city-project/
Omkarparishwad. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/omkarparishwad/analysing-smart-city-development-in-india
Phatak, V. K. (2011, jan 1). UNLEASHING URBANIZATION. Retrieved from Town and Country Planning Division Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority: http://www.theindiaeconomyreview.org/Article.aspx?aid=72&mid=4
Phatak, V. K. (2011). UNLEASHING URBANIZATION . Retrieved aPRIL, from tHE iNDIAN eCONOMY rEVIEW: http://www.theindiaeconomyreview.org/Article.aspx?aid=72&mid=4
Planning Commission, G. o. (n.d.). Managing Urbanization. Retrieved aPRIL 2016, from http://12thplan.gov.in/forum_description.php?f=17
Sharma, D. T. (2013). GEO-SPATIAL DATABASE CREATION. Retrieved April 2016, from Geospatial Forum, : http://www.indiageospatialforum.org/2013/pdf/Dr.%20Trilok%20Shanker%20Sharma.pdf
Shriya Nanad, N. S. (2015, September 1). Urban Corridors: Strategies for economic and urban development. Retrieved May 5, 2016, from International Growth center: http://www.theigc.org/project/urban-corridors-strategies-for-economic-and-urban-development/
Singh, S. (2015, February 14). Emerging Trends: Tier II, III cities set to grow in next phase of economic boom. Retrieved from The Indian Express: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/emerging-trends-tier-ii-iii-cities-set-to-grow-in-next-phase-of-economic-boom/
Vidyadhar K. Phatak. (n.d.). Retrieved from Town and Country Planning Division Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority : likho
vIKRAM, k. (2014, aUGUST). Modi’s vision of ‘smart cities’ takes shape as government commits to delivering first three hubs by 2019. Retrieved mAY 2016, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2738057/Modis-vision-smart-cities-takes-shape-government-zeroes-scores-sites-country.html Annual Report 2012-13 of the Planning Commission of India.
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Five Year Plans of India (Summary): Objectives, Achievements, Failures

Five Year Plans in India: Preparing for our future through planning is a crucial landmark whether at a personal level or national level. The social life of a person always depends on various planning schemes. Social and economic planning gives a way to policymakers to improve prevailing conditions in a society. This process is incomplete if there are no positive outcomes. A major part of such planning relies on FIVE YEAR PLANS.

Who is called the father of Indian planning? Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

Socio-economic scenario after Independence :

After independence, India faced many social, political and economic disrupts. India’s agriculture sector during independence was so backward. The level of productivity was extremely low with high vulnerability. Features like the Zamindari System , low self-consumption from agriculture gains led to the slow down of the economy. On the other side, our industries were also facing vulnerability and discrimination. The demographic profile of population was so unbalanced. There were situations like low birth rate, high death rate low rate of literacy, high infant mortality rate and so on. Other factors like social and economic infrastructure deficiency, corruption in politics, unemployment, and poverty were powerful.

Idea Economic Planning :

Problems of macro-level are never solved with automatic demand and supply forces. The intervention of government with various policies, programs, and schemes is obviously crucial for society. After independence, there was a need for proper economic planning to promote growth and development. Economic Planning was a step taken by the Indian Government to plan the utilization of resources to achieve a well-defined target in a specific period. The concept was adopted from Russia (USSR).

Objectives:

While talking about the goals of economic planning, we can divide these goals on a time period basis.

Certain goals to be accomplished in the Long time period are GDP Growth, the maximum level of employment, equal distribution of resources, promotion of equitable distribution to uplift poor section, make people self-sufficient and of course modernization. While in short period gains we can include things like price stability, education promotion, better health care and so on.

These plans are developed and executed by NITI Aayog (known as planning commission before 2015) and then approved by National Development Council (NDC). In 1951 we started the Five Year Planning system.

First Five Year Plan (1951 – 1956 ):

The priority was set for agricultural development. It took reference from the Harrod – Domar model . After partition and World War II the situation of food production declined drastically. This plan stands to gain high agricultural produce, proper utilization of raw materials and provide irrigation and other necessary amenities. The target is to decrease the income gap between different sections of society and to make our country self-sufficient. Target was also set for controlling inflation. The plan achieved every possible thing beyond targets. The target for national income growth was set as 11% and it got 18 % increase. Agriculture, industries, education, railways, etc. were improving at a great pace.

Second Five Year Plan (1956 – 1961):

The great contribution to this was given by P.C. Mahalanobis model. It was also known as the “Industry and Transport plan”. The main focus was industrial development. Heavy industries were also taken into account with various small and medium-sized industries. People got employment opportunities and ways to income generation. The target for the annual growth rate was 5%. The main significance was that it promoted labor-intensive factories.

Third Five Year Plan (1961- 1966):

The major contribution from this phase was for long term developments. The plan is called Gadgil Yojana . Independence of the economy was a major basis because it will help in self-sufficiency for many sectors. Although, the decided target of 5.6% was not achieved because of the China War. Sectors like industries, communication, and social services were improved with targets. There was a fall in agriculture production and clashes between the centre and state governments. The prices of agricultural products and consumer articles were at a peak.

Period of three annual plans (1966 – 1969)

Now instead of 5-year plans, a three year period was meant to implement 3 annual plans. It is also called plan holidays. This period was generally come due to the ongoing Indo Pakistan War. This led to a decrease in the country’s resource utilization. The major reason was the failed third five-year plan.

Fourth Five Year Plan (1969 – 1974 ):

Country was fighting with several social issues like poverty, increased unemployment, population explosion, economic recession, etc. The Indira government was formed and implemented this plan in 1969. The advancement of agriculture began with the Green Revolution and 14 Indian banks were nationalized. Family Planning Programmes were implemented. However, due to prevailing situations plan remained incomplete and achieved only 3.3% on the place of 5.6%. The big failure of this time is considered price instability

Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 – 1979):

In a chronological manner, priority was given to agriculture, industries, and mines. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was started to uplift standards of living and to fulfill minimum basic needs of the masses. This plan was suggested by D.P. Dhar . The expansion of roads and tourism activities worked took place simultaneously. Garibi Hatao got promoted with poverty alleviation schemes and India stepped toward Self-reliance and economical growth. The emergency was imposed and emphasis was given to PM 20 Point Programme. A growth of 4.8% was achieved that was more than targeted.

Rolling Plan (1978 – 1980)

In contrast to Nehru Model, Janta Government put forward a plan of more employment emphasis. It criticized many prevailed plans and took inequalities and poverty as real social issues. However, its tenure ended after 2 years and the new government came up with a new five-year plan.

Sixth Plan Year Plan (1980 – 1985):

This period faced social unrest like famine during 1984 – 85 but successful in achieving almost every target. The major focus was an increase in national income, adoption of modern technology, a decrease in poverty-ridden areas, control population expansion and many more. Infrastructural changes also happened and helped in approaching growth strategies.

Seventh Five Year Plan (1985 – 1990 ):

Till now this was the plan that resulted in a maximum growing rate with 6%. Like other plans, previous targets like food, employment and so on were there but now work and productivity also got higher concentration by the government. For the first time, the private sector was suppressing the public sector. Although for the middle and lower class it was not any kind of benefit. This could result in exploitation in the future.

Annual Plans (1990 – 1992)

The situation was so politically unstable and Eighth Five Year Plan was postponed for 2 years.

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992 – 1997):

The reasons for the launch of this plan were fiscal and budgetary impediments. The phase faced recessionary dilemmas with budget deficits. Many economic reforms assisted the Indian economy and reforms like liberalization and changing modes of production for agriculture were implemented. Higher growth was achieved with more private investment. The role of the public sector had declined due to Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization reforms. Priority was given to Human Resource Development in sectors like education, health care facilities, etc.

Ninth Five Year Plan (1997 – 2002):

Social Justice and Equality were featuring development aims in this plan. Foreign Direct Investment flourished with more trade with the rest of the world. At this moment 50 years of independence were completed. The social sector was especially taken care of with provisions like basic social and economic reforms including education, community development programs, and health.

Tenth Five Year Plan (2002 – 2007):

It was an important landmark because it took social deformities into account apart from economic growth. Demographic Profile factors were modified without discrimination. Clean drinking water, low gender gaps, equal wage pay, low death rates, controlled infant mortality rate were certain determinants. The sociological perspective was largely elevated with population policy and family planning State roles were increased and the policy of decentralized planning was promoted.

Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007 – 2012):

Inclusiveness in every growth is a key to decide that its result reaches ground levels. The main motto of the 11 th five-year plan was more inclusive economic growth. C. Rangarajan was its framer. But minorities and tribal communities were not a sufficiently inclusive framework. Malnutrition, poverty, and vulnerability were increasing. However, opportunities like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) were also implemented. There were so many fluctuations in economic gains and poverty remained high. Formulas like Tendulkar Formula were criticized due to no effect in poverty reduction.

Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 – 2017):

During the commencement of 12 th Five Year Plan, the global economy was facing another slowdown. Even our economy slowed down as a result. Therefore, the emphasis was to encourage economic growth rate with faster, sustainable and inclusive growth . Social problems were rightly addressed like malnutrition, environment degradation, education, health, communication, etc. With this phase, prevailing gender gaps, inequalities, regional imbalances, and community gaps were getting attention. The policy held the accountability to remove every lacuna from making India as an emerging world power. It had many long and short term aims.

Some Achievements of Planning:

Our nation achieved a lot from these plans and this took a very long time to cover real issues. The actual increase in national income is seen to date. At the beginning of new India after independence, India had less than 2% of income per annum. Per capita income also went up. GDP growth was a result of capital formation that triggered while planning periods. Employment was increased and many income generation programs became successful. The major contribution was the improvement in social infrastructure and it helped in solving real ground level problems. Facilities like banking, communication, hospitals, irrigation and so on superseded every other achievement.

Failures of Planning :

Alleviation of poverty was the central theme of almost all plans. But when we take a look it is not cured as it should have been. Inflation rates were touching the sky with the unemployment spiral. The ethical goal of planning was the equitable distribution of social and economic benefits. But the gap always gets widen between classes. Desired results to tackle inequalities were received yet. Infrastructural problems were making people vulnerable and excluded.

Conclusion:

Democratic regimes are known to hold values like equality, liberty, and fraternity. It needs various weapons to shape such norms and values. Planning is playing a very crucial role because without planning it is not possible to include everyone’s welfare policies and programs. Broadly we can divide this whole era into two phases that are before liberalization and after liberalization. Many lacunas are still prevailing because population explosion always results in a lack of proper implementation. Some new issues like rape are emerging with modern time and it is a time to tackle and eradicated them.

References:

Class 11 th Book Indian Economic Development by TR Jain AND VK Ohri

https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-all-five-year-plans-of-india-1468309723-1

http://mospi.nic.in

A drop of ink may make millions think. With this spirit, I chose to write for my passion. I am a student studying BA Programme at Miranda House, DU. My core areas are Economics and Political Science. My interests are reading and writing in various fields especially geopolitical issues, International Relations, Social Issues, etc. I will go for UPSC to administer people using my skills and aptitudes. Writing always elevates our creativity and imagination power.

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Five Year Plans of India

Related Papers

AARF Publications Journals

Economic planning is considered as the most systematic technique for redressing all economic defects. Various countries of the world have already experienced the successful implementation of economic planning in the mean time. In India the first systematic attempt of economic planning was made in 1934 when M. Visvesyaryya published his book ‘Planned Economy for India’. Again in 1937, Indian National Congress set up the National Planning Committee with Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru as Chairman. First economic plan came in existence in 1951 and currently 12th plan is in progress. Indian Economy has undergone several transition stages. At this point of time it is the necessity of the hour to understand and realize the importance of economic planning in India.

Imran Karim

Kirit Parikh

sectoral allocation of resources. It provides a method of determining 1 some of the major implications of the goals of an economic plan. One of the recent exercises with the model has been its application to a set of targets for the Fourth Five Year Plan period which were prepared 2 by the Perspective Planning Division of the Planning Commission. In this brief note we shall present the results of the calculations with respect to the investment and savings :requirements of the PPD targets and compare these results with the estimates of the Perspective Planning Division itself and alternative estimates prepared by Joel Bergsman and

suyash gupta

Kranti K Maurya

Journal of Comparative Economics

William Byrd

rimjhim bajpai

Vandana Aggarwal

This paper traces the evolution of planning procedures in India, from the wartime controls to the system of centralized command-type planning which was extended to the private sector through industrial licensing. It was found that although the planners and policymakers in India initially understood the need for the use of a variety of instruments and controls for indicative-type planning in a mixed economy, there has always been a mismatch between planning intentions and the use of instruments in their more appropriate form. A quantitative evaluation of planned performance over the seven Five Year Plans has also been provided.

aditi madan

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Home » Economy » Agriculture » Indian agriculture under the five year plans

From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017)

Overcome these shortfalls, the First 5-Year Plan gave a predominant importance to the development of agriculture and irrigation.

Five Year Plan and Indian Agriculture:

Agriculture under First Plan:

The chief objective of First 5-Year Plan was to restore the disequilibrium created by the Second World War and the Partition. The Partition of the country resulted in a transfer of the fertile wheat areas of the Punjab and rice areas of Bengal to Pakistan. Pakistan also benefited by getting the long-stapled cotton and jute-growing areas. And a relatively much large acreage of the irrigated area.

Overcome these shortfalls, the First 5-Year Plan gave a predominant importance to the development of agriculture and irrigation out of a total actual investment of Rs. 1960 crores made in the first plan. Rs. 601 crores i.e. 31% was allocated for agriculture.

There were two components of agricultural investment In the public sector,

Rs, 291 crores (15%, of the total) was allocated to agriculture & C.D.P. and the balance of Rs. 310 crores (or 16% of total) was the share of irrigation.

It was expected that the index of farm output would increase from about 100 in 1949-50 to 114 in 1955-56.

The details of the targets of the various agricultural products are given in the following table.

This table also gives the extent of achievement of the targets at the end of the Plan. The targets were realized in most of the cases, excepting for commercial crops like sugarcane, cotton and jute. The over fulfilment of the target of food production brought about a fall in the prices in the country.

Indian agriculture under the five year plans

The above referred targets were expected to be achieved through various measures like institutional reforms. Organisational changes, structural changes and technical progress. The realization of targets was due not only to these changes but also the weather gods. As a result of planning.

Nearly 12 lakh acres of land were reclaimed and brought under farming. As many as 14 mn. acres were brought under irrigation. At the same time the Japanese method of rice-cultivation was largely extended. Nearly 40% of the villages were brought under CDP, and NES.

The effects of increase in food production were quite favourable. India became self-sufficient in food grains. The price index for agricultural commodities (1952-53 = 100) came down to 92.8. Thus the increase in farm output during the First Plan helped to end inflation, stabilized the economy and paved the way for a higher rate of development during the second plan.

Agriculture under Second Plan:

The over-fulfillment of First 5-Year Plan target of food output made the planners think that the food problem was solved and that the agricultural base was strengthened. Hence, they devoted a relatively less outlay for agriculture 20% of the public outlay (or Rs. 4800 crores) as compared to 33% in the First Plan.

In money terms, however, the outlay in the Second Plan was higher. It was Rs. 1050 crores as compared to only. Rs.758 crores in the First Plan. The targets originally fixed for the Second Plan which were much lower were revised upward and they were given as in the following table. These targets were to be achieved by the same measures as those in the First Plan. The following table gives the actual production at the end of Second Plan.

The actual progress in agricultural front was quite substantial but fell far short of targets fixed earlier, e.g. against 21 mn. acres of additional land to be brought under irrigation, the actual achievement was about 16 mn. acres only.

The consumption of fertilizer increased very slowly. In brief the methods of increased agricultural production did not make as much headway as was originally visualised by the Planning Commission. However the actual output by the end of Second Plan was much more than the actual output of the beginning of the Second Plan. But these was a shortfall in the Production of all commodities except sugar cane and tea.

The Planning Commission has been blamed for all this on the ground that it did not give enough emphasis to agricultural development and instead it turned its attention to the growth of heavy and basic industries. We are of the opinion that such a criticism was not fair to the Planning Commission. It did understand the significance of increased farm output, but it believed that with a smaller outlay, it would be possible to bring about a larger output.

The poor development of agriculture during Second Plan led to a good number of difficulties in the Indian economy. The most important effect was the rise in the price level. During this Plan, the wholesale price index of all commodities increased by 35%.

As a result of rise in farm prices, other commodities also recorded rise in prices. An inflationary situation rapidly appeared. The imports of food grains which were cut during First Plan had to be resumed and precious foreign exchange meant for machinery and other industrial raw materials had to be wasted in importing food grains.

Agriculture under Third Plan:

Third 5 year Plan gave a Predominant emphasis to agriculture. One of the major objectives of the Plan was to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains and to increase agricultural production for exports.

It says, in the scheme of development during the Third Plan the first priority necessarily belongs to agriculture. Experience under the first two plans and especially in the second plan has shown that the rate of growth in the agricultural production is one of the main limiting factors in the process of Indian economy.

Agricultural production has therefore, to be increased to the largest extent feasible, and adequate resource have to be provided under the Third Plan for raising the agricultural production. The rural economy has to be diversified and the proportion of the population dependent on agriculture gradually diminished.

There are essential aims if the income and levels of the rural population are to rise steadily and to keep pace with income in other sectors. Both in formulating and implementing programmes for the development of agriculture, the guiding consideration is that whatever is physically practicable should be made financially possible and the potential of each are a should be developed to the possible extent.

With this end in view, the Plan allocated almost 10% of the total public sector outlay of the Plan i.e., Rs. 1310 crores out of Rs. 6300 crores. Actual expenditure worked out to be Rs. 1754 crores.

In short, the Third Plan failed on the agricultural front. In contrast to the targeted increase of 30% or 6% per year in food grains a bare 10% or 2% per year was realized: at the same time, the index of food grains prices had short up from 118.4 in 1961-62 to 168.8 in 1965-66. As a consequence of the shortfall in food production food-grains worth Rs. 1.10 crores were imported between 1961-62 and 1965-66. This strained our foreign exchange position still further.

Agriculture under the Annual Plan:

The Third 5 Year Plan, consequently the Fourth Plan could not be introduced in April 1966. Instead the Govt. introduced the annual plans for three years-1966 to 1969. During these annual plans actual expenditure on agriculture worked out to be Rs. 1624 crores which was 24% of the total plan investment of 6757 crore rupees.

The three years of the ‘Plan Holiday’ viz. 1966-67 to 1968-69 witnessed the adoption of the new agricultural strategy, which has come to be commonly known.as the green revolution, and is composed of a package, chiefly of four improvements, none of which is wholly effective without the others: improved varieties increased use of fertilizers, improved water supplies and better agricultural practices. With it are also associated increasing mechanisation of agricultural operations and measures of plant protection from pests and diseases

On account of the drought conditions during 1966-67 minor irrigation received a high priority and the programmes were undertaken on an emergency basis. In addition to this, programmes of high-yielding varieties along with the requisite application of chemical fertilizers were undertaken.

A good year of rainfall coupled with efforts to improve production with a new technological resulted in a record food grains production of 95.6 mn. tonnes in 1967-68. Although the targets for 1968-69 was 102 mn. tonnes, it was not possible to reach the target in view of the crop failure in some regions in India. However the production of food grains. was maintained at the level of 95.6 mn. tonnes in 1968-69. The consumption of chemical fertilizers also touched the level of 1750 thousand tonnes in 1967-68.

Agriculture under Fourth Plan:

The bitter experience of the Third Plan made the Planning Commission realize the fact that planning would be a failure unless agricultural production was increased rapidly. Accordingly Planning Commission assigned a high priority to agriculture.

Even in the case of industries, the Planning Commission emphasised those industries which supply fertilizers, agricultural machinery etc. The approach to Fourth Plan emphasised the need of creating favourable economic conditions for the formation of agriculture, a systematic effort to extend the application of science and technology to agriculture and in general intensify agricultural programmes to the maximum possible extent in selected areas.

The Fourth Plan had the following two main objectives in the agricultural sector:

To provide the conditions necessary for a sustained increase of about 5 per cent per annum over the next decade.
To enable as large a sector of the rural population as possible, including the small farmer, the farmer in dry areas and agricultural labourers to participate in development and share its benefits.

The strategy of agricultural development was based largely on the further extension of the high yielding varieties (HYV) and multiple cropping programmes.

The Fourth Plan envisaged an expenditure of Rs. 3814 crores on Agriculture which was 24% of the total expenditure of Rs 15902 crores. But the actual outlay was less.

The Fourth Plan postulated an annual growth rate of 5% for agriculture as a whole. The compound growth rate target for food’ grains worked out to be 5.6% p.a. Frankly speaking none of the targets fixed in the Fourth Plan was realised.

The target for food grains was 129 mn. tones for 1973-74, but the actual production in that year was only 103 mn. tonnes. The target for what was attained easily-intact, it was exceeded in 1971-72 when wheat output was 26 mn. tonnes as against the target of 24 mn. tonnes for the final year of the Plan.

As against the target of 15 mn. tonnes in 1973-74,. the actual production of pulses in that year was only 98 mn. tonnes. In rice against the target of 52 mn. tonnes, the actual production was 43.7 mn. tonnes. In important commercial crops like cotton and jute actual production was much below the target level.

As against the target of 80 lakh bales the actual production of cotton in 1973-74 was only 38 lakh bales. In jute as against a target of 74 lakh bales, actual production was only the order of 62 lakh bales in 1973-74. With respect to oilseeds and sugarcane too the progress was below expectation.

Two factors were responsible for better production in wheat:

Area sown under wheat grew by 10 8% and
As a result of green revolution, productivity per acre also showed a considerable improvement under high- yielding varieties with a higher consumption of fertilizers.

Taking an overall view the achievements in agriculture.in Fourth Plan showed substantial shortfall compared with the targets laid in the Plan.

Two major factors besides several others, were responsible for this:

It was hoped that consumption of fertilizers would reach a target of 55 lakh tonnes in 1973-74 from an assumed base level of 16.5 lakh tonnes in 1968-69. Actual production of fertilizers was estimated at only 30 lakh tonne in 1973-74. Failure to increase fertilizer production in view of raw materials like naphtha and non-availability of fertilizers in international market were responsible for the shortfall in this area.
The targets of irrigation could not be fulfilled. In view of the rising costs, although the financial expenditure exceeded targeted provision, the physical achievements in terms of additional irrigated areas got reduced. Thus the Target of food self-sufficiency receded further and the country was forced to import 3.6 m. tonnes of food-grains in 1973 and 48 mn. tonnes in 1974.,

The overall rate of growth of agricultural production during Fourth Plan was only 2’8% p.a. In a number of crops, the growth of output had fallen short of the growth of population, leading to a decline in the per capita availability of essential wage good. The unsatisfactory performance of the agricultural sector was the root cause of the stagnation of national income and inflationary pressures since 1972-73.

Agriculture under the Fifth Plan:

During the Fifth Plan, Rs. 7,411. crores will be spent on the development of agriculture and irrigation which accounts for 20% of the total Plan outlay. Beside this, investments by the private sector shall be of the order of Rs. 2,950 crores.

Taking public and private, sectors, together, total outlay on agriculture, will be of the order of Rs. 10,361 crores. With this level of outlay, the Fifth Plan has targeted a growth rate of 4.2% for food-grains as a whole. This is distinctly, less ambitions as than the target set out in the Fourth Plan.

In determining targets the Fifth Plan has clearly stated its objectives:

“It is envisaged that the fulfillment, of these targets will make country not only self-sufficient in respect of food grains but also leave a cushion for building a buffer stock. The dimension of growth in commercial crops envisaged in the Plan are such as to take care of export requirement in addition to meet the indigenous needs by way of industrial raw material.” In other words, the objective is food self-sufficiency and self-reliance.”

Agricultural Development under Sixth Five Year Plan:

The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was started in an extremely different circumstances as the year of 1979-80 witnessed a worse drought. It affected agricultural production adversely. However, the achievements of the plan were satisfactory.

Agricultural Production:

Among the different crops, only wheat has been keeping pace with the plan targets. The production of rice came close to the target of 55 million tons in 1980-81 but failed to show any improvement in the following years. Kharif crop also suffered a setback due to drought weather in many parts of the country during 1982-83. The total production of all food grains in the terminal year of sixth plan was recorded 138.1 million tons. Out of it, the production of rice and wheat was about 54.5 and 41.2 million Ions, respectively.

Similarly, oilseeds production was 11.4 million tons against as target of 12.5 million tons. Millet production has moved nearer to the target in 1984-85. Table 29.8 shows the trends of agricultural production ending 1984-85. Similarly ,indeed number for the same period exhibits the agricultural production has been highlighted in table.

Inputs and Other Supporting Programmes:

Weather conditions were favourable during 1978-79 and 1981-82 which enabled the farmers to make better use of inputs and infrastructure resulting in bumper harvest. This period can specifically be considered as a turning point in Indian agriculture as it could stand a challenge to natural calamities with comparatively less damage.

The plan has set a target of additional irrigation of 5.6 million hectares from major and medium and 8 million hectares from minor schemes. The utilisation potential for major/medium and minor schemes of irrigation was 60.58 million hectares in 1984-85 against 54.1 million hectors in 1980-81. Under the 20-Point Programme, the target was raised to 14.00 million hectares against 13.6 million hectares.

The achievement in the first three years is 6.22 million hectares. By 1981-82, an area of 46.5 million hectares was brought under high yielding varieties, which increased to 54.1 million hectares in 1984-85. Chemical fertilizer obtained anticipated achievement in 1982-83 of 60.64 lac tons against the target of 46.50 lac tons. The consumption of fertilizer during 1981-82 was 60.6 lac tons which increased to 82.2 lac tons in 1984-85.

For the development of dry farming during 1982-83.3824 micro watersheds covering 3.8 million hectares were to be identified by various states. It had covered 4111 micro-watersheds against the total target of 3824 watersheds by the end of March 1983. Upto July 1983, 43.31 lac acres of land had been declared surplus under the revised land ceiling laws. 29.45 lac acres have been taken over by the states and out of this 20.05 lac acres have been distributed among 14.82 lac eligible families of landless agricultural workers. The consumption of plant protection materials was below expectations i.e. actual consumption in 1984-85 was only 56000 tons.

Minikits and Other Programmnes:

The central sector scheme of community nurseries of rice and minikit distributions of rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize and rabi were intensified in order to create a visible impact on production of cereal crops. The physical target of coverage of area under the community nurseries of rice was raised from 15000 hectare to 25000 hectares during 1982-83.1.42 lac minikits were distributed during 1982-83 against 14000 minikits during 1981-82.

Agricultural marketing and Rural Godowns:

In 1982-83, 40 selected regulated markets, 2 terminal markets. 350 primary rural markets in rural area and 20 wholesale markets in backward area have been provided the central assistance for the development of infrastructural facilities. 2371 godowns having a storage capacity of 10.65 lac tons were sanctioned upto 1981-82. In 1982-83, 4 lac tons capacity of additional target was expected to have been achieved.

Agricultural Credit:

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was set up in July 1982. As on 30th June 1981, there were 27 State Cooperative Banks, 327 Central Cooperative Banks, 94019. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies and 19 State Land Development Banks with 1731 Primary Land Development Banks. The Commercial Banks had 17658 rural and 8370 semi urban branches in the country. The total credit under multi-agency was recorded to be Rs.5556 crores in 1984-85.

Agricultural Development in Seventh Plan:

The outlay for agriculture and allied sector including forestry and wild life was Rs. 10524 crore in Seventh Plan against Rs.6440 crores in Sixth Five Year Plan Period. The average level of annual production of food grains during the plan period was around 155 millions tonnes. In 1990-91 food grain production reached to the level of 176-92 million tonnes against the production of 140.35 million tonnes in 1987-88.

Wheat production has increased to 2244 Kg/ha in 1989-90 while the production of cereals reached to the level of 34.76 million tonnes in the same year. The production of pulses and oilseed peaked to the level of 14.06 and 18.46 million tonnes in 1990-91. The production of sugarcane reached a record level of over 240 million tonnes in 1990-91.

The certified seeds distributed were 57.04 lakh quintals ending 1989-90 against the target of 70 lakh quintals. The total consumption of N, P and K was 11.5 million tonnes while pesticides was of 72.47 thousand tonnes ending the plan period. The area under high yielding varieties was 63.1 million hectares against the target of 70.00 million hectares. The production of tea and rubber was increased from 652 million Kgs. and 201000 tonnes in 1984-85 to 703 million Kgs and 297000 tonnes in 1989-90 respectively.

During the plan period, disbursement of agriculture credit through cooperatives commercial and regional rural banks increased from Rs.5810 crores in 1984-85 to Rs. 12570 crores by 1989-90. The debt relief scheme was announced in 1990-91, affected the recovery climate resulting in a lower volume of credit flow.

There were 76,000 fertilizer retailer outlets and 40 lakh tonnes of fertilizer nutrients were distributed during 1989-90. The number of co-operative godown/warehousing capacity increased from 80 lakh tonnes in 1984-85 to 100 lakh tonnes in 1987-88. Soil and water conservation activity in 27 catchments taken up in 17 states covering 2.4 million hectares by the close of plan period.

The contribution of the livestock sector has increased to Rs. 27,700 crores in 1987-88 as compared to Rs. 10,000 crores in 1980-81 which constitutes 25.5 percent of the total agricultural output. By the end of Seventh Plan, 22.75 lakh tonnes of marine and 14.02 lakh tonnes of inland fish were produced, indicating an average annual growth rate 6.25 per cent. However, during 1990-91 export of marine products was 138400 tonnes valued at Rs.8.90 crores while fish production stood at 38.36 lakh tonnes over the same year.

The number of national dairy co-operative societies increased from 34523 in 1984-85 to 64000 in 1991-92. The progress in case of milk, eggs and wool was 41.5 million tonnes; 14252 millions and 3S.0 in. Kgs. in 1984-85 respectively which rose to the level of 51.1 million tonnes 920204 and 41.7 m. Kgs. for milk, eggs and wool ending 1989-90.

Agricultural Development in the Eighth Plan:

Eighth Plan envisages to spend Rs. 22,467 crore on agricultural development. For rural development a total sum of Rs. 34,425 crore has been fixed whereas Rs. 6,750 crore on special area programme and Rs. 35,525 crore on irrigation and flood control have been proposed in the draft of the plan.

In this way agricultural sector alone will attract 22.2 percent of the total plan expenditure. Self-sufficiency in food grains and development and diversification of agriculture to generate export surplus are the main objects of the plan. Apart from this, plan emphasises to increase food grains production to 2100 lakh tonnes, of sugarcane to 2,750 lakh tonnes, of cotton 140 lakh bales and of jute to 95 lakh bales.

Eighth Five Year Plan envisages to continue work on 312 medium and 182 major projects initiated during the seventh plan. The draft of the plan emphasizes to make Command Area Development Programme more effective. In the draft of the plan, medium irrigation projects were accorded high priority. Flood control programmes will be made more meaningful. Thus, in Eighth Plan, a sum of Rs. 35,525 crore have been proposed on irrigation development and flood control measures.

In the agricultural sector, the country has achieved 5 per cent rate in 1992-93 and 2.3 per cent growth rate in 1993-94. Total production of food grains has increased to 179.5 million tonnes in 1992-93 showing a growth rate of 6.6 per cent and then it slightly increased to 184.0 million tonnes in 1993-94 showing a growth rate of 1.4 per cent and further 199.0 million tonnes in 1996-97. Thus the agricultural sector both in respect of food grains and fibre crops has registered almost a stagnation during the first two years of the Eighth Plan.

In 1994-95, production of food grains has increased to 191 million tonnes which shows a growth of only 3.7 per cent. Thus the new economic policy could not create any favourable impact on the performance of the agricultural sector of the country. The potential of irrigation increased from 728 lakh hectares to 894 lakh. The achievements of agricultural sector during the first four years of eighth plan were presented in the following table.

The agricultural development strategy during Ninth Five Year Plan is based on the Policy of food security announced by the Government to double the production and make India hunger free in ten years.

Accordingly the Ninth Plan target is to achieve a growth rate of about 4.5 per cent per annum in agricultural output and production of 234 million tonnes of food grains by 2001-02. In order to achieve the goal of doubling the food output and alleviation of hunger, a regionally differentiated strategy based on agro-climatic regional planning will be adopted.

Agro-climatic based planning is to be promoted for high productivity zone, low productivity-high potential zone, low productivity zone and ecologically fragile regions. The table below presents the targets of production for agricultural commodities for 2001-02. Plan emphasised on raising the capabilities of small and marginal fanners and conserving and maximising the value from scarce natural resources. Emphasis was laid on infrastructure development and minor irrigation.

Regional programmes was formulated particularly for hilly backward and tribal areas. Agricultural credit got special attention and efforts were made to increase public investment during the plan period. In every district rural infrastructure development fund was used to promote productive projects.

A high emphasis was placed given for the development of the allied sectors such as horticulture, fisheries, live-stock and dairy. Agricultural exports will receive special attention and the co-operative will be strengthened.

It has also been emphasised that agro-processing and agro-industries will be encouraged. The consumption of fertilizers (NPK) during 1996-97 was 14.31 million tonnes, during the Ninth Five Year Plan greater use of Bio-fertilizers and bio- technological research will be encouraged. However, targets of production is given in table

Agriculture and allied sector has attained 2.7 per cent growth rate against its target of 3.9 per cent. The same sector attained the growth rate of (-) 2.4 per cent in 1997-98,7.1 per cent in 1998-99 and a mere 0.7 per cent in 1999-2000 and 0.9 per cent in 2000-2001.

The index of agricultural production (1981- 82=100) increased from 165.3 in 1997-98 to 178.1 in 1998-99 and then declined to 176.8 in 1999-2000 and 170.6 in 2000-2001. Total production of food grains has also increased substantially from 192.3 million tonnes in 1997-98 to 203.5 million tonnes in 1998-99 and then to 208.9 million tonnes in 1999-2000. It, further declined to 199.0 million tonnes in 2000-01. Thus, the agriculture and allied sector has shown a mixed performance during the Plan period of Ninth Five Year Plan.

Agricultural Development in the Tenth Plan:

Although the draft Tenth Plan had set a target to attain annual average growth rate of 3.97 per cent in Agriculture and allied sector, but during the Tenth Plan it has attained (-) 7.2 per cent in 2002-03 and then to 10 per cent in 2003-04 and 6.0 per cent in 2005-06 and is expected to attain only 2.7 per cent in 2006-07.

Total production of food grains increased from 179.4 million tonnes in 2002-03 to 212.4 million tonnes in 2003-04 and then to 208.3 (P) million tonnes in 2006-07. The index of agricultural production in 1981-82 = 100) increased from 150.4 in 2002-03 to 181.0 in 2003-04 and then to 197.1 in 2006- 07. Thus the agriculture and allied sector has been showing a mixed performance.

Agricultural Development in 11th Plan:

Although the agricultural sector of the country is having a great potential but the growth rate of the sector is very low. The greatest challenge before the Eleventh Plan is to double the growth rate of agriculture so achieved in the Tenth Plan. This will require steps both on the demand side as well as the supply side.

On the demand side there is evidence that farmers face adverse demand conditions. Not only the agricultural growth has been low in the last decade but the prices received for the agricultural products have also failed to keep pace with the costs or the general price level and as a result profitability of the sector has declined.

The Approach Paper of the Eleventh Plan is of the view that some of the steps already taken such as introduction of National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP) along with expansion of public sector schools and health facilities would directly and indirectly generate demand support for agriculture.

Moreover, improved rural connectivity envisaged through Bharat Nirman can also trigger growth of an integrated national market where rural areas are more able to meet each other’s demand.

Such expanded rural—rural trade is likely to be important in the initial years along with other efforts of demand support such as promoting agricultural exports, for strengthening support to agricultural diversification for domestic processing which are likely to attract private corporate investment into rural areas.

The supply side challenge of doubling agricultural growth is also formidable. This is mainly because no dramatic technological breakthrough comparable to the green revolution is presently visible. We are also not initiating or exploiting the potential of existing technology. In fact, most of the growth required in cereals, pulses and oilseeds is possible merely through plausible yield increase in currently low yield regions untouched by green revolution.

The National Commission on Farmers has also drawn attention to the knowledge deficit which constrains agricultural productivity. In order to overcome this problem farmer will need effective links to universities and best practices through a good extension system. The problem of lack of credit facilities needs to be addressed.

Accelerated agricultural growth will require diversification into horticulture and floriculture, effective marketing linkages supported by modern marketing practices adopted through grading post- harvest management, cold-chains, etc. to be established for expanding domestic market and also the export market.

There is also the need for risk management through expansion of crop insurance. The government must devise the viable policy packages to cover all agro-climatic zones. There is also the need for stimulating agricultural research to address the newer and more formidable challenges. The contract farming is a potentially effective way of attracting corporate investors to help establish linkages with markets and also provide farmers with necessary inputs, extension and other support and advice.

Moreover, there is also need for better water management and effective irrigation facilities. Watershed management, rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge can also help in augmenting water availability in rainfed areas. Side by side there is also the need for developing animal husbandry and fishery activities to revive agricultural dynamism.

However, there is urgent need for taking agriculture into a higher growth trajectory of 4 per cent annual growth and such target can only be met with improvement in the scale as well as of quality of agricultural reforms undertaken by the various states and agencies at the various levels.

These reforms must aim at efficient use of resources and conservation of soil, water and ecology on a sustainable basis and in holistic framework which must incorporate financing of rural infrastructure such as water, roads and power.

The approach paper to the Eleventh Plan has aptly highlighted such holistic framework and suggested the following strategy to raise agricultural output:

Doubling the rate of growth of irrigated area;
Improving water management, rain water harvesting and watershed development;
Reclaiming degraded land and focusing on soil quality;
Bridging the knowledge gap through effective extension;
Diversifying into high value outputs, fruits, vegetables, flowers,, herbs and spices, medicinal plants, bamboo, bio-diesel. but with adequate measures to ensure food security;
Promoting animal husbandry and fishery;
Providing easy access to credit at affordable rales;
Improving the incentive structure and functioning of market, if necessary, through state intervention for improving the prices of agricultural produce and
Refocusing on land reforms issues. National Commission on Farmers has already laid the foundation for such a framework.

Moreover, R&D expenditure on agriculture in India is low by international standards, despite its high social return. Increased R&D expenditure backed by modern technologies and compatible institutions must be focused in the coming years.

With proper implementation, the National Agricultural Innovation Project initiated in July, 2006 for enhancing livelihood security in partnership mode with farmer’s groups panchayati raj institutions and private sector would go a long way in strengthening basic and strategic research in frontier agricultural lances.

Criticism of Agricultural Planning in India:

Self-Complacency:

The First 5-Year Plan wisely gave a top priority agriculture But the Second 5-Year Plan failed to give agriculture a proper place. It appears, the success of the First 5-year Plan, which was primarily due to a series of favourable Monsoons created a sense of self-complacency.

Quick-Yielding Projects Not given Sufficient Importance:

Projects having a long gestation period were given undue importance and those with a short fruition lag were not given sufficient importance. Minor irrigation works did not receive the attention they deserved. More attention was given to expansion of irrigation potential and less to maintenance of existing works so that increase in irrigation potential was neutralized by loss of irrigation potential.

Unproductive Expenditure:

Unnecessarily large sums were provided for unproductive expenditure.

Inadequate Provision for Rural Credit:

The annual credit requirements of the Indian farmers have been estimated at Rs. 10, 000-12,000 mn. whereas the provision is not even for Rs. 3500 mn. Without adequate credit facilities agriculture cannot progress.

No Provision for Agricultural Inputs:

There has had been co-ordinated provision for the simultaneous production of agricultural inputs like fertilizers, pesticides, cement, etc.

New Farming Techniques Not Enforced:

In agricultural planning in India, no concrete steps were taken for the adoption of new agricultural technique and for standardizing farming practices.

Lack of Suitable Price Policy:

Unless farm output programmes are backed by a suitable agricultural price policy providing price support and incentives to the growers, things might go wrong and they have actually gone wrong in India.

Morale Neglected:

India is passing through a crisis of confidence. The planners did not provide for any concrete measure to keep up the morale of the people.

Unrealistic Planning:

The failure to achieve targets indicates the unrealistic element in agricultural planning in India. The physical targets have proved ,to be “paper targets” treating irrigated area from all sources alike and to put all types of food grains superior and inferior together and above all to split up minutely the total allotment: under, different headings assigned to different authorities, are a few, instances of unrealistic planning

Delay in Land Reforms:

Land reforms have not been implemented and whichever implemented have been delayed much.

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Seventh Five Year Plan in India (1985-1990)

The Seventh Five Year Plan was launched in 1985 during the Congress government with Rajiv Gandhi as the Prime Minister. The period for the Seventh Plan started from 1 April 1985 and ended on 31 March 1990. Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission from 1985 to 1987. The Seventh Plan was the first Plan with the motto: Food, Work, and Productivity . Therefore, this Plan emphasized rapid growth in foodgrains production, increase in employment, and economic productivity. The Plan also saw the beginning of the liberalization of the Indian economy.

The main objectives of the 7th Five Year Plan were:

To establish growth in the production of foodgrains.
To generate employment opportunities.
To improve capacity utilization and increase economic productivity.
Significant poverty reduction.
To improve the education and health facilities.
To integrate science & technology into the mainstream of development planning.
To fulfill the objectives of modernization, self-reliance, and social justice.
To improve the quality of living for the poor in the villages and towns.

The Seventh Five Year Plan strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country.

The target growth rate in the Sixth Plan was 5.0%, and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.
At the end of the Seventh Plan, the Foodgrain production was 171.5 million tonnes, whereas the expected target was 178 million tonnes. However, Foodgrain grain production increased from 145.6 million tonnes in 1985 to 171.5 million tonnes in 1990.
The growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
There was an introduction and application of modern technology.
The thrust areas of the Seventh Five Year Plan were: social justice, agricultural development, increasing the productivity of small & large scale farmers, anti-poverty programs, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, supply of food, clothing & shelter, and making India a self-reliant economy.

However, the Balance of Payment (BoP), Inflation, Foreign exchange reserves, Current Account Deficit (CAD): all of these Macroeconomic indicators were the worst ones in 1990 at the end of the Seventh Five Year Plan. The unsustainable fiscal deficit, along with excessive external borrowing, badly affects the economy of the country. This fast-changing economic situation and political instability at the Centre made the country to postponed the Eight Five Year Plan for two years and adopt the Annual Plans for years 1990-91 and 1991-92

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Executive summary

Electric car sales
Electric car availability and affordability
Electric two- and three-wheelers
Electric light commercial vehicles
Electric truck and bus sales
Electric heavy-duty vehicle model availability
Charging for electric light-duty vehicles
Charging for electric heavy-duty vehicles
Battery supply and demand
Battery prices
Electric vehicle company strategy and market competition
Electric vehicle and battery start-ups
Vehicle outlook by mode
Vehicle outlook by region
The industry outlook
Light-duty vehicle charging
Heavy-duty vehicle charging
Battery demand
Electricity demand
Oil displacement
Well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions
Lifecycle impacts of electric cars

Cite report

IEA (2024), Global EV Outlook 2024 , IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024, Licence: CC BY 4.0

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Growth in electric car sales remains robust as major markets progress and emerging economies ramp up.

Electric car sales keep rising and could reach around 17 million in 2024, accounting for more than one in five cars sold worldwide. Electric cars continue to make progress towards becoming a mass-market product in a larger number of countries. Tight margins, volatile battery metal prices, high inflation, and the phase-out of purchase incentives in some countries have sparked concerns about the industry’s pace of growth, but global sales data remain strong. In the first quarter of 2024, electric car sales grew by around 25% compared with the first quarter of 2023, similar to the year-on-year growth seen in the same period in 2022. In 2024, the market share of electric cars could reach up to 45% in China, 25% in Europe and over 11% in the United States, underpinned by competition among manufacturers, falling battery and car prices, and ongoing policy support.

Quarterly electric car sales by region, 2021-2024

Growth expectations for 2024 build on a record year: in 2023, global sales of electric cars neared 14 million, reaching 18% of all cars sold. This is up from 14% in 2022. Electric car sales in 2023 were 3.5 million higher than in 2022, a 35% year-on-year increase. This indicates robust growth even as many major markets enter a new phase, with uptake shifting from early adopters to the mass market. Over 250 000 electric cars were sold every week last year, more than the number sold in a year just a decade ago. Chinese carmakers produced more than half of all electric cars sold worldwide in 2023, despite accounting for just 10% of global sales of cars with internal combustion engines.

The pace at which electric car sales pick up in emerging and developing economies outside China will determine their global success. The vast majority of electric car sales in 2023 were in China (60%), Europe (25%) and the United States (10%). By comparison, these regions accounted for around 65% of total car sales worldwide, showing that sales of electric models remain more geographically concentrated than those of conventional ones. While electric car sales in emerging economies have been lagging those in the three big markets, growth picked up in 2023 in countries such as Viet Nam (around 15% of all cars sold) and Thailand (10%). In emerging economies with large car markets, shares are still relatively low, but several factors point to further growth. Policy measures such as purchase subsidies and incentives for electric vehicle (EV) and battery manufacturing are playing a key role. In India (where electric cars have a 2% market share), the Production Linked Incentives (PLI) Scheme is supporting domestic manufacturing. In Brazil (3% share), Indonesia, Malaysia (2% share each), and Thailand, cheaper models, mainly from Chinese brands, are underpinning uptake. In Mexico, EV supply chains are rapidly developing, stimulated by access to subsidies from the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA).

Policy support is boosting industry investment, building confidence that rapid electrification will continue

Every other car sold globally in 2035 is set to be electric based on today’s energy, climate and industrial policy settings , as reflected in the IEA’s Stated Policies Scenario. This has significant impacts on the car fleet. As soon as 2030, almost one in three cars on the roads in China is electric in this scenario, and almost one in five in both the United States and European Union. The rapid uptake of EVs of all types – cars, vans, trucks, buses and two/three-wheelers – avoids 6 million barrels per day (mb/d) of oil demand in the Stated Policies Scenario in 2030, and over 10 mb/d in 2035. This is equivalent to the amount of oil used for road transport in the United States today. Recent policy developments continue to reinforce expectations for swift electrification, such as new emissions standards adopted in Canada, the European Union and the United States over the past year. Industrial incentives – such as those in the US IRA, the EU Net Zero Industry Act, China’s 14th Five-Year Plan, and India’s PLI scheme – also encourage adding value and creating jobs across EV supply chains in those economies. If all the national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time, as in the Announced Pledges Scenario, two-thirds of all vehicles sold in 2035 could be electric, avoiding around 12 mb/d of oil.

Expectations of strong growth are bolstering investment in the EV supply chain. Recent reporting shows that from 2022 to 2023, investment announcements in EV and battery manufacturing totalled almost USD 500 billion, of which around 40% has been committed. Over 20 major car manufacturers, representing more than 90% of global car sales in 2023, have set electrification targets. Taking the targets of all the largest automakers together, more than 40 million electric cars could be sold in 2030, which would meet the level of deployment projected under today’s policy settings.

Enough battery manufacturing capacity has reached a final investment decision to deliver on announced pledges from automakers and governments globally. Thanks to high levels of investment in the past 5 years, global EV battery manufacturing capacity far exceeded demand in 2023, at around 2.2 terawatt-hours and 750 gigawatt-hours, respectively. Demand is likely to grow quickly: up seven times by 2035 compared with 2023 in the Stated Policies Scenario, nine times in the Announced Pledges Scenario, and 12 times in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, which lays out a pathway to reach net zero energy sector emissions by mid-century. Manufacturing capacity appears capable of keeping pace with demand: committed and existing battery manufacturing capacity alone are practically aligned with the needs in a net zero pathway in 2030. Such prospects are opening significant opportunities across the supply chain for battery and mining companies, including in emerging markets outside China, although surplus capacity has been hurting margins and may lead to further market consolidation.

The pace of the transition to electric vehicles hinges on their affordability

Electric cars are getting cheaper as competition intensifies, particularly in China, but they remain more expensive than cars with internal combustion engines in other markets. A rapid transition to EVs will require bringing to market more affordable models. In China, we estimate that more than 60% of electric cars sold in 2023 were already cheaper than their average combustion engine equivalent. However, electric cars remain 10% to 50% more expensive than combustion engine equivalents in Europe and the United States, depending on the country and car segment. In 2023, two-thirds of available electric models globally were large cars, pick-up trucks or sports utility vehicles, pushing up average prices. When exactly price parity is reached is subject to a range of market variables, but current trends suggest that it could be reached by 2030 in major EV markets outside China for most models.

Price gap between the sales-weighted average price of conventional and electric cars in selected countries, before subsidy, by size, in 2018 and 2022

The pricing strategies of car manufacturers will be crucial for improving affordability, as will the pace of EV battery price decline. Turmoil in battery metal markets in 2022 led to the first price increase for lithium-ion packs, which became 7% more expensive than in 2021. In 2023, however, the prices of the key metals used to make batteries dropped, leading to a near-14% fall in pack prices year-on-year. China still supplies the cheapest batteries, but prices across regions are converging as batteries become a globalised commodity. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries – which are significantly cheaper than those based on lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt oxide – accounted for over 40% of global EV sales by capacity in 2023, more than double their share in 2020. Looking ahead, technological innovation will remain important for scaling up novel designs and chemistries such as sodium-ion batteries, which could cost as much as 20% less than lithium-based batteries without requiring any lithium.

In developing economies outside China, more affordable electric car models are arriving, and the future of electric two- and three-wheelers already looks bright. In 2023, 55% to 95% of the electric car sales across major emerging and developing economies were large models that are unaffordable for the average consumer, hindering mass-market uptake. However, smaller and much more affordable models launched in 2022 and 2023 have quickly become bestsellers, especially those by Chinese carmakers expanding overseas. Affordable electric two- and three-wheelers are also already available, helping deliver immediate benefits such as improved air quality and emissions reductions. Around 1.3 million electric two-wheelers were sold in India and Southeast Asia in 2023, accounting for 5% and 3% of total sales, respectively. One in five three-wheelers sold globally in 2023 was electric, and nearly 60% of those sold in India, boosted by the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME II) subsidy scheme.

As electric vehicle markets mature, second-hand electric cars will become more widely available . In 2023, the market size for used electric cars was around 800 000 in China, 400 000 in the United States, and over 450 000 across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The prices of used electric cars are falling quickly and becoming competitive with combustion engine equivalents. Looking ahead, international trade of used electric cars is also expected to increase, including to emerging and developing economies outside of China.

The battery recycling industry is getting ready for the 2030s. Recycling and reuse are needed for supply chain sustainability and security. Many technology developers are seeking to position themselves in EV end-of-life markets, but planned locations do not always align with where EV retirement may occur. Global battery recycling capacity reached 300 gigawatt-hours in 2023. If all announced projects materialise, it could exceed 1 500 gigawatt-hours in 2030, of which 70% would be in China. Globally, announced recycling capacity is more than three times the supply of batteries that could potentially be recycled in 2030, as EVs reach their end of life in the Announced Pledges Scenario. However, EV battery retirement is expected to grow rapidly from the second half of the 2030s.

The roll-out of public charging needs to keep pace with EV sales

The global number of installed public charging points was up 40% in 2023 relative to 2022, and growth for fast chargers outpaced that of slower ones . In major EV markets, the deployment of charging points is continuing apace thanks to targeted policies. Broad, affordable access to public charging infrastructure will be needed for a mass-market switch to electric transport and to enable longer journeys – even if most charging continues to take place privately in residential and workplace settings. To reach EV deployment levels in the Announced Policies Scenario, public charging needs to increase sixfold by 2035.

As more electric heavy-duty vehicles such as trucks and large buses hit the road, dedicated and flexible charging is needed. In 2023, electric buses accounted for 3% of total bus sales. Electric truck sales jumped 35% compared with 2022, accounting for about 3% of truck sales in China and 1.5% in Europe. Under today’s policy settings, the stock of electric buses increases sevenfold by 2035 and that of electric trucks around thirtyfold, supported by tougher emissions standards in the United States and European Union. This level of deployment could require a twentyfold jump in charging capacity by 2035 – not only in depots, but also along main transit routes to enable long-distance trucking. Increasing heavy-duty charging has important implications for expanding and operating electrical grids, with opportunities for greater flexibility and renewables integration. Policy support, careful planning and co-ordination will be essential to ensure a secure, affordable and low-emissions supply of electricity with limited strain on local grids.

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Unemployment biggest worry in India, world's fastest growing economy: Reuters poll

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Tricks to Remember the Five Years Plan

First five-year plan (1951-56) : sipcot.

S- Social Services

I- Industry

Co- Communication

T-Transport

Second Five-Year Plan (1956-61) : MADRAS

M- Mahalanobis Model

A- Atomic Energy Commission

D- Durgapur steel company, Tata Inst Of Fundamental Research

R- Rourkela steel Company, Rapid Industrialisation

A-Agriculture

S- Socialistic Pattern of Society

Third Five-Year Plan (1961-66) : SAD

S-Self Reliance

D-Development Of Industry

Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79) : PSTM

P-Poverty Eradication

S-Self Reliance

T-twenty Point Programme

M- Minimum Need for the program

Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85) : MAIL

M-Management

A-Agriculture Production

I- Industry production

L- Local Development Schemes

Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90) : EFGH

E – Employment generation

F – Foodgrain production was doubled

G – Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989)

H – Hindu rate of Growth

Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992-97) : LPG

L – Liberalisation

P – Privatisation

G – Globalisation

Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) : ESPN

E – Employment for Women, SCs and STs

S – Seven Basic minimum service

P – Panchayat Raj Institutions, Primary Education, Public Distribution System

N – Nutrition Security

Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007 -2012) : TEACHERS

T – Telecommunications (2G)

E – Electricity, Environment Science

A – Anemia

C – Clean water

H – Health Education

E – Environment Science

R – Rapid growth

S – Skill Development

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India now plans to reduce broken percentage in non-basmati rice exports amid food inflation woes

Though food inflation in March eased slightly, inflation in rice remained significantly high at 12.7%, forcing the government to look for other ways to intervene in the market.

Rice prices at the retail level continue to hover at ₹44.40 a kg, an increase of 13.10% on a year-on-year basis, according to the data.

The Centre may cut the amount of broken rice used in non-basmati rice exports, as food prices continue to surge in the middle of general elections.

Its idea is to cut the broken proportion of non-basmati white and parboiled rice used for exports from up to 25% now to 5%. This could boost domestic supplies amid a spike in prices, a senior official said.

Prices have continued to rise despite various measures, including the introduction of Bharat rice, stock disclosures, and export curbs. Rice prices at the retail level continue to hover at ₹ 44.40 a kg, an increase of 13.10% on a year-on-year basis, according to consumer affairs ministry data as of Friday.

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Are you planning for retirement? Take this quiz to see if you're ready or not

Most Americans heading toward retirement don't have a good grasp of the issues that could shape their financial well-being after they stop working.

Researchers from the TIAA Institute and the Global Financial Literacy Excellence Center at Stanford University recently asked adults five questions dealing with retirement issues focused on Social Security, Medicare and workplace retirement plans. On average, respondents answered two of five questions correctly. Only 4% of the respondents got all five right.

The lack of awareness of retirement issues could translate to poor financial decisions and other problems. "Individuals with greater retirement 'fluency' tend to be more confident that they will have enough money to live comfortably throughout retirement," the researchers wrote.

The quiz results from this study are the latest example showing generally low financial literacy. Test your knowledge on the five questions below, with correct answers at the bottom of the article.

Which statement about Social Security is false?

1. The amount someone receives in Social Security benefits depends upon his/her earnings during the last two years of full-time employment.

2. A worker receives Social Security benefit payments if he/she becomes disabled before retiring.

3. Social Security benefit payments will continue as long as an individual is alive, no matter how long he/she lives.

4. Don’t know.

On average, Medicare and other government programs cover how much of an individual’s health care expenses in retirement?

1. Over 90%.

2. About 2/3.

3. About 1/2.

Latisha plans to start saving for retirement by setting aside $2,000 this year. Her employer offers a 401(k) plan and fully matches a worker’s contributions up to $5,000 each year. Under which scenario does Latisha have the largest amount in retirement savings at year-end?

1. She contributes $2,000 to the 401(k) plan and invests the money in a mutual fund that earns a 5% return during the year.

2. She contributes $2,000 to an IRA or Individual Retirement Account and invests the money in a mutual fund that earns a 5% return during the year.

3. It does not matter — she will have the same amount of year-end savings either way.

Susan worries about living a long life and running out of money. What is the best way for her to address that possibility?

1. Buy an annuity.

2. Buy life insurance.

3. There is nothing she can do about this.

(For men) On average in the U.S., how long will a 65-year-old man live?

1. About 14 more years (age 79).

2. About 19 more years (age 84).

3. About 24 more years (age 89).

(For women) On average in the U.S., how long will a 65-year-old woman live?

1. About 17 more years (age 82).

2. About 22 more years (age 87).

3. About 27 more years (age 92).

Assessing your score

As noted, only 4% of respondents answered each of the five retirement questions correctly.

The correct answer to the first question is response 1, as Social Security benefits are based on decades' worth of earnings, up to 35 years, not just on the last two years.

On question 2, the correct response is 2, with Medicare and other government programs covering about two-thirds of medical costs in retirement on average. This answer got the fewest correct answers, just 30%.

The correct answer to the third question is response 1. The information provided for answers 1 and 2 is identical, except for the employer's matching funds in the 401(k) program that go into Latisha's account to help boost her balance.

For question 4, the correct answer is 1, as annuities are designed to provide lifetime income. Life insurance benefits, by contrast, typically are paid at death. The fourth question elicited the most correct responses, 53%.

The correct answers to the fifth question are 2 for men and 2 for women. In other words, men reaching 65 can expect to live another 19 years on average to 84 and women another 22 years to 87.

General financial awareness is also lacking

The retirement questions were not included in an ongoing annual quiz and study by researchers at the TIAA Institute and Stanford's GFLEC that measures general financial literacy.

For that, adult respondents correctly answered 48% of this year's 28 questions. That figure has hovered around 50% since the first survey was conducted in 2017. People scoring lower tend to have more debts, less in savings and reduced confidence in making financial decisions, the researchers said. Nearly 3,900 adults were surveyed.

How much money do you need to retire? Most Americans calculate $1.8 million, survey says.

Here are two sample questions:

Anna saves $500 each year for 10 years and then stops saving additional money. Charlie saves nothing for 10 years but then receives a $5,000 gift, which he saves. If both Anna and Charlie earn a 5% return each year, who will have more money in 20 years? Anna? Charlie? Or will both have the same amount?
Jose owes $1,000 on a loan that has an interest rate of 20% compounded annually. If he makes no payments on the loan, how many years will it take for the amount he owes to double? Fewer than five years? Five to 10 years? More than 10 years?

Answer to the first question: Anna, as she too would contribute $5,000 in total but would earn a 5% return annually for 20 years, compared to 10 for Charlie.

Answer to the second question: Fewer than five years.

This answer can be figured quickly using the rule of 72, which estimates the time it would take your money to double if you know the interest rate. You divide 72 by the interest rate — in this case 20 — for an answer of 3.6 years.

Reach the writer at [email protected].

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COMMENTS

Five Year Plans
Five Year Plan: Highlights: First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) The First Five Year Plan laid the thrust of economic development in India. It was presented by the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru to the Parliament of India. K.N Raj, a young economist, argued that India should "hasten slowly" for the first two decades. It mainly addressed the agrarian sector, including investment in ...
Five Year Plans of India List, Objectives and Achievements
Here is a complete list of Five Year Plans of India along with the Time Period and its Salient Features: Five Year Plan. Time Period. Salient Features. Achievements. First Plan. 1951-1956. Focused on agriculture, power, and irrigation. Targeted a 2.1% increase in national income.
List of Five Year Plans In India, History & Objectives
The history and objective of economic planning in India, the objectives and assessment of Five Year Plans in India are discussed. Dissolution of the Planning commission and setting up of NITI Aayog is also briefed. Also, Download the list of India's Five Year Plans in PDF format. For UPSC 2024 preparation follow BYJU'S.
Five-Year Plans of India
Five-Year Plans of India. From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated ...
Five Year Plans of India
The Approach to each Five Year Plan of India. Here is a quick overview of India's Five Year Plans: First Five Year Plan of India (1951-56) On December 8, 1951, the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first five-year plan to the Parliament of India. This was based on the Harrod-Domar model.
PDF FIVE YEAR PLANS Introduction
Plans between 1966 and 1969, the fourth Five-year plan was started in 1969. 7.6 The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the Centre and the years 199091 and 1991- 92 were treated as Annual Plans. The - Eighth Plan was finally launched in 1992 after the initiation of structural adjustment policies.
Objectives, List of All Five Year Plans in India
Goals. Impact. First Five Year Plan. 1951 - 1956. - The main goal was to improve the agriculture sector. - Target was to achieve an average annual growth rate of 2.1% in the gross domestic product (GDP) over the five-year period. - Net domestic product increased by 15%, while the achieved growth rate stood at 3.6%.
First Five Year Plan in India (1951-1956)
The targeted growth rate in the first Five-Year Plan was 2.1% Gross Domestic Product (GDP) every year, and the achieved growth rate was 3.1%. Foodgrain production increase from 52.2 million tonnes in 1951 to 67 million tonnes in 1956. Although the target for the national income growth was 11%, the actual increase was 18%.
Five Years urban planning in India
Five Year Plan's Realising Role of Cities. 4.1. The Seventh Plan. During the earlier phases of Five year planning in India certain problems have arisen on account of inadequate regulatory reinforcement leading to insufficient control over constructive activities resulting to haphazard and unplanned growth.
Five Year Plans of India
The five-year plans are the detailed plans made by the planning commission in India. These plans are of five years in duration and target achieving the goals in that limited period. The necessary allocation of resources is also done to achieve the targets in time. The first five-year plan was initiated in 1951.
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In 1980, Congress rejected the Rolling Plan and a new sixth Five Year Plan was introduced. Three plans were introduced under the Rolling plan: (1) For the budget of the present year (2) this plan was for a fixed number of years- 3,4 or 5 (3) Perspective plan for long terms- 10, 15 or 20 years.
PDF UNIT 6 PLANNING IN INDIA: OBJECTIVES, STRATEGIES AND EVALUATION
Government of India chose to go independent and asked it to submit a blueprint of a Five Year Plan at its earliest. The Plan was to start and was started in April 1951, but the Draft Outline was ready only in July 1951. The final Plan (Report) came out in December 1952. The Draft Outline (of the First Plan) was meant, it was said, to arouse a ...
Five Year Plans of India (Summary): Objectives, Achievements, Failures
Five Year Plans in India: Preparing for our future through planning is a crucial landmark whether at a personal level or national level. The social life of a person always depends on various planning schemes. ... Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 - 2017): During the commencement of 12 th Five Year Plan, the global economy was facing another ...
PDF Twelfth Five Year Plan vol 1
The Twelfth Plan has set a target of 8 percent growth over the five year period 2012-13 to 2016-17. With a growth of only 5 percent in the first year and perhaps 6.5 percent in the second, it will require a very sharp acceleration in the later years to achieve an average of 8 percent over the entire Plan period. Growth will have
(PDF) Five Year Plans of India
First Five- Year Plan (1951-1956) The first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five- Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention. The First Fiveyear Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector. The First Five- Year Plan was based on the Harrod-Domar model ...
Five Year Plans in India
FIVE YEAR PLANS IN INDIA - Free download as PDF File (.pdf) or read online for free. This assignment take cares of the topic "FIVE YEAR PLANS IN INDIA" of Economics- III from social development perspective. Brief introduction, objectives and outcomes & achievements of plans, all have acquired very important place as a subject of Economic planning.
Indian agriculture under the five year plans
The agricultural development strategy during Ninth Five Year Plan is based on the Policy of food security announced by the Government to double the production and make India hunger free in ten years. Accordingly the Ninth Plan target is to achieve a growth rate of about 4.5 per cent per annum in agricultural output and production of 234 million ...
Seventh Five Year Plan in India (1985-1990)
The Seventh Five Year Plan was launched in 1985 during the Congress government with Rajiv Gandhi as the Prime Minister. The period for the Seventh Plan started from 1 April 1985 and ended on 31 March 1990. Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission from 1985 to 1987. The Seventh Plan was the first Plan with the motto ...
PDF Five Year Plans
The outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan provided a robust base for the success of the seventh five-year plan. It emphasised anti-poverty programmes, the use of modern technology, and the need to make India an independent economy. It focused on attaining prerequisites for self-sustained growth by 2000. The target growth rate was 5.0%.
An Idea on Five Year Plans
The sixth five-year plan is considered the period of the commencement of economic liberalisation in the country. During this phase, strict price controls were removed. It was a successful five-year plan. The actual growth rate stood at 5.7%. India also introduced family planning measures during this plan.
Five Year Plans of India List, Objectives, Achievements
The Government of India's Twelfth Five-Year Plan aims to attain an 8.2% growth rate. On December 27, 2012, the National Development Council (NDC) approved an 8% growth rate for the 12th five-year plan. The plan intended to improve the nation's infrastructure initiatives while preventing any congestion.
Five Years Plans in India
@studentofeconomics Assignment on Planning in India.Planning in India.Assignment on Five Year Plans in India.Five year plan in India.PDF link:- https://drive...
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Executive summary
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Tricks to Remember the Five Years Plan In India
Note: Soviet Union was the first country which started using five-year plans for the development of the country in the late 1920s. Joseph Stalin implemented the first FYP in the Soviet Union. With the given tricks you will be able to know what were objectives of that five-year plan were and on which model it was based.
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Five Year Plans of India List, Objectives and Achievements

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First Five Year Plan of India (1951-56)

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23 Five Years urban planning in India

Figure 1 State wise distribution of JNNURM cities, Allocated and Potential Smart Cities in India (2016 Bennett, 2015)

Figure 2 Smart Cities Vision, (vIKRAM, 2014)

Five Year Plans of India (Summary): Objectives, Achievements, Failures

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